MATH 20E

MIDTERM 2 SOLUTIONS Winter 1996

1 1. Let = x2 z and let = + z . x Find a direction B so that and both increase when you move away from the point (1, 1, 1) in the direction B.

SOLUTION: Saying that is increasing in direction B is the same as saying that d the directional derivative of in the direction B is positive, i.e. (1, 1, 1) > 0. ds (B) Strictly speaking, the directional derivative is only dened for unit vectors, so we d should say instead (1, 1, 1) > 0. ds (B/|B|) Now we have the formula d = u. ds (u) So increases in direction B is expressed by: (1, 1, 1) which is equivalent to (1, 1, 1) B > 0. If we want both and to increase in the direction B, we get the conditions (1, 1, 1) B > 0 and (1, 1, 1) B > 0. B > 0, |B|

We have = 2xi k, so (1, 1, 1) = 2i k, and = (1/x2 )i + k, so (1, 1, 1) = i + k. Lets write B = ai + bj + ck, so our condition becomes (2i k) (ai + bj + ck) > 0 and (i + k) (ai + bj + ck) > 0.

After doing the dot product, this gives 2a c > 0 and a + c > 0, and putting this together we get a < c < 2a. We can choose any vector B satisfying this condition, for example, a = 2, c = 3 so B = 2i + 3k or a = 2.5, b = 1, c = 3, so B = 2.5i j + 3k. xj yi 2 in the plane. 2 +y x + y2
1

2. Consider the vector eld F = a). Calculate F and F.

x2

SOLUTION: = x2 yi xj 2 2 +y x + y2 = y x 2 2 2 x x + y y x + y 2

y (x2 + y 2 )1 x(x2 + y 2 )1 x y = y (x2 + y 2 )2 (2x) + x(x2 + y 2 )2 (2y ) = 2xy (x2 + y 2 )2 + 2xy (x2 + y 2 )2 = 0.

yi xj 2 2 2 x +y x + y2

i =
x y x2 + y 2

j
y x x2 + y2

k
z

= 0 i + 0j +

x y ( 2 ) k 2 2 x x + y y x + y 2 = x(x2 + y 2 )1 + y (x2 + y 2 )1 k x y = (x2 + y 2 )1 x(x2 + y 2 )2 (2x) + (x2 + y 2 )1 y (x2 + y 2 )2 (2y ) k = 2(x2 + y 2 )1 2(x2 + y 2 )(x2 + y 2 )2 k = 2(x2 + y 2 )1 2(x2 + y 2 )1 k = 0.

b). Calculate
C

F dR, where C is the circle with center (0, 0) and radius 1 di-

rected anticlockwise.

SOLUTION: First parameterize C . (Anticlockwise means counter-clockwise.) x = cos , y = sin , 0 2 . Now we write everying in terms of . F dR =
C 2 C

x2

y x dx 2 dy 2 +y x + y2

=
0 2

sin d cos cos d sin d d 1 d 1 d sin2 cos2 d 1 d = 2.

=
0 2

=
0

Consider the annulus R and a disc D shown below.

R D
0 1/2 3/2 4 6

c). Is F conservative on R?

Is F conservative on D?

SOLUTION: F is not conservative on R, since in part b) we found that C F R = 0 for the closed curve C in R. F is conservative on D, since F = 0 on D, and D is simply connected.

3.

x z i + yj + 2 k. 2 +z x + z2 a). Let C be the ow line of F through the point (2, e, 2). Parameterize C with x as the parameter. F = x2

SOLUTION: The ow line through (2, e, 2) is the curve through (2, e, 2) whose tangent is always parallel to F, i.e. x z dxi + dy j + dz k is parallel to 2 i + y j + k. This can be written as x + z2 x2 + z 2 dx
x x2 + z 2

dy = y

dz
x x2 +z 2

To solve these equations, we rst choose one which involves only 2 variables: dx
x x2 +z 2

dz
x x2 +z 2

(x2 + z 2 )dz (x2 + z 2 )dx = . x z

We then reduce this equation so that each side only involves one of the variables. dz dx = . We can now integrate, and get In this case, we divide by x2 + z 2 to get x z ln |x| + C = ln |z |. Plugging in the point (2, e, 2), we get ln |2| + C = ln |2|, so C = 0 and ln |x| = ln |z |. Exponentiating we get |x| = |z |, and so z = x. Plugging in (2, e, 2) again, we get z = x.

We now plug this into the equation dx

dx
x x2 +z 2

dy , and get y 2xdx = dy . y

dy y

Integrating, we get x2 + C = ln |y |. Plugging in (2, e, 2) we get 4+ C = 1, so C = 3 and x2 3 = ln |y |. Exponentiating we get y = ex

b). Find a scalar eld with = F and (2, e, 2) = 0.

SOLUTION: We will solve the equations (1) (2) (3) From (1), we get = x2 x = 2 x x + z2 = y y z = 2 . z x + z2 x dx, + z2

where z is held constant in the integration. Substituting u = x2 + z 2 , we have du = 2xdx and (4) = du 1 1 = ln |u| + C (y, z ) = ln |x2 + z 2 | + C (y, z ). 2u 2 2

The constant C (y, z ) might depend on y and z , since y and z are held as constants when we partially dierentiate with respect to x. From this expression (4) for , we calculate 1 ln |x2 + z 2 | + C (y, z ) C (y, z ) = 2 = . y y y But we want to satisfy (2): = y y C (y, z ) = y, y

so we get

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2 and integrating this we get C (y, z ) = 1 2 y + C0 (z ). The constant C0 might depend on z (it cant depend on x because C (y, z ) didnt!). Putting this expression for C (y, z ) in (4) we get

1 1 ln |x2 + z 2 | + y 2 + C0 (z ). 2 2

From this expression for , we calculate 1 ln |x2 + z 2 | dC0 (z ) z dC0 (z ) = 2 + = 2 . + 2 z z dz x +z dz Comparing this with the equation (3) we want to satisfy, we see that z = 2 z x + z2 we get dC0 (z )/dz = 0, and C0 (z ) = C1 is a constant independent of z . Finally then, 1 1 = ln |x2 + z 2 | + y 2 + C1 . 2 2 Now we satisfy the condition (2, e, 2) = 0. Plugging in (2, e, 2), we have 0 =
1 2 so C1 = 1 2 ln 8 2 e .

1 1 ln |22 + 22 | + e2 + C1 , 2 2

c). What is the angle between the surface = 0 and the curve C from part a), at the point (2, e, 2)?

SOLUTION: Since C is a ow line for F, at (2, e, 2), C has tangent F(2, e, 2). But = F, so this is (2, e, 2). But (2, e, 2) is perpendicular to the surface = 0, so C is perpendicular to the surface = 0 at (2, e, 2).

4. C is the closed curve which consists of the interval from (1, 0) to (1, 0) together with the arc of the parabola y = (1 x2 ), 1 x 1,

traversed anticlockwise. Here, is just a constant. D is the region bounded by the

curve C .

F = x3 j. a). Calculate
C

x -1
F dR.

SOLUTION: The curve C is made up of a straight part C1 and a curved part C2 . F dR =

x3 dy =
C1

x3 dy +
C2

x3 dy.

Now on C1 , the variable y does not change, so dy = 0 and C1 x3 dy = 0. We will parameterize C2 . We can use x as the parameter, then y = (1 x2 ). We have to be careful, since the initial point is x = 1 and the nal point is x = 1. We get x3 dy =
C2 1 1 1

x3

d(1 x2 ) dx = dx x 5
5 x=1

1 1

x3 (2x) dx

= 2
1

x4 dx = 2

=
x=1

4 2 ((1)5 15 ) = . 5 5

b). Calculate F. SOLUTION: i x j =

j x
y 3

k
z

= 0i + 0j +

x3 k = 3x2 k. x

c). Without using your answer to a), calculate

F k dA.

SOLUTION: The region D can be described by 1 x 1, 0 y (1 x2 ). Hence F k dA =

3x dA =
x=1 2 y =0 4

(1x2 )

3x dydx =
x=1 1 1

(1x2 )

3x y
y =0

dx

x3 x5 = 3x (1 x ) dx = 3 x x dx = 3( ) 3 5 x=1 x=1 1 1 1 1 4 = 3 ( + ) = . 3 5 3 5 5