Multiplication and Division Instructions

MUL Instruction IMUL Instruction DIV Instruction Signed Integer Division Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

MUL Instruction
The MUL (unsigned multiply) instruction multiplies an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit operand by either AL, AX, or EAX. The instruction formats are:
MUL r/m8 MUL r/m16 MUL r/m32

Implied operands:

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

MUL Examples
100h * 2000h, using 16-bit operands:
.data val1 WORD 2000h val2 WORD 100h .code mov ax,val1 mul val2 ; DX:AX = 00200000h, CF=1
The Carry flag indicates whether or not the upper half of the product contains significant digits.

12345h * 1000h, using 32-bit operands:

mov eax,12345h mov ebx,1000h mul ebx ; EDX:EAX = 0000000012345000h, CF=0

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Carry flag after the following instructions execute?
mov ax,1234h mov bx,100h mul bx

DX = 0012h, AX = 3400h, CF = 1

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of EDX, EAX, and the Carry flag after the following instructions execute?
mov eax,00128765h mov ecx,10000h mul ecx

EDX = 00000012h, EAX = 87650000h, CF = 1

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

IMUL Instruction
IMUL (signed integer multiply ) multiplies an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit signed operand by either AL, AX, or EAX Preserves the sign of the product by sign-extending it into the upper half of the destination register Example: multiply 48 * 4, using 8-bit operands:
mov al,48 mov bl,4 imul bl

; AX = 00C0h, OF=1

OF=1 because AH is not a sign extension of AL.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

IMUL Examples
Multiply 4,823,424 * 423:
mov eax,4823424 mov ebx,-423 imul ebx

; EDX:EAX = FFFFFFFF86635D80h, OF=0

OF=0 because EDX is a sign extension of EAX.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Overflow flag after the following instructions execute?
mov ax,8760h mov bx,100h imul bx

DX = FF87h, AX = 6000h, OF = 1

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

DIV Instruction
The DIV (unsigned divide) instruction performs 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit division on unsigned integers A single operand is supplied (register or memory operand), which is assumed to be the divisor Instruction formats:
DIV r/m8 DIV r/m16 DIV r/m32

Default Operands:

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

DIV Examples
Divide 8003h by 100h, using 16-bit operands:
mov mov mov div dx,0 ax,8003h cx,100h cx ; ; ; ; clear dividend, high dividend, low divisor AX = 0080h, DX = 3

Same division, using 32-bit operands:

mov mov mov div edx,0 eax,8003h ecx,100h ecx ; ; ; ; clear dividend, high dividend, low divisor EAX = 00000080h, EDX = 3

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

10

Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the following instructions execute? Or, if divide overflow occurs, you can indicate that as your answer:
mov mov mov div dx,0087h ax,6000h bx,100h bx

DX = 0000h, AX = 8760h

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

11

Your turn . . .
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the following instructions execute? Or, if divide overflow occurs, you can indicate that as your answer:
mov mov mov div dx,0087h ax,6002h bx,10h bx

Divide Overflow

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

12

Signed Integer Division

Signed integers must be sign-extended before division takes place
fill high byte/word/doubleword with a copy of the low byte/word/doubleword's sign bit

For example, the high byte contains a copy of the sign bit from the low byte:
10001111

11111111

10001111

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

13

CBW, CWD, CDQ Instructions

The CBW, CWD, and CDQ instructions provide important sign-extension operations:
CBW (convert byte to word) extends AL into AH CWD (convert word to doubleword) extends AX into DX CDQ (convert doubleword to quadword) extends EAX into EDX

For example:
mov eax,0FFFFFF9Bh cdq ; EDX:EAX = FFFFFFFFFFFFFF9Bh

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

14

IDIV Instruction
IDIV (signed divide) performs signed integer division Uses same operands as DIV Example: 8-bit division of 48 by 5
mov al,-48 cbw mov bl,5 idiv bl ; extend AL into AH ; AL = -9, AH = -3

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

15

IDIV Examples
Example: 16-bit division of 48 by 5
mov ax,-48 cwd mov bx,5 idiv bx ; extend AX into DX ; AX = -9, DX = -3

Example: 32-bit division of 48 by 5

mov eax,-48 cdq mov ebx,5 idiv ebx ; extend EAX into EDX ; EAX = -9, EDX = -3

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

16

Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

Some good reasons to learn how to implement expressions:

(1 of 3)

Learn how do compilers do it Test your understanding of MUL, IMUL, DIV, and IDIV Check for overflow

Example: var4 = (var1 + var2) * var3

mov add mul jo mov eax,var1 eax,var2 var3 TooBig var4,eax

; check for overflow ; save product

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

17

Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

Example: eax = (-var1 * var2) + var3
mov neg mul jo add eax,var1 eax var2 TooBig eax,var3

(2 of 3)

; check for overflow

Example: var4 = (var1 * 5) / (var2 3)

mov mov mul mov sub div mov eax,var1 ebx,5 ebx ebx,var2 ebx,3 ebx var4,eax ; left side ; EDX:EAX = product ; right side ; final division
18

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

Implementing Arithmetic Expressions

(3 of 3)

Example: var4 = (var1 * -5) / (-var2 % var3);

mov neg cdq idiv mov mov imul idiv mov eax,var2 eax var3 ebx,edx eax,-5 var1 ebx var4,eax ; begin right side ; ; ; ; ; ; ; sign-extend dividend EDX = remainder EBX = right side begin left side EDX:EAX = left side final division quotient

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

19

Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using signed 32-bit integers:
eax = (ebx * 20) / ecx
mov eax,20 imul ebx idiv ecx

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

20

Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using unsigned 32bit integers. Save and restore ECX and EDX:
eax = (ecx * edx) / ecx
push push push mov mul pop div pop pop ecx edx eax eax,ecx edx ecx ecx edx ecx

; EAX needed later ; ; ; ; left side: EDX:EAX saved value of EAX EAX = quotient restore EDX, ECX

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

21

Your turn . . .
Implement the following expression using signed 32-bit integers. Do not modify any variables other than var3:
var3 = (var1 * -var2) / (var3 ebx)
mov eax,var1 mov edx,var2 neg edx imul edx mov ecx,var3 sub ecx,ebx idiv ecx mov var3,eax

; left side: edx:eax

; eax = quotient

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

22

Extended ASCII Addition and Subtraction

ADC Instruction Extended Addition Example SBB Instruction

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

23

ADC Instruction
ADC (add with carry) instruction adds both a source operand and the contents of the Carry flag to a destination operand. Example: Add two 32-bit integers (FFFFFFFFh + FFFFFFFFh), producing a 64-bit sum:
mov mov add adc edx,0 eax,0FFFFFFFFh eax,0FFFFFFFFh edx,0

;EDX:EAX = 00000001FFFFFFFEh

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

24

Extended Addition Example

Add two integers of any size Pass pointers to the addends and sum ECX indicates the number of doublewords
L1: mov eax,[esi] adc eax,[edi] pushfd mov [ebx],eax add esi,4 add edi,4 add ebx,4 popfd loop L1 adc word ptr [ebx],0 ; ; ; ; ; get the first integer add the second integer save the Carry flag store partial sum advance all 3 pointers

; restore the Carry flag ; repeat the loop ; add any leftover carry

View the complete source code.

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

25

SBB Instruction
The SBB (subtract with borrow) instruction subtracts both a source operand and the value of the Carry flag from a destination operand. The following example code performs 64-bit subtraction. It sets EDX:EAX to 0000000100000000h and subtracts 1 from this value. The lower 32 bits are subtracted first, setting the Carry flag. Then the upper 32 bits are subtracted, including the Carry flag:
mov mov sub sbb edx,1 eax,0 eax,1 edx,0 ; ; ; ; upper half lower half subtract 1 subtract upper half

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

26

ASCII and Packed Decimal Arithmetic

Unpacked BCD ASCII Decimal AAA Instruction AAS Instruction AAM Instruction AAD Instruction Packed Decimal Integers DAA Instruction DAS Instruction

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

27

Unpacked BCD
Binary-coded decimal (BCD) numbers use 4 binary bits to represent each decimal digit A number using unpacked BCD representation stores a decimal digit in the lower four bits of each byte
For example, 5,678 is stored as the following sequence of hexadecimal bytes:
05 06 07 08

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

28

ASCII Decimal
A number using ASCII Decimal representation stores a single ASCII digit in each byte
For example, 5,678 is stored as the following sequence of hexadecimal bytes:
35 36 37 38

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

29

AAA Instruction
The AAA (ASCII adjust after addition) instruction adjusts the binary result of an ADD or ADC instruction. It makes the result in AL consistent with ASCII digit representation.
The Carry value, if any ends up in AH

Example: Add '8' and '2'

mov mov add aaa or ah,0 al,'8' al,'2' ax,3030h ; ; ; ; AX AX AX AX = = = = 0038h 006Ah 0100h (adjust result) 3130h = '10'

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

30

AAS Instruction
The AAS (ASCII adjust after subtraction) instruction adjusts the binary result of an SUB or SBB instruction. It makes the result in AL consistent with ASCII digit representation.
It places the Carry value, if any, in AH

Example: Subtract '9' from '8'

mov ah,0 mov al,'8' sub al,'9' aas pushf or al,30h popf ; ; ; ; ; ; AX = 0038h AX = 00FFh AX = FF09h (adjust result) save Carry flag AX = FF39h (AL = '9') restore Carry flag

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

31

AAM Instruction
The AAM (ASCII adjust after multiplication) instruction adjusts the binary result of a MUL instruction. The multiplication must have been performed on unpacked decimal numbers.
mov bl,05h mov al,06h mul bl aam ; ; ; ; first operand second operand AX = 001Eh AX = 0300h

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

32

AAD Instruction
The AAD (ASCII adjust before division) instruction adjusts the unpacked decimal dividend in AX before a division operation
.data quotient BYTE ? remainder BYTE ? .code mov ax,0307h aad mov bl,5 div bl mov quotient,al mov remainder,ah

; ; ; ;

dividend AX = 0025h divisor AX = 0207h

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

33

Packed Decimal Integers

Packed BCD stores two decimal digits per byte
For example, 12,345,678 can be stored as the following sequence of hexadecimal bytes:
12 34 56 78

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

34

DAA Instruction
The DAA (decimal adjust after addition) instruction converts the binary result of an ADD or ADC operation to packed decimal format. The value to be adjusted must be in AL Example: calculate BCD 35 + 48
mov al,35h add al,48h daa

; AL = 7Dh ; AL = 83h (adjusted)

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

35

DAS Instruction
The DAS (decimal adjust after subtraction) instruction converts the binary result of a SUB or SBB operation to packed decimal format. The value must be in AL Example: subtract BCD 48 from 85
mov al,85h sub al,48h das ; AL = 3Dh ; AL = 37h (adjusted)

Irvine, Kip R. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 2003.

36