UNIT 1 INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

Structure
1.1 Introduction
Objecbves

1.2 Moving Loads

1.2.1 Ralling Loads 1.2.2 Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load 1.2.3 Direct and Indirect Transmission of Loads on Beams :Standard Loadings

1.3 Internal and Reactive Actions in Statically Determinate Beams

1.3.1 Internal Stress Resultants and Reactive Actions 1.7.2 Sign Convention

1A What is an Influence Line ?

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 Influence Lines for Simply Supported Beams Influence Lines for Cantilever Beams ~nfluence L : & for Beams with Ovethang Influence Lines for a Compound Beam Single Concentrated Load Crossing a s p a . Series of ConcentratedL v e Loads Crosmng a Span Senes of Concentrated Mov~ng Loads on Simply Supported Beam Uniformly Dlstnbuted Mov~ng Loads -Longer than the Span Uniformly Distributed Mov~ng Loads -Shorter than the Span

1.5 Properties of Influence Lines

1.6 Summary

1.7 Key Words 1.8 Answers to SAQs

1 . INTRODUCTION
By carefully using the equations of equilibrium and by using the fundamentals of Strength of Materials you q e able to analyse any statically determinate and statically indeterminate structure or Qe structural components under loads fixed in position (static loads). These loads cause at any cross section internal actions like axial force, shear force, bending moment and twisting moment to be developed in the material of the sections and also external reactions at the supports. By now, you are able to draw the axial force, shear force, bending moment and twisting moment diagrams for the entire structure under fixed loads which has already been dealt with in Block 3 (Intcoduction to Structural Mechanics) of ET 202 (Part A) "Engineering Mechanics". However, for real engineering structures the loads are not all fixed in position. For example, on railway and road bridges, the wheel loads (rolling loads of cars, trucks, buses, scooters, railway engines and the passenger and goods bogies) are moving over the structure and their lbcation changes. The value of the internal action at any section, therefore, changes with the change in position of these rolling loads. The effect of impact of these wheels is also to be considered. Such loads are known as live loads. It is of great importance to be able to work out the worst effect of these live loads on any particular section of the structure. This unit introduces to you the concept of Influence Line which would be very useful in studies of such extreme effects for which we have to design a structur~lstructural component. An influence line for any given section of a structure is a curve whose ordinates represent to scale the variation of a function such as shear force, bending moment, deflection etc. at the section as unit load moves across the structure. The influence lines are very useful in the spsedy determination of the values of a function at the given section under any complex system of loading. Here, in this unit, we shall determine the changes in the values of the external reactions as well as internal actions under the influence of such moving loads.

Rolling Lorrds Pad Influence Lima

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to draw the Influence Line Diagrams (ILDs) for various statical quantities, e.g. support reactions, internal stress resultants of the section (axial force, SF, EM, deflections etc.) for statically determinate beams, and pick up the positioning of single rolling load or a series of rolling loads or moving uniformly distributed load.so as to cause the worst effect at a section for a given statical quantity (e.g. axial force, SF, EM, deflection etc.) which is component(s). helpful in designing the structur~/structural

1 . 2 MOVING LOADS
1 . 2 . 1 Rolling Loads
These are the loads which move over a structure from end to end of the structure. The rolling loads could be conveniently classified as follows : Single Concentrated Load Symbolized in Figwe 1.1. In practice, a single rolling load is rare.

Figure 1 . 1 :Single Concentrated Load,

Two Concentrated Loads As a practical example, thbse could be idealised as two rolling loads (wheels) of a travelling crane utilised in an industrial shed. These two wfieels move over a gantry girder.
)

& '&

61.64

.%

Gantry girder

Figure 1 . 2 :Two Wheel Load

Multiple Concentrated Loads A typical example of such type of loads is the wheels of a railway engine.

* Uniformly Distributed Loads It may be mentioned here that the wheel loads of the railway passenger compartments or goods bogies are normally idealized as equivalent to a uniformly distributed load. The value of the distributed load depends upon the span under consideration, the type of rolling loads etc. The relevant railway authorities have specified the values. Usually, a railway engine with multiple concentrated load system is followed by an equivalent uniformly distributed load (Figure 1.4). Uniformly distributed loads are sometimes classified into two types - 'long' and 'short'. Long uniformly distributed loads are those which are longer than the beam span and may cover any part of it. Short uniformly distributed load have lengths much shorter than the span and can cover only a small part of it.

Wgure 1 . 3 :Multiple Wheel Load

concontrabd loads

oquivoknt u.d.1.

Wgure 1 . 4 :Uniformly Distributed Load

Combined System of Loads

Obviously, such a system consists of a combination of concentrated loads and umforrnly distributed load (Figure 1.5). '
q per unit length

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams

h ' ~ 2 concentmted

'"+
I .

loads

tw4

equimlent u.d.1.

Figure 1.5 :Combined System o f b a d

1.2.2 Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load

For simplification in calculations, the above general loads could be identified as equivalent to a uniformly distributed load whose worst effect would be the same as that of the actual system of loads. For such values of equivalent loads, the standard codes issued by Railway or Highway Authorities may be referred to.

1.2.3 Direct and Indirect Transmission of Loads on Beams : Standards Loading

While calculating the effects of the rolling loads, it is assumed that these loads are directly transmitted to the beam or the supporting structure but in railway or road girder bridges or a truss bridge, the loads are transmitted through the poor system supported by the girders as shown in Figure 1.6.

-0S.S..

SECTION

ELLVAT IOY

Figore 1.6 :Girder with moor Beams and Stringers

In Figure 1.6, the floor loads are,transmitted first on to the stringer S and depending upon the position of load, concentrated pressures X1and X2upon the floor beam as concentrated loads are then transmitted to the main supporting girder G in the form of pressure R1 and R2 at the point of connection. Thus, for any type of load P on the stringer (concentrated load or uniformly distributed load) the main girder G is always subjected to concentrated loads applied by the floor beam. The value of this pressure depends upon the location of the floor loads on the stringer. Thus, the location of the loads on the main girder is fixed but the value of the load changes. Here, each span of a stringer (L,) is assumed to be simply supported. Similarly, for industrial sheds the loads of the lifting system (cranes etc.) are standardised and the appropriate IS Codes of Practice may be referred to. A Structural Engineer dealing with such rolling (moving/movable) loads has to finally obtain maximum/minimum values of the statical quantities at vital locations of the structure/structural component(s ).

S(4.Q 1 ta)
ib)

Explain differelit types of rolling loads ~ v i t h suitable exainples

What is "Equivalent Llnifornlly D~stributcd Load'' ' !

--- --

--

- - -

Rollids Loads aod Influence Lines

1.3 INTERNAL AND REACTIVE ACTIONS IN STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

1.3.1 Internal Stress Resultants and Reactive Actions
Recall the definition of a statically determinate beam. A statically determinate beam is a beam for which the reactions and the internal actions can be obtained by utilising the equations of equilibrium and the equations of conditions.only. Figure 1.7 shows some typical examples of such statically determinate beams.

(a) ShpIy Supported Beam

(b) Cantilever

(c) Overhanging Beam Fig-

(d) Compound Beams

1.7 :Statically Determinate Beams

In the above beams, the reactive forces, HA, VA, VB for Figures 1.7 (a) and 1.7 (c); HA, VA,MA for Figure 1.7 (b) can be determined by utilising some or all of the equations of equilibrium, namely Fx = 0 ; Fy r 0 ; and M, = 0.

In cas'e of beams shown in Figure 1.7 (d), we have the additional equations of condition, i.e. bending moments at the hinge-point H is zero. Once we have obtained the reactive forces at the supports, the internal balancing forces (internal stress and resultants) at any cross section can be obtained by using the "method of sections" with F, e 0 ; Fy = 0 ; and Mo = 0 about centroid applied to the separated pieces (Figure 1.8).

I :

(a) General Case

(b) Traosverse (Planar)Loading Only

Figure 1.8 :Internal Stress Resultants at a Beam Section

You have already studied these actions in Block3 (Introduction to Structural Mechanics) of ET 202 (Part A) and have also learnt how to draw the axial force, SF and BM diagrams. At this point, you are required to revise this unit once again. Here k this unit, maximum value of these internal reactive forces (statical quantities) or stress resultants are required to be obtained under the given rolling loads. The concept of Influence Line will help us in obtaining such values.

1.3.2 Sign Convention

The sign convention for the axial force, SF and BM are based on the algebraic sum of the external forces and moments about the centroid of the cross section. Here, sagging bending moments (or moments causing tension in bottom fibres) are considered positive and hogging bending moments (or moment causing tension in top fibre) are negative. Tensile axial forces are taken as positive and compressive axial forces as negative. A shear force causing left hand side of the beam going up (or right side of the section going down) is taken as positive as shown in Figure 1.9.

lnnuence Lines for

Statically Determimate

Beams

Positive Bending Moment

N@ve

Bending Moment

Positive Shear Force

Negative Shew Force

Positive Axial Force (Tension)

Negative Axial Forre (Compression)

Figure 1.9 :Sign Convention

1.4 WHAT IS AN INFLUENCE LINE ?

In order to determine the critical location of rolling loads for causing worst effect at a given section, the concept of Influence line will be very useful and convenient. It will. avoid the "trial and error" method of assuming various location of loads to calculate the effects and pick up the worst out of these ones. An influence line is always referred to a unit rolling load, i.e. a load of unit weight. It shows the influence of a unit load on a certain statical quantity/internal stress resultant as it rolls along the structure. The concept of influence lines was first presented by a German scientist E. Winkler in the year 1867. Later on, other scientist-engineers - H. Miiller Breslau, J. C. Maxwell and Land - further developed the concept and utilised it for engineering structures. An influence line is always qualified by (i) a unit rollin2 load on the structure, (ii) the section at which the influence line is sought, and (iii) the statical quantity at the section for which the influence line is to be drawn.
Definition

An influence line can be defined as the graphical display of variation of a specified statical or geometrical quantity at a section in a structure when a unit load rolls/ moves over the entire structure (end to end). TIte ordinate ofthe Influence Line Diagram (ILD) at any section is the value of this quantity when the unit rolling load is placed at that section. Influence lines for bending moment, shear force and reactions for a statically determinate structure are usually straight lines.

The structural parameters may be axial force; shear force; bending moment or twisting moment (sometimes). The influence line (IL) diagrams can be studied for hot$ statically determinate and statically indeterminate structures. The 1L diagrams are extremely useful in obtaining the worst (maximum) effect of loading on the specified structural parameter and also helps us in finding the value of the structural parameter under given loading conditions. Sign convention for IL values are the same as given in Section 1.3.2. The concept of the influence line diagram will be clear from the following examples.

Rdling Loads aad Influence Unes

1.4.1 Influence Lines for Simply Supported Beams

Let AB be a simply supported beam of span I. We cari draw influence line diagrams for : (a) the reactive forces (reactions), e.g. (i) RA and (ii) RB, and (b) the internal actions, e.g. (i) shear force (Vs) and (ii) bending momet (Ms) at a fixed section S (distant a from the left end). These are shown in Figure 1.10.

A
A

(a) Beam (Unit Rolllng Load

. ,

on "Left of Section")
r),

AB
I

(b) Beam (Unit Rolling Load on "Right of Section")

(c) ILD for RA

4L
=I

%Y, ' / li" z,/

(Reaction at A)

(d) ILD for RB (Reaction at B)

(e) ILD for Vs (SF at S)

i. o

(Q ILD for Ms
(BM at S)

Figure 1.10 :Simply Sopported Beam

In each case, generally, following two likely positions of the loads are considered : (a) One, when the unit load P is to the left of the section S, that is 0 I x I a , where x is the distance of the load from the left hand support, and (b) Other, when the unit load Pis to the right of the section S, that is a I x I 1. ILD for Lefr Hand Support Reaction RA For both the cases, RA is given by following :. for P = 1 1 It is a straight 1ine:Its value is 1.0 when x = 0 (load P at support A) and is zero when x = 1 (load P is at support B). This is shown in Figure 1.10 (b). ILD for Right Hand Support Reaction RB

RA =

Here, Rs =

PX L

[= 5

for P = 1 which is a straight line having value zero at x = 0,

and value is 1.0 when x = 1. This is shown in Figure 1.10 (c). ILD for Shear Force at S (Vs)
Case (a) :When the load is towards the left of the section S,

a This is a straight line having value zero when x = 0, and it is - - when the unit 1 rolling load is at the section S. Therefore, the influence line ordinates are all negative in the region 0 < x < a.
Case (b) :As soon as &he rolling load crosses to the right of the section S,

V s has a value V s =

1-a when x = a and has a value zero, when x = 1; the IL 1

ldluence Llnea for

S i a t i d y Determinate

1-a diagram has positive ordinates in the region a < x < 1and reduces from 1 to 0 in a straight line manner. Both these lines are shown in Figure 1.10 (d) which gives the 1L Diagram for shear force at S (Vs). ILD for Bending Moment at S (Ms)
Case (a) :When the load is towards left of S, i.e. 0 I x I a;

Beams

(Taking moments of forces on right side of the section). Thus, Ms =

x 1-a

is a straight line, in which Ms = 0 for x = 0, and

Case (b) :When the load crosses over to right of section S, i.e. when a I x I 1, we take moments of forces on left side of it, as it is simpler to calculate. We get,

This is a different straight line whose values gives the same MS =

a (1 - a) 1 for x = a and Ms = 0 for x = 1. These lines are shown in Figure 1.10 (e).
The figure is a triangle with maximum ordinate. -at ordinates are all positive.
1

the section S. The

Note :

Here, you should remember that "ILD for bending moment at P ' is not the same as the "bending moment diagram with the unit load at P although thei may look similar in the present case. Actually, the ILD ordinates mi at any point i is not the BM at the point i, but it is always the BM at P. The same is true for the ILD for shear force at P. This distinction should always be kept in mind. ILD for Deflection at S In rare cases, it may be required to find the variation of deflection 6, in the beam at the point S, when a unit load rolls along the beam. This is shown in Figure 1.1I.
The deflectionshave been calculated bv the "ConjugateBeam Method.
Case I :Load to L e f t olS (x < a )

M loading on conjugate beam A'B'. El

Taking moments of fictitious loads to right of S :

6* = MS' = -(m-d-X2) a 6E11

CmeU :Load to RIght ofS ( x > a )

loadin8 on conjugate b e a r n ~ " ~ " . Talung moments of fictitious loads to left of S :

5, = Ms" =
Figure 1.11 :Influence L i n e for D e W o n at S

-(&-2-2)
6EII

Rdling Loads and MnennL i i

A simply supported beam has a span of 12 m. Draw the ILDiagram for the support reactions and of SF and BM at a point 4 m from the left hand support.

(a) Beam

(b) ILD for RA (Reaction at A)

1.0

(c) ILD for RE

(Reaction at B)

t
I

(d) ILD for Vp

(el ILD for Mp (BM at P)

Figurn 1.12 :ILDs for Simply Supported Beam

Solution The solution of the example is shown in Figures 1.12 (b), (c), (d) and (e). These figures show ILD for RA , ILD for RB ,ILD for Vp and ILD for Mp respectively. You are required to proceed along the lines of Section 1.4.1 and verify the numerical values.

1.4.2 Influence Lines for Cantilever Beams

Take up the case of a cantilever having fixed support at A and free at B [Figure 1.13 (a)]. Out of the three reactive forces (reactions) HA , VA , and MA , the horizontal reaction HA will always be zero for vertical loads.

B
w!Y
I

(a) Cantilever with Unit Rolling Load

(b) ILD for VA

(SF at A)

YW

T.0
a)

(c) ILD for vs

(d) ILD for M A fRM - - at A) (e) ILD for M S (BM at S )

-

Figure 1.13 :ILDs for Caotilever Beams

The reaction (fixing moment) MA = P x x [ = x for P = 1] and the bending moment at A has the same value but has a negative sign since it is hogging. The ILD for BM at A, MA is a straight line with zero value at A and - 1 at B [Figure 1.13 (d)]. The vertical reaction, VAwill be equal to P, i.e. equal to 1 and the shear force at A has the same values as VAbut has negative sign always [Figure 1.13 (c)]. To find the I L D ~ BM ~ O and ~ SF at a section S at a distance a froin A, we see that Mg and Vs are always zero as long as the 16ad is to the left of the section S (since there is no loads or reactions on the right side of the section). When the unit load crosses the section S,Ms = P (x - a) [ = (x - a) for P = 11 and has a negative sign since it is a hogging moment. The shear force, Vs = - 1 as long as the load is on the right of the section. me ILDs are shown in Figures 1.13 (e) and (c) respective1y.

1.4.3 Influence Lines for Beams with Overhang

Consider the case of a cantilever beam ABC simply supported at A and B and free at C so that the portion BC is the overhanging cantilever [Figure 1.14 (a)].

S t a t i dy Detenninnte Beams

Influence Lines COT

(a) Overhanglog Beam wlth Unit Rolling Load

I
\.6

-4-

+I
t

-$

(b) ILD for RA (Reaction at A)

(c) ILD for RB

(Reaction at B) (d) ILD for vg (SF at B)

(e) ILD for M B (BM at B)

I 7
T

(0ILD

vs

(SF at S)
(g) ILD for Ms (BM at S)

Figure 1.14 :ILDs for Beams with Overhang

Here, HA is always zero as we are considering only vertical unit rolling load. So it will not be considered. For convenience, we shall use'either one of the following two systems for coordinate measurements : (a) in the x system, the origin will be point A (3 right positive), and (b) in the x' system, the origin will be point B (t left positive).
Note :

You are required to clearly distinguish between the two as both have been used in the same example. ILD for Reaction at A (RA)
.

Using x' co-ordinate system (origin at B) and taking moments about B, (a) If the unit rolling load is between A and B [O < x' < IJ, then, RA x 1 = P x x', giving

(b) If the unit load is between B and C [0 > x' > (- b ) ] ,then, RA.x 1 = P x (- x'), giving .

Hence, the ILD will be given by the straight line RA = - - (with proper sign for x').

Y . 1 It will be positive for unit load between A and B and will be negative when unit load is between B and C. The important values are RA = + 1 for x' = 1, i.et ,unit

b load at point A; RA = 1.b for x' = 0, i.e. unit load at point B; and RA = - - for
x'=

- b, i.e. unit load at point C [Figure 1.14 (b)].

Rolting Loads and Ialluence Lines

ILD for Reaction at' B (RB)

Using x coordinate system (origin at A) and taking moment about A, we get,

R B x 1 = P x x or RB = - f o r P = l 1
X

This is a suaight line having value RB = 0 for x = 0, i.e. unit loat at A, RB = 1.0 at b x = 1, i.e. unit load at point B and RB = 1 + - at x = 1+ b, i.e. unit load at C..This is 1 shown in Figure 1.14 (c). ILD for Shear Force just to the Right of Support B (VB) For the load lying between A and B [0 < x < I ] VB = 0 as there are no loads on the Right Hand Side (RHS). For the load crossing B and up to C [l < x < (1 t b)], VB = 1 as this is the only force on the RHS. This is shown in Figure 1.14(d). ILD for Bending Moment at B (MB) For the rolling load lying between A and B [0 < x < 11, MB = 0, as there are no loads on RHS. O < d < b], For the load lying between B and C [ Thus, it is a suaight line having value zero at B and - b at C [Figure 1.14 (e)]. I D for Shearing Force Vs at Section S at a Distance afrom Support A
(i)

For unit rolling load between A and S (0 < x < a ) and coordinate origin A), taking summation of forces right of S x Vs = RB = - -(negative sign as RHS moves up 1 ' ) 1

(ii) For load rolling between S and C (origin of d at B (1- a ) > d > x' Vs = RA = -. (Here taking sum of forces to left of S) 1

- b)

Thus, V s is negative between A and S and again between B and C but it is positive between S and B [Figure 1.14 (01. , The important values are 0 at A, - ajust left of S, -just 1 1 b - - at point C. 1 ILD for Bending Mornent Ms at Section S (i)
1-a

right of S, 0 at B,

For unit load lying between A and S (0 < x < a ) use origin of x at A : x M s = RB ( 1 - a ) = - (1- a ) which is a straight line. 1 Principal values are M s = 0 when x = 0 (load at point A), and a 1-a when x = a (unit load at point 57 Ms = 1

(ii) For unit load lying between S and C [(I - a ) > d > - b] using origin of d at d we have Ms = RA x a or MS = - x a which is another straight line passin
1

through B . Thus, the principal values are as follows [Figure 1.14 (g)] :

Example 1.2 A cantilever is free at A and fixed at B. The length AB is 5 m long. Draw the Influence Line Diagram for following :

Mluence Lines for

(a) Fixing moment MB at B , (b) Vertical reaction VBat B, (c) The bending moment Ms at section 2 m from A, and (d) The shearing force Vs at the same section.
Solution The Influence Line Diagrams are drawn in Figure 1.15. You are required to explain the above diagrams on the arguments given in Section 1.4.2.

.s
3 m

(a) Canttlever Beam J

+2m+--t-

%=o (b) ILD for M B (BM at B)

(c) ILD For VB (SF at B)

T%dt?, .
-5.0
I I

-2.0

A -

7-

I
I

- -t T
I.0

1
b

(d) ILD for Ms (BM at S)

(e) ILD for Vs (SWat S)

Figure 1.15

Example 1.3 An overhanging beam [Figure 1.16 (a)] has a simply supported span BC of 8 m with overhangs BA, CD on either side of 3 m each. Draw the intluence line diagram fbr t h e following :

(a) Reactions at B and C,

(b) Bending Moment (MB) at B,

(c) SF and BM at a section T, 2 m from A, and (dl SF and BM at a section S, 6 m from A.

Solution First try to draw the ILD for the support reactions RBand Rc.

Here, we shall be again using that two different coordinate systems, namely
(i) x-system with origin at B (right

+ positive), and

(ii) x'-system with origin at C (left t positive) at different occasions as

shown in subsequent paragraphs : ILD for RB (Vertical Reaction at B) If the unit load P is at any distance x' from C, then taking moments of all forces about point C, we get,

11 This is a straight line giving RB = -when P is at A, RB = 1.0 when P is at B, 8 3 RB= 0 when P is at C and Rg = - - when P is at D [ ~ i ~ 1.16 k e (b)]. . 8
TI

ILD for Rc (Vertical Reaction at C )

If the unit load distance is measured x from B now, then taking moments of all forces about point B, we get,
Rcx8 = P x x

giving, RB = - for unit load P = 1 . 8 We get a similar straight line but with reversed values at the various points as shown in Figure 1.1 6 (c).
I D (a) Double Hanging 1 Beam
T
A

I-

-e
It

(b) ILD for Re (Reaction at B)

k !

i.
(c) ILD for Rc

3 . 0
C

-t

(Reaction at C) (d) ILD for Me (BM at B) (e) ILD for Shear Force VT

I
1

I I

f
-f

( f ) ILD for

Bending Moment MT (g) ILD for Shear Force V s

-3

-5

-f

(h) ILD for Bending Moment MS

Figure 1.16

ILD for MB (Bending Moment at B)

Using x co-ordinate system with origin at B, for any position of load P between AandB [-3 < (-)x < O],wehave,
MB = - P x

I - x for P = l ] ;

This has value - 3 at A, and 0 at B. After the load crosses to right of B, there are no loads towards left of B, hence, always MB = 0 as shown in Figure 1.16 (d).
ILD for VT(Shearing Force at T, 2 m from End A)

As long as the rolling load Pis towards left of the Section T,

VT =

- 1 (negative sign as left side moves downwards &).

After the load crosses over to right of the section, there are no loads on left side, hence, &=O The ILD for shear force at T is shown in'Figure 1.1 6 (e).

ILD for MT (Bending Moment at T)

As argued above, as long as the unit laad P is to the left of T, MT = x is measured from B. At unit load at A,
M T = -(3-1)
= -2;

- (X - 1) as

Lnnnence Lbes for S t a t i d l y D7tenninate , Beams

When unit load at T,

After it crosses bver to right of T, MT = 0 always as shown in Figure 1.I6 (0.

ILD for Vs (Shear Force at S)

As long as the unit rolling load P is between A and S,

Vs = reaction Rc = -; (origin at B) 8 On crossing over to right of S that is P rolling from S to D;
X

8' This is shown with proper signs in Figure 1.16 (g) with the main values thereon. ILD for Ms (Bending Moment at S)
As long as the unit rolling load P is between A mdS,
Ms = Rc x 5 = -; (origin at B) 8 the~eafter, between S and D, we get,
5x

Vs = reaction RB =

-*

n' (origin at C)

3n' (origin at C) M~ = R~ x 3 = , 8 This is shown in Figure 1.16 (h) where all important values at the various points are given. You are requested to verify these values.

l.a.t
(a) (b) (c) (d)

. .

Draw the influence line diagrams for the h e m shown below ior the t ~ l l ~ ~ i n g eomponer,'s
A the reaction at su2port B, n the shearing force at point P, the bending moment at point P, and Ithe bending moment at point B.

. , ! L A
3"

(1
i

--k-5 m

--4--3~

fan

1.4.4 Influence Lines for a Compound Beam

The beam shown in Figure 1.17 (a) is a three-span continuous beam having four suppoft points (one hinged at B and three rollers at A, C and D). It also has two internal hinges positioned at E and F. -The five reactions (VA,VB,VC,VD,and HB) can be determined with the help of three equations of static equilibrium, namely ZV = 0,CH = 0,I34 = 0 and the two equations of condition, namely bending moments at E and F are-zero.Again the horizontal reaction HBis always zero here as the unit rolling load is vertical. Actually, the whole structure can be seen as two overhanging cantilevered beams ABE and DCF with a central suspended span EF. The dimension are shown in the Figure 1.17 (a).

ROIH ng Loads and Influtnce Lines

ILD.for Reactions RAand RB Consider the following two cases :

(i) When unit rolling load P is between A and E [0 < x < (L1+ a)]

It can be easily seen by taking moments of right hand side forces about F and E and equating to zero, we get, Re = 0 and RD= 0.

(a) A Compound Beam'

(b) Unlt Load between A and E

(c)

Unit Load between E and F

(d) ILD for RA (Reaction at A) (e) ILD for RB (Reaction at B)

(f) ILD for VT

(SF at T)
1

(g)ILD for M T (BM at T)

(h) ILD for Me

(BM at B)
(i) ILD for Vs (SF at S)

a) ILD for Ms
(BM at S)

Taking moments of left hand side forces at E, R A ( L 1 + n ) + R B x a - P ( L 1+ a - ~ )= 0 ME 0

'

Since, P = 1, we get, RA(L1 < a ) + ~ ~ =a L1+a-x Also, we have, Since, P = 1, we get, RA+RB= 1 From Eqs. (1.l)and (l.2), we get,

xV= 0

(1.1)

; .

R A + R= ~P

These two line&-&e shown in Figures 1.17 (d) and (e).

(ii) When unit rolling load P i s between E and F (Ll + a) < x < (L1 + L;! + a) . From the two hinges, we get following two conditions : (a) BM considering LHS forces about E = 0 (b) BM considering LHS forces about F = 0 From the two conditions, we get,

Influence Lines for S t a t i d y Detennhde Beams

These equations give

Eq. (1.5) is a straight line giving

RA =

-L1

when x = L1 + a (i.e. unit load at point E), and

RA = 0 when x = L1 + IQ + a (i.e. unit load at point F ) .

Eq. (1.6) is also a straight line giving a RB = 1 + - when x = L1 + a (i.e. unit load at point E), and L1 RB = 0 when x = L1 + & + a (i.e. unit load at ppint F). You can easily verify that when the rolling load crosses to the right of point F, both the reactions RA and RB become zero. The ILD for RA is shown in Figure 1.17 (d) and for RB in Figure 1.17 (e). ILD for Shear Force (VT) and Bending Momenf (MT) at a Section T i n the suspended Span EF It has been observed that as long as unit rolling load is in the region A to E, both the reactions Rc and R~ are zero. So taking effect of all right hand forces, there will be no SF or BM at any point within span EF. Similarly, when the unit rolling load is within the region F to D, the reactions RA and RB are zero. Hence, taking effect of all left hand forces, the SF and BM at Twill be zero. Thus, it is concluded that there will be SF or BM within span EF only when the load is within the span EF. This can then be treated as a simply supported beap of span EF as shown in Figures 1.17 (f) and (g). Here, the coordinate origin for x has been taken at the point E. ILDfor Bending Moment at Support B (MB) (i) When the unit rolling load is between A and B, (0 < x < L1), both Rc and RD are zero, hence, there are no forces to the right of section B and therefore, MB = 0. (ii) When the unit loat is between B and E, Rc and RD are still zero, but now MB = - P(x - L1) [ = - (x - L1) for P = 11. Hence, the IL Diagram is a straight line having zero value when load is at B (x = L1), and MB = - a when x = L1 + a , i.e. load is at point E (The ordinates are all negative). (iii) When the load is between E and F, the only force to the left of B is reaction RA and then,

Rolling Loads and Muence Lines

when the unit load is at E, (x = L1 + a), we have, MB = - a and it reduces linearly to zero when unit load is at F, (x = L1 + LQ + a). (iv) After the load crosses to right of F, x > (L1 + L2 + a), we have both RA and RB equal to zero, and therefore, MB = 0 always. The diagram is shown in Figure 1.17 (h). ILDfor Shear Force (Vs) at Section S, Distant 'b'pom A (i) When the unit rolling load is between A and S (0 < x < b), then
X
\

and is -ve. The straight line gives

zem value at x = 0, and gives -

L1

at x = b as shown in Figure 1.17 (i).

(ii) As soon as the load crosses the section S (x > I)), V S = RAand will have the same values as that of ILD for RA [Figure 1.17 (d)]. ILD for Bending Moment (Ms) at Section S (i) When unit rolling load is between A and S (0 < x < b), then

which is a straight line giving Ms = 0 at x = 0, and Ms = when x = b.

b (L1- b)
L1

(ii) When unit load crosses over to right of section B, the only force on the left is RA.Hence, Ms = RAx b which is the ordinate of ILD for RAmultiplied by b as shown in Figure 1.17 0).

Example 1.4 The compound beam ABCDEF is simply supported at A, C, D and F. It has two, hinges 'at B and E as shown in Figure 1.18 (a). A unit rolling load moves along the span from A to F. Draw the influence line diagrams for following :
(a) Vertical reaction (RA)at A (b) Vertical reaction (Rc) at C (c) Bending moment (Mc) at C (d) Bending moment (Ms) at a section S, 3 m away from A (e) Shear force (Vs) at S
(f) Bending moment (MT) at a section T which is the midpoint of span CD

(g) Shearforce(VT)a t T Give all the important values of the quantities so that the diagrams ma; be easily drawn. Solution

I D for RA (Reaction at A)
If the unit rolling load is between A and B (0 < x < 6) ,taking moments of left hand forces about hinge B, we get, MB = (RA x 6) - .[P(6 - x)] = 0 giving
6-x FA= -6

which is a straight line giving RA = 1.0 for x = 0 (rolling load at A) and RA = 0 for x = 6 (unit rolling load at hinge B). As soon as the unit load crosses to the right of the hinge B, RA = 0 always. This is shown in Figure 1.18 (b). ILDfor Rc (Reaction at C) When the unit rolling load is between the hinges B and E, both the reactions RA and RF are zero which can be easily seen by taking moments about hinges B

and E from LHS and RHS respectively. Hence, the portion BCDE will act as an overhanging beam with the load moving at it. It can be easily verified that Rc = 18-x (6 8

Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Beams

< x <. 22) giving Rc = 1.5

for x = 6 (load at B ), Rc = 1.O for x = 10 (load at C), Rc = 0 for x = 18 (load at D)and Rc = - 0.5 (load at E). When the load is between A and B (0 < x < 6) Rc = taking moments of all forces about point D, we get, (RAx18)+(Rcx8)-[I ~ ( 1 8 - ~ ) ] - ( R ~ ~= 1O 0) where, RA = 6-x and RF = 0. 6

''
4

which is obtained by

This gives Rc = 0 for x = 0 (load at A); and Rc = 1.5 for x = 6 (load at B). Similarly, it can be seen that for unit load between E and F (22 < x < 28), X-28 Rc = . This gives Rc = - 0.5 for x = 22 (load at E) and Rc = 0 when 12 load is at F ( x = 28). This is shown in Figure 1.18 (c).

(a) Compound Beam

I
1 . 5

(b) ILD for RA (Reaction at A)

(c) ILD for RC

(Reaction at C)
I

(e)

ILD for Ms (BM at S)

(0 ILD for Vs
(SF at S)
(g) ILD for MT

'

(BM at T)
(h) 1LD for VT (SF at T)
Figure 1.18

ILD for Mc (Bending Momenr at C)

For unit load between A and B (0 < x < 6), Mi = (Rn x 10)- il x ( l 0 - i ) ] = giving& hinge B).
2 = --x.Thus,Mc

[ y

x 10)-(10-x)

= Owhenx=OandMc = -4forx=6(loadat

Rolling LO& eod Influence Lines

For load between B and C (6 < x < 10). Mc = - 1 x (10 - x ) since RA = 0. which is a straight line, and Mc = 0 when x = 10.

On the unit load crossing to right of C, there are no non-zero forces to the LHS of C (since RA =' 0). Hence, Mc = 0 always for (10 < x < 28).
I

This is shown in Figure 1.18 (d). Here, Mc is always negative.

ZLD for Bending Moment and Shearing Force at S

It will be similar to that for a simply supported span AB when load is between A and B (0 < x < 6). When load crosses over to right hand of B, there are no loads between A and B and also reaction RA = 0, hence; Ms and Vs will remain zero for 6 < x < 28 as shown in Figures 1.18 (e) and (0. ZLD for BM at T (MT)
Case (a) :Load between A and B (0

< x < 6),

MT = ( R A ~ 1 4 ) + ( R c x 4 ) - [ 1 x ( 1 4 - ~ ) ]

which gives MT = 0 when x = 0, and MT =

Case (b) :Load between B and T (6

- 2.0 when x = 6 (load at B).

< x < 14), MT = (Rc x 4) - [I x (14 - x)] (since RA = 0)

which gives MT = - 2.0 when x = 6,l MT = 0 when x = 10 (load at C), and MT = + 2.0 whenx = 14 (load at T). The other half of the diagram is symmetrical as shown in Figure 1.18 (g). ZLD for S F a t T (VT) For unit rolling load between A and B, (0 < x < 6)

For unit rolling load between R and T, (6 < x < 14)

For unit rolling load between T and E, (14 < x < 22)

For unit rolling load between E and F, (22 < x < 28)

These are shown in Figure 1.18 (h) and can be obtained from Figures 1.18 (b) and (c).

SAQ 3

, -

Draw the influence line diagrams (ILDs) tor the beam shown i l l Figure 1.19 tor Ihc following : (a) the reaction at support B, (b) the shearing force at point P,

(c) the bending moment at point P, and

(d) the bending moment at point B.

Idlpcuce Lines for

+6m

-+4m

+3m+3m+
Figure 1.19

SAQ 4
Draw the influence line diagrams (ILDs) for the beam shown in Figure 1.20 for the following :

(a) the reaction at support A, (b) the shearing force at point P, (c) the bending moment at point P, and (d) the bending moment at support A.

Figure 1.20

1.5 PROPERTIES OF INFLUENCELINES

The live loads on a beam may occupy any position on the spm. The effect of its any r inkrnal stress particular dispositian on any static quantity (reactions at supports o resultants at a section) may tre easily determined from the influence line diagram of that 'quantity. The live loads may be either in the form of (a) concentrated wheel loads or Me-edge loads, or (b) distributed loads. ~ h latter k may be again unifordnly constant or may have a variable distribution, e.g. a triangularly increasing/decreasingload,-parabolic load etc. (Refer Section 1.2). Concentrated Loads and Influence Une Dlagrams In Figure 1.21 (a), AB is a portion of the beam for which, for a certain st&c quantity Q, the influence line diagram A ' B ' is known and plotted. The ordinates (y) of the influence line diagram wilkbe function of the distance (x) measured tilong the beam axis, so that Let a system of loads having values PI, P2, P3 . etc. occupy the positions shown. The ordinates below these points are yl, y2, y3 .. etc. The magnitude of the quantity Q due to PI will be Ply,, due to P2 it will be P2y2 and so on. Thus, the f i n a l value of Q due to all these loads will be the mmof all these, i.e.

.. .

Rolling Loads and Iduence Lines

Distributed Loads and Influence Line Diagrams In Figure 1.21 (b), the beam carries a distributed loading q which may be a function q(x) of x. The ILD of a certain quantity Q is given, whose ordinates y are

also function of x, say y(x). Now considering a small load strip of width dx at a distance x, the load is q(x) dx which may be considered concentrated at that point. If y =f(x) is the ordinate of the ILD at x, then the small contribution to Q due to this load will be

If the load extends from the point L (x = XL)to the point R (x = xR);then total value of the quantity Q is given by
XR

l Y 9 ( 4 dx

(1.9)

XL

If the load is a uniforgy distributed load (udl), then q = constant.

XR

: .

Q =q
XL

y dr = q x (Area of ILD between XL and XR)

(1.10)

In the next section, we shall examine a few cases of uniformly distributed andlor concentrated loads crossing a beam span, and study their effects on the bending moment and shearing force acting at a section.

1.5.1 Single Concentrated Load Crossing a Span

This is a rather simple case. You can easily see that for obtaining the maximum value of a parameter Q, you will have to place the moving load P at the maximum ordinate of the influence line and then Q will be given by Q,, = P x y, ,.
Example 1.5

Find the ma~imum value of following internal stress resultants due to a unit rolling load of 50 kN crossing the span for the beam shown in Example 1.4 : (a) (b) (c) (d)
Solution

BMatS, BMatT, SF at S, and SF at T. .

(a) From the Influence Line Diagram shown in Figure 1.18 (e), maximum BM ordinate, y , = 1.5. Thus,

: .

MS(,=)

= 1.5~50 = 75kNm

(b) From Figure 1.18 (g), maximum negative BM ordinate = - 2.0 and also mvimum positive BM ordinate = + 2.0. Thus,

M )+T , ,(

= (+ 2.0) x 50 = 100 kN m

Similarly, we can get other values as given under.

(c)

From Figure 1.18 (0,

Influence Lines for Statically Detern~inate Beams

(d) From Figure 1.18 (h),

1.5.2 Series of Concentrated Live Loads Crossing a Span

If a truck travels along a bridge girder, its wheel loads may be compared to a system of live loads which consist of a number of concentrated loads PI, P2, P3, etc. at mutually fixed distances 'a', 'b' etc. . . . from each other [Figure 1.22 (a)]. As the ILD for SFIBM at a section is usually given by a series of straight lines meeting at apex points to form one or more triangles, the maximum value of the quantity Q is generally obtained when one of the concentrated loads (usually the heaviest) is at the apex point, which gives the as shown in Figure 1.22 (b). maximum ordinate of ILD, i.e. (y,,)

(bl
Fig-

\LD

for Q

/
(cl

(d

1.22 :Series of Concentrated Live Loads Crossing a Span

Firstly, we calculate with the load P1placed above the apex point, i.e. y , shown in [Figure 1.22 (b)]. Then,

ordinate as (a)

= Pl~max + PZYZ' + P3~3' - .. (y'2 and y'3 can be calculated or measured from the diagram)

Q'

, Next, we shift the load system such that P2 is at apex point y

[Figure 1.22 (c)]. Then,

Finally, shifting the system further to the left as in Figure 1.22 (d), we get,

We have to examine by actual calculations, which of the values Q', Q", Q"' is the . , This is, therefore, a trial and error method requiring a arithmetically largest to find Q few trials. It may so happen that one of the ordinates may fall in the negative region of the diagram; for this the value will have opposite algebraic sign. During the movement, one or more of the loads may go out of the span also. This will be clear from the next example.
Example 1.6
. A

A load system shown in Figure 1.23 (a) crosses the beam of Example 1.4 from left to right. Find (a) the maximum BM and SF at S, (b) the maximum BM and SF at T, and (c) the maximum BM at C, due t'o this.

Rolling Loads Pod Influence Lines

Solution (a) Maximum Bending Moment at S The ILD for M s [Figure 1.18 (e)] is re-drawn in Figure 1.23 (b). Here, we consider Tollowing three cases :
(i) In Figure 1.23 (bl), 100 kN lmd is put at y,,
= 1.5 ordinate.

The ordinates below 200 kN load is 0.5 and the load 50 kN is just at the edge where y = 0. This gives Ms = Piyi = (100 x 1.5) + (200 x 0.5) + (50 x 0)

= 1 5 0 + 1 0 0 + 0 = 250kNm

(ii) In Figure 1.23 (b), the middle load 200 kN is put above y,, = 1.5, for the 50 kN load the ordinate is 1.0 and 100 kN load it is 0.5. This gives

(iii) In Figure 1.23 (bs), the 50 kN load is at y,,,, = 1.5, the 100 kN load has just reached the edge O, = O), and the ordinate below 200 kN load is 1.O.

Out of all the above three cases, case (b) gives the maximum value, ) ,s ,( = 400 kN m. Hence, we get, M (b) Maximum Shearing Force at S The IL Diagram for SF at S is shown in Figure 1.18 (f) and is reproduced in Figure 1.23 (c). For maximum negative SF at S, we shall examine the two position of the moving loads [Figures 1.23 (cl) and 1.23 (c2)]. 111the first case,

1
\

In the second case,

value. Hence, we get, Out of above two cases, second case gives the niaxin~um

G , " , , ) = - loo kN.

For maximum positive SF at S, we shall examine,the two positions (cs) and (c4) shown in Figure 1.23 (c). Inthe formercase, VS = (100x0) + 200xIn the latter case, Vs =

:I

+(50x0.5) = 91.67 kN.

+ (200 x 0.5) -t 50 x

Out of above two cases, latter case gives the maximum vdue. Hence, we get,
Thus, both positive arid negative shear force at S have got the maximum value of 100 kN. (c)

Mmirnurn Bending Moment at T [Refer to Figure 1.18 (g)]

Maximum negative EM at T will occur when the loads are between A-C or D-F. Maximum positive EM at T will occur when the loads are within region CTD. (i) Firstly, taking the case of negative EM, we shall study the following likely positions as shown in Figure 1.23 (d). The calculation for ordinates can be verified.

Muence L i e s for
Statically Determinate

Beams

"I.".",
Cc
I

1)

L C ) ,
ma=.

CC) Load ~osiCions &r

~q*

(-1

S.F.

Case (dl) : MT = loo(-2)

+ 200

+ 50 (-

1) = - 516.67 k N m

Case (d2) : MT = 100 (- 1) + 200 (- 2) + 50 - - = - 583.33 k N m Case (d3) : MT = 100 (- 2) + 200 (- 1) + 50 (- 0.5) = - 425.0 k N m Case ( 4 ) : M T = 100 - -

(n
I

i :1

+ 200 (-

2) + 50 (- 1.5) = - 608.33 kN m

Hence, the maximum negative moment of 608.33 k~ m will occur in case ( 4 ) shown in Figure 1.23 ( 4 ) .

(ii) For positive BM, we shall study the following likely positions as shown in
Figure 1.23 (e) : Case (el) : MT = (100 x 2) + (200 x 1) + (50 x 0.5) = 425 k N m Case (e2) : MT = (100 x 1) + (200 x 2) + (50 x 1.5) = 575 kN m Case (es) : Mr = (100 x 0.5) + (200 x 1.5) + (50 x 2) = 450 IdY m Hence, the maximum positive moment will occur in case (Q) and its magnitude will be 575 k N m. It is shown in Figure 1.23 (e2). (d) Mmimum Shearing Force at T [Refer to Figure 1.18 (h)] For negative shearing force at T Figure 1.23 (f)] :

For positive shearing force at T Figure 1.23 (g)] :

(e) Maximum Bendina Moment at C [Refer to Fieure 1.18(dll Considering the case, the heaviest load of 200 kN is placed over the maximum ILD ordinate at B Figure 1.23 (h)]. We get,
L

"IJ

1.5.3 Series of Concentrated Moving Loads on Simply Supported Beam : Absolute Maximum BM and SF
Till now, we have learnt how to find the position of the moving concentrated load system for producing maximum BM/SF at a particular section S.
It may sometimes be required to find out the section S (which is not known as yet) for which the quantity Q (i.e. BMISF) may be maximum for the given moving load system. Such a value of the quantity Q may be called "absolute maximum" under the given moving load system.

Absolute Maximum Bending Moment in the Span Let the load system P I , P2, . . . , P, consisting of n concentrated loads move across the simply supported span AB whose middle-point is C. Supposing the maximum moment occurs below the load Pi whenit is just to the left of C at a distance of x from it.

Here, R is fhe resultant of the force system acting at a distance d from load Pi. It is also assumed that al, a2 etc. are the distances of the various loads P 1 ,P2 etc. from the load Pi. Here, d , a , , a2 . . . are constants, while x is variable as we shift the moving load system a bit on either side to determine the point of maximum bending moment. Then bending moment under load Pi is given by

IdkclmL h s lor

S u k S y r m e ~ BcPlns

dMi For maximum value of Mi,we have -= 0 giving dx

or

2x = d giving x = -

d 2

Thus, the maximum value of Mi (which is bending moment below load Pi) occurs when the centre of beam span C lies between load Pi and the resultant R.
This is a very important result and it reduces a large number of trials. At most, we can try a few more of the concentrated loads to find the largest of the Mi ,,,values. Find the absolute maximum bending moment due to the moving load systemshown in Figure 1.25 (a) moving over a simply supported beam of 40 m span. Solption Let R = 350 kN be the resultant of the moving load system. If it acts at a distance of

n from 50 kN load, then taking moments about P 1 .

Arranging the load system as shown in Figure 1.25 (b) such that the load P1 is symmetrically placed with respect to the beam centre C. Then,

We get, (i)

(ii) Arranging the load system as shown in Figure 1.25 (c) such that the load P2 is symmetrically placed with respect to the beam centre C.

M2

= (170 x 19.428)- (50 x 2) = 3202.76

kN m

(iii) Arranging the load system as shown in Figure 1.25 (d) such that the load P3 is symmetrical with respect to C.

M3 = 158.13 x 18.072 = 2857.77 kN m; and

Rolling Loads and Muence Liws

Thus, the absolute maximum BM in the span is 3202.76 kN m occurring below the 200 kN load under the arrangement shown in Figure 1.25 (c).

Note :

All the three trials need not be taken when we remember that the absolute maximum BM is most likely to occur below the heaviest load when it is nearest to the centre as shown in Figure 1.25 (c).

i .I ;

'..Uti;if i : "a;?solui.c:~naxi~nllrn BM" for a given hean? with respect lo a series nf . . . j . . ! , ?; . . ,:-ir:~;:!;n i i(?;lcf system " T.'.'Iui k!i. Ili;p(!ft31!C.C !
,
'

. . . . t v * .A

.. ,. , ! :,~. . , . : ..; .
,:;,:.

<-,-

.
:

, I : !

: ~ J ~ , ~ ; . ' .~, ~~ t!. . ,i.;

o IT~:!XI~~H!!:I l ; ~ f , ~ ? !-~::<II:ICri:,!~!nc:!it in he:in: S ~ X ~ W111 II . ![;;.:! :::;: ~ l ~ ~ ~ : ] [:;!ck ~ . T ~ ~ ~ . ' ; ~ ~ !' ! UI I ~~ ?;igh!, T ;~ I LJ) ! ~ f i . Ti)? s[>;I<'.TI~ :111d
ti;:',;
! ;<

,ol ib: X ~ I C Cl ~ i)ab~ ;KC sbi!w?>it1 !ix:

F J ~ I 1I.26 ! ~ ib).

1.5.4 Uniformly Distributed Moving Loads Longer than the Span

One of the most commonly met case in moving/rolling loads is that of uniformly distributed load longer than the beam span over which the load is moving. Also the load may cover only some parts of the beam and may not cover the others. In such cases, if the ILD for a certain quantity Q has both positive and negative portions, then for maximuin positive value of Q, only those portions of the span should be covered by distributed load where the ILD is positive. Similarly, for maximum negative value of Q, only the negative regions above the ILD should be covered. This is explained in the following example.
Example 1.8 In the beam of Example 1.4, a uniformly distributed live load of 20 kN/m which can cover any portion of the span passes over it. Find the maximum value of the following quantities.

Idluemce Linu, for S@tiePlly Determinate Beams

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

BM at section S (both positive and negative), SF at section S (both positive and negative), BM at section T (both positive and negative), SF at section T (both positive and negative), and BM at support C.

Solution (a) Maximum BM at Section S [Figure 1.27 (a)] Referring to Figure 1.18 (e), the maximum positive BM at S will occur when the uniformly distributed load covers the portion AB and from Eq. (1.10);
I@ i, , (

= q x (Area of ILD between A and B)

There will not be any negativ' BMat sections S. (b) Maximum SF at Section S [Figufe 1.27 (b) and (c)] Referring to Figure'l.18 (f) where'the ILD for SF at section S is given. (i) The maximum positive SF will occur when the udl covers the region between S and B [Figure 1.27 (b)]

C(rnm) = q X (Area of ILD between S and B)

(ii) Similarly, maximum negative SF will occur when the udl covers between A and S [Figure 1.27 (c)] and the value is -15 kN. (c) Maximum BM at Section T Figure 1.27 (d) and (e)] Referring to Figure 1.18 (g) where the ILD for BM at section Tis given.
,

(i) Maximum positive BM will occur when the udl covers the region between C and D [Figure 1.27 (d)].

Thus, we get.

(ii) Maximum negative BM will occu; when the udl covers me two regions. A to C and D to F [Figure 1.27 (e)].

(d) Maximum SF at Section T Referring to Figure 1.18 (h) where the ILD far SF at T is shown.

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

Maximum negative SF at T will occur when the udl co;ers @eportion AC and TD [Figure 1.24 (f)].

'

~4-

-po&t;an

far

m-:mum

poswwe

b &

Figure 1.27

(e) Muximum BM at Support C [Figure 1.27 (g)] Maximum BM at support Cis obtained when the udl covers portion ABC. Refering to Figure 1.18 (d), we get,

Kc(max) = 20x -x(-4)xlO

SAQ 6

= -400'kNm

(a) If a uniformly distribu'ted moving load longer than the span is crossing a hea: is it always necessary that it should cover the entire span for calculating the B 7 or SF at a particular section. values of tlie BM at point B ;nd SF and BM at point P (b) Compute I h l~laximum (i) the beam in Figure 1.28 (a) due to the truck shown in Figure 1.28 (b). a ~ l ~ l the beam in Figure 1.29 (a) due to the same truck.

Idlwafe Lines for

Statically D e t e d t e

Beams

Figure 1.28 (a) and (h\ and Figure 1.29

1.5.5 Uniformly Distributed Moving Loads - Shorter than the Span

If the uniformly distributed load is shorter than the span; - so short in length that if it is placed in the neighbourhood of the vertex (maximum ordinate) of an ILD, it is entirely within the span and range of the ILD - we face a set of entirely different problems. In Figure 1.30, LM and MR are two portions of the ILD having its vertex at M, and the , . The slope of the left hand portion LM is 1 in SL and of the maximum ordinate being y right hand portion RM, it is 1 in SR. As the influence line ordinates in the neighbourhood of y , are the biggest, the load' must cover the area on either side of it to produce the maximum effect. Let the total length AB of the load be 'c' and its intensity per unit length be q; then if m is the portion to the left of apex M, the portion to the right will be (c - m). Let the ordinate below A be y~ and that below B be y ~ . Then, the quantity Q for which the ILD ordinate is being calculated is given by
Q = (load intensity, q) x (area of ILD below it)

(1.1 1)

Figure 1.30

But from the Figure 1.30, we get

Substituting these values in the above equation and after simplifying, we get,

For maximum value of Q, we must have

dm

= 0. Thus, we get,

2mSL-2(c-m)SR = 0

Rolling Loads and Inf9aence Urns

giving or, This when substituted in the pair of Eq. (1.13) gives YR = YL = Ymax
c SLSR
-

SL + SR

Thus, the maximum value of the quantity Q is obtained when the two ILD ordinates below its extremities A and B are equal, and hence,
m

YR + Ymax
2
)xCxqd

where YR = YmaxExample 1.9

[-)

For the beam shown in Figure 1.31 (a), calculate the maximum positive and negative bending moments at the point P due to a uniformly distributed moving load of 20 kN/m and length 1 m. Solution The ILD for BM at P is shown in Figure positive BM zone A'B' has a maximum ordinate at P
yLax = 8 -

the negative BM

' C has a maximum ordinate at C zone B

(Refer to Section 1.4.3).

(a) Positive BM at point P will occur under the condition when y~ = y~ as shown in Figure 1.31 (a). Thus, we have, 1.875 5
-

YL and 1.875 5-m 3

3 -.(I - m)

YR

giving,

Putting v a l ~ e in s y~ = y ~we , get, (1.875) (5 - m) - 5

-

(1.875) (2 + m) 5 ; giving m = - m 8 3

Influeace Lrnes fur Statically D e t e n b t e

Beams

(b) Negative BM at P will occur when load will occupy the extreme right tip of the overhang as shown in Figure 1.31 (b).

[Note :This problem can also be solved by using Eqs. (1.18) and (1.19).]

1.6 SUMMARY
In this unit, following topics have been covered : Concept and methods of drawing of Influence Line Diagrams (ILDs) for simply supported beams for (a) support reactions, (b) SF & BM at any section, of the beam. and (c) deflection at any sectioi~ Similarly, concept and methods of drawing of Influence Line Diagrams (ILDs) for (a) cantilever beams, (b) beams with overhangs, and (c) compound beams (statically determinate). Properties of Influence Lines For a load system crossing a beam, the final value of the quantity Q is given by
Q =

i= l
IR

x PiYi
IY
dx

[for a senes of concentrated loads]

[for a distributed load q(x) ]

XL

where Y is the influence lines ordinate at x. Determination of absolute maxiinum BM and SF for a series of concentrated loads moving across a simply supported beam. Determination of maximum value of the statical quantities for a uniformly distributed load (both longer or shorter than the span) crossing a span.

1.7 KEY WORDS

Rolling Loads Influence Line
: These are the loads which move 0ver.a structure from end to end of the structure.

: Influence Line is a graphical representation of variation ol' a specified staticaYgeometrical quantity (e.g. internal stress resultants/deformations) at a section in a structure, as a unit load moves over the structure.

Influence Line Ordinate

Statical Quantities

Absolute Maximum BM and SF

An influence line is always qualified by (i) a unit rolling load on the structure, (ii) the section at which the influence line is sought, and (iii) the statical quantity at the section for which the influence line is to be drawn. ' : Influence line ordiante is the value of the above quantity (drawn to certain scale) when the unit load is situated at the base of the ordinate. : Statical quantities are either external reactions (vertical and horizontal reactions at supports or support fixing moments) or internal stress resultants (axial forces, bending moment, shearing force, torsional moments etc.) : We normally study how to find the position of the moving concentrated load system for producing maximum BMISF at a particular section S. It may sometimes be required to find out the section S (which is not known as yet) for which the quantity Q (1.e. BMISF) may be maximum for the given moving load system. Such a value of the quantity & may be called "absolute maximum BM and SF" under the given moving load system. : Deformation quantities may be deflection (vertical or horizontal) or rotations.

Deformation Quantities

1.8 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1

(a) Following are the important types of rolling load : (b) Two concentrated loads, (a) Single concentrated load, (d) Uniformly distributed load, and (c) Multiple concentrated loads, (e) Combined system of loads. Students are advised to search for suitable examples for above types of rolling load. (b) For simplification in calculations, the general rolling loads are identified as equivalent to a uniformly distributed load whose worst effect is same as that of the actual system of loads. This is called the Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Load.
SAQ 2 ILDs for different reaction and internal stress resultants is given in Figure 1.32.
A 19

,D
. L

(a) Overhanging Beam

(b) ILD for Re (Reaction at B)

-6.25

L
O.%-IB

4- 0.23
T

T -

(c) ILD for VP (SFat P)

-1.a
1.075

T:

(d) ILD for M P (BMat P)

(e)

ILD for M B (BM at B)

SAQ 3

Iufluence Lines for

S W d y Detennimte

Influence line diagrams for different reaction and internal stress resultants is given in Figure 1.33.
b

Beams

D , ,

(a) Compound Beam

(b) ILD for Re (Reaction at B

(c) ILD for V p
4

(SF at P) (d) ILD for M P (BM at P)

(e) ILD for Me (BM at B)

SAQ 4

Influence line diagrams for different reaction and internal stress resultants is given in Figure 1.34.
(a) Compound
A
C

& ,

Beam
(b) ILD for RA

(Reactton at A)
(c) ILD for Vp (SF at P)

+66

(d) ILD fdr M A (BM at A)

(e) ILD for Mp (BM at P)

-.

P
Figure 1.34

k 0 (&) ILD for Me

(BM at B)

SAQ 5

(a) ReferSection1.5.3. (b) Since the absolute maximum bending moment in the beam will occur when the 200 kN load is nearest to the centre such that the resultant and the load are equidistant from the centre C of the beam, we shall consider the two cases shown in Figure 1.35 (b) and Figure 1.35 (c).
Case (a) :Refer to Figure

1.35 (b). Here, the maximum BM will occur below the right-hand 200 kN load (marked P3). Taking moments about A, we get,

Rolling Loadll d Influence L i n e s

Case (b) :Refer to Figure 1.35 (c). Here, the maximum BM will occur below the left hand 200 kN load (marked P2). Taking moment about B, we get,

Hence, the absolute maximum BM of 1633.594 kN m will occur in Case (a).

Figure 1.35

SAQ 6 Refer preceding text to solve the SAQ. SAQ 7 , Referring to Figure 1.34 (a), the maximum negative BM at P will occur when the uniformly distributed load (udl) covers the span ADB and the concentrated load is placed above ymaxat D , giving

Mp

(negative) =

x (- 3) x 6

[60 x (- 3)]

= - 360 k N m

For maximum positive BM at P the udl covers the span BC and the concentrated load is at C, giving

Mp

(positive)

i: !
20 x - x 3 x 3

(60 x 3) =

+ 270 k N m

For maximum SF at P, the udl covers the span ADB and the concentrated load between P and D , giving (negative) = (20 x 1 x 3) + (20 X 1 x 3) + (60 x 1) = 150 k N Vp For maximum negative BM at A, the udl covers the span ADB and the concentrated load is at D, giving

MA (max) (negative) =

[60 x (- 6)] =

- 900 k N m

For maximum positive BM at A, the udl covers the span BC and the concentrated load is at C, giving

MA

(positive) = 20 x - x 6 x 3

( : 1

+ (60 x 6) = + 540 k N m