q no.-1(1)what is the definition of computer?

Ans:A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. ince a sequence of operations can be readily changed! the computer can solve more than one "ind of problem.

#onventionally! a computer consists of at least one processing element! typically a central processing unit (#$%) and some form of memory. &he processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations! and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. $eripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an e'ternal source! and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

(n )orld )ar ((! mechanical analog computers were used for speciali*ed military applications. +uring this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. ,riginally they were the si*e of a large room! consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers ($#s).-1.

/odern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines! and occupy a fraction of the space.-0. imple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices! and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. $ersonal computers in their various forms are icons of the (nformation Age and are what most people thin" of as 1computers.2 3owever! the embedded computers found in many devices from /$4 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

3istory of computing 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 5tymology /echanical aids to computing /echanical calculators and programmable looms 7irst use of punched paper cards in computing 9abbage:s dream comes true

1.;

7irst general-purpose computers 1.;.1 <ey steps towards modern computers

1.= 1.> 0

tored-program architecture emiconductors and microprocessors

$rograms 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 tored program architecture 9ugs /achine code $rogramming language 0.6.1 ?ow-level languages 0.6.0 3igher-level languages 0.8 $rogram design

#omponents 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.; 4.= 4.> #ontrol unit Arithmetic logic unit (A?%) /emory (nput@output ((@,) /ultitas"ing /ultiprocessing Aetwor"ing and the (nternet #omputer architecture paradigms

/isconceptions 6.1 Bequired technology

8 ; =

#apabilities of computers ((n general) ?imitations of computers ((n general) 7urther topics

=.1 =.0

Artificial intelligence 3ardware =.0.1 3istory of computing hardware =.0.0 ,ther hardware topics

=.4 =.6 =.8 > C 1D 11 10

oftware ?anguages $rofessions and organi*ations

+egradation ee also Aotes Beferences 5'ternal lin"s

3istory of computing 3istory of computing hardware 5tymology &he first recorded use of the word 1computer2 was in 1;14 in a boo" called 1&he yong mans gleanings2 by 5nglish writer Bichard 9raithwait ( haue read the truest computer of &imes! and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed! and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number. (t referred to a person who carried out calculations! or computations! and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 0Dth century. 7rom the end of the 1Cth century the word began to ta"e on its more familiar meaning! a machine that carries out computations.-4.

/echanical aids to computing &he history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies! automated calculation and programmability. 3owever no single device can be identified as the earliest computer! partly because of the inconsistent application of that term.-6. A few precursors are worth mentioning though! li"e some mechanical aids to computing! which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator! li"e the umerian abacus! designed around 08DD 9#-8. of which a descendant won a speed competition against a contemporary des"

calculating machine in Eapan in 1C6;!-;. the slide rules! invented in the 1;0Ds! which were carried on five Apollo space missions! including to the moon-=. and arguably the astrolabe and the Anti"ythera mechanism! an ancient astronomical analog computer built by the Free"s around >D 9#.->. &he Free" mathematician 3ero of Ale'andria (c. 1DG=D A+) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 1D minutes and was operated by a comple' system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.-C. &his is the essence of programmability. /echanical calculators and programmable looms

&he /ost 7amous (mage in the 5arly 3istory of #omputing-1D.

&his portrait of Eacquard was woven in sil" on a Eacquard loom and required 06!DDD punched cards to create (1>4C). (t was only produced to order. #harles 9abbage started e'hibiting this portrait in 1>6D to e'plain how his analytical engine would wor".-11. 9laise $ascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1;60!-10. "nown as $ascal:s calculator. (t was the first machine to better human performance of arithmetical computations-14. and would turn out to be the only functional mechanical calculator in the 1=th century.-16. &wo hundred years later! in 1>81! &homas de #olmar released! after thirty years of development! his simplified arithmometerH it became the first machine to be commerciali*ed because it was strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. &he mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. (nitially! it was in trying to develop more powerful and more fle'ible calculators-18. that the computer was first theori*ed by #harles 9abbage-1;.-1=. and then developed.-1>. econdly! development of a low-cost electronic calculator! successor to the mechanical calculator! resulted in the development by (ntel-1C. of the first commercially available microprocessor integrated circuit.

(n 1>D1! Eoseph /arie Eacquard made an improvement to the te'tile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. &he resulting Eacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early! albeit limited! form of programmability.

7irst use of punched paper cards in computing (t was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recogni*able computers. (n 1>4=! #harles 9abbage! Ithe actual father of the computerI!-0D. was the first to conceptuali*e and design a fully programmable mechanical calculator!-01. his analytical engine.-00. 9abbage started in 1>46. (nitially he was to program his analytical engine with drums similar to the ones used in Jaucanson:s automata which by design were limited in si*e! but soon he replaced them by Eacquard:s card readers! one for data and one for the program. I&he introduction of punched cards into the new engine was important not only as a more convenient form of control than the drums! or because programs could now be of unlimited e'tent! and could be stored and repeated without the danger of introducing errors in setting the machine by handH it was important also because it served to crystalli*e 9abbage:s feeling that he had invented something really new! something much more than a sophisticated calculating machine.I-04.

Aow it is obvious that no finite machine can include infinity...(t is impossible to construct machinery occupying unlimited spaceH but it is possible to construct finite machinery! and to use it through unlimited time. (t is this substitution of the infinity of time for the infinity of space which ( have made use of! to limit the si*e of the engine and yet to retain its unlimited power.

K#harles 9abbage! $assages from the ?ife of a $hilosopher! #hapter J(((: ,n the Analytical 5ngine-06. After this brea"through! he redesigned his difference engine (Ao. 0! still not programmable) incorporating his new ideas. Allan 9romley came to the science museum of ?ondon starting in 1C=C to study 9abbage:s engines and determined that difference engine Ao. 0 was the only engine that had a complete enough set of drawings to be built! and he convinced the museum to do it. &his engine! finished in 1CC1! proved without doubt the validity of #harles 9abbage:s wor".-08. 5'cept for a pause between 1>6> and 1>8=! 9abbage would spend the rest of his life simplifying each part of his engine: IFradually he developed plans for 5ngines of great logical power and elegant simplicity (although the term :simple: is used here in a purely relative sense).I-0;.

Ada ?ovelace! considered to be the first computer programmer-0=. 9etween 1>60 and 1>64! Ada ?ovelace! an analyst of #harles 9abbage:s analytical engine! translated an article by (talian military engineer ?uigi /enabrea on the engine! which she supplemented with an elaborate set of notes of her own. &hese notes contained what is considered the first computer program G that is! an algorithm encoded for processing by a machine. he also stated: 1)e may say most aptly! that the Analytical 5ngine weaves algebraical patterns Lust as the Eacquardloom weaves flowers and leaves.2H furthermore she developed a vision on the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching-0>. claiming that: should 1...the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition...2 be susceptible 1...of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...2 it 1...might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of comple'ity or e'tent2. -0C.

(n the late 1>>Ds! 3erman 3ollerith invented the recording of data on a machinereadable medium. 5arlier uses of machine-readable media had been for control! not data. 1After some initial trials with paper tape! he settled on punched cards...2-4D. &o process these punched cards he invented the tabulator! and the "eypunch machines. &hese three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. ?arge-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1>CD %nited tates #ensus by 3ollerith:s company! which later became the core of (9/. 9y the end of the 1Cth century a number of ideas and technologies! that would later prove useful in the reali*ation of practical computers! had begun to appear: 9oolean algebra! the vacuum tube (thermionic valve)! punched cards and tape! and the teleprinter.

M.no.-0:-What do mean by DOS?

Ans:-)indows C8 runs on top of +, NNI the first-rung gee"s cry! usually followed by some IproofI or other that they:ve discovered for the first time. )ell! it can if it has to (i.e. afe /ode)! but the relationship between )indows C' and +, is far more fle'ible and comple' than that - and all the variations can be quite bewilderingN Oou need to be clear on such matters not only for semantic purposes! but so you can troubleshoot effectively.

(f you tal" about I+, I in )inC'! do you mean:

A #ommand.com session within )indows F%( (Fraphic %ser (nterface)? +, mode! as per I%se with current...I +, mode! as per I pecify a new...I? +, mode! as per 7> menu! I#ommand $rompt ,nlyI? +, mode! as per 7> menu! I afe /ode #ommand $rompt ,nlyI? +, mode! via 9ootF%(PD! or as consequence of failure to start )indows? $revious version of / -+, ! as per 7> menu? Anything that booted off a dis"ette or #+? )indows in +, #ompatibility /ode! which is )indows really? All of these fall into one of three categoriesH an emulated +, environment within )indows! a true +, mode using the +, that is pac"aged with )indows! or a previous version of +, (typically that over which )indows was installed).

Aote that )indows /illennium (in its unmodified form) has no hard drive based +, mode at all. &he only I+, I options are command prompt under )indows! or +, boot off dis"ette or #+-B,/.

&his serious omission can be cured.

+, prompt within )indows

trictly spea"ing! this isn:t +, at all:

?ong 7ile Aames are supported and displayed 40-bit ?AA services are present

Aative 5/ support is present 40-bit driver support is offered to +, applications J7A& provides in-house dis" caching and file sharing Jirtual memory support is also provided for +, apps /ultiple +, sessions are pre-emptively multitas"ed )in1;! )in40 and IconsoleI )in40 apps can be run &he tart and tart @) commands are supported 7ile associations managed via 3<5OQ#?A 5 QB,,&

&he 40-bit driver support includes mouse and #+-B,/! and JFA and sound are also affected. &his may also be the only I+, I that provides access to )indowsonly printers and modems. (n many cases! this is often a Ibetter +, than +, I in that you can run a +, game that requires >/ of BA/ on an >/ $# while other )indows apps are still open. Oou may also find that games that don:t wor" with JFA or sound in true +, mode will wor" within )indows! and vice versa.

Aote that although ?ong 7ile Aames are supported at the #ommand.com level! applications written for +, or )indows 4.yu" won:t be able to see them! and will still see only the underlying true >.4 names.

+, mode via 7> boot menu

&his will give you )indows C':s bundled +, in its pure form. (f you choose the I afe /odeI variation! it will bypass #:R#onfig.sys and #:RAutoe'ec.bat and load as +, PAoAuto! i.e. no automatic loading of etJer! 3i/em.sys or (7 3lp.sys ta"es place. (f you choose the InormalI variation! your system #:R#onfig.sys and #:RAuto5'ec.bat will be processed! as will the usual +, PAuto settings unless #onfig.sys overrides these.

#ompared to a +, prompt within )indows:

?ong 7ile Aames are not supported or displayed Ao ?AA services are present 5mm4>;.e'e is required for 5/ support Ao 40-bit driver support presentH drivers needed for mouse and #+-B,/ Ao J7A& dis" caching (need mart+rv) or file sharing (need hare) Ao virtual memory supportH the physical BA/ is all there is ,nly one IglobalI +, session #annot run )in1;! )in40 or IconsoleI )in40 apps Ao internal tart or tart @) command support Ao launching of non-e'ecutables through file association &hese methods of running +, mode cannot use their own #onfig.sys and Autoe'ec.bat settings! so they cannot match the control offered by I pecify a new...I. 3owever! you can Ipar"I the system in +, mode from here by adding an e'plicit +, P ingle line to #:R#onfig.sys! or by editing #:R/ +, . O to add a 9ootF%(PD line under -,ptions.! or by creating a copy of / +, . O as #:R)in9oot.(A( and editing that so that it overrides / +, . O - all of these have the effect of preventing )indows from starting automatically on boot.

+, mode via a .pif set to I%se with current...I

&his will also give you )indows C':s bundled +, in a pure-ish form - however! )indows is still lur"ing in the bac"ground (do a /em @#@$ and loo" for I)inI present). &his particular +, mode will be running on whatever was set up by #:R#onfig.sys and #:RAuto5'ec.bat when )indows started! plus anything additional from +, tart.bat in the )indows base directory. All that was written about +, mode via the 7> boot menu applies here as well.

&his is the default mode for .pif files that are set to run in / -+, mode (e.g. I5'it to +, .pifI)! but it:s pretty useless for three reasons:

&he original )indows C8 had a bug such that if you used this form of +, mode on systems with multiple volumes on a IlargeI hard drive! massive data corruption could follow (this was fi'ed in ervice $ac" 1! which was built into I)indows C8 6.DD.C8DAI and is not required in later )indows C' versions)

(t:s unclear as to whether )indows is safely shutdown in this mode! should you have a loc"up or reboot during the +, mode session. (t:s worth noting that the other Iquic" fall out and re-entry to )indowsI hift-shutdown option has been removed in )indows C>! which is another reason ( have misgivings about the safety of Iuse with current...I

9ecause you are using the same #onfig.sys as the )indows session that spawned the +, mode session! you have limits as to how far you can optimi*e the +, mode session. Oou can use tools li"e #reative ?ab:s #&?oad to load #+-B,/ drivers from +, tart.bat! but you can:t load 5mm4>; in this way - which is the death-"nell for any sort of decent +, memory management. Adding +, -friendly settings in #onfig.sys is a bad idea! because it could undermine )indowsN &o end a .pif-based +, mode session! use the I5'itI command - do not use the I)inI commandN . (f the session did anything to invalidate the original real-mode conditions that were in effect when )indows loaded! the system will rebootH else )indows will restart as if it had been e'plicitly loaded via a I)inI command. Aote that if you switch off or reset the computer while in a I%se with current...I session! the ne't reboot will restart )indows.

+, mode via a .pif set to I pecify a Aew...I

&his will also give you the very best of )indows C':s bundled +, in a its purist form. )indows has left the building in this mode! so if your +, session crashes or reboots! you "now )indows is safe.

&his particular +, mode will e'tract its own private #:R#onfig.sys and

#:RAuto5'ec.bat files as .app forms. Ae't! it will copy the active versions to .wos forms! and then rename the .app files to the active names (#onfig.sys and Auto5'ec.bat). &hen )indows shuts down completely and the system reboots into pure +, mode using the appropriate startup files. &he )indows +, tart.bat plays no role in this processH it is not interpreted at any stage in this process. All that was written about +, mode via the 7> boot menu applies here as well.

&his is an optional mode for .pif files that are set to run in / -+, mode (e.g. I5'it to +, .pifI)! and it:s the best way to go for several reasons:

)indows really is safely shutdown in this mode! so loc"ups and reboots during the +, mode session are no sweat.

9ecause you are using private #onfig.sys and Autoe'ec.bat files! you can set up the .pif specifically for the +, mode session without gunging up the files that )indows runs from.

(f you reset or power off while in this mode! not only is )indows not effected! but the ne't boot will not run )indowsH it will run the same session again. &his is great when you aren:t sure that )indows is safe to run! or when you definitely do not want to run )indows. &o end a .pif-based +, mode session! use the I5'itI command - the advice to not use the I)inI command applies with a vengeance! as this would run )indows on top of a probably unsuitable real mode environmentN . )hen the 5'it command is processed! all changes to the active #onfig.sys and Autoe'ec.bat are reincorporated into the .pif from whence they cameH the .wos forms are renamed bac" to the active names! and the system reboots to put these into effect before loading )indows.

$revious version of / -+,

&his is a completely different animal to anything described above - this really is / +, . (f )indows was installed over an e'isting +, ! this option will be present in the 7> menuH otherwise probably not. Aote that no stand-alone version of / -+,

can read 7A&40! and that an attempt to use this facility in )indows C8 ervice Belease 0.' will leave the system unable to return to )indows until you repair the mess of mis-versioned boot files it leaves behind. 7or this reason it:s best-practice to remove all #:RS.dos files after installing )indows C8 B0.'

)hen you install )indows over an e'isting / -+, ! the e'isting (,. O ! / +, . O ! #ommand.com! #onfig.sys and Autoe'ec.bat in #:R are all renamed to .dos forms. (f you choose the I$revious version of / -+, I option from the 7> boot menu! and these files are found! then the corresponding )indows files are renamed to .w6D and the +, files are renamed to the active names! before the system boots the old +, .

All that was written about +, mode via the 7> boot menu applies here as well! with whatever e'tra limitations that might apply to the older +, versionH no ?7A protection! no I?oc"I and I%nloc"I commands to manage that feature! no 7A&40 support! etc.

)hen the system is reset or powered off! the ne't boot will cause the active files to be renamed bac" to .dos and the .w6D names to be renamed bac" into active service! so that the system boots into )indows as normal. ( haven:t tested whether this is a consequence of the e'istence of .w6D files! or as a result of a setting below (,.sys (i.e. at the partition boot loader level). 9ecause the )indows C' (,.sys is not running while it is renamed away! it can:t be a matter of reading the registry (as is the way the system I"nowsI which I pecify a new...I .pif to return from).

(f you do support...

...of any "ind (especially over the phone or via the (nternet)! you must be absolutely certain which of the above apply before providing advice about I+, I - and especially! how to get bac" into )indowsN Oou should also determine whether it is safe to attempt )indows! or whether whatever is causing the Itrapped in +, I effect also poses ris"s to the file system and data on the drive.

&here are three situations where you need +, mode:

Oou have a +, application that won:t run in )indows (rare) Oou want to "eep small children out of )indows (t is not safe to run )indows (common) )hen is it not safe to run )indows? )hen any of the following apply:

&he basic hardware (BA/! hard drive! processor fan! etc.) is fla"y &he file system is not safe for writes &he hard drive is booting in a different system Oou want to clean up )indows-level malware Oou need to operate when )indows is not running )indows can:t run without barfing temp files all over the place! which is death in any "ind of data recovery conte't - hence points (1) and (0). (f you boot a hard drive in another system! $lug and $lay will immediately start detecting all the new hardware and messing up the settings for your e'isting hardware! and you really don:t want that - hence point (4) as an issue on its own.

$oints (6) and (8) go about replacing files that are always Iin useI and ma"ing sure you don:t have active malware undoing your attempts to remove it even as you wor". 7or sub-)indows malware (+, file infectors and sector-level infectors) you shouldn:t be running any code off the hard drive at all

Qu. 3 Explain the history and different parts of DOS?

DOS /ds/, short for Disk Operating System,[1] is an a ronym for se!eral losely related operating systems that dominated the "#$ %& ompatible market bet'een 1()1 and 1((*, or +ntil abo+t ,--- in l+ding the partially DOS.based $i rosoft Windo's !ersions (*, (), and $illenni+m Edition/

0elated systems in l+de $S.DOS, %& DOS and its an estor )1.DOS, D0.DOS 2in l+ding %almDOS, 3o!ell DOS and OpenDOS4, 5reeDOS and 0xDOS as 'ell as %6S.DOS, 0O$.DOS, Embedded DOS, 37DOS and 8DOS/ "n spite of the ommon +sage, none of these systems 'ere simply named 9DOS9 2a name gi!en only to an +nrelated "#$ mainframe operating system in the 1(1-s4/ : n+mber of +nrelated, non.x)1 mi ro omp+ter disk operating systems had 9DOS9 in their name, and are often referred to simply as 9DOS9 'hen dis +ssing ma hines that +se them 2e/g/ :migaDOS, :$SDOS, :3DOS, :pple DOS, :tari DOS, &ommodore DOS, &S".DOS, %roDOS, and 60S.DOS4/ While pro!iding many of the same operating system f+n tions for their respe ti!e omp+ter systems, programs r+nning +nder any one of these operating systems 'o+ld not r+n +nder others/1 ;istory 1/1 Origins 1/, De line 1/< &ontin+ed +se 1/</1 Embedded systems 1/</, Em+lation , Design ,/1 #oot se=+en e ,/, 5ile system ,/,/1 Dri!e naming s heme ,/,/, 0eser!ed de!i e names ,/< $emory management ,/> DOS +nder OS/, and Windo's < ?ser interfa e </1 6erminate and Stay 0esident

> Soft'are * See also 1 0eferen es @ External links ;istory[edit]

5+rther informationA &omparison of DOS operating systems and 6imeline of DOS operating systems Origins[edit] "#$ %& DOS 2and the separately sold $S.DOS4 and its prede essor, )1.DOS, resembled Digital 0esear hBs &%/$Cthe dominant disk operating system for ).bit "ntel )-)- and 8ilog 8)- based mi ro omp+ters/ DOS instead ran on "ntel )-)1 11.bit pro essors/ Starting 'ith 2$S.DOS 1/,) and4 %& DOS ,/- the operating system in orporated !ario+s feat+res inspired from 7enix, $i rosoftBs !ariant of ?nix/[,] When "#$ introd+ ed the "#$ %&, b+ilt 'ith the "ntel )-)) mi ropro essor, they needed an operating system/ Seeking an )-)). ompatible b+ild of &%/$, "#$ initially approa hed $i rosoft &EO #ill Dates 2possibly belie!ing that $i rosoft o'ned &%/$ d+e to the $i rosoft 8.)- Soft&ard, 'hi h allo'ed &%/$ to r+n on an :pple ""[<]4/ "#$ 'as sent to Digital 0esear h, and a meeting 'as set +p/ ;o'e!er, the initial negotiations for the +se of &%/$ broke do'nE Digital 0esear h 'ished to sell &%/$ on a royalty basis, 'hile "#$ so+ght a single li ense, and to hange the name to 9%& DOS9/ Digital 0esear h fo+nder Dary Fildall ref+sed, and "#$ 'ithdre'/[<][>] "#$ again approa hed #ill Dates/ Dates in t+rn approa hed Seattle &omp+ter %rod+ ts/ 6here, programmer 6im %aterson had de!eloped a !ariant of &%/$.)-, intended as an internal prod+ t for testing S&%Bs ne' 11.bit "ntel )-)1 &%? ard for the S.1-- b+s/ 6he system 'as initially named GDOS 2G+i k and Dirty Operating System4, before being made ommer ially a!ailable as )1.DOS/

$i rosoft p+r hased )1.DOS, allegedly for H*-,---/ 6his be ame $i rosoft Disk Operating System, $S.DOS, introd+ ed in 1()1/[*] $i rosoft also li ensed their system to m+ltiple omp+ter ompanies, 'ho s+pplied $S.DOS for their o'n hard'are, sometimes +nder their o'n names/ $i rosoft later re=+ired the +se of the $S.DOS name, 'ith the ex eption of the "#$ !ariant/ "#$ ontin+ed to de!elop their !ersion, %& DOS, for the "#$ %&/[*] Digital 0esear h be ame a'are that an operating system similar to &%/$ 'as being sold by "#$ 2+nder the same name that "#$ insisted +pon for &%/$4, and threatened legal a tion/ "#$ responded by offering an agreementA they 'o+ld gi!e %& ons+mers a hoi e of %& DOS or &%/$.)1, FildallBs )-)1 !ersion/ Side.by. side, &%/$ ost almost H,-- more than %& DOS, and sales 'ere lo'/ &%/$ faded, 'ith $S.DOS and %& DOS be oming the marketed operating system for %&s and %& ompatibles/[<] $i rosoft originally only sold $S.DOS to Original e=+ipment man+fa t+rers 2OE$s4/ One maIor reason for this 'as that not all early %&s 'ere 1--J "#$ %& ompatible/ DOS 'as str+ t+red s+ h that there 'as a separation bet'een the system spe ifi de!i e dri!er ode 2"O/SKS4 and the DOS kernel 2$SDOS/SKS4/ $i rosoft pro!ided an OE$ :daptation Fit 'hi h allo'ed OE$s to +stomiLe the de!i e dri!er ode to their parti +lar system/ #y the early 1((-s, most %&s adhered to "#$ %& standards so $i rosoft began selling $S.DOS in retail 'ith $S.DOS */-/ "n the mid.1()-s $i rosoft de!eloped a m+ltitasking !ersion of DOS/[1][@] 6his !ersion of DOS is generally referred to as 9E+ropean $S.DOS >9 be a+se it 'as de!eloped for "&M and li ensed to se!eral E+ropean ompanies/ "t 'as ne!er released to the general p+bli or any other OE$s/ 6his !ersion of DOS s+pports preempti!e m+ltitasking, shared memory, de!i e helper ser!i es and 3e' Exe +table 293E94 format exe +tables/ 3one of these feat+res 'ere +sed in later !ersions of DOS b+t they 'ere +sed to form the basis of the OS/, 1/- kernel/ 6his !ersion of DOS is distin t from the 'idely released %& DOS >/- 'hi h 'as de!eloped by "#$ and based +pon DOS </</ Digital 0esear h attempted to regain the market lost from &%/$.)1E initially 'ith &on +rrent DOS, 5lexOS and DOS %l+s 2both ompatible 'ith both $S.DOS and

&%/$.)1 soft'are4, later 'ith $+lti+ser DOS 2 ompatible 'ith both $S.DOS and &%/$.)1 soft'are4 and D0 DOS 2 ompatible 'ith $S.DOS soft'are4/ Digital 0esear h 'as bo+ght by 3o!ell, and D0 DOS be ame 3o!ell DOS @E later, it 'as part of &aldera 2+nder the names OpenDOS and D0.DOS @/-,/@/-<4, Mineo, and De!i eMogi s/ :t first $i rosoft expe ted that DOS 'o+ld be an interim sol+tion before ?nix be ame the ompanyBs operating system of the f+t+re/ Dordon Met'in 'rote in 1((* that 9DOS 'as, 'hen 'e first 'rote it, a one.time thro'.a'ay prod+ t intended to keep "#$ happy so that theyBd b+y o+r lang+ages9/ :fter :6N6 began selling ?nix, the ompany and "#$ began de!eloping OS/,/[)] $i rosoft and "#$ later had a series of disagreements o!er t'o s+ essor operating systems to DOS, OS/, and $i rosoftBs Windo's/[(] 6hey split de!elopment of their DOS systems as a res+lt/[1-] 6he last retail !ersion of $S.DOS 'as $S.DOS 1/,,, after this $S.DOS be ame part of the Windo's (*/()/$e b+ndle/ 6he last retail !ersion of %& DOS 'as %& DOS ,--- 2a/k/a/ %& DOS @ re!ision 14 tho+gh "#$ did later de!elop %& DOS @/1- for OE$s and internal +se/ 6he 5reeDOS proIe t began ,1 O+ne 1((>, 'hen $i rosoft anno+n ed it 'o+ld no longer sell or s+pport $S.DOS/ Oim ;all then posted a manifesto proposing the de!elopment of an open.so+r e repla ement/ Within a fe' 'eeks, other programmers in l+ding %at Pillani and 6im 3orman Ioined the proIe t/ : kernel, the &O$$:3D/&O$ ommand line interpreter 2shell4 and ore +tilities 'ere reated by pooling ode they had 'ritten or fo+nd a!ailable/ 6here 'ere se!eral offi ial pre.release distrib+tions of 5reeDOS before the 5reeDOS 1/- distrib+tion 'as released on < September ,--1/ $ade a!ailable +nder the D3? Deneral %+bli Mi ense 2D%M4, 5reeDOS does not re=+ire li ense fees or royalties/ 6he DOS em+lation in OS/, and Windo's r+ns in m+ h the same 'ay as nati!e appli ations do/ 6hey an a ess all of the dri!es and ser!i es, and an e!en +se the hostBs lipboard ser!i es/ #e a+se the dri!ers for file systems and s+ h forth reside in the host system, the DOS em+lation needs only pro!ide a DOS :%" translation layer 'hi h on!erts DOS alls to OS/, or Windo's system alls/ 6he translation layer generally also on!erts #"OS alls and !irt+aliLes ommon "/O port a esses 'hi h many DOS programs ommonly +se/

"n Windo's </1 and (x, the DOS !irt+al ma hine is pro!ided by W"3OMD:%/ WinOld:p reates a !irt+al ma hine based on the programBs %"5 file, and the system state 'hen Windo's 'as loaded/ 6he DOS graphi s mode, both hara ter and graphi , an be apt+red and r+n in the 'indo'/ DOS appli ations an +se the Windo's lipboard by a essing extra p+blished alls in WinOld:p, and one an paste text thro+gh the WinOld:p graphi s/ 6he em+lated DOS in OS/, and Windo's 36 is based +pon DOS */ :ltho+gh there is a defa+lt onfig+ration 2 onfig/sys and a+toexe /bat4, one an +se alternate files on a session.by.session basis/ "t is possible to load dri!ers in these files to a ess the host system, altho+gh these are typi ally third.party/ ?nder OS/, ,/x and later, the DOS em+lation is pro!ided by DOSF03M/ 6his is a file that represents the ombined "#$#"O/&O$ and "#$DOS/&O$, the system alls are passed thro+gh to the OS/, 'indo'ing ser!i es/ DOS programs r+n in their o'n en!ironment, the b+lk of the DOS +tilities are pro!ided by bo+nd DOS / OS, appli ations in the QOS, dire tory/ OS/, an r+n Windo's </1 appli ations by +sing a modified opy of Windo's 2Win.OS/,4/ 6he modifi ations allo' Windo's </1 programs to r+n seamlessly on the OS/, desktop, or one an start a WinOS/, desktop, similar to starting Windo's from DOS/

Qu. 4 What is the meaning of 0D#$S? Explain? 0D#$S stands for 0elational Database $anagement System/ "t organiLes data into related ro's and ol+mns/ 5eat+res

"t stores data in tables/ 6ables ha!e ro's and ol+mn/ 6hese tables are reated +sing SGM/ :nd data from these tables are also retrie!ed +sing SGM

0D#$S feat+res/ 0D#$S is a database management system based on relational model defined by E/5/&odd/ Data is stored in the form of ro's and ol+mns/ 6he relations among tables are also stored in the form of the table/ 5eat+resA . %ro!ides data to be stored in tables

. %ersists data in the form of ro's and ol+mns . %ro!ides fa ility primary key, to +ni=+ely identify the ro's . &reates indexes for =+i ker data retrie!al . %ro!ides a !irt+al table reation in 'hi h sensiti!e data an be stored and simplified =+ery an be applied/2!ie's4 . Sharing a ommon ol+mn in t'o or more tables2primary key and foreign key4 . %ro!ides m+lti +ser a essibility that an be ontrolled by indi!id+al +sers E0 diagram is a on ept+al and abstra t representation of data and entities/ E0 is a data modeling pro ess, 'hi h is to prod+ e a on ept+al s hema of a system, often an 0D#$S and the needs in top do'n fashion/ E0 diagrams are deri!ed by +sing this model/0eferential integrity is a 0D#$S

on ept and ens+res the relationships among tables remain onsistent/ Data integration 2 orre tness of data4 and pre!enting in onsistent data are ens+red by referential integrity/ 6his on ept has t'o keys namely primary key and foreign key/ :mong the tables, one table sho+ld ontain primary key and other2s4, foreign key/ 5oreign key spe ifies that the !al+es in that ol+mn m+st not be other than the !al+es a!ailable in the table 'hi h has primary key/ A column or combination of columns that identify a row of data in a table is $rimary <ey. A "ey in a table that identifies records in other table in called a foriegn "ey. $rimary "ey and unique "ey

9oth are used to provide uniqueness of the column. $rimary "ey creates clustered "ey on the column by default whereas unique "ey creates non-clustered inde' by default. $rimary doesn:t allow A%?? values whereas unique "ey can allow one A%?? value. +atabase - $rimary "ey and 7oreign "ey - Ean D>! 0D1D! 18:88 pm by Jidya agar +efine $rimary "ey and foreign "ey. $rimary <ey: $rimary "ey is used for unique identification of each row in a table. %nique and not null values only

are accepted to persist in primary "ey. 7oreign <ey: 7oreign <ey identifies a column with the primary "ey column of another table (parent table) for storing data. &he values in the foreign "ey must be the values of primary "ey of other columns. &hus it ensures the data integrity G correct data.&here can be a "ey apart from primary "ey in a table that can also be a "ey. &his "ey may or may not be a unique "ey. 7or e'ample! in an employee table! empno is a primary "ey! empname is a alternate "ey that may not be unique but still helps in identifying a row of the table. An alternate "ey is similar to a primary "ey. (t accepts null valuesH where as the primary "ey does not. &he null values can be submitted

to the attribute in a tuple.