Elektrotehnički fakultet

Univerzitet u Beogradu

Javni mobilni radio-sistemi

Prof. dr Đorđe Paunović

Doc. dr Aleksandar Nešković
Dr. Nataša Nešković
 Javni mobilni radio sistemi
- pregled stanja u svetu -

Konvergencija govornog saobraćaja ka mobilnim radio-sistemima

 Javni mobilni radio sistemi
Procenat korisnika [%] - pregled stanja u svetu -

Razvoj javnih mobilnih radio-sistema do 2007. god. (predviđanje)

 Javni mobilni radio sistemi
- pregled stanja u svetu -

™ Osnovne

Teritorijalna raspodela različitih tipova javnih mobilnih sistema

 Evolucija GSM standarda

™ Osnovni GSM 2G standard

™ GPRS (General Packet Radio Services),

™ EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution), i

™ 3GSM (tehnologija 3G mobilnih sistema primenjena na

evoluiranoj GSM strukturi).
 Osnovni GSM 2G standard
™ 1982 CEPT. početak formiranja standrda
™ 1990. ETSI postavljeni standardi (faza 1)
™ 1992. prve komercijalne GSM instalacije
™ 1993. Australija se priključuje grupi zemalja koje planiraju GSM.
™ .....
Tehničko-tehnološka koncepcija
GSM sistema

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Arhitektura GSM mreže

PSTN / ISDN

MSC MSC

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BSS
™ Osnovni
BSS
GSMBSS2G BSS
•
•
•

•
•
•
standard

Second Generation Mobile Network Architecture

 Tehničko-tehnološka koncepcija
GSM sistema
AUC other VLRs

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) H G

D
EIR HLR VLR OMC

F C B
BTS other BSSs
A-bis Mobile
A Services
BSC Switching
BTS PSTN
Centre
(MSC) ISDN
Um
CSPDN
BTS
PSPDN
E
MS other MSCs

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visited Location Register
Basic Architecture of GSM OMC: Operation & Maintenance Centre
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
AUC: Authentication Centre
 GSM sistema
- frekvencijski opsezi -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistema
- osnovne specifikacije -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistema
- osnovne specifikacije -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Frekvencijski opsezi i radio-kanali
- 900 MHz -
Uplink 890 – 915 MHz 25 MHz
Downlink 935 – 960 MHz 25 MHz

1 2 3 4 ……………. 124

100 KHz 200 KHz 100 KHz

A 200 KHz carrier spacing has been chosen. Excluding 2x100 KHz edges of
the band, this gives 124 possible carriers for the uplink and downlink. The
use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators.

Multiple Access Technique

FDMA/TDMA. The total band is divided into 124x200 KHz bands (FDMA).
Each group of 8 users transmit through a 200 KHz band sharing
transmission time (TDMA).
 GSM sistem
- radio interfejs (TDMA) -
 Radio interfejs (TDMA)
- problem vremenskog kašnjenja -
Radio interfejs (TDMA)
- timing advance -
 Blok dijagram GSM radio-sistema

Mobile Station (MS) Base Station System (BSS)

FEC Encoder De- Burst-to FEC Dncoder

Speech & Burst modulator -Continous &
Modulator Tx Rx Transcoder
Encoder Interleaving Former Rate DeInterleaving
Converter

to MSC

Speech FEC Dncoder Burst-to Burst FEC Encoder

De- Modulator
& -Continous Rx Tx & Transcoder
Decoder modulator Former
Delnterleaving Rate Interleaving
Converter

from MSC
GSM sistem

GMSK
(Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying)
modulacija
 Tipovi mobilnih uređaja

Mobile station can have three forms:

Class GSM
1. Vehicle – Mounted units Deleted 1 20W
2. Portable units 2 8W
3. Handheld units 3 5W
4 2W
5 0.8W
Mobile Station Power Class

Base stations are also classified in a similar way to mobile

stations with 8 classes in 3 dB steps from 2.5 watts to 320 watts.
Power control

• RF power control will be used in the GSM MS and BS to reduce

the transmit power to the minimum required to achieve the
minimum quality objective and hence reduce the level of co-channel
interference

• The MS will be capable of varying its transmit power form its

maximum output down to 20 mW in steps of nominally 2 dB

• The BS calculates the RF Power level to be used by the MS and

sends a 4 bit number instruction to the corresponding MS
GSM mandatory features
1. Discontinuous transmission and reception (with the aid of
Voice activity detector)

Advantages:

• The level of co-channel interference is, on average, reduced

By about 3 dB

• For a hand-held portable unit, the battery life can be significantly

extended
2. Slow frequency hopping

Advantages:

1. The receive TDMA bursts with high error rates will be more
spread in time

2. The co-channel interference is more evenly spread between

all the MSs
 Channel Types

1. Traffic channels (TCHs)

The traffic channels are intended to carry encoded speech or

user data.

2. Control Channels (CCHs)

The control channels are intended to carry signalling and

synchronization data between the base station and the
Mobile station.
 Logical Channel Types
Traffic Channels
Traffic channels are intended to carry encoded speech and
user data.
• Full rate traffic channels at a net bit rate of 22.8 Kb/s (TCH/F)
• Half rate traffic channels at a net bit rate of 11.4 Kb/s (TCH/H)

Speech Channels
Speech channels are defined for both full rate and half rate
traffic channels. The latter for the future system.

Data Channels
Data channels support a variety of data rates (2.4, 4.8 and
9.6 Kb/s) on both half and full rate traffic channels. The 9.6
Kb/s data rate is only defined for full rate application.
 Logical Control Channels

Downlink Uplink
Broadcast Control Channels
• Frequency Correction - FCCH
• Synchronization – SCH -
• Broadcast - BCCH

Common Control Channels Common Control Channels

• Access Grant - AGCH • Random Access - RACH
• Paging - PCH

Dedicated Control Channels

• Stand – alone Dedicated - SDCCH
• Slow Associated – SACCH
• Fast Associated - FACCH
 Broadcast Control Channels
(Downlink only Channels)

• Frequency Correction Channels (FCCH) – for mobiles for

frequency correction.
• Synchronization Channels (SCH) – for frame synchronization of
mobiles and identification of the base station.

• Broadcast Control Channels (BCCH) – Broadcasts to all mobiles

general information regarding their own cell as well as the
neighbouring (up to 16) cells, e.g. information used for cell
selection and for describing the current control channel structure.
 Common Control Channels

For downlink

• Access Grant Channels (AGCH) – for assignment of a dedicated

Channel after a successful random access.
• Paging Channels (PCH) – for paging to mobiles.

For uplink

• Random Access Channels (RACH) – used for random access

Attempts by mobiles.
 Dedicated Control Channels

• Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH) – are major

signalling channels used for location updating, registration,
point-to-point SMS and handover preparation.

8 SDCCH sent through one physical channel each having a bit rate
of approximately 782 bits/s.

• Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH) – always associated

with TCH, SDCCH or FACH and carry timing advance and power
control measurement results and information.

The bit rate per channel is 391 bits/s.

• Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH) – carry the same
Signalling data as SDCCH. They are used in the case when a very
fast exchange of information is needed, e.g. , in the case of a
hand-over. It accesses to the physical resource by stealing frames
From the TCH.

The bit rate of this channel is 9.2 kbits/s.

 GSM sistem
- osnovna jedinica je ćelija-

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- Location Area & Service Area -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- Location Area & Service Area -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- fizička struktura mreže -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- softverska struktura mreže -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM
- Saobraćajne procedure -

• Mobilna stanica u neaktivnom modu

• Mobilna stanica u aktivnom modu
• Roaming
• Slanje i prijem kratkih poruka - SMS
 GSM
- MS neaktivna -
 GSM sistem
- prijavljivanje -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- location updating (isti MSC/VLR) -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- location updating (novi MSC/VLR) -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM sistem
- MS aktivna -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Iniciranje poziva
- MS prema PSTN -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Iniciranje poziva
- PSTN prema MS -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Handover

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Handover
- u okviru istog BSC-a -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Handover
- u okviru istog MSC-a -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Handover
- u okviru različitih MSC -

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 Roaming

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
Short message service - SMS
(slanje poruke)

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
Short message service - SMS
(prijem poruke)

™ Osnovni GSM 2G
standard
 GSM servisi

™ Više desetina postojećih servisa i stalni razvoj novih servisa.

™ Teleservisi ™ Dodatni servisi

- pre-paid telefonija, - razne kontrole poziva,
- post-paid telefonija, - konferencijska veza,
- fax, - govorna pošta,
- SMS, ... - faks-pošta,
™ Bearer servisi - međunarodni roaming,
- više tipova prenosa - virtualne privatne mreže (VPN)
podataka do 9600bps, - Direktna veza PABX ↔ MSC, ...
...
 Javni mobilni radio sistemi
- pregled stanja u Srbiji -

™ Dva GSM operatora u opsezima GSM900 i GSM1800:

MOBTEL – 063 (od 1996.god), i
TELEKOM – 064 (od 1998.god).
™ Teritorijalna pokrivenost GSM servisom
oko 82% teritorije i oko 93% stanovništva.
™ TELEKOM I MOBTEL imaju oko 3 miliona korisnika,
svaki.
™ Ambiciozni planovi razvoja u narednim godinama.
™ Do kraja 2006.god treba očekivati
- pokrivenost teritorije od oko 85%,
- pokrivenost stanovništva do 95%.
 Javni mobilni
radio sistemi
( pregled stanja u
Srbiji )

900MHz

30.03.2006

Novembar 2003
 Javni mobilni
radio sistemi
( pregled stanja u
Srbiji )

1800MHz

30.03.2006

Novembar 2003
 Merenje
GSM mreža
Telekom Srbije

Upravljačko-
komutacioni sistem
- 3 500 000 -
korisnika
 Plan razvoja
GSM mreže
Telekom Srbija
do kraja 2006.

Prikaz
pokrivenosti
teritorije prema
fazama realizacije
 Povećanje pokrivenosti teritorije
upotrebom repeatera

™ Nekoliko repeater-a se može povezati na

jednu baznu stanicu i na taj način pokriti
“rupe” u zoni pokrivanja bazne stanice.
 Realizacija indoor sistema
upotrebom GSM tehnologije

™ U slučaju nadzemnih objekata GSM radio-servis je najčešće već

obezbeđen unutar objekta i bez fizičkih indoor instalacija.
™ Podzemne instalacije se realizuju mikro-baznim stanicama.
™ Veliki broj ovih sistema je realizovan (TC “City Passage”,
podzemna stanica “Vukov Spomenik”, hotel “Intercontinental”,
hotel “Hyatt”, TC “Merkator”, itd. )
™ Korišćenjem VPN servisa formiranje indoor poslovnog mobilnog
sistema najčešće se može sprovesti za manje od 1h.
™ Za poslovne VPN sisteme primenjuje se posebna niža tarifa.
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
• Princip udruživanja vremenskih slotova u okviru jednog radio-nosioca.
• Kroz GPRS uvodi se paketski prenos podataka na radio-ineterfejsu.
• Teorijski, maksimalan protok iznosi 160kbs (za korisnika 115kbs).
• U praksi raspoloživi protoci znatno manji (tipično 40-50kbps).
• Brza uspostava veze (ne uspostavlja tzv. dial-up veza).

•QoS profili:

Novembar 2003
 Uvođenja GPRS-a u postojeću GSM mrežu
•Relativno jednostavna i elegantna instalacija
•Koristiti ista postojeća ćelijska struktura.
•Nije neophodno ni novo frekvencijsko planiranje.
•Zahtevaju se izmene samo u upravljačko-komutacionim čvorištima

•Oko 190 GSM operatora u svetu investiralo je u 2003

Novembar GPRS.
•TELEKOM i MOBTEL GPRS servis započeli su tokom 2003.god.
 GPRS servisi

™ Paketski prenos podataka do maks. 115kbps

(tipično do 50kbps),
™ MMS,
™ E-mail,
™ Pretraživanje WEB-a,
™ File Transfer,
™ Prenos audio informacija,
™ Prenos slika,
™ Itd.
 EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)

•Promena na osnovnom fizičkom nivou radio-interfejsa.

•Povećanje protoka iznosi oko tri puta u odnosu na GPRS protoke.
•Struktura i načini realizacije servisa praktično se ne menjaju.
•Novi tip modulacije i novi tip kanalskog kodovanja na radio-interfejsu.
•Striktno se poštuju TDMA struktura rama, širina radio-kanala (200kHz).
struktura logičkih kanala, kao i sistemski GPRS mehanizmi.
•Maksimalni protok podataka za korisnika 384kbs (GPRS - 115kbs).
•Teorijski protok na fizičkom nivou 473.6kbs (GPRS – 160kbs).
•EDGE u pogledu komutaciono-upravljačkog sistema,
u potpunosti koristi strukturu definisanu u okviru GPRS-a.
•Zahteva se zamena primo-predajnih jedinica u okviru baznih stanica.
•Nedostatak, zahteva se veći odnos C/I nego u slučaju GPRS-a.
•Neminovno uvođenje novih baznih stanica u radio-mrežu.
•Očekuje se pun razvoj multimedijalnih servisa, brzi pristup Internetu,
Novembar 2003
prenos pokretnih slika, itd.)
EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)
Izmena načina modulacije na radio-interfejsu – povećanje protoka!

Novembar
Uporedni prikaz GMSK 2003
i 8PSK modulacija.
Novembar 2003
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)

• GPRS omogućava veće protoke podataka u okviru postojećih GSM mreža!

• GPRS se označava kao 2.5G tehnologija.

• Princip udruživanja vremenskih slotova u okviru

jednog radio-nosioca.
• Kroz GPRS uvodi se paketski prenos podataka na radio-ineterfejsu.
• Teorijski, maksimalan protok iznosi 160kbs (za korisnika 115kbs).
• U praksi raspoloživi protoci znatno manji (tipično 40-50kbps).
• Brza uspostava veze (ne uspostavlja tzv. dial-up veza).

• Oko 190 GSM operatora u svetu investiralo je u GPRS.

• TELEKOM i MOBTEL GPRS servis započeli su tokom 2003.god.
 Novi dopunski GPRS servisi
(mobile Internet technology)
™ Client-server services, which enable access to data stored in
databases. The most famous example of this is access to the World
Wide Web (WWW) through a browser.
™ Messaging services, intended for user-to-user communication
between individual users via storage servers for message handling.
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is an example of a well-
known messaging application.
™ Real-time conversational services, which provide bidirectional
communication in real-time. A number of Internet and multimedia
applications require this scheme such as voice over IP and video
conferencing.
™ Tele-action services, which are characterized by short transactions
and are required for services such as SMS, electronic monitoring,
surveillance systems, and lottery transactions.
 Prenos podataka – tipovi i karakteristike

™ Infrequent data transmission, as when the time between two

transmissions exceeds the average transfer delay (e.g., messaging
services);
™ Frequent transmission of small data blocks, in processes of several
transactions of less than 500 octets per minute (e.g., downloading
of several HTML pages from a browsing application);
™ Infrequent transmission of larger data blocks, in processes of
several transactions per hour (e.g., access of information stored in
database centers);
™ Asymmetrical throughput between uplink and downlink, such as
for data retrieval in a server where the uplink is used to send
signaling commands and the downlink is used to receive data as a
response of the request (e.g., WEB/WAP browser).
Zahtevi u pogledu kvaliteta servisa (QoS)

Novembar 2003
Definicija klasa saobraćaja
End User Performance Expectations-
Conversational/Real-Time Services

Novembar 2003
End User Performance Expectations-
Streaming Services
End User Performance Expectations-
Interactive Services

Novembar 2003
 Uvođenje GPRS-a u postojeću GSM mrežu
•Relativno jednostavna i elegantna instalacija
•Koristiti ista postojeća ćelijska struktura.
•Radio-pokrivanje je približno isto kao i za govorne servise.
•Nije neophodno novo frekvencijsko planiranje.
•Zahtevaju se izmene samo u upravljačko-komutacionim čvorištima.

SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Nodes Novembar 2003

GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS - arhitektira

Novembar 2003
 Klase mobilnih GPRS uređaja
™ The class A mobile can support simultaneously a communication in
circuit-switched mode and another one in packet-switched mode. It is
also capable of detecting in idle mode an incoming call in circuit or
packet-switched mode.
™ The class B mobile can detect an incoming call in circuit-switched mode
or in packet-switched mode during the idle mode but cannot support
them simultaneously. The circuit and packet calls are performed
sequentially. In some configurations desired by the user, a GPRS
communication may be suspended in order to perform a communication
in circuit-switched mode and then may be resumed after the
communication release in circuit-switched mode.
™ The class C mobile supports either a communication in circuit-switched
mode or in packet-switched mode but is not capable of simultaneously
supporting communications in both modes. It is not capable of
simultaneously detecting the incoming calls in circuit-switched and
packet-switched mode during idle mode. Thus a class C mobile is
configured either in circuit-switched mode or in packet-switched mode.
The mode configuration is selected either manually by the user or
automatically by an application.
 EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)

• Promena na osnovnom fizičkom nivou radio-interfejsa.

• Povećanje protoka iznosi oko tri puta u odnosu na GPRS protoke.

• Struktura i načini realizacije servisa praktično se ne menjaju.

• Novi tip modulacije i novi tip kanalskog kodovanja na radio-interfejsu.

• Striktno se poštuju TDMA struktura rama, širina radio-kanala (200kHz).

struktura logičkih kanala, kao i sistemski GPRS mehanizmi.

•Maksimalni protok podataka za korisnika 384kbs (GPRS - 115kbs).

•Teorijski protok na fizičkom nivou 473.6kbs (GPRS – 160kbs).

Novembar 2003
 EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)

• EDGE u pogledu komutaciono-upravljačkog sistema,

u potpunosti koristi strukturu definisanu u okviru GPRS-a.

• Zahteva se zamena primo-predajnih jedinica u okviru baznih stanica.

• Nedostatak, zahteva se veći odnos C/I nego u slučaju GPRS-a.

• Neminovno uvođenje novih baznih stanica u radio-mrežu.

• Očekuje se pun razvoj multimedijalnih servisa, brzi pristup

Internetu, prenos pokretnih slika, itd.
Novembar 2003
EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution)
Izmena načina modulacije na radio-interfejsu – povećanje protoka!

Novembar 2003
Uporedni prikaz GMSK i 8PSK modulacija.