1irst "ay "ra0t 77 (ugust 1, 201'

Preparation to the Young Physicists Tournaments 2014

Ilya Martchenko, 1 * Stanisa ! i" i#ski, 2 $e%a Monta%eri &amin, ' (n"rei )lishin, 4 (liaksan"r Mamoika, * an" +ukas% ,a"c%uk 4

.ni/ersity o0 1ri2ourg an" 3un" .ni/ersity4 2 Yale .ni/ersity4 ' Shari0 .ni/ersity o0 Technology4 Massachusetts Institute o0 Technology4 * 5elarusian State .ni/ersity4 - 6arsa .ni/ersity o0 Technology
1

8o you like hat the IYPT organi%ers "o9 6atch the promo /i"eo: http:77youtu;2e7<*16=8>?ei(

iypt

In/itation
Bontact

Ilya Martchenko
IYPT Treasurer 3un" .ni/ersity, 5oA 124, SC>22100 3un" S e"en ilya;martchenkoDiypt;org I5(& BE=1 0F00 0000 F1'' 0=G= 4 5IB P<1IBE5CHHH

The IYPT is seeking 0or sponsors I0 you "o not "onate to"ay, another pro@ect o0 the IYPT ill 2e put on hol" 5eing a supporter o0 the IYPT o00ers uni?ue pu2licity, po er0ul re ar"s, an" much more 8isco/er the eAciting opportunities at http:77iypt;org7Sponsors

("/ertisement

the 0irst IYPT>theme" 2ook here all articles un"er ent rigorous peer re/ie F= re/ie s 0rom 2* re/ie ers '2 papers selecte" re/isions, resu2missions 2e0ore getting accepte"

MissingI

Blau"ia

The IYPT (rchi/e is missing the names o0 the .) team mem2ers at the IYPT 1FF1; Please help!
all mem2ers ere 0rom Eills $oa" SiAth 1orm Bollege in Bam2ri"ge4 team lea"er as Stephen Martin, an" one mem2ers 0irst name as Blau"ia4

an article might ha/e 2een pu2lishe" in an E$S1Bs maga%ine or in the Principals report to the go/ernors4 some mem2ers, inclu"ing Blau"ia, are seen on $ussian participant Sergey $omanchuks photos

http:77archi/e;iypt;org7people7J1FF1

Is the no/el research limite" an" "iscourage" 2y the eAisting common kno le"ge an" the ongoing ork o0 competing groups9 :>K

Eo

to tackle the IYPT pro2lems9

Eo to structure a report9 6hat le/el is competiti/e9 Eo to set the goals, 0iA the priorities, an" set the "irection o0 the ork9 Eo ere people resol/ing particular issues in the past9

3ook through the historical solutions in the (rchi/e :>K

an opportunity 0or goal>oriente" critical learning eAamples, not gui"elines those solutions ere goo", 2ut yours shoul" 2e 2etterI

Important in0ormation

The 2asic goal o0 this )it is not in pro/i"ing stu"ents creati/ity, 2ut in encouraging them to

ith a start>to>0inish manual or in limiting their

regar" their look "eeper,

ork critically,

ha/e a 2etter 2ackgroun" kno le"ge, 2e skeptical in em2e""ing their pro@ects into the stan"ar"s o0 pro0essional research, an", as o0 a 0irst priority, 2e attenti/e in not Lre>in/enting the heelM

(n early eAposure to the culture o0 scienti0ic citations, an" "e/eloping a responsi2le attitu"e to ar" making o n ork truly no/el an" original, is assume" to 2e a help0ul learning eAperience in "e/eloping necessary stan"ar"s an" attitu"es ,oo" eAamples are kno n hen the )it has 2een use" as a concise supporting material 0or @urors an" the eAternal community4 the 2ene0its ere in ha/ing the common kno le"ge structure" an" 2etter /isi2le C/en i0 linke" 0rom iypt;org, this 0ile is not an o00icial, 2in"ing release o0 the IYPT, an" shoul" un"er no circumstances 2e consi"ere" as a collection o0 authoritati/e LmustsM or LinstructionsM 0or hate/er competition Serious conclusions ill 2e "ra n, up to "iscontinuing the pro@ect in its current 0orm, i0 systematic misuse o0 the )it is "etecte", such as eAplicit 0ailure o0 citing properly, replacing o n research ith a compilation, or interpreting the )it itsel0 as a 2in"ing Luser gui"eM (ll suggestions, 0ee"2ack, an" criticism a2out the )it are armly appreciate" :>K

Ea2its an" customs

<riginality an" in"epen"ence o0 your

ork is al ays consi"ere" as o0 a 0irst priority ork in a gi/en 0iel" may certainly

There is no Lcorrect ans erM to any o0 the IYPT pro2lems Ea/ing a "eep 2ackgroun" kno le"ge a2out earlier 2e a plus Taking i"eas ithout citing

ill 2e a serious miscon"uct

Britically "istinguishing 2et een personal contri2ution an" common kno le"ge is likely to 2e appreciate" $ea"ing more in a non>nati/e language may 2e /ery help0ul 3ocal li2raries an" institutions can al ays help in getting access to pai" articles in @ournals, 2ooks an" "ata2ases Is IYPT all a2out rein/enting the a2le to contrastNo n heel, or inno/ating, creating, "isco/ering, an" 2eing

orkN ith earlier kno le"ge an" the achie/ements o0 others9

Is IYPT all a2out competing, or a2out "e/eloping pro0essional personal stan"ar"s9

These pro2lems ha/e no solution9

L5ut, my "ear 0ello s,M sai" 1eo"or Simeono/ich, ha/ing "eciphere" the han" riting; LThis is 5en 5ec%alels pro2lemI 8i"nt Bagliostro pro/e that it ha" no solution9M L6e kno that it has no solution, too,M sai" Ounta; L5ut sol/e it;M e ish to learn ho to

LEo strangely you reason, BristoP Eo can you look 0or a solution, "oes not eAist9 Its some sort o0 nonsense;M

here it

LCAcuse me, 1eo"or, 2ut its you ho are reasoning strangely; Its nonsense to look 0or a solution i0 it alrea"y eAists; 6e are talking a2out ho to "eal ith a pro2lem that has no solution; This is a ?uestion o0 pro0oun" principlePM (rka"y Strugatsky an" 5oris Strugatsky

Quote 0rom: (rka"y Strugatsky an" 5oris Strugatsky; Mon"ay 5egins on Satur"ay; Translate" 0rom the $ussian; RThe Young ,uar" Pu2lishing Eouse, Mosco , 1F--K

$e?uirements 0or a success0ul IYPT report

( no/el research, not a sur/ey or a compilation o0 kno n 0acts ( 2alance 2et een eAperimental in/estigation an" theoretical analysis ( comprehensi2le, logical an" interesting presentation, not a "etaile" "escription o0 e/erything>you>ha/e>per0orme">an">thought>a2out ( clear un"erstan"ing o0 the /ali"ity o0 your eAperiments, an" ho the o2taine" "ata ( clear un"erstan"ing o0 appropriate hat physical mo"el is use", an" eAactly you analy%e"

hy it is consi"ere" hat limits it may 2e

( clear un"erstan"ing o0 hat your theory relies upon, an" in applie" Bomparison o0 your theory ith your eAperiments ( clear un"erstan"ing o0 stu"ies

Blear conclusions an" clear ans ers to the raise" ?uestions, especially those in the task hat is your no/el contri2ution, in comparison to pre/ious

Soli" kno le"ge o0 rele/ant physics Proo0rea" nice>looking sli"es (n uneApecte" trick, such as a "emonstration in situ, ill al ays 2e a plus

The @ury

oul" like to un"erstan"P

6hat "i" you actually "o9 6hy "i" you "o it9 Eo 6hat ell "i" you "o it9 as your ma@or contri2ution to the un"erstan"ing o0 the phenomenon9 ork in an o2@ecti/e, 6ere you a2le to /oice important ?uestions an" pro/i"e groun"e" ans ers9 Ban you @u"ge the achie/ements an" limits o0 your skeptical an" sel0>con0i"ent manner9 (re you pro0icient in rele/ant physics concepts9 6ere you a sel0 starter9 (re you at the same time a team player9 Boul" you 2e le0t unsuper/ise"9

* L6hen thro ing pe22les into ater, atch the ripples4 other ise thro ing the pe22les 2ecomes a 0utile pastime;M Kozma Prutkov
77 The epigraph 0or the pro2lems selecte" 2y the IYPT 1oun"er C/geny Yunoso/ on Ouly *, 201' 77 Translate" 0rom the $ussian

S1ran% Schuier 2012T

Pro2lem &o; 1 LIn/ent yoursel0M

It is kno n that some electrical circuits eAhi2it chaotic 2eha/iour; 5uil" a simple circuit ith such a property, an" in/estigate its 2eha/iour;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: Bhuas circuit, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7BhuaU2GsVcircuit E; ,; Schuster an" 6ol0ram Oust; 8eterministic Bhaos: (n Intro"uction R6iley, 200-K, http:772ooks;google;com72ooks9i"WFy2?S,pQ$GQB, 0tp:77=4;2'G;21;1*27pu2Varchi/e7kolho%7PVPhysics7P&cV&onlinearU20chaos7SchusterU20E;,;U208eterministic U20Bhaos;;U20(nU20Intro"uctionU20R6iley>XBE,2004KRIS5&U20'*2G4041**KR2FFsKVP&cV;p"0 5i0urcation o0 BhuaYs Bircuit Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom ushuohao, 10;0F;200FK, http:77youtu;2e7F$P0uoX$akM RBhua K Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Ikeguchi3a2, 04;11;2010K, http:77youtu;2e754Zl1llO*$( C; $; Eunt an" ,; Oohnson; )eeping chaos at 2ay; ICCC Spectrum '0, 11, '2>'- R1FF'K Ste/en M; (nlage, Xassili 8emergis, C" <tt, Tom (ntonsen; $1 .pset an" Bhaos in Bircuits: 5asic In/estigations R.ni/ersity o0 Marilan"K, http:77 ;ireap;um";e"u7M.$I>20017(1<S$/isit>021G0-7(nlageU20BircuitU20Bhaos U20(1<S$U201e2U20200-;p"0 T; 3; Barroll an" 3; M; Pecora; &onlinear 8ynamics in Bircuits R6orl" Scienti0ic, 1FF*K, http:77 ;google;pl72ooks9i"W6QclcII0c2kB ,; Bhen an" T; .eta; Bhaos in Bircuits an" Systems R6orl" Scienti0ic, 2002K, http:772ooks;google;pl72ooks9 i"Wk%"2-p<)1E(B ,; Q; Zhong an" 1; (yrom; Perio"icity an" Bhaos in BhuaYs Bircuit; ICCC Trans; Bircuits Syst; '2, *, *01>*0' R1F=*K 3; <; Bhua; BhuaYs Bircuit: Ten Years 3ater; Int; O; Bircuit Theory an" (pp; 22, 4, 2GF['0* R1FF4K 3; <; Bhua; BhuaYs Bircuit: Ten Years 3ater; ICIBC trans; 0un"am; electronics, communic;, computer sci; GG, 11, 1=11>1=22 R1FF4K, http:77 ;eecs;2erkeley;e"u7\chua7papers7BhuaF4;p"0 3; <; Bhua, 3; )ocare/, ); Cckert, an" M; Itoh; CAperimental Bhaos Synchroni%ation in BhuaYs Bircuit; Int O; 5i0urcation Bhaos 2, ', G0*>G0= R1FF2K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

$; &; Ma"an; BhuaYs Bircuit: a para"igm 0or chaos R6orl" Scienti0ic, 1FF'K 3; <; Bhua, B; 6; 6u, (; Euang, an" ,; Q; Zhong; ( uni/ersal circuit 0or stu"ying an" generating chaos; I; $outes to chaos; ICCC Trans; Bircuits Syst; 40, 10, G'2>G44 R1FF'K 3eon <; Bhua, Makoto Itoh, 3@upco )ocare/, an" )e/in Cckert; Bhoas synchroni%ation in BhuaYs circuit; O; Bircuit Syst; Bomp; ', 1, F'>10= R1FF'K O; B; Sprott; ( ne class o0 chaotic circuit; Phys; 3ett; ( 2--, 1, 1F>2' R2000K (; &ama@unas an" (; Tamase/icius; Mo"i0ie" 6ien>2ri"ge oscillator 0or chaos; Clectronics 3ett; '1, *, ''*>''R1FF*K 3; 1legar, 8; 1ischer, an" 8; Pelin; I"enti0ication o0 chaos in a 0erroresonant circuit; Proc; IntYl Bon0; on Clectr; Po er Cng; R5u"apest, 1FFFK M; P; )enne"y; Bhaos in the Bolpitts oscillator; ICCC Trans; Bircuits Syst; I: 1un"am; Theory (ppl; 41, 11, GG1> GG4 R1FF4K T; 3; Barroll an" 3; M; Pecora; Synchroni%ing chaotic circuits; ICCC Trans; Bircuits Syst; '=, 4, 4*'>4*- R1FF1K T; 3; Barroll an" 3; M;Pecora; Synchroni%ation in Bhaotic Systems; Phys; $e/; 3ett; -4, =, =21>=2* R1FF0K, http:77 ;csee; /u;e"u7\Ainl7li2rary7papers7physics7pecora1FF0;p"0 ); M; Buomo an" (; X; <ppenheim; Bircuit Implementation o0 Synchroni%e" Bhaos ith (pplications to Bommunications; Phys; $e/; 3ett; G1, 1, -*>-= R1FF'K, http:77 ;rle;mit;e"u7"spg7"ocuments7BircuitImplementation;p"0 3; <; Bhua, Y; Yao, an" Q; Yang; ,enerating ran"omness 0rom chaos an" constructing chaos ith "esire" ran"omness; Int; O; Bircuit Theory (pp; 1=, ', 21*>240 R1FF0K 1; Salam an" S; S; Sastry; 8ynamics o0 the 0orce" Oosephson @unction circuit: The regions o0 chaos; ICCC Trans; Bircuits Syst; '2, =, G=4>GF- R1F=*K 3; <; Bhua; The ,enesis o0 BhuaYs Bircuit; (C.e 4-, 4, 2*0>2*G R1FF2K, https:77 > inst;cs;2erkeley;e"u7\ee12F7sp107han"outs7,enesisBhuasBircuit;p"0

SQuela2V&M 2011T

Pro2lem &o; 2 LEologramM

It is argue" that a hologram can 2e han" ma"e 2y scratching a piece o0 plastic; Pro"uce such a ]hologram ith the letters ]IYPT an" in/estigate ho it orks;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6illiam O; 5eaty; ^(2rasion holographyM: han">"ra n holograms R1FF*K, http:77 ;amasci;com7amateur7holo1;html;sa/e, http:77playpen;icomtek;csir;co;%a7\ac"c7clu2 U20i"eas7pseu"oU20holograms7holo1;html han">"ra n holograms Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 2eaty, 0-;04;200=K, http:77youtu;2e7H.y=lC36hOg Scratch Eolograms Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 0ort orthmuseum, 0G;01;200FK, http:77youtu;2e70ukoFoiAi@g 6ikipe"ia: Specular holography, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7SpecularVholography Martin C; Eorn, Eelmut 1; Mikelskis; Pro2lems 6hen Stu"ying Eolography R2000K, http:77arAi/;org70tp7physics7papers70'1070'101'2;p"0 (ngel ,; (ugier an" $a_l; 5; S`nche%; Making computer [generate" scratch holograms 0rom three"imensional /irtual mo"els; Photon; 3ett; Pol; 2, 4, 1*'>1** R2010K, http:77photonics;pl7P3P7in"eA;php7letters7article7/ie 1ile72>*'712* Scratch EologramsI Rgi22on, instructa2les;comK, http:77 ;instructa2les;com7i"7Make>a>Tool>to>8ra > Scratch>EologramsI7 Bhristian $egg, S%ymon $usinkie ic%, 6o@ciech Matusik, an" Markus ,ross; Bomputational Eighlight Eolography, http:77g0A;cs;princeton;e"u7pu2s7$eggV2010VBEE7highlight>holography;p"0 6illiam 5eaty; $e: streake" in"o s an" lights R2001K, http:77 ;phys> l;org7archi/es72001701V20017msg001G-;html 6illiam T; PlummerNan"N3eo $; ,ar"ner; ( mechanically generate" hologram9 (pplie" <ptics '1, '1, -*=*>-*== R1FF2K

S2ron%eVeye 2012T

Pro2lem &o; ' LT iste" ropeM

Eol" a rope an" t ist one en" o0 it; (t some point the rope In/estigate an" eAplain the phenomenon; ill 0orm a heliA or a loop;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

X; ,; (; ,oss, ,; E; M; /an "er Eei@"en, O; M; T; Thompson, an" S; &eukirch; CAperiments on Snap 5uckling, Eysteresis an" 3oop 1ormation in T iste" $o"s; CAp; Mech; 4*, 101>111 R200*K, http:77 ;lmm;@ussieu;0r7\neukirch7articles7gossVeAperimentsVsnapV2ucklingVan"VloopV0ormationVinVt iste"V ro"sVCApMechV200*;p"0 $; C; Eo22s, M; S; </erington, O; 6; S; Eearle, an" S; O; 5an0iel"; 5uckling o0 0i2res an" yarns ithin ropes an" other 0i2re assem2lies Rtensiontech;comK, http:77 ;tensiontech;com7papers7papers72ucklingV0i2resVyarns72ucklingV0i2resVyarns;p"0 &ing Pan an" 8a/i" 5rookstein; Physical Properties o0 T iste" Structures; II; In"ustrial Yarns, Bor"s, an" $opes; I&, P(&, http:77ningpan;net7Pu2lications7*1>1007G2;p"0 S; Pr%y2ylNan" P; Pieranski; Eelical close packings o0 i"eal ropes; Cur; Phys; O; CN4, 4, 44*>44F R2001K, arHi/:physics701010=0/1 6ikipe"ia: 6ire rope, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki76ireVrope $olan" Xereet an" Isa2el $i"ge; 8amage 0rom rotation; In: 6ire rope 0orensics Rcasar;"eK, p; '', http:77 ;seile;com72roVengl7 ireVropeV0orensicsVa4;p"0 Philip T; ,i2son; <perational characteristics o0 ropes an" ca2les Runols;orgK, http:77 ;unols;org7pu2lications7 inchV ireVhan"2ookVV'r"Ve"70=VoperVcharVropesVca2les;P81 (nchoring Technology Ryalecor"age;comK, http:77 ;yalecor"age;com7p"07anchoringVtech;p"0 Blosely Packe" EeliA Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom pieranski, 20;01;200FK, http:77youtu;2e7G&?h8y%%,GY O; Michael an" T; Thompson; Single>molecule magnetic t ee%er tests on 8&(: 2oun"s on topoisomerase relaAation; Proc; $; Soc; 3on"; ( 4-4, 2=11>2=2F R200=K (; ,oriely an" M; Ta2or; &onlinear "ynamics o0 0ilaments; IX Spontaneous looping o0 t iste" elastic ro"s; Proc; $; Soc; 3on"; ( 4*4, '1='>'202 R1FF=K, http:77math;ari%ona;e"u7\goriely7Papers71FF=>P$S(>R)irchho00>0il4K;p"0

S2ron%eVeye 201'T

Pro2lem &o; 4 L5all soun"M

6hen t o har" steel 2alls, or similar, are 2rought gently into contact ith each other, an unusual ]chirping soun" may 2e pro"uce"; In/estigate an" eAplain the nature o0 the soun";

5ackgroun" rea"ing

3or" $ayleigh; The Theory o0 Soun"; R3on"on, Macmillan, 1=GG, Bourier 8o/er Pu2lications, 1F4*K, http:772ooks;google;com72ooks9i"W/4&S(lsT nQB, http:772ooks;google;com72ooks9i"W1r/gu1 S10.B abcdef ghijekl; Singing Magnets Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom QQQ'11=, 0-;02;201'K, http:77youtu;2e7H@?O20=Z*,M Bool Magnets Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom minnesota/ikingsn0, 0';0*;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7($mm"@,a1mC Culers 8isc Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Een"rik 5all, 0*;02;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7r1tY%XOc6y( 8a/i" (uer2ach; Bolli"ing ro"s: 8ynamics an" rele/ance to colli"ing 2alls; (m; O; Phys; -2, -, *22>*2* R1FF4K, http:77 ;physics;um";e"u7"eptin0o70acilities7lec"em7ser/ices7re0sVscanne"V6IP7'U20> U20XinitYsU203CB8CM7BG117-7,etP81Ser/let;p"0 B; Zheng an" 8; 3; Oames; To ar" high>?uality mo"al contact soun"; (BM Trans; on ,raphics '0, 4 R2011K, http:77 ;cs;cornell;e"u7pro@ects7Soun"7mc7Mo"alBontactSoun"2011;p"0 6ang Yu0ang an" Tong Zhong0ang; Soun" ra"iate" 0rom the impact o0 t o cylin"ers; O; Soun" Xi2ration 1*F, 2, 2F*>'0' R1FF2K ); Mehra2y, E; )ha"emhosseini 5eheshti, an" M; Pursina; Impact noise ra"iate" 2y collision o0 t o spheres: Bomparison 2et een numerical simulations, eAperiments an" analytical results; O; Mech; Sci; Technol; 2*, G, 1-G*>1-=* R2011K (; 6; Brook; ( Stu"y o0 Some Impacts 2et een Metal 5o"ies 2y a Pie%o>Clectric Metho"; Proc; $; Soc; 3on"; ( 212, 1110, 'GG>'F0 R1F*2K M; Cn"o, S; &ishi, M; &akaga a, an" M; Sakata; Soun" ra"iation 0rom a circular cylin"er su2@ecte" to elastic collision 2y a sphere; O; Soun"; Xi2r; G*, 2, 2=*>'02 R1F=1K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

); Mehra2y, E; )ha"emhosseini 5eheshti, an" M; Poursina; Impact noise ra"iate" 2y collision o0 t o spheres: Bomparison 2et een numerical simulations, eAperiments an" analytical results; O; Mech; Sci;, Technol; 2*, G, 1-G*>1-=* R2011K, http:77 ;@> mst;org7<nVline7a"min70iles70->O2010>*FGV1-G*>1-=*V;p"0 ,; &ishimura an" ); Takahashi; Impact soun" 2y mutual collision o0 t o steel 2alls; 5ull; Oap; Soc; Precision Cngineers 1, 4G>*1 R1F-*K 3; 3; )oss an" $; O; (l0re"son, Transient soun" ra"iate" 2y spheres un"ergoing an elastic collision, O; Soun" Xi2r; 2G RIK, *F>G*, R1FG'K Eiroyuki <hta an" Takumi &akaga a; .sing Beramic 5alls to $e"uce &oise in a 3inear ,ui"e ay Type $ecirculating 3inear 5all 5earing, http:77eport0olio;li2;ksu;e"u;t 7\T0F'00010'7repository70etch7.singU20BeramicU205alls U20toU20$e"uceU20&oiseU20inU20aU203inearU20,ui"e ayU20TypeU20$ecirculating U203inearU205allU205earing;p"0 $o" Bross; 8i00erences 2et een 2ouncing 2alls, springs, an" ro"s; (m; O; Phys; G-, 10, F0=> F1* R200=K, http:77 ;physics;usy";e"u;au7\cross7P.53IB(TI<&S742;U20Spring5ounce;p"0

S@u"y2oo 2010T

Pro2lem &o; * L3oa"e" hoopM

1asten a small eight to the insi"e o0 a hoop an" set the hoop in motion 2y gi/ing it an initial push; In/estigate the hoops motion;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6; 1; 8; Theron an" M; 1; Marit%; The ama%ing /ariety o0 motions o0 a loa"e" hoop; Math; Bomp; Mo"elling 4G, F>10, 10GG>10== R200=K 6; 1; 8; Theron an" &; M "u Plessis; The "ynamics o0 a massless hoop; (m; O; Phys; -F, ', '*4> '*F R2001K 6; 1; 8; Theron; The rolling motion o0 an eccentrically loa"e" heel; (m; O; Phys; -=, F, =12>=20 R2000K M; 1; Marit% an" 6; 1; 8 Theron; CAperimental /eri0ication o0 the motion o0 a loa"e" hoop; (m; O; Phys; =0, G, *F4>*F= R2012K (; Taylor an" M; 1ehrs; The "ynamics o0 an eccentrically loa"e" hoop; (m; O; Phys; G=, *, 4F-> 4F= R2010K 6;1;8 Theron; (nalysis o0 the rolling motion o0 loa"e" hoops RPh8 thesis, Stellen2osch, 200=K, https:77ir1;sun;ac;%a72itstream7han"le71001F;17120-7theronVanalysisV200=;p"0 P; C; 6ellstea"; The 2all an" hoop system; (utomatica 1F, 4, 401>40- R1F='K X; (; 3u2ar"a; 8ynamics o0 a light hoop ith an attache" hea/y "isk: insi"e an interaction pulse; O; Mech; o0 Mat; an" Struct; 4, -, 102G>1040 R200FK

Pro2lem &o; - L5u22le crystalM

( large num2er o0 /ery small, similar air 2u22les 0loat on the sur0ace o0 a soapy li?ui"; The 2u22les ill arrange themsel/es into a regular pattern similar to a crystalline lattice; Propose a metho" to o2tain 2u22les o0 a consistent si%e, an" in/estigate the 0ormation o0 such a 2u22le crystal;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: 5u22le $a0ts, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki75u22leVra0ts 3a rence 5ragg an" O; 1; &ye; ( 8ynamical Mo"el o0 a Brystal Structure; Proc; $; Soc; 3on; ( 1F0, 102', 4G4>4=1 R1F4GK, http:77 e2;mit;e"u7mike@"7pre/iouslyVonline7aicesVmitV200F75ragg>2u22leVra0t;p"0 3; 5ragg an" 6; M; 3omer, ( 8ynamical Mo"el o0 a Brystal Structure II; Proc; $; Soc; 3on"; ( 1F-, 104*, 1G1>1=1 R1F4FK 6; M; 3omer; ( 8ynamical Mo"el o0 a Brystal Structure; III; Proc; $; Soc; 3on"; 1F-, 104*, 1=2>1F4 R1F4FK 6; M; 3omer an" O; 1; &ye; ( 8ynamical Mo"el o0 a Brystal Structure; IX; ,rain 5oun"aries; Proc; $; Soc; 3on; ( 212, 1111, *G->*=4 R1F*2K 6ikipe"ia: 6eaire>Phelan structure, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki76eaire>PhelanVstructure 6ikipe"ia: PlateauYs la s, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7PlateauYsVla s 5ragg 5u22le $a0t R ith /acancyK Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Bhristie ,illilan", 1-;0F;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7(M=-%GcT?i0 Practical 1P*: 5u22le $a0t Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Sura@ 5hattachar@ee, 24;01;201'K,Nhttp:77youtu;2e7e0Ar<2<5I?YN 5u22le ra0t sintering mo"el ;m4/NRyoutu2e;com, 0rom 5o2 Morris, 0=;01;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7ah1Q-y?T"p( (nimating 2u22le interactions in a li?ui" 0oamNRyoutu2e;com, 0rom Euamin 6ang, 0*;04;201'K,Nhttp:77youtu;2e7,P21p*0Z,.C <; 5usarye/, T; ); 8ey, E; 6ang, an" $; Zhong; (nimating 2u22le interactions in a li?ui" 0oam; (BM Trans; ,raphics '1, 4 R2012K, http:77 ;cse;ohio>state;e"u7\tamal"ey7paper70oam72u22le;p"0

5ackgroun" rea"ing

(n"re "e 3aiA an" Tanmay Xachaspati; <n $an"om 5u22le 3attices, Phys; $e/; 8 *F, 04*01G R1FFFK, arHi/:hep>ph7F=0242' 6ikipe"ia: Bheerios C00ect, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7BheeriosVe00ect O; M; ,eorges, ,; Meille, O; 3; 3ou2et an" (; M; Tolen; 5u22le ra0t mo"el 0or in"entation ith a"hesion; &ature '20, '42>'44 R1F=-K 3; T; Shi an" (; S; (rgon; The potential an" 0orce la 2et een "i00erent>si%e2u22les in soap 2u22le ra0ts; Phil; Mag; ( 4-, 2, 2**>2G4 R1F=2K (; /an "er &et, 6; 8renckhan, 8; 6eaire an" S; Eut%ler; The crystal structure o0 2u22les in the et 0oam limit; So0t Matter 2, 12F>1'4 R200-K Mark O; 5o ick, 3uca ,iomi, Eomin Shin, an" Breighton ); Thomas; 5u22le>ra0t mo"el 0or a para2oloi"al crystal; Phys; $e/; C, GG, 2 R200=K X; I; 8u2inko, X; X; Sle%o/, (; X; Tur an" X; X; Yano/sky; The theory o0 gas 2u22le lattice; $a"iation C00ects 100, 1>2, =*>104 R1F=-K Y; Ishi"a; <r"er structures an" "islocations in 2u22le ra0t grain 2oun"ary; O; Mat; Sci; G, 1, G*>=' R1FG2K 8ominic Xella an" 3; Maha"e/an; The LBheerios e00ectM, (m; O; Phys; G', F, =1G>=2* R200*K ,oran 5e%@ak; The LBheerios e00ectM R.ni/ersity o0 3@u2l@ana, 2010K, http:77ma0i@a;0m0;uni> l@;si7seminar70iles7200FV20107TheVBheeriosVC00ect;p"0B; )orner, M; Thies, T; Eo0mann, &; Thurey, an" .; $u"e; 3attice 5olt%mann Mo"el 0or 1ree Sur0ace 1lo 0or Mo"eling 1oaming; O; Stat; Phys; 121, 172, 1GF> 1F- R200*K, http:77 10;in0ormatik;uni> erlangen;"e7Pu2lications7Papers7200*7)oernerVetalVO;Statist;Phys;121V200*;p"0 M; 1; (sh2y; The properties o0 0oams an" lattices; Phil; Trans; $; Soc; ( '-4, 1='=, 1*>'0 R200-K, http:77rsta;royalsocietypu2lishing;org7content7'-471='=71*;0ull;p"0

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Barolin )oerner; 3attice 5olt%mann Mo"el 0or 1oam C/olution; In: Integral 1oam Mol"ing o0 3ight Metals RSpringer, 200=K, pp; 1G1>1=', http:77link;springer;com7content7p"0710;100GU21FG=>'>*40> -=='F>-VF;p"0 (n"y )raynik, 8oug $einelt, 1rank /an S ol, Sascha Eilgen0el"t; 1oam Structure an" $heology: The shape an" 0eel o0 ran"om soap 0roth L1oam Microrheology^, http:77 ;ima;umn;e"u7200F> 20107610;12>1-;0F7acti/ities7)raynik>(n"re 7IM(V)raynik;p"0 (n"re M; )raynik an" 8ouglas (; $einelt; 1oam microrheology: 0rom honeycom2s to ran"om 0oams R1FFFK, http:770aculty;smu;e"u7reinelt70oamVrheology;p"0 Bhristopher 5re ar"; The Mathematics o0 1oam R<A0or", 1FFFK, http:77eprints;maths;oA;ac;uk7'47172re ar";p"0 Marc 8uran" an" Eo ar" (; Stone; $elaAation time o0 the topological T1 process in a t o>"imensional 0oam; Phys; $e/; 3ett; FG, 22-101 R200-K, arHi/:con">mat70-0=42- Scon">mat;so0tT X; I; 8u2inko , X; X; Sle%o/ , (; X; Tur, an" X; X; Yano/sky; The theory o0 gas 2u22le lattice, $a"iation C00ects: Incorporating Plasma Science an" Plasma Technology, 100, 1>2, =*>104 R1F=-K Blau"ia 3autensack; $an"om 3aguerre Tesselations, 11'>12- RPh8 thesis, .ni/ersity o0 )arlsruhe, 200GK, http:77 ;it m;0raunho0er;"e70ilea"min7IT6M> Me"ia7(2teilungen75X7P"078issertationVB$e"en2ach;p"0 P;>,; "e ,ennes, 1; 5rochar">6yart, 8; Qumrm; ,outtes, 2ulles, perles et on"es RParis, m"; 5elin, 2002K

SOames Cmery 200FT

Pro2lem &o; G LPot>in>pot re0rigeratorM

The ]pot>in>pot re0rigerator is a "e/ice that keeps 0oo" cool using the principle o0 e/aporati/e cooling; It consists o0 a pot place" insi"e a 2igger pot ith the space 2et een them 0ille" ith a et porous material, e;g; san"; Eo might one achie/e the 2est cooling e00ect9

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Blay Pot $e0rigerator Test Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom t@ar12, 04;0G;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7(T6CI)CVn3 6ikipe"ia: Pot>in>pot re0rigerator, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Pot>in>potVre0rigerator O; $; Mihelcic, O; 5; Zimmerman, (; $amas ami; Integrating 8e/elope" an" 8e/eloping 6orl" )no le"ge into ,lo2al 8iscussions an" Strategies 0or Sustaina2ility; 1; Science an" Technology; Cn/ironm; Sci; Tech; 41, 10, '41*>'421 R200GK 6ikipe"ia: 6et>2ul2 temperature, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki76et>2ul2Vtemperature 6ikipe"ia: C/aporati/e cooler, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7C/aporati/eVcooler 6ikipe"ia: C/aporation, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7C/aporation 6ikipe"ia: Porous me"ium, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7PorousVme"ium C/aporati/e Booling > The Blay $e0rigerator Rpracticalaction;orgK, http:77practicalaction;org7e/aporati/e> cooling>the>clay>re0rigerator Pot>in>pot cooler Rsolarcooking; ikia;comK, http:77solarcooking; ikia;com7 iki7Pot>in>potVcooler Metho"s o0 (lternati/e $e0rigeration Rpro/i"ent>li/ing>to"ay;comK, http:77 ;pro/i"ent>li/ing> to"ay;com7(lternati/e>$e0rigeration;html Passi/e Booling Rpermaculturetokyo, 200-K, http:77permaculturetokyo;2logspot;com7200-7117passi/e> cooling;html .n"erstan"ing 6et 5ul2 Temperature (n" <ther (spects That (00ect C/aporati/e Booling To er Per0ormance Ra"/antageengineering;comK, http:77 ;a"/antageengineering;com70yi72G'7a"/antage1YI2G';php 8ry>5ul29 6et>5ul29 6hats the 8i00erence9 R2uil"inggreen;com, 2012K, http:77 ;2uil"inggreen;com7auth7article;c0m720127-72F78ry>5ul2>6et>5ul2>6hat>s>the>8i00erence7

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Michael 5rian Schi00er, Oames M; Ski2o, Tamara B; 5oelke, Mark (; &eupert, an" Mere"ith (ronson; &e perspecti/es on eAperimental archaeology: Sur0ace treatments an" thermal response o0 the clay cooking pot; (merican (nti?uity *F, 2, 1FG>21G R1FF4K S; 6; Peng an" ); Mi%ukami; ( general mathematical mo"elling 0or heat an" mass trans0er in unsaturate" porous me"ia: an application to 0ree e/aporati/e cooling; Eeat an" mass trans0er '1, 1> 2, 4F>** R1FF*K $osa Schiano>Phan; The "e/elopment o0 passi/e "o n"raught e/aporati/e cooling systems using porous ceramic e/aporators an" their application in resi"ential 2uil"ings RPh8 thesis, <pen .ni/ersity, 2004K, http:77 ;plea> arch;org7P3C(7Bon0erence$esources7P3C(20047Procee"ings7p11*20inal;p"0 (; (lmusae"; Booling 2y 8irect C/aporati/e Systems; In: 5iophilic an" 5ioclimatic (rchitecture RSpringer, 2011K, pp; '*'>'-1 (; S; &aik an" X; ); 8hir; 1orce" 0lo e/aporati/e cooling o0 a /olumetrically heate" porous layer; Int; O; Eeat Mass Tran0er 2*, 4, *41[**2 R1F=2K (; lal 5ase"iya, 8; X; ); Samuel, an" X; 5eera; C/aporati/e cooling system 0or storage o0 0ruits an" /egeta2les>a re/ie ; O; 1oo" Sci; Tech; *0, ', 42F>442 R201'K I; 1; <"esola an" <; <nye2uchi; ( re/ie o0 porous e/aporati/e cooling 0or the preser/ation o0 0ruits an" /egeta2les; Paci0ic O; Sci; Technol; 10, 2, F'*>F41 R200FK, http:77 ;akamaiuni/ersity;us7POST10V2VF'*;p"0 (; 6; 8ate; Eeat an" mass trans0er analysis o0 a clay>pot re0rigerator; Int; O; Eeat Mass Trans0er **, 1*>1-, 'FGG['F=' R2012K

S(n"rei Schetniko/ 201'T

Pro2lem &o; = L1ree%ing "ropletsM

Place a ater "roplet on a plate coole" "o n to aroun" >20 nB; (s it 0ree%es, the shape o0 the "roplet may 2ecome cone>like ith a sharp top; In/estigate this e00ect;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

1ree%ing ater "rops Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom <scar Cnro?ue%, 1=;10;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7FXI$ty)S&XI 1ree%ing singularities in ater "rops Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom "@ 5us2y, 2F;10;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7$1/Y-uY/6gg <scar $; Cnro?ue%, pl/aro ,; Maron, )oen ,; 6inkels, an" Oacco E; Snoei@er; 1ree%ing singularities in ater "rops; Phys; 1lui"s 24, 0F1102 R2012K, arHi/:1110;'-F=NSphysics;0lu>"ynT, http:77stilton;tn ;ut ente;nl7people7snoei@er7Papers720127Cnri?ue%P<112;p"0 8; M; (n"erson, M; ,; 6orster, an" S; E; 8a/is; The case 0or a "ynamic contact angle in containerless soli"iqcation; O; Bryst; ,ro th 1-', '2F R1FF-K Eer2ert ,ro/e 8orsey; Peculiar ice 0ormations; Phys; $e/; 1=, 2, 1-2>1-4 R1F21K X; S; (@ae/ an" S; E; 8a/is; 5oun"ary>integral simulations o0 containerless soli"iqcation; O; Bomp; Phys; 1=G, 4F2 R200'K Oacco E; Snoei@er an" Philippe 5runet; Pointy ice>"rops: Eo ater 0ree%es into a singular shape; (m; O; Phys; =0, G-4 R2012K, http:77stilton;tn ;ut ente;nl7people7snoei@er7Papers720127Snoei@er(OP12;p"0 Michael &auen2erg; Bomment on LPointy ice>"rops: Eo ater 0ree%es into a singular shapeM S(m; O; Phys; =0, G-4[GG1 R2012KT (m; O; Phys; =1, 2, 1*0 R201'K 3ingyan Euang,NZhongliang 3iu, Yaomin 3iu,NYu@un ,ou, 3i 6ang; C00ect o0 contact angle on ater "roplet 0ree%ing process on a col" 0lat sur0ace; CAp; Thermal 1lui" Sci; 40, G4>=0 R2012K 1ree%ing ater "roplets 0orm sharp ice peaks Rphys;org, <ct 0*, 2012K, http:77phys;org7ne s72012>10> "roplets>sharp>ice>peaks;html

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Oohn Eallet; Brystal gro th an" the 0ormation o0 spikes in the sur0ace o0 supercoole" ater; Oournal o0 ,laciology ', 2=, -F=>G04 R1F-0K, http:77 ;igsoc;org7@ournal7'72=7igsV@ournalV/ol0'Vissue02=Vpg-F=> G04;p"0 ); ,; 3i22recht an" ); 3ui; (n in/estigation o0 la2oratory>gro n Lice spikesM; O; ,laciology *0, 1G0, 'G1> 'G4 R2004K, arHi/:con">mat70'102-G/1NScon">mat;mtrl>sciT, http:77 ;its;caltech;e"u7\atomic7sno crystals7icespikes7icespikes;p"0 Eelene 1; Perry; Ice spikes r can you eAplain them; Phys; Teach; '1, 112 R1FF'K4 '1, 2-4 R1FF'K Eelene 1; Perry; ( ]last or" on ice spikes; Phys; Teach; '', 14= R1FF*K ,iuseppi (2rusci an" Ooe Pi0er; Question J-*; 6hat con"itions "etermine crystal gro th9 (m; O; Phys; -*, 10, F41 R1FFGK Bharles (; )night; (ns er to Question J-*; 6hat con"itions "etermine crystal gro th9 The triangular ice spike; (m; O; Phys; --, 12, 1041>1042 R1FF=K E; 1; Perry; (ns er to Question J-*; 6hat con"itions "etermine crystal gro th9M (m; O; Phys; -F, 2, 10- R2001K 5; O; Mason an" O; May2ank; The 0ragmentation an" electri0ication o0 0ree%ing ater "rops; Quart; O; $oyal Meteor; Soc; =-, '-=, 1G->1=* R1F-0K Oames $; Barter; <ther unusual 0ormations o0 ice 77 Ice 0ormationsN ith "aily R"iurnalK 0ree%e7tha cycles RIllinois State .ni/ersityK, http:77my;ilstu;e"u7\@rcarter7ice7"iurnal7 ,; 5@or2aek; .nusual ice 0ormations; 6eather 4F, 1==>1=F R1FF4K ); P; Trout; Eomema"e ice spike; Phys; Teach; 'F, 1F0 R2001K 3; Eill, C; 3o%o ski, an" $; 8; Sampson; CAperiments on ice spikes an" a simple gro th mo"el; O; ,laciology *0, 1G0, 'G*>'=1 R2004K

S$ick Eo2son 201'T

Pro2lem &o; F L6ater 2om2sM

Some stu"ents are ine00ecti/e in ater 2alloon 0ights as the 2alloons they thro re2oun" ithout 2ursting; In/estigate the motion, "e0ormation, an" re2oun" o0 a 2alloon 0ille" ith 0lui"; .n"er hat circumstances "oes the 2alloon 2urst9

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: 6ater 2alloon, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki76aterV2alloon Slo Motion: 6ater 5alloons 1ree 1alling Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom hacka2ility, 1';0=;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7Xl.&e/sIgC4 Martino $eclari, Matthieu 8reyer, Stephanie Tissot, 8anail <2reschko , 1lorian 6urm, Mohame" 1arhat; ^<eno"ynamic^: Ey"ro"ynamic o0 ine s irling R2011K, arHi/:1110;''-FNSphysics;0lu>"ynT Ey"ro"ynamics: 6ine S irling an" 5ursting 6ater 5alloons, http:77astronasty;2logspot;se720117117hy"ro"ynamics> ine>s irling>an";html The Science 5ehin" 5ursting 6ater 5alloons Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom "@ 5us2y, 02;11;2011K, http:77youtu;2e71?YyXP@s2*k (leA Santoso; Physics o0 6ater 5alloons Rneatorama;com, 2012K, http:77 ;neatorama;com7201270171G7physics>o0> ater>2alloons7 Eugh 3un" an" Stuart 5; 8al%iel; Tension>"ri/en $ichtmyer>Meshko/ insta2ility, http:77i pctm12;imamo";ru70iles7userV0iles7"al%ielVa2s;p"0 ( ater 2alloon not eAplo"ing in high>spee" Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 3uci"Mo/ement, 1*;02;200GK, http:77youtu;2e7HngQO%(mXm= 6ikipe"ia: $ichtmyer>Meshko/ insta2ility, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$ichtmyer[Meshko/Vinsta2ility Eugh M; 3un" an" Stuart 5; 8al%ie; 5ursting ater 2alloons R2011K, arHi/:1110;''20NSphysics;0lu>"ynT T; (; Peyser, S; 8; Murray et al; $e/ie o0 CAperiments an" Balculations o0 the Bompressi2le $ichtmyer> Meshko/ Insta2ility 0rom a Single>mo"e, &onlinear Initial Pertur2ation; Proc; -th Intl Bon0; on Phys; o0 Tur2ulent Bompressi2le MiAing RMarseille, 1FFGK, https:77 ;et"e;org7et"e e27ser/lets7purl7'01F2F> C=.8uc7 e2/ie a2le7'01F2F;p"0

Si">iom 200FT

Pro2lem &o; 10 LBoe00icient o0 "i00usionM

.sing a microscope, o2ser/e the 5ro nian motion o0 a particle o0 the or"er o0 micrometre in si%e; In/estigate ho the coe00icient o0 "i00usion "epen"s on the si%e an" shape o0 the particle;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: 8i00usion, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki78i00usion 6ikipe"ia: 5ro nian motion, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki75ro nianVmotion 6ikipe"ia: Cinstein relation, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7CinsteinVrelationVRkineticVtheoryK 6ikipe"ia: Stokes la , http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7StokesYVla 6ikipe"ia: )inetic theory, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7)ineticVtheory 6ikipe"ia: $an"om alk, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$an"omV alk 6ikipe"ia: Perrin 0riction 0actors, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7PerrinV0rictionV0actors 5ro nian Motion Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Stephen Burry, 2*;0F;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7ernnQO a)Ts $o2ert 5ro n; ( 2rie0 account o0 microscopical o2ser/ations ma"e in the months o0 Oune, Ouly an" (ugust, 1=2G, on the particles containe" in the pollen o0 plants4 an" on the general eAistence o0 acti/e molecules in organic an" inorganic 2o"ies; Phil; Mag; 4, 1-1>1G' R1=2=K, http:77sci e2;ny2g;org7science27p"0s7" s75ro nian;p"0 Marian /on Smolucho ski; Zur kinetischen Theorie "er 5ro nschen Molekular2e egung un" "er Suspensionen;N(nn; Phys; '2-, 14, G*-[G=0 R1F0-K (; Cinstein, (; s2er "ie /on "er molekularkinetischen Theorie "er 6trme ge0or"erte 5e egung /on in ruhen"en 1lussigkeiten suspen"ierten Teilchen; (nn; Phys; 1G, *4F>*-0 R1F0*K Oean Perrin; Mou/ement 2ro nien et rmalitm molmculaire;N(nnales "e Bhimie et "e Physi?ue,N=e smrieN1=,N1[114 R1F0FK 8on S; 3emons an" (nthony ,ythiel;Paul 3ange/ins 1F0= paper ]]<n the Theory o0 5ro nian Motion S]]Sur la thmorie "u mou/ement 2ro nien, B; $; (ca"; Sci; RParisK 14-, *'0[*'' R1F0=KT; (m; O; Phys; -*, 11, 10GF> 10=1 R1FFGR, http:77 ;physik;uni>augs2urg;"e7theo17hanggi7Eistory73ange/in1F0=;p"0

SCl yn Earris 2010T

Pro2lem &o; 11 LBan"le Po er PlantM

8esign a "e/ice that con/erts the heat o0 a can"le 0lame into electrical energy; In/estigate ho "i00erent aspects o0 the "e/ice a00ect its e00iciency;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: Cnergy har/esting, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7CnergyVhar/esting 6ikipe"ia: Thermogenerator, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Thermogenerator 6ikipe"ia: Stirling engine, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7StirlingVengine 6ikipe"ia: Thermomechanical generator, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7ThermomechanicalVgenerator 6ikipe"ia: Clectric generator, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7ClectricVgenerator 6ikipe"ia: Tur2ine, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Tur2ine Thermoelectric 3amp, Clectric ,enerator Plans Rscraptopo er;co;ukK, http:77 ;scraptopo er;co;uk7thermoelectric7Thermoelectric>lamp>see2eck>generator Clectricity 0rom a Ban"le Rhttp:77light;sci>toys;comK, http:77light;sci>toys;com7can"leVelectricity Oaymi Eeim2uch; ( Single Tea 3ight Ban"le Po ers This Porta2le Clectricity ,enerator Rtreehugger;com, 2012K, http:77 ;treehugger;com7ga"gets7single>tea>light>po ers>porta2le> electricity>generator;html 8IY Peltier Ban"le Po ere" Clectric ,enerator Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 0ilear, 1G;01;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7S/5eBB@2F"s Thermoelectric ,enerator 3amp RA2@iggy;com, 201'K, http:77A2@iggy;com72log7201'747'7thermoelectric>generator>lamp;html Ooseph T; )ummer et al; Thermo>Clectric ,enerator; .S Patent &o; '4*='*- R1F-FK, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S'4*='*-

5ackgroun" rea"ing

3e is M; 1raas, Oames C; (/ery, an" Oohn C; Samaras; Ey"rocar2on 0ire" room heater ith thermophoto/oltaic electric generator; .;S; Patent &o; *,-*1,='= R1FFGK, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S*-*1='= Brispin 3; 8e5ellis et al; Thermophoto/oltaic electric generator; .;S; Patent &o; *,F'2,==* R1FFFK, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S*F'2==* 8onal" Spector; Ban"le>po ere" aroma generator; .;S; Patent &o; 4,G=1,=F* R1F==K, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S4G=1=F* 3e is M; 1raas, 8ouglas O; 6illiams, an" Oohn C; Samaras; Thermophoto/oltaic electric generator using lo 2an"gap photo/oltaic cells ith a hy"rocar2on 2urner an" enhance" catalytic in0rare" emitter; .;S; Patent &o; *,-1-,1=- R1FFGK, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S*-1-1=B; (; ,oul", &; Y; (; Shammas, S; ,rainger, an" I; Taylor; ( comprehensi/e re/ie o0 thermoelectric technology, micro>electrical an" po er generation properties; Proc; 2-th Intl Bon0; on Microelectronics RMIC3, 200=K, http:77ieeeAplore;ieee;org7Apl7article8etails;@sp9arnum2erW4**F2== Tristan Baro00, Cmmanuelle $ou/ivre, an" Omrwme 6illemin; Thermal Cnergy Ear/esting; In: Cnergy (utonomous Micro an" &ano Systems Re"s M; 5elle/ille an" B; Bon"emine, 6iley, 2012K, pp; 1*'>1=4 (; Bua"ras, M; ,asulla, an" Xittorio 1errari; Thermal energy har/esting through pyroelectricity; Sensors an" (ctuators (: Physical 1*=, 1, 1'2>1'F R2010K M; .@ihara, ,; P; Barman, an" 8; ,; 3ee; Thermal energy har/esting "e/ice using 0erromagnetic materials; (pp; Phys; 3ett; F1, F, 0F'*0=>0F'*0= R200GK Y; (pertet, E; <uer"ane, <; ,la/atskaya, B; ,oupil, an" P; 3ecoeur; <ptimal orking con"itions 0or thermoelectric generators ith realistic thermal coupling; Curophys; 3ett; FG, 2, 2=001 R2012K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Cnergy har/esting technologies Re"s Shashank Priya an" 8aniel O; Inman, Springer, 200=K 8; M;$o e; Thermoelectrics, an en/ironmentally>0rien"ly source o0 electrical po er; $ene a2le Cnergy 1-, 1>4, 12*1>12*- R1FFFK (; Eoshi, &; Te%uka, S; Sasaki, I; 1u@imoto, an" &; Yama"a; 8e/elopment o0 Practical Stirling Cngine 0or Bo>,eneration System .sing 6oo"y 5iomass 1uels; Proc; ISCS 6orl" Bongress 200G RXol; I> X, Springer, 200FK, p; 24*'>24*G Peter 3; Tailer; Thermal 3ag Machine; .;S; Patent &o; *414FFG R1FF*K, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S*414FFG 5; 6hitaker, ,; (rau@o, O; I; 5easley, &; Payne, an" X; Bamara; 3amina 1lo Eeat Cngine, http:77 ;nathantpayne;com7app7"o nloa"74G-G=4*047MC4444x1inalx$eport;p"0 B; 1ernan"e%>(2alli (ltamirano, M; 8e Paepe, S; Xerhelst, an" O; O; ,on%ales 5ayon; Bontrol Xolume Cnergy 5ase" Mo"el 0or a Thermal 3ag Cngine RProc; BIC$ 200F, Ea/anaK, https:77archi/e;ugent;2e7input7"o nloa"90uncW"o nloa"1iley0ile<I"W=*1101yrecor"<I"W=*10F= can"les make electricity Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom su2ur2an@e004A4, '1;0*;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7> X8XOyFp='. Clectricity 1rom Ban"les Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom le/ent sakar, 01;0';200FK, http:77youtu;2e7c(i@1o1l%0k Mike S%c%ys; ,enerate electricity ith aNcan"le Rhacka"ay;com, 2010K, http:77hacka"ay;com7201070170*7generate>electricity> ith>a>can"le7 Pt;' Ban"le Po ere" Peltier Bharger 7 3amp 7 8e0roster 7 6arming Plate Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom )yleBarrington, 0=;0';2012K, http:77youtu;2e7%opHF&E0,%s Thermoelectric Peltier ,enerator passi/e can"le po ere"; E8 Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Cl yn Earris, 1F;12;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7lC@10crI0tk

SmissV"istance 201*T

Pro2lem &o; 12 LBol" 2alloonM

(s air escapes 0rom an in0late" ru22er 2alloon, its sur0ace 2ecomes cooler to the touch; In/estigate the parameters that a00ect this cooling; 6hat is the temperature o0 /arious parts o0 the 2alloon as a 0unction o0 rele/ant parameters9

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: ("ia2atic process, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7("ia2aticVprocess 6ikipe"ia: I"eal gas la , http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7I"ealVgasVla 8; $; Merrit an" 1; 6einhaus; The pressure cur/e 0or a ru22er 2alloon; (m; O; Phys; 4F, 10, FG- R1FG=K $; S; Stein; <n the in0lating o0 2alloons; O; Bhem; C"uc; '*, 4, p; 20' R1F*=K 3; $; ,; Treloar; The Physics o0 $u22er Clasticity R<A0or" .ni/ersity Press, 200*K $u22er an" $u22er 5alloons: Para"igms o0 Thermo"ynamics Re"s Ingo Muller, Peter Strehlo , Springer, 2004K 6; 5; 6iegan" an" O; 6; Sny"er; The $u22er Pen"ulum, the Ooule C00ect, an" the 8ynamic Stress>Strain Bur/e; $u22er Bhem; Tech; =, 2, 1*1>1G' R1F'*K S; 3; 8art, $; 3; (nthony, an" C; ,uth; $ise o0 Temperature on 1ast Stretching o0 Synthetics an" &atural $u22ers; In"; Cng; Bhem; '4, 11, 1'40>1'42 R1F42K S; 3; 8art an" C; ,uth; $ise o0 Temperature on 1ast Stretching o0 5utyl $u22er; $u22er Bhem; Tech; 1=, 4, =0'>=1- R1F4*K $; O; 1arris; $u22er Eeat Cngines, (nalyses an" Theory; $u22er Bhem; Tech; *2, 1, 1*F>1G2 R1FGFK 1; $o"rigue%; 8emonstrating ru22er elasticity; O; Bhem; C"uc; *0, 11, p; G-4 R1FG'K

S&atSci8emos 201'T

Pro2lem &o; 1' L$otating sa""leM

( 2all is place" in the mi""le o0 a rotating sa""le; In/estigate its "ynamics an" eAplain the con"itions un"er hich the 2all "oes not 0all o00 the sa""le;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

$otating Sa""le Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom &atSci8emos, 24;01;201'K, http:77youtu;2e7HTO%n.k(mIY 6ikipe"ia: Mechanical C?uili2rium, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7MechanicalVe?uili2rium 6ikipe"ia: Sta2ility Theory, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Sta2ilityVtheory 6ikipe"ia: Qua"rapole Ion Trap, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Qua"rupoleVionVtrap 6ikipe"ia: Penning Trap, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7PenningVtrap 6ikipe"ia: In/erte" Pen"ulum, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7In/erte"Vpen"ulum Scholarpe"ia: C?uili2rium, http:77 ;scholarpe"ia;org7article7C?uili2rium In/erte" Pen"ulum Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom &atSci8emos, 20;12;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7*o,YBAkgnEQ .psi"e>"o n pen"ulum R1ran%>Oose0 Clmer, .ni/ersity o0 5asel, 1FF=K, http:77 ;elmer;uni2as;ch7pen"ulum7upsi"e;htm Parametric $esonance R1ran%>Oose0 Clmer, .ni/ersity o0 5asel, 1FF=K, http:77 ;elmer;uni2as;ch7pen"ulum7parres;htm $otating Sa""le Shape REar/ar" &atural Sciences 3ecture 8emonstrationsK, http:77 ;0as;har/ar";e"u7\sci"emos7<scillations6a/es7Sa""leShape7Sa""leShape;html Sta2ility an" Insta2ility R(lan (; 5erryman, 6ashington State .ni/ersity, 1FFGK, http:77classes;entom; su;e"u7*2F7Sta2ility;htm Ion Trap $esearch ,roup ROessie Petricka, ,usta/us ("olphus BollegeK, http:77physics;gac;e"u7\petricka7research;html 6ol0gang $ueckner; $otating Sa""le Paul Trap;N(m; O; Phys; -', 2, 1=->1=G R1FF*K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

$; I; Thompson, T; O; Earmon, an" M; ,; 5all; The rotating>sa""le trap: a mechanical analogy to $1> electric>?ua"rupole ion trapping9NBan; O; Phys; =0, 12; 14''>144= R2002K T; Easega a an" Oohn O; 5ollinger; $otating>ra"io>0re?uency ion traps; Phys; $e/; (; G2, 4, 04'40' R200*K, http:77t0;nist;go/7general7p"0720G2;p"0 T; Easega a, M; O; Oensen, an" Oohn O; 5ollinger; Sta2ility o0 a Penning trap ith a ?ua"rupole rotating electric 0iel";NPhys; $e/; (NG1, 2, 02'40- R200*K, http:77t0;2oul"er;nist;go/7general7p"07201-;p"0 (; ); Oohnson an" O; (; $a2chuk; ( 2ea" on a hoop rotating a2out a hori%ontal aAis: ( one>"imensional pon"eromoti/e trap;N(m; O; Phys; GG, 11, 10'F[104= R200FK Timothy Oones; MathieuYs e?uations an" the i"eal $1>Paul trap R8reAel .ni/ersityK, http:77 ;physics;"reAel;e"u7\tim7open7mat7mat;p"0 (n"re Oohnson an" Oames $a2chuk; 8emonstrating the Principle o0 an r0 Paul Ion Trap;N5ull; (m; Phys; Soc; *' R200=K, http:77meetings;aps;org7Meeting7M($0=7C/ent7G*--' $otating sa""le Rtheki"shoul"seethis;comK, http:77theki"shoul"seethis;com7post7414*G0'4-0G 6ikipe"ia: Qua"rupole ion trap, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Qua"rupoleVionVtrap 6ol0gang $ueckner,NOustin ,eorgi,N8ouglass ,oo"ale,N8aniel $osen2erg, an"N8a/i" Ta/illa; $otating sa""le Paul trap; (m; O; Phys; -', 2, 1=->1=G R1FF*K, http:77 ;physics;um";e"u7lec"em7ser/ices7re0sVscanne"V6IP71U20>U20)rishnaYs U203CB8CM7(21-7$otatingU20sa""leU20PaulU20trap;p"0

S(man"a 6oo" ar" 200-T

Pro2lem &o; 14 L$u22er motorM

( t iste" ru22er 2an" stores energy an" can 2e use" to po er a mo"el aircra0t 0or eAample; In/estigate the properties o0 such an energy source an" ho its po er output changes ith time;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

6ikipe"ia: $u22er 2an", http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$u22erV2an" $u22er 2an" airplane Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom rm0oco, 0=;0=;200FK, http:77youtu;2e7>6XrPg,0yF. ru22er 2an" po ere" 2iplane con/ersion Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom MPE6<$38, 2*;02;200FK, http:77youtu;2e7Y=Ah)ghukgc 6ikipe"ia: $u22er Clasticity, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$u22erVelasticity 6ikipe"ia: Eyperelastic Material, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7EyperelasticVmaterial 6ikipe"ia: Mullins C00ect, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7MullinsVe00ect 6ikipe"ia: Clastometer, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Clastomer Eysteresis an" $u22er 5an"s Rma"physics;comK, http:77 ;ma"physics;com7eAp7hysteresisVan"Vru22erV2an"s;htm Clastomers an" entropic springs R(parna 5askaran, Syracuse .ni/ersityK, http:77physics;syr;e"u7\a2askara7ru22erVpopular;html ,BSC Physics &otes: Stretching $u22er Rastarmathsan"physics;comK, http:77 ;astarmathsan"physics;com7gcseVphysicsVnotes7gcseVphysicsVnotesVstretchingVru22er;html Stretching a $u22er 5an" Rschoolphysics;co;ukK, http:77 ;schoolphysics;co;uk7age14> 1-7Matter7teAt7$u22erV2an"7in"eA;html 3; ,; Mc(neny; $u22er 2an" po ere" motor 0or mo"el airplane; .;S; Patent &o; 4,-2F,4'= R1F=-K, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S4-2F4'= $; 3ie"tke; 6in"ing mechanism 0or ru22er 2an" motor; .;S; Patent &o; *,'F0,G-' R1FF*K, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S*'F0G-' I; M; 6ar" an" O; S eeney;N(n intro"uction to the mechanical properties o0 soli" polymers R6iley, 200*K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

,; Sa/arino an" M; $; 1isch; ( general physics la2oratory in/estigation o0 the thermo"ynamics o0 a ru22er 2an";N(m; O; Phys; *F, 2, 141>14* R1FF1K O; Pellicer, O; (; Man%anares, O; Z_ziga, an" P; .trillas; Thermo"ynamics o0 ru22er elasticity;NO; Bhem; C"uc; G=, 2, 2-' R2001K O; 8iani, 5; 1ayolle, an" P; ,ilormini; ( re/ie on the Mullins e00ect;NCur; Polymer O; 4*, ', -01>-12 R200FK B; M; $olan"; The Mullins e00ect in crosslinke" ru22er;NO; $heologyN'', 4, -*F>-G0 R1F=FK P; ,; Santangelo an" B; M; $olan"; Bhain en"s an" the Mullins e00ect in ru22er;N$u22er Bhem; Technol; -*, *, F-*>FG2 R1FF2K 3; Mullins; C00ect o0 stretching on the properties o0 ru22er;N$u22er Bhem; Technol;N21, 2, 2=1>'00 R1F4=K 3; $; ,; Treloar;NThe physics o0 ru22er elasticity R<A0or" .ni/ersity Press, 1FG*K $; T; 8eam an" S; 1; C" ar"s; The theory o0 ru22er elasticity; Phil; Trans; $; Soc; 3on; ( 2=0, 12F-, '1G>'*' R1FG-K $; 6; <g"en an" 8; ,; $oA2urgh; ( pseu"o[elastic mo"el 0or the Mullins e00ect in 0ille" ru22er;NProc; $; Soc; 3on; ( 4**, 1F==, 2=-1>2=GG R1FFFK (; &; ,ent; $u22er Clasticity: 5asic Boncepts an" 5eha/ior; In: Science an" Technology o0 $u22er RClse/ier, 200*K, pp; 1>2G, http:77/*;2ooks;else/ier;com72ookscat7samples7FG=0124-4G=-27FG=0124-4G=-2;P81 Earry 3; $o"erick; Spring motor; .S Patent &o; 1F'-0G2 R1F2FK, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S1F'-0G2 6illiam E; Miller; 1lying mo"el airplane; .S Patent &o; 4=F**41 R1FF0K, http:77 ;google;com7patents7.S4=F**41 6ikipe"ia: $u22er 2an" motor, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$u22erV2an"Vmotor $u22er 2an" car engine Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom The)unsthammer, 0-;10;2012K, http:77youtu;2e7g@u'S&Mn Y4 &B Science <lympia": Eo to 6in" an" 1ly your Eelicopter Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom kellstuh, 1=;10;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7EGE?kcC1o<4

Skelemenga2i 200GT

Pro2lem &o; 1* L<il starsM

I0 a thick layer o0 a /iscous 0lui" Re;g; silicone oilK is /i2rate" /ertically in a circular reser/oir, symmetrical stan"ing a/es can 2e o2ser/e"; Eo many lines o0 symmetry are there in such a/e patterns9 In/estigate an" eAplain the shape an" 2eha/iour o0 the patterns;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Oean $a@chen2ach, 8i"ier Blamon", an" (lphonse 3erouA; <2ser/ation o0 star>shape" sur0ace gra/ity a/es; Physical $e/ie 3etters 110, F, 0F4*02 R201'K, http:77math;unice;0r7\"i"ierc78i"Pu2lis7prlVstar a/eV201';p"0 Michael 1ara"ay; <n a peculiar class o0 acoustical 0igures4 an" on certain 0orms assume" 2y groups o0 particles upon /i2rating elastic sur0aces; Phil; Trans; $; Soc; 3on; 121, 2FF>'40 R1='1K, http:77 ;@stor;org7sta2le710GF'6ikipe"ia: 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki76a/es 6ikipe"ia: 8ispersion, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki78ispersionVR aterV a/esK 6ikipe"ia: Bapillary 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7BapillaryV a/e 6ikipe"ia: ,ra/ity 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7,ra/ityV a/e 6ikipe"ia: $ogue 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$ogueV a/e 6ikipe"ia: Solitary 6a/e, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7SolitaryV a/eVR aterV a/esK 6ikipe"ia: Soliton, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Soliton 6ikipe"ia: Bnoi"al 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Bnoi"alV a/e 6ikipe"ia: 1ara"ay 6a/es, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki71ara"ayV a/e Mark O; (2lo it% an" 8ouglas C; 5al" in; &onlinear shallo ocean> a/e soliton interactions on 0lat 2eaches; Phys; $e/; C =-, ', 0'-'0* R2012K 6; S; C" ar"s an" S; 1au/e; Patterns an" ?uasi>patterns in the 1ara"ay eAperiment; O; 1lui" Mech; 2G=, 12'>14= R1FF4K 8oung 5inks an" 6illem /an "e 6ater; &onlinear pattern 0ormation o0 1ara"ay a/es; Phys; $e/; 3ett; G=, 21, 404'>404- R1FFGK, http:77aleAan"ria;tue;nl7openaccess7Metis1'2*'0;p"0

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Peilong Bhen an" Oorge Xizals; Pattern selection in 1ara"ay a/es; Phys; $e/; 3ett; GF, 14, 2-G0[2-G' R1FFGK Oohn Miles; <n 1ara"ay a/es; O; 1lui" Mech; 24=, -G1>-=' R1FF'K 6en2in Zhang an" Oorge Xinals; S?uare patterns an" ?uasipatterns in eakly "ampe" 1ara"ay a/es; Phys; $e/; C *', *, $42='[$42=- R1FF-K Peilong Bhen an" Oorge Xinals; (mplitu"e e?uation an" pattern selection in 1ara"ay a/es; Phys; $e/; C -0, 1, **F[*G0 R1FFFK Mark>Tiele 6estra, 8oug O; 5inks, an" 6illem Xan 8e 6ater; Patterns o0 1ara"ay a/es; O; 1lui" Mech; 4F-, 1>'2 R200'K Oohn 6; Miles; Parametrically eAcite" solitary a/es; O; 1lui" Mech; 14=, 4*1>4-0 R1F=4K M; O; 3ighthill; 6a/es in 0lui"s; Bomm; Pure an" (pp; Math; 20, 2, 2-G[2F' R1F-GK ,; S; ,uthart an" T; Yao>Tsu 6u; <n the sta2ility o0 stan"ing solitons in 1ara"ay resonance; In: &onlinear insta2ility o0 nonparallel 0lo s RSpringer, 1FF4K, pp; 'FG>40Oean Marc Xan"en>5roeck; 6ater a/es an" relate" 0ree>sur0ace 0lo s; I.T(M Symp; on 1ree Sur0ace 1lo s RSpringer, 2001K

SOames$51FF* 2010T

Pro2lem &o; 1- LMagnetic 2rakesM

6hen a strong magnet 0alls "o n a non>0erromagnetic metal tu2e, it retar"ing 0orce; In/estigate the phenomenon; ill eAperience a

5ackgroun" rea"ing

&eo"ymium magnet 0alling through a copper tu2e Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 3es ,ar oo", 11;10;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7kB?1uVA0GS= ,ra/ity Machine Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom $ay5am5ay, 0=;0=;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7mS0Y*nT0o?c C""y Burrent Tu2es RCAtra 3argeK Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom C"ucateInno/ate, 2';0';2010K, http:77youtu;2e7MT1-p36?/Ho 6ikipe"ia: C""y current 2rake, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7C""yVcurrentV2rake 6ikipe"ia: C""y current, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7C""yVcurrent MIT Physics 8emo > 3en%Ys 3a ith Bopper Pipe RMITK, http:77/i"eo;mit;e"u7 atch7physics>"emo>len%s>la > ith> copper>pipe>102-=7 M; E; Partori an" C;O; Morris; Clectro"ynamics o0 a magnet mo/ing through a con"ucting pipe;NBana"; O; Phys; =4, 2*'[2G1 R200-K B; S; Maclatchy, P, 5ackman, an" 3; 5ogan; ( ?uantitati/e magnetic 2raking eAperiment; (m; O; Phys; -1, 10FR1FF'K ,; Ireson an" O; T i"le; Magnetic 2raking re/isite": (cti/ities 0or the un"ergra"uate la2oratory; Cur; O; Phys; 2F, G4*[G*1 R200=K ); 8; Eahn, C; M; Oohnson, (; 5rokken, an" S; 5al" in; C""y current "amping o0 a magnet mo/ing through a pipe; (m; O; Phys; --, 10-- R1FF=K M; (; Eeal"; Magnetic 2raking: Impro/e" theory; (m; O; Phys; *-, *21[*22 R1F==K Y; 3e/in, S; 3; 8a Sil/eira, an" 1;5; $i%%ato; Clectromagnetic 2raking: ( simple ?uantitati/e mo"el; (m; O; Phys; G4, =1*[=1G R200-K Magnet in a copper pipe, http:77 ; imp;com7copperpipe7 E; 8; 6ie"erick, &; ,authier, 8; (; Bamp2ell, an" P; $ochan; Magnetic 2raking: Simple theory an" eAperiment; (m; O; Phys; **, *00[*0' R1F=GK 6ikipe"ia: C""y current testing, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7C""y>currentVtesting

5ackgroun" rea"ing

C""y Burrent Tu2es Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom y2el0ort, 2F;0*;200=K, http:77youtu;2e7nr >i*)u0mI C""y Burrents, Magnetic 5raking an" 3en%Ys 3a Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom 1iona Mea"e, 21;0-;2011K, http:77youtu;2e7otu>)X'iEVI Magnet 5rakes its o n 0all Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom ,eorge Mi%%ell, 04;0F;200GK, http:77youtu;2e7i(5m.CE*s0k Bopper Pipe Magnet Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Oames$51FF*, 1F;0*;2010K, http:77youtu;2e7,GysnHE*'6o S; 5utter orth; C""y>Burrent 3osses in Bylin"rical Bon"uctors, ith Special (pplications to the (lternating Burrent $esistances o0 Short Boils; Phil; Trans; $; Soc; 3on; ( 222, *G>100 R1F22K, http:77 ;@stor;org7sta2le7p"0plus7F1202;p"0, http:77archi/e;org7stream7philtrans0*'42==070*'42==0Jpage7n07mo"e72up Eugo $osman; C""y currents in a straight cylin"rical con"uctor, ha/ing a circular section, in perio"ical non> harmonic stea"y>state RMay 1-, 2012K, http:77 ;2ulipi>eee;tuiasi;ro7archi/e7201270asc;27p1V02V2012;p"0 The Principles o0 C""y Burrent Testing R&atl Bheng )ung .ni/K, http:77n"e ;ee;ncku;e"u;t 7Bourse7&on"estructi/eTesting7&8CVch2;p"0 C; C; )rie%is, T; 8; Tsi2oukis, S; M; Panas, an" O; (; Tegopoulos; C""y currents: theory an" applications; Proc; ICCC, =0, 10, 1**F>1*=F R<ct 1FF2K ,; Morit%; C""y currents in accelerator magnets, RB(S Magnets, 5ruges, Oune 1->2*, 200FK, http:77cas; e2;cern;ch7B(S75elgium>200F73ectures7P81s7Morit%>&e ;p"0 (na (lonso $o"rigue% an" (l2erto Xalli; C""y Burrent (pproAimation o0 MaA ell C?uations: Theory, (lgorithms an" (pplications RSpringer, 2010K, http:772ooks;google;com72ooks9i"W?c?22u2YY4sB ,eorge 5irn2aum an" ,eorge 1ree; C""y>Burrent Bharacteri%ation o0 Materials an" Structures : ( symposium R(m; Soc; 0or Testing an" Materials, 1F=1K, http:772ooks;google;com72ooks9i"WHmGQ.kmVCFQB Oohannes Marius 5artholomeus )root; (nalysis o0 C""y Burrents in a ,ra"ient Boil RTechnische .ni/ersiteit Cin"ho/en, 200*K, http:77aleAan"ria;tue;nl7eAtra27200*11G=F;p"0

SPot@ie 200GT

Pro2lem &o; 1G LBhocolate hysteresisM

Bhocolate appears to 2e a soli" material at room temperature 2ut melts hen heate" to aroun" 2o"y temperature; 6hen coole" "o n again, it o0ten stays melte" e/en at room temperature; In/estigate the temperature range o/er hich chocolate can eAist in 2oth melte" an" ]soli" states an" its "epen"ence on rele/ant parameters;

5ackgroun" rea"ing

Sa/ina $a"osa/l@e/ic an" (nna Schlunk; Melting Bhocolate RThe .ni/ersity o0 Sy"ney, 2000K, http:77 e2;aeromech;usy";e"u;au7rheology7snasseri7images7chocolate;p"0 Eo to melt an" temper chocolate Ryoutu2e;com, 0rom Eo "iniguru, 24;02;200FK, http:77youtu;2e728c1GnO2104 6ikipe"ia: Bhocolate, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7Bhocolate 6ikipe"ia: Types o0 chocolate, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7TypesVo0Vchocolate 6ikipe"ia: $heology, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7$heology 6ikipe"ia: Bhocolate 2loom, http:77en; ikipe"ia;org7 iki7BhocolateV2loom Stephen T; 5eckett; The Science o0 Bhocolate R$; Soc; o0 Bhemistry, 200=K, ;google;com72ooks9 i"WnyFoX04us%=B E; Schenk an" $; Peschar; .n"erstan"ing the structure o0 chocolate; $a"iation Phys; an" Bhem; G1, '> 4, =2F>='* R2004K O; Bhe/alley, $heology o0 chocolate, O; TeAt; Stu"; -, 2, 1GG>1F- R1FF*K C; <; (0oak a, (; Pareson, M; 1o ler, an" O; Xieira; $elationship 2et een rheological, teAtural an" melting properties o0 "ark chocolate as in0luence" 2y particle si%e "istri2ution an" composition, Cur; 1oo" $es; Technol; 22G, 4, 121*>122' R200=K C; <; (0oak a, (; Paterson, an" M; 1o ler; 1actors in0luencing rheological an" teAtural ?ualties in chocolate > a re/ie ; Tren"s in 1oo" Sci; Technol; 1=, -, 2F0>2F= R200GK 8; ,a2riele, M; Migliori, &; 5al"ino, an" 5; "e Bin"io; In0luence o0 1at Bontent on Bhocolate $heology; (IP Bon0; Proc; 102G, pp; 12-*>12-G R200=K

5ackgroun" rea"ing

(; ,; Marangoni an" $; 6; 3encki; Ternary Phase 5aha/iour o0 Milka 1at 1ractions; O; (gric; 1oo" Bhem; 4-, 10, '=GF>'==4 R1FF=K ); /an Malssen, (; /an 3ange/el"e, $; Peschar, an" E; Schenk; Phase 2eha/ior an" eAten"e" phase scheme o0 static cocoa 2utter in/estigate" ith real>time H>ray po "er "i00raction; O; (m; <il Bhem; Soc; G-, -, --F>-G- R1FFFK ,; Ma%%anti, S; C; ,uthrie, C; 5; Sirota, (; ,; Marangoni, an" S; E; O; I"%iak; <rientation an" Phase Transitions o0 1at Brystals un"er Shear; Brystal ,ro th y 8esign, ', *, G21>G2* R200'K ,; Tal2ot; Bhocolate Temper; In: In"ustrial Bhocolate Manu0acture an" .se RSpringer, 1FF4K, pp; 1*->1-B; 3oisel, ,; )eller, ,; 3ec?, B; 5ourgauA, an" M; <lli/on; Phase transitions an" polymorphism o0 cocoa 2utter; O; (m; <il Scientists Soc; G*, 4, 42*>4'F R1FF=K ); Sato; Brystalli%ation 2eha/iour o0 0ats an" lipi"s > a re/ie ; Bhem; Cng; Sci; **, G, 22**>22-* R2001K O; 5ricknell an" $; 6; Eartel; $elation o0 0at 2loom in chocolate to polymorphic transition o0 cocoa 2utter; O; (m; <il Bhemists Soc; G*, 11, 1-0F>1-1* R1FF=K Y; )inta an" T; Eatta; Morphology o0 0at 2loom in chocolate; O; (m; <il Scientists Soc; =2, F, -=* R200*K

To

ork to ar"s results9

&o2o"y nee"s an in0initely per0ect report in an in0inite timeI

I0 you cannot sol/e the entire pro2lem, "eci"e necessary an" sol/e a partial pro2lem

hat is really

I0 you can sol/e the entire pro2lem, ne/ertheless "eci"e hat partial case is su00icient, an" your solution ill 2e much 2etter 5e 2ra/e in hat you "o, 2ut al ays reser/e a great "egree o0 scienti0ic skepticismI Procrastination is "e0initely a risk :>K

1eynman: to 2e sel0>con0i"ent9

LI/e /ery o0ten ma"e mistakes in my physics 2y thinking the theory isnt as goo" as it really is, thinking that there are lots o0 complications that are going to spoil it { an attitu"e that anything can happen, in spite o0 hat youre pretty sure shoul" happen;M

$; P; 1eynman; Surely Youre Ooking, Mr; 1eynman R&orton, &e

York, &Y, 1F=*K

The IYPT is seeking 0or sponsors I0 you "o not "onate to"ay, another pro@ect o0 the IYPT ill 2e put on hol" 5eing a supporter o0 the IYPT o00ers uni?ue pu2licity, po er0ul re ar"s, an" much more 8isco/er the eAciting opportunities at http:77iypt;org7Sponsors

1irst "ay "ra0t 77 (ugust 1, 201'

Preparation to 2Gth IYPT 2014:

re0erences, ?uestions an" a"/ices

Ilya Martchenko, 1 * Stanisa ! i" i#ski, 2 $e%a Monta%eri &amin, ' (n"rei )lishin, 4 (liaksan"r Mamoika, * an" +ukas% ,a"c%uk .ni/ersity o0 1ri2ourg an" 3un" .ni/ersity4 2 Yale .ni/ersity4 ' Shari0 .ni/ersity o0 Technology4 4 Massachusetts Institute o0 Technology4 * 5elarusian State .ni/ersity4 - 6arsa .ni/ersity o0 Technology
1

(ugust 1, 201'
Sunset Triptych v 2 2y Sarah Macmillan RBB 5Y>&B>S( 2;0K is use" on the co/er * to hom correspon"ence shoul" 2e a""resse": ilya;martchenkoDiypt;org http:77ilyam;org

Ball 0or cooperation

I0 you are intereste" in the i"ea 2ehin" the )it r to structure some earlier kno le"ge a2out the physics 2ehin" the pro2lems an" to encourage stu"ents to contrast their personal contri2ution 0rom this kno le"ge r your cooperation is elcome I0 more contri2utors @oin the ork on the )it 0or 2014, or plan 2ringing together the )it 0or 201*, goo" e"itions may 2e complete" earlier It

oul" 2e o0 2ene0it 0or e/ery2o"y, stu"ents an" team lea"ers, ho oul" ha/e an early re0erence Rpro/i"ing a 0irst impetus to the orkK an" a strong arning that IYPT is all a2out appropriate, no/el research, an" not a2out Lre>in/enting the heelM @urors, ho oul" ha/e a 2rie0, in0ormal supporting material, possi2ly making them more skeptical an" o2@ecti/e a2out the presentations the au"ience outsi"e the IYPT, ho 2ene0its 0rom the structure" re0erences in e;g; physics populari%ation acti/ities an" physics teaching the IYPT, as a community an" a center o0 competence, that generates /i2rant, state>o0> the>art research pro2lems, i"ely use" in other acti/ities an" at other e/ents an" also the author R>sK o0 the )it, ho coul" rapi"ly ac?uire a competence 0or the 0uture acti/ities an" ha/e a great learning eAperience