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Comparison of Protection Relay Types

The document compares different types of protection relays, including electromechanical, solid state, digital, and numerical relays. It provides a table outlining the key characteristics of each type of relay such as their technology, operating principle, measuring elements, range of settings, and maintenance requirements. The document also includes information on common relay types and nomenclature according to ANSI standards as well as examples of relay configurations for different voltage transmission and distribution lines.

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Jeya Kannan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
492 views

Comparison of Protection Relay Types

The document compares different types of protection relays, including electromechanical, solid state, digital, and numerical relays. It provides a table outlining the key characteristics of each type of relay such as their technology, operating principle, measuring elements, range of settings, and maintenance requirements. The document also includes information on common relay types and nomenclature according to ANSI standards as well as examples of relay configurations for different voltage transmission and distribution lines.

Uploaded by

Jeya Kannan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comparison of Protection Relay Types

P ost ed JA N 23 2013 b y JIGUPAR MAR i n ENER GY AND PO WER, PROTECTIO N wi th 4 CO MMENTS

Comparison of Protection Relay Types (photo by switchgearsupport.com)

Comparison Table
This comparison summarize characteristics of all protection relay types described in previously published technical articles: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Using Protective Relay For Fighting Against Faults The Good Old Electromechanical Protective Relay The Solid State Relay (Static Relay) Overview Few Words About Digital Protection Relay Flexibility and Reliability of Numerical Protection Relay

Characteristic Technology Standard Operating Principle

El. Mech. Relay 1st generation relays. They use principle of electromagneti

Static Relay 2nd generation relays. In this relays transistors and ICs been used

Numerical Relay Present Present generation generation relays. relays. They use They use microprocessor. microprocessor. Within built Within built

Digital Relay

software with software with predefined predefined values values Measuring Induction disc, R, L, C, Microprocessors Microprocessors elements/ electromagnets transistors, , digital ICs, , digital ICs, Hardware , induction cup, analogue ICs digital dignal digital signal balance beam comparators processors processors Measuring Electrical qtys Level A/D conversion, A/D conversion, method converted detects,compariso numerical numerical intomechanical n withreference algorithm algorithm force, torque value in analogue techniques techniques comparator Surrounding Depend upon There value may Environment gravitation and vary with respect the value to temperature changes to the also. surrounding magnetic fields also. Characteristic El. Mech. Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay Relay Relay Size Bulky Small Small Compact Speed of Slow Fast Fast Very fast Response Timing Mechanical Static timers Counter Counter function clock works, dashpot Time of Temp. Temp. dependant Stable Stable Accuracy dependant Reliability High Low High High Vibration No Yes Yes Yes Proof Characteristic Limited Wide Wide Wide s Requirement Required Required Not required Not required of Draw Out CT Burden High Low Low Low CT Burden 8 to 10 VA 1 VA < 0.5 VA < 0.5 VA Characteristic El. Mech. Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay Relay Reset Time Very High Less Less Less Auxiliary Required Required Required Required supply

c principle.

Range of Limited Wide Wide Wide settings Isolation Low High High High Voltage Function Single function Single function Multi function Single function Maintenance Frequent Frequent Low Very Low Resistance 100 mille ohms 10 Ohms 10 Ohms 10 Ohms Output < 1 Pico Farad > 20 Pico Farads > 20 Pico > 20 Pico Capacitance Farads Farads Characteristic El. Mech. Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay Relay Deterioration Yes No No No due to Operation Relay No Partially Programmable Programmable Programming SCADA No No Possible Yes Compatibility Operational Not Possible Possible Possible Possible value indication Visual Flags, targets LEDs LEDs, LCD LEDs, LCD indication Self No Yes Yes Yes monitoring Parameter Plug setting, Thumb wheel, dual Keypad for Keypad for setting dial setting in line switches numeric values, numeric values, through through computer computer Fault Not possible Not possible Possible Possible Disturbance Recording
Relays Nomenclature as per ANSI

No 2 3 21 25 27 30

Type of Relay Time delay relay 3 Checking or Interlocking relay 21 Distance relay Check synchronizing relay Under voltage relay Annunciation relay

Directional power (Reverse power) relay Low forward power relay Field failure (loss of excitation) Negative phase sequence relay Machine or Transformer Thermal relay Instantaneous Over current relay A.C. IDMT Over current relay Circuit breaker Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally open (a contact) 52b Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally closed (b contact) 55 Power Factor relay 56 Field Application relay 59 Overvoltage relay 64 Earth fault relay 67 Directional relay 68 Locking relay 74 Alarm relay 76 D.C Over current relay 78 Phase angle measuring or out of step relay 79 AC Auto reclose relay 80 Monitoring loss of DC supply 81 Frequency relay 81 U Under frequency relay 81 O Over frequency relay 83 Automatic selective control or transfer relay 85 Carrier or pilot wire receive relay 86 Tripping Relay 87 Differential relay 87G Generator differential relay 87G T Overall differential relay 87U UAT differential relay 87NT Restricted earth fault relay 95 Trip circuit supervision relay 99 Over flux relay 186A Auto reclose lockout relay 186B Auto reclose lockout relay

32 37 40 46 49 50 51 52 52a

Relays for Transmission and Distribution Lines protection

No 1

4 5

Line Protection 400 KV Main-I: Non switched or Transmission Numerical Distance Scheme Line Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme 220 KV Main-I : Non switched distance Transmission scheme (Fed from Bus PTs) Line Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed from line CVTs) With a changeover facility from bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa 132 KV Main Protection: Switched Transmission distance scheme (fed from bus Line PT). Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and 1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay. 33 KV Lines Non-directional IDMT 3 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays 11KV Line Non-directional IDMT 2 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays

References: - Handbook of Switchgear Bhel - Digital/Numerical Relays - T.S.M. Rao

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