Differential Calculus Applications

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Related Rates
As your morning coffee pours into your cup, the scintillating scent arouses your awareness. At the same time both the volume of the coffee in the mug, and the height of coffee in the mug are changing. Focus your awakening awareness on the rates of change of volume and height, and you begin to sense the related rates ideas. In this applicaton area, Rate of change refers to the change of one variable (or measurement) with respect to time. Related rates concerns the relationship between the time rates of two or more variables. height volume

slope is the rate of change in the height of coffee wrt time

slope is the rate of change in the volume of coffee wrt time

time

time

To simplify, suppose your coffee mug is a cylinder of diameter 6 cm. and height 11 cm. The radius, r = 1/2 (diameter) = 1/2 (6) = 3 cm. and when the height of coffee in the mug is h cm., the volume of coffee in the mug is V = r 2 h = 32 h = 9h so with respect to time t , dV dh = 9 dt dt relates the rate of change in volume to the rate of change h in height.

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 1 A gas is pumped into a spherical balloon at a constant rate of 25 cubic cm. per second. The balloon does not pop during this question, and the increase in the volume of the balloon equals the volume of gas put in the balloon. How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the radius is 8 cm.? Given:
dV = 25 cm3 /sec dt

Diagram and variable identification:

r Want:

dr dt

r =8 cm.

Caution: Never use the condition under "Want" until you have differentiated. We use r = 8 in the Evaluate step after we have differentiated.

V = volume, r = radius Relationship: The relationship relates the variables under Given and Want. V=
4 3 r 3

Differentiate: Always differentiate with respect to time t in related rates questions. dV 4 dr = 3r 2 dt 3 dt dr = 4r 2 dt Evaluate: When r = 8 and
dV = 25cm 3 / sec dt

25 = 4 8 2

dr dt

r = 8 cm

dr 25 = 0.031 dt 256

Answer: The radius of the balloon is increasing at 0.031 cm/sec when the radius is 8 cm. 3
Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 2 Wheat from prairie farms has arrived by train at the grain elevator, and is being unloaded. The wheat is falling at 5 cubic metres per minute onto a pile in the shape of an inverted cone. The cone always has a ratio of diameter to height of 3 to 2. How fast is the height of the cone increasing when the diameter is 8 m.? Diagram and variable identification: Given:

Want:

Relationship: Relate the variables in Given and Want.

(Relate volume to height; eliminate radius from the relationship.)

Differentiate: Always differentiate with respect to time t in related rates questions.

Evaluate:

Answer: 4
Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 3 With the approximately flat prairies, cars can maintain constant speeds relatively easily. Our story commences one morning when Bill's car heads north from Calgary at 10 am at a constant speed of 80 km per hour. At noon Mary heads west from Medicine Hat at a constant speed of 95 km per hour. How fast is the distance between Bill and Mary changing at 1:30 pm? Medicine Hat is 200 km east of Calgary. Diagram and variable identification: N

Given:

Want:

Calgary

Medicine Hat

Relationship: Relate the variables in Given and Want.

Differentiate: Always differentiate with respect to time t in related rates questions.

Evaluate:

Answer:

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 4 A ferris wheel of radius 10 m. is rotating counter clockwise a full circle every 12 minutes. The center of the ferris wheel is 10.3 m. above ground. Natasha sits on one chair on the ferris wheel. Find the rate in metres per hour at which the height of Natasha's chair is changing when the chair is 14 m. above the ground. Diagram and variable identification: Given:
d = 5 2 / hr = 10 / hr dt

Want:

dy dt

y =14 m.

10.3 .3

10sin( ) y

is the angle in radians

measured from the horizontal y is the height of Natasha's chair

Relationship: Relate the variables in Given and Want. y = 10.3 + 10 sin( ) Differentiate: Always differentiate with respect to time t in related rates questions. dy d = 10 cos() dt dt Evaluate: When y = 14,
dy dt

10.3 + 10 sin() = 14
= 10 cos(0.379)10
y =14 m

sin() = 0.37 , 0.379

291.9

Answer: The height of Natasha's chair is increasing at 291.9 m/hr when it is 14m above the ground.

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 5 Consider the wheel-piston diagram below. A wheel of radius 1 cm. revolves counterclockwise at 500 rotations per second. The connecting rod to the piston is 5 cm. long. How fast is the height of the piston changing when the angle of elevation is = ? Give your answer in metres per 6 second.

Diagram and variable identification: Given: piston 5

Want:

Relationship:

Differentiate: Always differentiate with respect to time t in related rates questions.

Evaluate: Answer :

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 6 A swimming pool is 9 m. at the deep end, 2 m. at the shallow end, 10 m. long and 5 m. wide. Water is entering the pool at the rate of 8 cubic metres per minute. How fast is the height of water in the pool rising when the height of water in the pool is (a) 3m. (b) 8 m. ? Diagram and variable identification: Given:

Want:

Relationship: (Caution, your model here is a piecewise function with different pieces for parts (a) and (b) ).

Differentiate:

Evaluate:

Answer: (a) 8

(b)

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

EXAMPLE 7 A fisher is reeling in a fish. She is raising the tip of her fishing rod at the rate of 30 per second, and reeling the line in at 10 cm. per second. The fishing rod is 2 metres long. How fast is the fish approaching shore when the tip of the fishing rod is 1.1 metres above the water and 20 metres of line go from the tip of the rod, to the fish at the surface of the water?

Diagram and variable identification: Given: fishing line fishing rod

Want:

fish

Relationship:

Differentiate:

Evaluate:

Answer: 9
Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Fourth

4.1, Related Rates

A water trough with cross sections of inverted isosceles triangles is 4 m long, 1.5 m wide at the top and 1 m deep. If water is being pumped out at the rate of 0.1 m3 per minute, how fast is the depth of the water changing when the depth is 0.6 m? top

10

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values

1. Let f(x) = x1/3 (x+3)2/3. (a) Analytically find all the critical numbers of f.

(b) Analytically find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of f on the interval [-2,2]. Support your answer.

2. Analytically find the exact absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of g(x) = x / (x2 + 9) on [-2,6].

11

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

3. The function has derivative

f(x) = 2 sin2(x) + 2 3 cos(x) 2 sin(x) + x 3 - 4

f ( x ) = ( 2 sin( x ) 1)( 2 cos( x ) 3 ) .

Find the critical numbers of the function.

Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the interval [ -/4, /2 ].

4. Find the exact absolute maximum and minimum values of f(x) = ln(x)/x on [0.1 ,6].

12

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Fourth 4.2
1. Use a graph to estimate the absolute extrema of y = cos(sin(x)) on [0,] and then use analytic methods to find the exact values.

2. Find and classify the critical numbers of f given f ( x) =

5x 3
3

4 x

3. Suppose f(x) = xa(3-2x)b and 0 < b < a and 0 x 3/2. Find the maximum value of f.

13

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Derivatives and the Shape of Curves

1. (a) Analytically determine the exact critical numbers of g ( x) = 3 x 3 x 5 2 .

(b) Use an appropriate derivative test to classify any local extrema. Clearly state your conclusions.

x3 + bx 2 + cx + d 3 local minimum at x = 1, and f(0) = 1. 2. Find a cubic function f ( x) =

that has a local maximum at x = - 2,

14

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

3. Circle the function(s) for which the Mean Value Theorem applies and cross out the function(s) for which the Mean Value Theorem does not apply: x +1 x+2 (a) f(x) = x2/3 on [-2,2] (b) f ( x) = on [-2,2] (c) f ( x) = on [-2,2]. x2 x+3

4. Determine the exact value(s) of x where f(x) = x2e-x is increasing most rapidly. Begin with a sketch of y = f(x).

15

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Stories told by the 1st and 2nd derivatives

1. Find the intervals of increase and decrease and the local extrema of f(x) = x4 4x3 - 12x2 + 32x + 5

2. Find the intervals of concavity and inflection points of y = x4 6x2 + 1.

3. Use the Second Derivative Test to find the local extrema of f(x) = x5 3x3 + 4.

4. The graph of the derivative f is sketched to the right. Use it to answer questions about the function f. Use estimates where an exact answer is not available. For f, find the intervals of increase: Where is f concave up? For what values of x does f have an inflection point?
x

a vertical tangent?

-4

-3

-2

-1

16

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

5. Estimate the inflection points and intervals of concavity of y = x2/3 cos(x) on [-/2,2]. [Hint: calculator question.]

6. Sketch the graph of a function satisfying all the following conditions: lim f ( x) = 0, lim f ( x ) = , lim+ f ( x ) = , f ( x ) < 0 when 2 < x < 2, f ( x) > 0 when 2 < x
x x 2 x 2

f (1) = f (3) = 0 .

17

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Fourth 4.3
1. For the function f ( x) =
x find (a) the intervals on which f is increasing; ( x 3) 2

(b) the intervals on which f is concave upwards;

(c) the inflection points of f;

(d) the maximum value of f on the interval [-8,2].

2. For the function f(x) = cos2(x) + 2 sin(x) find the following (a) The critical numbers;

(b) The intervals of increase;

(c) The inflection points. 18

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

LHopitals Rule
x2 3 lim x 5 x 2 + 2 x + 1

x 0 +

lim x 2 ln( x)

sin( x) lim x 0 x 1 cos( x) lim x 0 x

5 lim1 + x x

6x

3 lim1 + 2 x x

4x

lim(ln( x ) cot(x ) )
x 1

19

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

lim( x + 3)1 / x
x

ex lim x x 2

x 1 lim + x 1 x 1 ln( x)

sin( x) x lim x 0 x tan( x )

8 x 3x lim x 0 12 x

20

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Fourth 4.5
ln( x) 1. Find the limits: (a) lim 5 x x

x1cos( x ) (b) lim +

x 0

(c) lim(e x tan 1 ( x))

x

2. Let S(r) be the surface area of an open cylinder (which has both a top and a bottom) of height S (r ) 3.6 m and radius r, and let V(r) be the volume of the cylinder. Find lim . + r 0 V ( r )

21

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Optimization
1. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 5 m.

2. A trough of length 30 m is formed by scoring a rectangle of sheet metal 30 x 6 m and folding up sides of 2 m width. Find the angle which gives a maximum volume for the trough.

3. A 2 m wall stands 6 m from a building. Find the length of the shortest ladder than will reach the building from the ground outside the wall.

22

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems

Fourth 4.6
1. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that has its base on the x-axis and its other two vertices above the x-axis on the curve y = 24 x2.

2. lim(1 3x) 2 / x
x 0

3. Find to 3 decimal accuracy the inflection points of f(x) = cos(2x) sin(5x) on the interval (0,/3).

4. Coffee is flowing through a conical filter at the rate of 30 cm3 per minute. The filter is 20 cm high and has a 20 cm diameter at the top. How fast is the level of coffee in the filter falling when the level is 8 cm?

23

Understand the methods so you can solve similar problems. Understand the concepts so you can solve unfamiliar problems. Study the (a) class notes, (b) text examples, (c) do the text exercises, and (d) do the 4th hour problems