College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
May 6 Compressible-Flow-Homework Solutions
11.5 Air flows steadily between two sections in a duct. At section (1), the
temperature and pressure are 80
o
C and 301 !a(abs), and at section ("),
the temperature and pressure are #" $ 180
o
C and p" $ 181 !a(abs).
Calculate the (a) chan%e in internal ener%y between sections (1) and ("),
(b) chan%e in enthalpy between sections (1) and ("), (c) chan%e in density
between sections (1) and ("), and (d) chan%e in entropy between sections
(1) and ("), &ow would you estimate the loss of a'ailable ener%y between
the two sections of the flow(
If we assume that the heat capacity is constant the changes in interna! energy entha!py an"
entropy can be compute" by the fo!!owing e#uations$
( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

1
2
1
2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ln ln
P
P
R
T
T
c s s T T c h h T T c u u
p p v



%he heat capacity terms in these e#uations may be foun" from the %ab!e 1$8 "ata that & ' 1$( an"
) ' 28*$9 N+m,&g+- ' 28*$9 .,&g+- using the "efinition that & ' cp,c/ an" i"ea!0gas heat0capacity
re!ation cp ' c/ 1 )$
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
k
kR
kc c
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
k
R c
c
R
k
c
R
c
R c
c
c
k
v p
v
v v v
v
v
p

+
+

1004
1 40 . 1
40 . 1 9 . 286
1
2 . 717
1 40 . 1
1 9 . 286
1
1
1 1
Substituting these values into the equations above along with the given temperature
and pressure data for stations one and two gives the following results. Note that in
taking a temperature difference the result in the same in kelvins or degrees Celsius.
However, in the entropy calculation where temperature ratios are used, absolute
temperatures are required. Absolute pressures are also required in the entropy
calculation.
( ) ( )
kg
kJ
J
kJ
C C
K kg
J
T T c u u
o o
v
72 . 71
1000
80 180
2 . 717
1 2 1 2

( ) ( )
kg
kJ
J
kJ
C C
K kg
J
T T c h h
o o
p
4 . 100
1000
80 180
1004
1 2 1 2

K kg
J
kPa
kPa
K kg
J
K
K
K kg
J
P
P
R
T
T
c s s
p

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

396
301
181
ln
9 . 286
15 . 353
15 . 453
ln
1004
ln ln
1
2
1
2
1 2

he change in density is simply found by applying the ideal gas equation of state to
both points and taking the difference. Note that the S! units for the gas constant can
be e"pressed as # $ 28*$9 N+m,&g+- ' 28*$9 .,&g+- ' 28*$9 2a+m
3
,&g+- ' 0$28*9
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&2a+m
3
,&g+-$ %he fina! set of units is consistent with computing the "ensity in &g,m
3
using the
pressure in &2a an" the temperature in &e!/ins$
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 3
1
1
2
2
1 2
58 . 1
15 . 353
2869 . 0
301
15 . 453
2869 . 0
181
m
kg
K
K kg
m kPa
kPa
K
K kg
m kPa
kPa
RT
p
RT
p

he change in density has a significant effect from pressure and the flow is
compressible. %e would compute the loss in energy from equation &.'() for
compressible flow.
in
net
q pd u u Loss +

,
_

2
1
1 2
1
%e do not have the necessary information to perform the integral or to compute the
net heat addition.
11.1) *f a hi%h+performance aircraft is able to cruise at a ,ach number of 3.0 at
an altitude of 80,000 ft, how fast is this in (a) mph- (b) ft.s- (c) m.s(
%he spee" is simp!y the 7ach number times the spee" of soun"$ ;e can compute the soun"
spee" at 80000 ft using the temperature "ata for stan"ar" air at 80000 ft in %ab!e C$1 page
7*(: % ' 1*1$98
o
9 ' 397$*9 )$ <t the minimum temperature of 1(0
o
9 in %ab!e =$3 the /a!ue of &
for air is gi/en as 1$(01$ >sing these /a!ues for & an" % a!ong with the gas constant for air from
%ab!e 1$7 ) ' 171* ft+!bf,s!ug+) gi/es the soun" spee"$
( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
kRT c
f
f 8 . 977 1
69 . 397
1716
401 . 1
2

,
_

9or 7a ' 3 ? ' 34977$8 ft,s6 or V = 2933 ft/s
7u!tip!ying this answer by $30(8 m,ft gi/es V = 894.1 m/s
7u!tip!ying the origina! answer by 430 mph6 , 4(( ft,s6 gi/es V = 2000 mph
11.31 Air flows steadily and isentropically from standard atmospheric conditions
to a recei'er pipe throu%h a con'er%in% duct. #he cross section area of the
throat of the con'er%in% duct is 0.05 ft
"
. /etermine the mass flowrate
throu%h the duct if the recei'er pressure is (a) 10 psia- (b) 5 psia. 0etch
temperature+entropy dia%rams for situations (a) and (b). 1erify results
obtained with 'alues from the appropriate %raph in Appendi2 / with
calculations in'ol'in% ideal %as e3uations.
%his prob!em is simi!ar to e:amp!e 11$@ in the te:t$ ;e compute the mass f!ow rate as the
pro"uct of "ensity times /e!ocity times area at the throat$ %he "ensity is re!ate" to the 7ach
number an" the /e!ocity is the 7ach number times the spee" of soun"$
%his prob!em is for a "uct that has a con/erging section on!y$ It cannot become supersonic
because there is no increase in area beyon" the minimum throat area$ ;e first ha/e to
"etermine if the f!ow is cho&e" or not$ %o "o this we compute the critica! pressure ratio pA from
the e#uation be!ow using the /a!ue of & ' 1$( for air an" a stagnation pressure e#ua! to the
stan"ar" atmospheric pressure of 1($*9* psia$
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( ) psia psia
k
p p
k k
763 . 7
1 4 . 1
2
696 . 14
1
2
*
) 1 4 . 1 ( 4 . 1 ) 1 (
0

,
_

+

,
_

If the recei/er pressure is less than p = !.!"3 psia the f!ow is cho&e" an" we &now that the
throat 7ach number is oneB if the recei/er pressure is greater than p = !.!"3 psia the f!ow is
n#t cho&e"B the throat pressure is the recei/er pressure an" we ha/e to compute the throat 7ach
number from this pressure$
%he initia! recei/er pressure of 10 psia is greater than pA ' 7$7*3 psia so the f!ow is not cho&e"B
the throat pressure is 10 psia an" we can compute the throat 7ach number by rearranging
e#uation 11$@9 in the te:t to so!/e for the 7ach number$
7625 . 0 1
10
696 . 14
1 4 . 1
2
1
1
2
4 . 1 ) 1 4 . 1 ( ) 1 (
0

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

psia
psia
p
p
k
Ma
k k
5#uation 11$*0 gi/es the "ensity at this 7ach number$ %he "ensity of stan"ar" air 0 ' 0$00238
s!ug,ft
3
is ta&en from %ab!e 1$7$
( ) ( )
3
4 . 1 1 1
2
3
1 1
2
0
001808 . 0
7625 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1
00238 . 0
2
1
1
ft
slug
ft
slug
Ma
k
k

,
_

+
,
_

+

In or"er to fin" the /e!ocity at the throat as ? ' c47a6 we ha/e to fin" c which re#uires the
temperature$ %his is foun" from e#uation 11$@* using the stan"ar" temperature from tab!e 1$7
%0 ' @9
o
9 ' @18$*7 )$
( ) R R Ma
k
T T 6 . 464 7625 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1 67 . 518
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

;e can now compute the soun" spee" using the gas constant for air from %ab!e 1$7: ) ' 171*
ft+!bf,s!ug+)$
( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
kRT c
f
f 1057 1
6 . 464
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

So our spee" ? ' c47a6 ' 410@7 ft,s640$7*2@6 ' 80@$* ft,s$
;e now ha/e a!! the terms necessary to compute the mass f!ow rate at the throat$
( )
2
3
05 . 0
6 . 805 001808 . 0
ft
s
ft
ft
slug
VA m
0.0!28 slug/s
>sing 9igure C01 with the pressure ratio p,p0 ' 410 psia6 , 41($*9* psia6 ' 0$*8 I rea" the
fo!!owing /a!ues: 7a ' 0$** %,%0 ' 0$90 ,0 ' 0$77$ %hese ratios gi/e % ' 0$904@18$*7 )6 '
(*7 ) an" ' 0$7740$00238 s!ug,ft
3
6 ' 0$0018 s!ug,ft
3
$ 9rom the temperature an" 7ach number
we can compute the /e!ocityB we then can fin" the mass f!ow rate$
( ) ( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
kRT Ma cMa V
f
f 805 1
467
1716
40 . 1 66 . 0
2

,
_

( )
2
3
05 . 0
805 0018 . 0
ft
s
ft
ft
slug
VA m
0.0!3! slug/s
In the secon" case the recei/er pressure of @ psia is !ess than pA so the throat pressure is pA '
7$7*3 psia an" the throat 7ach number is 1$ ;e use the same e#uations as abo/e to fin" the
"ensity an" temperature at the throat$
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50mai!: !caretto8csun$e"u 83(8 9a:: 818$*77$70*2
( ) ( )
3
4 . 1 1 1
2
3
1 1
2
0
001509 . 0
1
2
1 4 . 1
1
00238 . 0
2
1
1
ft
slug
ft
slug
Ma
k
k

,
_

+
,
_

+

( ) R R Ma
k
T T 2 . 432 1
2
1 4 . 1
1 67 . 518
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

Since the 7ach number is one the /e!ocity at the throat is the soun" spee" at the temperature
Dust foun"$ Ence we fin" the /e!ocity we can compute the mass f!ow rate at the throat$
( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
c V
f
f 1019 1
2 . 432
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

( )
2
3
05 . 0
1019 001509 . 0
ft
s
ft
ft
slug
VA m
0.0!"9 slug/s
>sing 9igure C01 with the 7ach number of one I rea" the fo!!owing /a!ues: %,%0 ' 0$8( ,0 '
0$*3@$ %hese ratios gi/e % ' 0$8(4@18$*7 )6 ' (3* ) an" ' 0$*3@40$00238 s!ug,ft
3
6 ' 0$001@
s!ug,ft
3
$ 9rom the temperature we can compute the soun" spee" which e#ua!s the /e!ocity for the
7ach number of oneB we then can fin" the mass f!ow rate$
( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
c V
f
f 1023 1
436
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

( )
2
3
05 . 0
1023 0015 . 0
ft
s
ft
ft
slug
VA m
0.0!!3 slug/s
11.33 /etermine the static pressure to sta%nation pressure ratio associated with
the followin% motion in standard air4 (a) a runner mo'in% at the rate of 10
mph, (b) a cyclist mo'in% at the rate of 50 mph, (c) a car mo'in% at the rate
of )5 mph, (d) an airplane mo'in% at the rate of 500 mph.
5#uation 11$@9 gi/es the ratio of static pressure to stagnation pressure as a function of 7ach
number s#uare" ' 7a
2
' ?
2
,c
2
' ?
2
,4&)%6$
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
0
2
1
1
2
1
1
k k
k k
kRT
V k
Ma
k
p
p

,
_

+
,
_

+
9or the first three cases we assume sea !e/e! con"itions so that % ' @9
o
9 ' @18$*7

) for stan"ar"
air$ <t this temperature the soun" spee" is
( ) mph
s ft
mph
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
c
f
f
1 . 761
44
30 1
67 . 518
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

;e obtain the fo!!owing resu!ts for the first three cases:

( )
) 4 . 1 1 ( 4 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0
01314 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
1 01314 . 0
1 . 761
10

,
_

+
,
_

+
k k
Ma
k
p
p
mph
mph
Ma 0.9999
( )
) 4 . 1 1 ( 4 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0
05256 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
1 05256 . 0
1 . 761
40

,
_

+
,
_

+
k k
Ma
k
p
p
mph
mph
Ma 0.9981
.acaran"a 45ngineering6 3333 7ai! Co"e 2hone: 818$*77$*((8
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( )
) 4 . 1 1 ( 4 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0
08540 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
1 08540 . 0
1 . 761
65

,
_

+
,
_

+
k k
Ma
k
p
p
mph
mph
Ma 0.9949
9or the airp!ane we assume a typica! e!e/ation of 3@000 ft where the stan"ar" temperature is
0*@$*1
o
9 ' 39($0* )B the soun" spee" at this temperature is
( ) mph
s ft
mph
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
c
f
f
4 . 663
44
30 1
06 . 394
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

;e can now fin" the stagnation pressure ratio for an airp!ane f!ying at @00 mph at an e!e/ation of
3@000 ft$
( )
) 4 . 1 1 ( 4 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0
7537 . 0
2
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
1 7537 . 0
4 . 663
500

,
_

+
,
_

+
k k
Ma
k
p
p
mph
mph
Ma 0."8"
11.55a An ideal %as is to flow isentropically from a lar%e tan where the air
is maintained at a temperature of 56
o
7 and 80 psia to standard atmospheric
dischar%e conditions. /escribe in %eneral terms the ind of duct in'ol'ed
and determine the e2it ,ach number and e2it 'elocity if the %as is air.
;e can compute the e:it 7ach number where the pressure is the stan"ar" atmospheric pressure
of 1($*9* psia by rearranging e#uation 11$@9 in the te:t to so!/e for the 7ach number$

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
696 . 14
80
1 4 . 1
2
1
1
2
4 . 1 ) 1 4 . 1 ( ) 1 (
0
psia
psia
p
p
k
Ma
k k
1.!"$
;e can fin" the e:it /e!ocity as the pro"uct of the 7ach number an" the soun" spee"$ In or"er to
compute the soun" spee" we ha/e to compute the e:it temperature from the 7ach number using
e#uation 11$@* with the in!et temperature of @9
o
9 ' @18$*7 )$
( ) R R Ma
k
T T 6 . 319 765 . 1
2
1 4 . 1
1 67 . 518
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

;e can now compute the soun" spee" using the gas constant for air from %ab!e 1$7: ) ' 171*
ft+!bf,s!ug+)$
( )
s
ft
s lb
ft slug
R
R slug
lb ft
kRT c
f
f 3 . 875 1
6 . 319
1716
40 . 1
2

,
_

So our spee" ? ' c47a6 ' 487*$3 ft,s641$7*@6B V = 1$4" ft/s$
=ecause the e:it f!ow is supersonic a c#n%erging&di%erging n#''le is re(uired$
11.58c 9pstream of the throat of an isentropic con'er%in%+di'er%in% no::le
at section (a), 11 $ 150 m.s, p1 $ 100 !a(abs), and #1 $ "0
o
C. *f the
dischar%e flow is supersonic and the throat area is 0.1 m
"
, determine the
mass flowrate for the flow of helium.
Since we &now the throat area we can fin" the mass f!ow rate if we &now the "ensity an" /e!ocity
at the throat$ ;e "o not &now the stagnation con"itions for this prob!em but we can compute
them from the "ata that we are gi/en at station 416$ 9or he!ium we fin" & ' 1$** an" ) ' 2077
.,&g+- ' 2077 N+m,&g+- from %ab!e 1$8$ ;e use these "ata to fin" the soun" spee" of he!ium at
station 416 where % ' 20
o
C ' 293$1@ -$
.acaran"a 45ngineering6 3333 7ai! Co"e 2hone: 818$*77$*((8
50mai!: !caretto8csun$e"u 83(8 9a:: 818$*77$70*2
( )
s
m
s N
m kg
K
K kg
m N
kRT c
1005 1
15 . 293
2077
66 . 1
2
1 1

,
_

%he 7ach number at station 1 is
1492 . 0
1005
150
1
1
1

s
m
s
m
c
V
Ma
Since we &now that the e:it con"itions are supersonic this subsonic !ocation must be before the
throat in a con/erging0"i/erging noFF!e$
;e can use this 7ach number an" the gi/en /a!ues of %1 an" 21 to fin" the stagnation con"itions$
5#uation 11$@* gi/es the stagnation temperature$
( ) K K Ma
k
T T 3 . 295 1492 . 0
2
1 66 . 1
1 15 . 293
2
1
1
2 2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+
5#uation 11$@9 gi/es the stagnation pressure$
( ) kPa kPa Ma
k
p p
k k
9 . 101 1492 . 0
2
1 66 . 1
1 100
2
1
1
) 1 66 . 1 ( 66 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

<t the throat the 7ach number is one an" we can fin" the throat pressure an" temperature from
the stagnation pressure an" temperature an" the e#uations Dust use" that re!ate the stagnation
con"itions to the 7ach number$
( ) K K Ma
k
T T 0 . 222 1
2
1 66 . 1
1 3 . 295
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

( ) kPa kPa Ma
k
p p
k k
72 . 49 1
2
1 66 . 1
1 9 . 101
2
1
1
) 66 . 1 1 ( 66 . 1
2
) 1 (
2
0

,
_

+
,
_

+

%he "ensity at the throat is foun" from the i"ea! gas !aw$ Gere we use ) ' 2$077 &2a+m
3
,&g+-$
( )
( )
3 3
1078 . 0
0 . 222
077 . 2
72 . 49
m
kg
K
K kg
m kPa
kPa
RT
p

Since 7a ' 1 at the throat ? ' c there$ Ence we fin" ? ' c we can compute the mass f!ow rate
at the throat$
( )
s
m
s N
m kg
K
K kg
m N
kRT c V
9 . 874 1
0 . 222
2077
66 . 1
2

,
_

( )
2
3
1 . 0
9 . 874 1078 . 0
m
s
m
m
kg
VA m
9.43 )g/s
.acaran"a 45ngineering6 3333 7ai! Co"e 2hone: 818$*77$*((8
50mai!: !caretto8csun$e"u 83(8 9a:: 818$*77$70*2