0% found this document useful (0 votes)
165 views58 pages

Jrefrmedkifih/ Edkifiha& Tajctae Esifh A'Otwgif Jrefrmedkifih/Tcef U@

The summary discusses the political situation of Myanmar and its role in the region in 3 sentences: Myanmar has a population of over 54 million people and shares borders with India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. It has a multi-party parliamentary democracy, but the military retains significant political influence. The country faces ongoing conflicts between the government and ethnic armed groups, and concerns over the humanitarian situation and human rights abuses in Rakhine State and other areas.

Uploaded by

azphyo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
165 views58 pages

Jrefrmedkifih/ Edkifiha& Tajctae Esifh A'Otwgif Jrefrmedkifih/Tcef U@

The summary discusses the political situation of Myanmar and its role in the region in 3 sentences: Myanmar has a population of over 54 million people and shares borders with India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. It has a multi-party parliamentary democracy, but the military retains significant political influence. The country faces ongoing conflicts between the government and ethnic armed groups, and concerns over the humanitarian situation and human rights abuses in Rakhine State and other areas.

Uploaded by

azphyo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 58

jrefrmEdik if \

H Edik if aH &;tajctae
ESihf
a'otwGi;f jrefrmEdik if \ H tcef;u@

Political Situation Of Myanmar


And
Its Role In The Region

'kwd,AdkvfrSL;MuD; vSrif;
ppfr[mAsL[mavhvma&;½Hk;
umuG,fa&;0efMuD;Xme
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
tdref ;D csif;Edik if rH sm;ESiq
fh ufpyfaeaome,ferd w d t
f wdik ;f twm

w&kwf - 2192 uDvkd (1362 rdik )f


tdEd´, - 1331 uDvkd ( 827 rdik )f
b*Fvm;a'(&Sf) - 256 uDvkd ( 157 rdik )f
xkid ;f - 2096 uDvkd (1302 rdik )f
vmtdk - 224 uDvkd (139 rdik )f
yifv,furf;&dk;wef; - 2276 uDvkd (1414 rdik )f
rmwdum
1/ yx0D t aetxm;
2/ vl r sd K ;ES i f h b moma&;
3/ vG w f v yf a &;rwd k i f r D u mv
4/ Ed k i f i H a wmf \ trnf e mrES i f h y wf o uf o nf h t ½I w f t axG ; -(jref r mod k U r[k w f bm;rm;)
5/ vG w f v yf a &;&NyD ; umvjynf w G i f ; aomif ; usef ; rI
6/ rl ; ,pf a q;0g;jyóem
7/ rl ; ,pf a q;0g;yaysmuf a &;Mud K ;yrf ; rI
8/ rl ; ,pf a q;0g;wd k u f z suf a &;ud k t av;teuf r xm; [k jref r m Ed k i f i H t m;pG y f p G J j cif ;
9/ a'owG i f ; &S d r l ; ,pf a q;0g;aps;uG u f w G i f bd e f ; jzLtpm;ruf o mzuf w rif ;
(Methamphetamine) pd w f M uG a q;jym;rsm;0if a &muf v mjcif ;
10/ OD ; cG e f q monf tb,f a Mumih f 4 if ; \rl ; ,pf a q;0g;vk y f i ef ; ud k & k w f w &uf p G e f U vT w f
um rd r d \ t"d u &ef o l x H o d k U jcG i f ; csuf r &S d v uf e uf c s &ef a &G ; cs,f c J h oenf ;
11/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;rl 0 g'
12/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ wd u saomMum;aerI
13/ Ed k i f i H a wmf w m0ef u d k w yf r awmf t pd k ; &wm0ef , l p Of u mvtwG i f ; zG H U Nzd K ; wd k ; wuf r I
14/ trsd K ;om;vH k N cH K a&;ES i f h t rsd K ;om;a&;tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf a &;
twG u f Ek d i f i H w umpnf ; rsOf ; rsm;usif h o H k ; jcif ;
15/ zG J U pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'opf w pf & yf a &;qG J j cif ;
16/ vl Y t cG i f h t a&;jyóemrsm;ES i f h ‘ 'D r d k u a&pD
17/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ urÇ m UtajccH v l Y t cG i f h t a&;rsm a&;rsm;
18/ jref r mEd k i f i H ü t"¨ r ® v k y f t m;ay;rI p epf u sif h o H k ; onf [l a ompG y f p G J c suf r sm;
19/ jref r mEd k i f i H t pd k ; &onf t pd k ; &r[k w f a omtzJ G U tpnf ; rsm;?bmoma&;
toif ; tyif ; rsm;ES i h f y l ; aygif ; íuav; ol i ,f r sm;\ tcG i h f t a&; rsm;uk d umuG , f
apmif h a &S m uf j cif ;
20/ jref r mEd k i f i H o nf b moma&;ES d y f u G y f r S K jyKvk y f o nf [ l a ompG y f p J G c suf
21/ 'k w d , urÇ m ppf t wG i f ; uysuf u scJ h j yD ; &S m azG a wG U &S d c J h a omav,mOf E S i f h a vol & J
rsm;\ tMuG i f ; tusef tyk d i f ; tprsm;uk d j ref r mEk d i f i H r S j yef v nf a y;tyf & ef u rf ; vS r f ;
csuf u k d rod u sd K ;uRH j yKcJ h j cif ; /
22/ w&k w f E d k i f i H u d k 0 d k i f ; ywf y d w f q d k U a&;a'oay:vpD w G i f j ref r mEd k i f i H o nf tm;enf ;
aom uG i f ; quf j zpf a ejcif ; (wpf c k w nf ; aomr[m tif t m;MuD ; Ek d i f i H o nf urÇ m h
jid r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k N cd r f ; ajcmuf aeygoavm)
23/ a'otwG i f ; pD ; yG m ;a&;tif t m;wpf & yf j zpf a y:vma&;twG u f M uef M umaprS K wpf & yf
24/ wqif h j yD ; wqif h a jymif ; vJ a eaomjref r mEd k i f i H
25/ Ed k i f i H a wmf N id r f 0 yf y d j ym;rI w nf a qmuf a &;tzG J U (SLORC)ud k Ed k i f i H a wmf a t;csrf ;
om,m a&;ES i f h zG H U Nzd K ;a&; aumif p D (SPDC)tjzpf o d k U tb,f a Mumif h ajymif ; vJ
zG J U pnf ; &oenf ;
jrefrmEdik if \
H Edik if aH &;tajctae
ESihf
a'otwGi;f jrefrmEdik if \ H tcef;u@

1/ yx0D t aetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiHonfyx0Dtaetxm;t&ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGifwnf&dSjyD;
e,ferd wd f csif;qufpyfaeaomEdik if rH sm;rSm ajrmufbufEiS hf ta&SUajrmufbufwiG w f ½kwf
jynfolYor®wEdkifiH? ta&SUbufwGif vmtdkEdkifiH? ta&SUawmifbufwGif xdkif;EdkifiH?
taemufbufwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHESifh taemufajrmufbufwGif tdE´d,EdkifiHrsm;
jzpfonf/ r[mAsL[mtaetxm;t&½SKjrif&ygrl jrefrmEdkifiHonf awmiftm&SESifh
ta&SUawmiftm&StMum;wGifwnf&SdaejyD; ajrmufbufESifh ta&SUajrmufbufwGif
w&kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHwnf&Sdygonf/ ydkípdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;aomtcsufrSmrl
jrefrmEdik if oH nf urÇmay:wGiv f Ol ;D a& trsm;qH;k &Sad om Edik if EH pS Ef ikd if jH zpfonfh w½kwEf iS hf
tdE,d´ Edik if rH sm;Mum;wGif wnf&adS ejcif;jzpfonf/ xdYkjyiftrd ef ;D csi;f Edik if w H pfEikd if H jzpfaom
b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHonf jrefrmEdkifiHxuf tus,ft0ef;tm;jzifh ig;qrQao;i,f
aomfvnf; vlOD;a&t&oHk;qrQ ydkrdkrsm;jym;xlxyfaeaMumif; awGUEdkifygonf/odkY&mwGif
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf onf jrefrmEdik if u H o hJ Ykd obm0o,HZmw ayg<u,f0rI r&S&d rkH Qomru
ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;vdkyif obm0ab; tEÅ&m,fqdk;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkif&pjrJjzpfygonf/
2/ vl r sd K ;ES i f h b moma&;
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f t"duwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkBuD; (8)rsKd ;&Sí
d wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;i,fpk
(135)rsKd ;cefY &Syd gonf/ t"duvlrsKd ;pkBuD;rsm;rSm ucsi?f u&if? u,m;? csi;f ? rGe?f Arm?
&cdik Ef iS hf &Sr;f wdYk &odS nft h euf Armonf trsm;qH;k aom wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsdK;pkMuD;jzpfjyD;
jrefrmEdik if v H Ol ;D a&wpf&yfv;kH \ 70% &Sad Mumif;awGU&S&d ygonf/ bmoma&; ,HMk unfrI
ESiphf yfvsOf;í wpfEikd if v H ;kH vlO;D a&\ 89.2% onfA'k b ¨ mom0ifrsm; jzpfí c&pf,mef?
tpövmrf? [dEL´ ? &[l', D MkH unfu;kd uG,rf KS rsm;tjyif ewfu;kd uG,rf KS vnf; &S&d mrdrw d Ukd
,HkMunf&mtvdkuf udk;uG,fMuaMumif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
3/ vG w f v yf a &;rwd k i f r D u mv
jrefrmEdik if o
H nf vGwv
f yfa&;&&Sjd yD; ueOD;umvrSyifpwifíf jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;
rsm;tMum;wGif t,ltqESihf tjrifuv JG rJG rI sm;aMumifh jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f rSKrsm; jzpfymG ;
&ef tajctaersm;pGm jzpfay:cJyh gonf/ jrefrmEdik if \ H jynfwiG ;f aomif;usef;rSKrsm; onf
jrefrmEdkifiHudkrw&m;odrf;ydkufcJhaom NAdwdoQudkvdkeDrsm;u ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfumatmifjrifpGmjzifhtcsif;csif;udkaoG;cGJítdrfMuufcsif;tdk;rJokwfí
cGyfwwfvmatmifzefwD;cJhonfhpepfqdk;aMumihfjzpfay:vmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkUjzpf&m
oabmxm;uGv J aJG om tawG;tac:rsm;ESit hf MuHtpnf trsdK;rsdK;wdUk aMumifv h wG v
f yfa&;
r&rDtcsdefuwnf;uyifEdkifiH\pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrSKESifhaoG;pnf;cdkifrmrSKwdkUrSmwpfppD
NydKuGJcJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\trsdK;om; acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ¤if;\
0efBuD; tzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf udv k ekd t
D pd;k &\yl;aygif; BuHpnfrjI zifh 1947ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f
(19)&ufaeYwiG v f yk Bf uHowfjzwfccH &hJ onfjh zpf&yfonfjrefrmEdik if H ordik ;f wGif tBuD;rm;qH;k
aom xdcu kd ef pfemrIwpf&yfujkd zpfay:apcJh ygonf/ NAdwo d QwYkx d rH S 1948 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv
wGifvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhcsdefü jrefrmEdkifiHudk OD;aqmif yJhudkifEdkifrnfh acgif;aqmifr&Sd[k
qd&k avmufonfh tajctaeudyk ifjzpfay:apcJyh gonf/ NAdwo d QwdYk onf (19) &mpkEpS f
twGi;f ü w½kwEf ikd if EH iS b hf ed ;f ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI wd;k jr§iahf &; ud&k nf½, G vf suf jrefrmEdik if \ H
ta&SUydik ;f ESiahf jrmufyikd ;f a'orsm;wGib f ed ;f pdu
k yf sKd ; xkwv f yk rf u
I kd t"r®pwif oGwo f iG ;f ap
cdkif;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpí tqdkygvkyf&yfrsm;\tusdK;quf jyóemrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHu
tarGq;kd tjzpfqufcv H mcJ&h jyD; ,aeYxufwikd t f jrpfw, G f 'kua© y;ae onfMh uD;rm;aom
trsdK;om;a&; jyóemwpf&yftjzpfwnf&SdvmcJhygonf/
4/ Ed k i f i H a wmf \ trnf e mrES i f h y wf o uf o nf h t ½S K yf t axG ; - ( jref r m
odkUr[kwf bm;rm; )
Edik if w
H pfEikd if \H w&m;0iftrnfemrudk todtrSwjf yKac:qd&k ef jiif;qef jcif;udk
tcsKd Uaom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm; taejzifh rajymyavmufonfh ta&;udp[ ö k ,lqMurnfjzpfaomf
vnf;jrefrmvlrsKd ;trsm;pktzdYkrrd Ed idk if \ H rl&if;trnfudk todtrSwrf jyKjcif;rSmrl cHjyif;vS
onfu h pd w
ö pf&yfjzpfygonf/ rdrEd ikd if u H akd &S;trnf&if;jzihf todtrSwjf yKa&;udk ta&;xm;
av;pm;&rnfjzpfonf/odUk &mwGif jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f &SEd ikd if aH &;orm;tenf;pkwpfpu k rl 4if;
wdkU\EdkifiHa&;tusdK;udkomarQmfrSef;íNAdwdoQudkvdkeDtpdk;&uay;cJhonfh bm;rm; Burma
[laomtrnfudkqufvuf toHk;jyKvdkMuonf/
pifppfwiG ]f ] jrefrm}} [laomtrnfemrESihf NrdKUawmf ]]&efuek }f } [laom trnfemr
wdkUrSm EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUuwDxGifowfrSwfay;cJhaom
trnfemrrsm; r[kwfbJNAdwdoQudkvdkeDtpdk;&uBurma ESifh Rangoon [kajymif;vJ
ac:a0: oH;k pGo J nfu h mvrwdik rf u
D rl&if;trnfemrrsm;omvQijf zpfygonf/ 0rf;enf;zG,f
aumif;onfrmS ,cif, h cifu jrefrmEdik if u H kd pDrt
H yk cf sKyfco hJ nfh jrefrmtpd;k & tqufquf
u rl&if;trnfrsm;udk jyefvnfaz:xkwf oH;k pGjJ cif; rjyKEkid cf jhJ cif;yifjzpfonf/Edik if aH wmf
Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUtpdk;&url &nf½G,fcsufESpf&yfjzifh þa&S;rl&if;
trnfemrrsm;udk jyefvnfaz:xkwf owfrw S cf yhJ gonf/ taMumif;rSm NAdwo d Qe,fcsJU
udvk ekd w
D Ukd pd;k rd;k cJah om twdwu f mvrS vH;k 0vGwaf jrmufcNhJ yD[al omcHpm;rI &&Sad p&ef
ESifh,cifutpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTm pdwf0rf;uGJjym;cJhonfh þEdkifiHwGif ,cktcsdeftcgwGif
&&Sdvmaom trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrSKESifh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfudk az:usL;um
]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifi}H } wnf;[laom atmifvu H vkd iT x
hf v
l udk jf cif; jzpfygonf/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk (8)rsdK;tygt0if
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkaygif; (135) rsKd ;wdYkppk nf; aexdik v f su&f MdS uonf/tqdyk gwdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;BuD;(8)rsdK;teuf ArmvlrsdK;onf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfjyD; jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&\
(70) &mcdkifEIef;onf ArmvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonfhtcsufaMumifhyiff NAdwdoQudkvkdeDtpdk;&u
jrefrmEdik if u
H kd odr;f ydu k cf o
hJ nfh 1800 jynfah ESmif;ydik ;f umvwGiEf ikd if u H kd Burma ? vlrsdK;udk
Burman [k t*FvdyftoHk;tESKef;twdkif;owfrSwfac:a0:cJhonf[k ,lqEdkifygonf/
¤if;wdkYodrf;ydkufcJhaom EdkifiH\trsm;qHk;aom vlrsdK;pkBuD;jzpfonfh ArmudktajccHí
uifyeG ;f wyfo;kH EIe;f cJo h nf[k ,lqEkid zf , G jf zpfonf/ okUd aomfy*k aH 'o&Sd *lb&k m;wpfcw k iG f
at'D 1190 ESin hf rD Qaom jrefrmouú&mZfjzifu h rÜn;f xd;k xm;aom ausmufpmwpfcsyw f iG f
]]jrefrm}}[laom pmvHk;udkyxrOD;qHk;tBudrfawGU&Sd&jyD; xdkYaemufydkif;umvtqufquf
rSmvnf; ]]Arm}} [laomtrnfuo kd ;kH pGcJ jhJ cif; vH;k 0rawGU&yg/ (18) &mpkrS (19) &mpk
uke;f abmifacwfoYkd a&mufrS a&S;a[mif;ypön;f rsm;ESihf taqmufttHrk sm;wGio f m Arm
[laom pmvH;k udk yxrOD;qH;k awGU&S&d onf/ tjcm; pdw0f ifpm; zG,af umif;aom taxmuf
txm;aemufwpfcsurf mS w½kwEf ikd if o H nf jrefrmEdik if u H kd a&S;twDawuyif w½kwb f mom
jzifh ]] jrefwif}}[kac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQudkvdkeDtpdk;&u
rSnfhac:onfh trnfudkudk;um;í Arm-wif odkYr[kwf Am-wif[k ac:a0:oHk;pGJcJh
jcif;vHk;0r&SdcJhay/
vGecf ahJ om ESpt f enf;i,fu Ekid if jH cm;owif;Xmersm;rS owif;axmuf rsm;ESihf
vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; (,cifawmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;)ESifh
awGUqHak r;jref;yGw J pf&yf jyKvyk cf &hJ m wGio f wif;axmufrsm;u þtrnfajymif;jcif;udpEö iS hf
pyfvsOf;íar;jref;cJMh uonf/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u þodYk Eikd if \ H trnfukd ]]jrefrm}}
[kajymif;vJac:qdkvdkufjcif;ukdESpfoufaxmufcHaMumif;?tb,faMumihfqkdaomf ¤if;wdkU
vlrsdK;pki,frsm;ukt d odtrSwrf jyK[k rcHpm;&awmhbw J ef;wl&nfwl jrefrmEdik if o H m;tjzpf
todtrSwfjyKvufcHvkdufonf[kcH,lMuaMumif; jyefvnfajzMum;cJhMuygonf/
odkUygaomfvnf;tpdk;&udk qefYusifqJvlrsdK;pktzGJU tcsdKUurlwpfrsdK;wpfzHkajymrnfrSm
aocsmygonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf4if;wdYkonf jrefrmEdik if \ H w&m;0ifr&l if;trnfukd
todtrSwfjyK&ef jiif;qefaeaomEdkifiHa&;ygwDbufu&yfwnfaeonfhtwGuf
jzpfayonf/
xdkygwD (trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf)u trnfajymif;onfhudpo ö nf OD;pm;
ay;&rnfh udprö [kw?f qE´rjJ zifo h m qH;k jzwf&rnf[ak jymqdck yhJ gonf/ urÇmay:&Srd nfonfh
EdkifiHwGifrqdktrsdK;om;pnf;vHk; nDñGwfa&;onf tNrJwrf;xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay;rSK
wpf&yfjzpfonfjh yif jzpfvnf;jzpf&rnfjzpfonf/ þuJo h Udk wpfO;D wpfa,mufaomolu
qefUusiaf jymqkd aejcif;rSmtxl;tHMh op&maumif;vSygonf/ vufawGU ajymMupwrf;qdk
vQif NAdwo d Qudv
k ekd tD pd;k &onf Burma [k þEdik if \ H trnfukd ajymif;vJac:pOfu rJcJG
qH;k jzwfco hJ vm;[k ar;&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfcak ocsmonfrmS tu,fí Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;
omjrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&; r&rD1947 ckEpS w
f iG f vkyBf ujH cif; rcHc&hJ vQif xdpk OfutrsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; taejzifh rl&if;trnfukd jyefvnfazmfxw k o f wfrw S Mf urnfjzpfygonf/
tb,faMumifq h akd omf Burma [laomtac:ta0:onftoHxu G rf mS ;½Hrk Qru trsdK;om;
a&;ESifhordkif;a&;&m½Iaxmifhrsm;rS MunfhvQifvnf; cRwfacsmf rSm;,Gif;aeayonf/
rnfodkYqdkap? urÇmhukvor*¾tzGJUtpnf;BuD;u jrefrmEdkifiH\ trnfrSefudk
todtrSwfjyK?vufcH ac:a0:oHk;pGJxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/ xdktrnfudk ukvor*¾tzGJU0if
Edik if rH sm;u BudKufonf jzpfap? rBudKufonfjzpfap vufcMH u&rnfh wm0ef&ydS gonf/
tu,fí tajctaeu ajymif;jyefjzpfcv hJ Qif ,cka0zefajymqdak eaom tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;
uyifvdkufem&efysufuGufaomEdkifiHrsm;udk ukvor*¾\qHk;jzwfcsufudkrvdkufem[k
taMumif;jytjypfwifum xdv k ufrcHonfh Edik if rH sm;tay: ukeo f , G rf KS ydwq f Ukd jcif;rsm;ESihf
twif;t"r® 0dkif;y,fjcif; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ta&;,lay;&ef urÇmhukvor*¾vHkNcHKa&;
aumifpu D kd wduk w f eG ;f Murnfom jzpfygonf/
5/ vG w f v yf a &;&NyD ; umvjynf w G i f ; aomif ; usef ; rI
NAdwed Ef ikd if \H vuf0,frS 1948 ckEpS w f iG f vGwv f yfa&; jyefvnf&&Sv d monft h csed f
umvwGifjrefrmEdkifiHü t&yfom;tpdk;& wpfenf;qdkaomf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&u
wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfcJhygonf/tqdkygtmPm&ygwDonf ygwDwGif;y#dyu©rsm;&SdcJh
onft h jyif xdt k csed u
f tjcm;twdu k t f cH ygwDEpS cf k ESiv hf nf; tBudwt f e,f tm;NydKiv f eG f
qGaJ e&onfjzpfí wdik ;f jynfta&;xuf rdryd gwDta&;ESihf vmrnfh a&G;aumufyJG wGirf rd d
ygwD jyefvnfta½G;cH&a&;wdkYudkom OD;pm;ay;aqmif½GufcJhMuygonf/wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;\ vdt k yfcsufrsm;udyk pfy,fcNhJ yD; tpGe;f a&mufvyk &f yftcsdKUudyk if ajymifajymif
wif;wif;vkyaf qmifcahJ Mumif;awGU&SEd ikd yf gonf/ Oyrmwpf&yftaejzifjh y&vQif Ak'b ¨ mom
udk Edik if aH wmf bmomtjzpf aMunmcJjh cif; rsKd ;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if v H Ol ;D a& teuf
80% ausmo f nf Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm; jzpfMuí xdpk Ofu 0efBuD;csKyfonf rdrrd t J rsm;qH;k
&&Sad &;twGub f moma&;udck w k ;kH vkycf ahJ om aqmif½u G cf suo f nf tjcm;bmomrsm; tay:
ud;k uG,, f MkH unfonfh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk rausreyfrKS rsm;jzpfapcJjh yD; jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd f
aomif;use;f rIuw kd pfenf;wpfzkH jyefYymG ;apcJah Mumif;awGU&S&d ayonf/ xdt k csed uf tpd;k &\
vky&f yfrsm;onfrmS ;,Gi;f aeaMumif; odomxif&mS ;vSaomfvnf;xdpk Ofu wyfrawmfonf
ajymqkEd ikd cf iG hf vnf;r&Sd ?a½G;p&mvrf;vnf;r&Sí d trdeUf udk emcHum xdt k pd;k &uzefw;D cJh
onfh jynfwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm;ESifhwkdufyGJ0ifcJh&m(45)ESpfMumanmif;cJhygonf/
6/ rl ; ,pf a q;0g;jyóem
jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f rItxGwt f xdyo f Ykda&mufco hJ nf1h 949 ckEpS w f iG f wdik ;f jynf\
e,fajr 75% onf vufeufuikd f aomif;use;f oltzGUJ toD;oD;\ vuf0,fwiG af &muf&dS
aeygonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwpfjcrf;ESifh &efukefNrdKUtpGeftzsm;udkyif aomif;usef;olrsm;u
odr;f ydu k x f ed ;f csKyfxm;avonf/ xdYkaMumifh taemuftyk pf u k jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &udk oa&mf
avSmifajymifí &efukeftpdk;&[kxdktcsdefu ac:cJhMuonf/ xkdUtjyifaomif;usef;rI
udkESdrfeif;&ef ta&;wBuD;vdktyfonfh vufeufcJ,rf;udkvnf; tpdk;&udk a&mif;&ef
xdt k aemuftyk pf u k jiif;qdck o hJ nf/ okUd aomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf jynfoEl iS hf
vufwu JG m vufeufuikd t f zGUJ rsm;udk wdu k cf u
kd wf eG ;f vSecf &hJ m aemufq;kH wGif rdrw d Ykd bufrS
tay:pD;&cJhygonf/wpfzefuHraumif;taMumif;rvSbJ? 1950ckESpfwGifjrefrmEdkifiH\
ta&SUajrmufydkif;ESifh ta&SUydkif;e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif jynfyusL;ausmfrIudk cHcJh&jyefonf/
w&kwfEdkifiHawmifydkif; ,leefjynfe,frS w½kwfjynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfu
wdkufxkwfvkdufonfh uGefrifwef (KMT) wyfrsm;onf jrefrmhe,fajrtwGif;odkY
0ifa&mufcv kd KHS um wyfpcef;rsm; cscMhJ uavonf/ taemuftiftm;BuD;Edik if H wpfEikd if u H
tm&SwdkuftwGif; uGefjrLepf0g'jyefYyGm;rI wm;qD;&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzihf uGefrifwef
wyfrsm;\vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;udktm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjyKNyD; vufeuftiftm;? aiGtiftm; jzifh
yHyh ;kd ulncD MhJ uonf/ xdYk jyif 'kw, d urÇmppfNyD;csdeu f mvrSpí tar&duef jynfaxmifpk
\A[dak xmufvrS ;f a&;tzGUJ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) onf 4if;wkUd vkyif ef;
rsm;tjyifr[mrdwf jzpfaom (KMT)rsm;vSKyf&mS ;Ekid &f eftwGuaf 'owGif bde;f xkwv f yk rf I
udktm;ay;cJhjyefygonf/wzef(KMT) r[mrdwfrsm;udkomru jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;
vufeufuikd t f zGUJ rsm;udyk g vufeuftajrmuftjrm;0,f,El ikd &f ef bde;f pku d yf sKd ;xkwv f yk rf KS
rS&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;rSaiGaMu;axmufyHhcJhaMumif;awGY&Sd&ayonf/ þumv
twGi;f rSmyif jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&aSd om tar&duef oHtrwfEpS Of ;D
jzpfonhf William J.Sebald ESihf David Mc Key wdYkonf þ rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwv f yk o f nfh
e,fajrtwGi;f rdrw d Ykdtpd;k & \ vky&f yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ¤if;wdYktm; todray;jcif;udk
uefYuGufonfhtaejzifh&mxl;rS toD;oD;EkwfxGufcJhMuygonf/ þvkyf&yfrsm;onf
jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;ESifhta&SUajrmufydkif;wGif,ckrsufarSmufumvü&ifqdkifBuHKawGU
ae&onfhbdef;xkwfvkyfrI jyóemrsm;udk xdktwdwfumvuyifrsdK;aphcsay; cJhonfrSm
xif&mS ;aeygonf/ 1960ckEpS rf sm; tapmydik ;f wGif ukvor*¾tzGUJ BuD;\ BuD;MuyfrKS jzihf
KMTwyfrsm;udk avaMumif;rSw&m;0ifjyefvnf ac:xkwo f mG ;cJMh uonfh aemufyikd ;f umv
wGiyf if KMT wyfrESpcf \ k vufusefwyfzUJG 0ifrsm;onf jrefrmEdik if \ H ta&SUajrmufyikd ;f
ESit hf a&SUydik ;f e,fpyfrsm;wGif vGecf o hJ nf(h 4)ESpef ;D yg;ubde;f bk&ifceG q f m vufeufcsco hJ nfh
1996 ckEpS f tcsed t
f xd rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyif ef;rsm; wGiyf g0ifvKS yf&mS ;vkyu
f idk f vsu&f adS e
ygonf/ tjcm; pdw0f ifpm;zG,t f csuwf pf&yfrmS xdkKMTwdkYonf a½TBwd*He,fajrESifh
jrefrm-,leefe,fpyfa'owGif bde;f pkud yf sdK;xkwv
f yk rf u
I o
kd mru bde;f jzLcsufvyk rf uI ykd g
pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonfhjyif a'owGif;bdef;jzLaps;uGufrsm;udkvnf;zefwD;az:aqmif
ay;cJhygonf/
7/ rl ; ,pf a q;0g;yaysmuf a &;Mud K ;yrf ; rS K
jrefrmEdik if oH nf 1970 ckEpS rf pS í tar&dueftpd;k &ESihf yl;aygif;um rl;,pf
aq;0g;wku d zf sufa&; ppfqifa&;rsm;udk aqmif½u G cf &hJ m xdBk udK;yrf;rIrsm;udk tar&duef
tpd;k &utxl;yifcsD;usL;cJyh gonf/ 1974 ckEpS rf t S pjyKí 1988 ckEpS t f xd 14 ESpf
wmumvwGiftar&dueftpdk;&onf t"dutm;jzifhjrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;udk avhusifhay;a&;
ESihf rl;,pfaq;0g;wku d zf surf pI pfqifa&;twGuv f tkd yfonfh ud&, d mrsm;? puftydk ypön;f
rsm;jznfhqnf;ay;&mwGif wefzdk;aiGtar&duefa':vm 68 oef;xdyHhydk;ulnDcJhygonf/
þumvtwGi;f rl;,pfaq;0g;yaysmufa&;MudK;yrf;onfw h u
kd yf rJG sm;wGif jrefrmEdik if b
H ufrS
t&m&Sd?ppfonf92OD;usqHk;cJhí512OD;tjyif;txef'Pf&m&&SdcJhygonf/xdkUjyifavaMumif;
rSbed ;f yifrsm; ukad q;jzef;wku d zf sufonfh aumif;uifaq;jzef; ppfqifa&;wGif vnf;
av,mOfwpfpD;ESifh avol&JwpfOD; qHk;½IH;cJh&ygonf/ tar&duefEdkifiHrl;,pfaq;0g;
xdef;csKyfa&;tzGJU(U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency) \twnfjyKwGufcsufrSKrsm;t&
jref r mEd k i f i H \ Bud K ;yrf ; rI r sm;onf t ar&d u ef a ':vm(19)bD v D , H r Qwef z d k ; &S d a om
bdef;jzLrsm;udktaemufwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;?txl;ojzifh tar&duefEdkifiH\ vrf;rsm;ay:odkY
ra&muf&adS p&ef wm;qD;Edik cf ahJ Mumif;od&&dS ygonf/ tar&duefEikd if o H nff 1988 ckEpS rf pS í
jrefrmEdik if t H m; yHyh ;kd ulnrD KS tvH;k pHu k kd jzwfawmufcjhJ yD;aemuf 1988 ckEpS rf S 1996ckEpS f
txd jyifyulnaD xmufyrhH I r,fr,f&& r&cJah omfvnf;jrefrmEdik if o H nftar&duefa':vm
(45) bDvD,Hwefzdk;&Sdaombdef;jzLrsm;udk tar&duefEdkifiH\vrf;ray:rsm;odkY
ra&muf&Sdap&efwm;qD;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd?
ppfonfrsm;onf a½TBwd*He,fajr&Sd OD;cGefqm\rl;,pfaq;0g; wyfzGJUudk ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhNyD;
¤if;wdkUudkvnf; jcGif;csufr&Sdvufeufcs&efaqmif½GufEdkifcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\
taotaysmuf ESix hf cd u
kd f 'Pf&m&rIrsm;udk Munfrh nfqykd gu wyfrawmfom; pkpak ygif;
t&m&SdESifhppfonf (766) OD;wdkufyGJwGifusqHk;í (2300) OD;cefUjyif;xefpGm'Pf&m&
cJhonfhtjyif wefzdk;BuD;rm;onfhypönf;tajrmuftjrm;vnf; qHk;½IH;cJh&ygonf/ jrefrm
Edik if \H rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf sufa&;MudK;yrf;rSKrsm;udk tar&duef Edik if EH iS t hf aemuftyk pf k
onf todtrSwjf yKjcif;ESit hf m;ay;jcif; wdUk udjk iif;uG,f cJ&h kH omru rl;,pfaq;0g;wyfzUJG
rsm;ESihf wdu k yf 0JG if&mwGif vkt d yfonfv h ufeufc, J rf;rD;ausmuf0,f,jl cif;udyk if ukeo f ,
G rf KS
ydwq f Ykdjcif;jzifth aESmiht f ,Sut f [efYtwm;rsm;zefw;D aqmif½u G cf yhJ gonf/ rl;,pf aq;0g;
ukefoG,fonhfwyfzGJUrsm;onf tpdk;&wyfrsm;udk wkdufcdkuf&mwGif acwfrDvufeuf
rsm;toHk;jyKEdkifonfhtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdcJhMujyD; tpdk;&wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk BuD;rm;aom
taotaysmufrsm;? xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&&drS rI sm; ukjd zpfapcJah omfvnf; tpd;k &wyfrsm;taejzihrf l
t&nftaoG;edrahf om wdu k yf 0GJ ifvufeufrsKd ;udok m toH;k jyKEikd cf yhJ gonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
ajym&vQif tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf ¤if;\ taemufEikd if rH [mrdwrf sm;onfjrefrmEdik if \H rl;,pf
aq;0g; wku d zf sufa&;vkyif ef; rsm;udk yHyh ;kd uln&D ef jiif;y,f½rkH Qru ¤if;wdYk \vufeuf
0,f,lrIydwfqdkYa&;vkyf&yfjzifh wyfrawmf\rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufrIrsm;udkt&dSef
t[kefjzihfraqmif½GufEdkifatmif jrefrmEdkifiHudk[efYwm;cJhonf/
8/ rl; ,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;ud k t av;teuf rxm; [k jref rmEd k if iH
tm;pG y f p G J j cif ;
bdef;bk&ifOD;cGefqm\ vufeufudkifwyfzGJUudk obm0twm;tqD;rsm;tjyif
taemufEikd if rH sm;rS wrifzefw;D onfh vlvyk t f wm;tqD;tcuftcJrsm;Mum;rSyif jrefrm
EdkifiHonf rdrd\ &SdorQjynfwGif;tiftm;jzifh csdK;ESdrfwdkufzsufEdkifcJhygonf/ jrefrmh
wyfrawmfESifhwuG jrefrmEdkifiHüvkHjcKHa&; qdkif&mwyfzGJU0ifwdkYonftouf?aoG;? acR;ESifh
rsuf&nfu&kd if;ípGeYv f w T pf eG Yf pm;rSKrsm;pGmaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;tay:urÇmEh ikd if H toD;oD;u
jrefrmEdik if \
H BudK;yrf;rIEiS ahf tmifjrifru I kd rsm;pGmcs;D usL;cJMh uonf/ OD;cGeq f m\ jcGi;f csurf &Sd
vufeufcsrEI iS hf ¤if;\ rGex f ikd ;f wyf(Mong Tai Army - MTA) udak tmifjrifpmG zsuo f rd ;f
Edik í
f OD;cGeq f mud, k w f ikd u
f ykd if tpd;k &\ xde;f csKyfrI (odYkr[kw)f BuD;Muyfr\ I atmufwiG f
xm;&SdEdkifcJhaomfvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm; ? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh
t*FvefEikd if w H Ykdu OD;cGeq f mudk tar&duefEikd if v H uf0,foYkd Oya't&vJaT jymif;ray;jcif;?
OD;cGefqmESifhtwl tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnDw&m;pGJqdk
ta&;,ljcif; rjyKonfukd axmufjyum jrefrmEdik if o H nf rl;,pf aq;0g;wdu k zf suaf &;udk
tav;teuf aqmif½Gufjcif;r&Sd[kqufvufí pGyfpGJajymqdkMujyefonf/ þae&mwGif
tvm;wl udprö sm;ESihf ywfoufí tar&duefEikd if u H udik w f ,
G u
f sifoh ;kH onfeh nf;ESihf
jrefrmEdik if uH usifo h ;kH onfeh nf;wdUk udk EIid ;f ,SOMf unfyh gupdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ygonf/
tar&duefEdkifiHonf yem;rm; acgif;aqmifaemf&Dat;*g; (Noriega)ESifhukdvHbD,m
rl;,pf*kdPf;acgif;aqmiftufpfudk;bm;(Escobal) wdkYudk rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyf
a&mif;0,frKS jzifh tar&duefEidk if w H iG wf &m;pGqJ cdk jhJ cif;rSmtar&dueftpd;k &twGuf ausmMf um;
rSKESifhemrnfaumif;&&Sdapaom EkdifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfAef;jyrSKwpf&yftaejzifhom
vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGift"duusonfhar;cGef;wpf&yfudk þae&mwGif
ar;jref;oifyh gonf/þodUk vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G rf KS aMumihf ]] oufqikd &f m xdEk ikd if rH sm;rS
tar&duefEikd if o H Ykdp;D 0ifvsu&f adS om rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJyh govm; (odYkr[kw)f
avsmhenf; oGm;cJhygovm;}} [lonfhar;cGef;yifjzpfonf/ tajzrSm&Sif;vSygonf/
ravsmhonfhtjyif ydkíyifwdk;vmaMumif;awGU&dSEdkifygonf/ OD;cGefqm jcGif;csufr&Sd
vufeufcs NyD;onfah emuf jrefrmEdik if H utoH;k jyKcahJ om enf;rSm ¤if;\wyfukd zsuo f rd ;f í
OD;cGefqmESifhxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;udktpdk;&xdef;csKyfrIESifhBuD;MuyfrIatmufwGif
xm;&SdEdkifcJhjyD; ¤if;\wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udkrdrdwdkY&yf½GmtoD;oD;odkUjyefvnfapvTwfí omref
jynforl sm;tjzpfaexdik Ef ikd &f ef yHyh ;dk ulnrD KS rsm;udak qmif½u G af y; Edik cf yhJ gonf/acgif;aqmif
ydkif;udkvnf;w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;jzifhb0opf xlaxmifEdkif&ef vdktyfonfh
aiG a Mu;ES i f h t jcm;axmuf y H h r I r sm;aqmif & G u f a y;cJ h o nf / xd k a cgif ; aqmif r sm;onf
Edik if jH cm;wGiyf ikd q
f ikd rf KS rsm;&Sad umif;&SEd idk yf gonf/odYk&mwGif rnfonfEh ikd if u H rS xdo k wif;rsKd ;
ay;rvmonfhtwGufaMumifh xdkacgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&uyJrjzpfrae
wm0ef,líOya'ESifhnDaomb0opfxlaxmifay;umtrsm;jynfolrsm;ESifhwpfajy;nD
0ifqHUvmap&efaqmif½GufcJh&ygonf/þenf;onfvlxkqufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;t&
tpd;k &twGuef mrnfaumif;&apaom 0g'jzefYcsda&;vky&f yfr[kwo f vkx d ifay:ausmfMum;
rI vnf;&&dSjcif;r&dSyg/okdUaomfvnf;jyóemajz&Sif;a&;twGuftrSefwu,fyif
vufawGUusonfhenf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpfoufaojycJhayonf/xdkYjyif uREkfyfwdkY\
ajrjyifpm&if; Z,m;aumuf,lwGufcsufrIt& ajym&vQifbdef;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfrI
rSmodoo d mom avsmu h somG ; aMumif;awGU&d&S aomfvnf;taemufEikd if rH sm; \tpD&ifcpH m
rsm;urlxkdokdU r[kwfbJajymif;jyefa&;om;azmfjyxm;onfudkawGU&dS&ygonf/
odkYaomfjrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifhpdwf&if;apwemtrSefjzifhqE´jyKvdkonfrSm þrl;,pf
aq;0g;ab;tEÅ&m,fq;kd ½Gm;pGmusa&mufcpH m;ae&onfEh ikd if rH sm;taejzifh tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;udk
tjypfwifvufñSdK;xdk;pGyfpJGaernfhtpm; þjyóemudk&ifqkdifajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf
vufawGUusNyD; trSefwu,fxda&mufpGmtaumiftxnfaz:Edkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;
udk&SmazG&efyifjzpfonf/tar&duefwdkUukd,fwkdif jiif;csufxkwfr&avmufatmif
atmifjrifrrI &cJah omenf;vrf;rsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;tay:vufcH usio hf ;Hk &ef zdtm;ay;jcif;
onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;udkrnfodkYrQtaxmuftul ay;
Edkifrnfr[kwfay/w&m;r0ifrl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh ywfoufaomtwdwfzdpD;rSKjzpf&yfrsm;
tjyifxdyfoD;tiftm;BuD; EdkifiHrsm;\rqifrjcifvkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh
ywfoufí "m;pmcHjzpfcJh&onfhjrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkUaomzGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHi,fwpfckudk
tqufrjywftjypfwifaejcif;oufoufonf rl;,pfaq;0g;tEÅ&m,fwdkufzsufa&;
twGurf nfoYkdrQ tusKd ;&Srd nfr[kwaf y/ xkYdtjyif jrefrmEdik if \ H rl;,pfaq;0g; wku d zf suf
a&;vky&f yfrsm;ESihf bde;f pku d yf sKd ; xkwv f yk &f mEkid if rH sm;\ BudK;yrf;rSKrsm;ukd tar&dueftpk;d &
taejzifh taMumif;rJh oufouftodtrSwrf jyKbJaejcif;tjyif rl;,pfaq;0g;0,fvt kd m;
odkYr[kwfoHk;pGJvdktm;udk&yfwefYoGm;atmif odkYwnf;r[kwftenf;qHk;avsmhenf;atmif
xdef;csKyfay;vdkonfhpdwfqE´r&Sdjcif;onf vHk;0vufawGUrusonfhtjyifrdkufrJvGef;&m
usonf[kyifrSwfcsufcs&ygrnf/
9/ a'owG i f ; &S d r l ; ,pf a q;0g;aps;uG u f w G i f b d e f ; jzLtpm;ruf o m
zufwrif; (Methamphetamine) pdwfMuGaq;jym;rsm;0ifa&muf
vmjcif ;
OD;cGefqmonf jrefrmtpdk;&xHwGif vufeufcsNyD;onfhaemufydkif; a½TBwd*H
e,fajrESihf a'otwGi;f &Sd tem*wf rl;,pfaq;0g; ul;oef;a&mif;0,frEI iS hf ywfoufNyD;
xifaMu;rsm;? a[mude;f rsm;ESihf t,ltq trsKd ;rsKd ;jzpfay:cJyh gonf/ taumif;jrif0g'Drsm;
tzdkU tem*wftvm;tvmonftvGeftm;wufzG,f&mjzpfjyD; wpfjcm;olrsm;url
apmifMh unf&h ef vdak yvdrrhf nf[k ,lqMuonf/ þudpEö iS yhf wfoufí jrefrmtpd;k &\
tjrifukd odvMkd uojzihf bufpakH xmifph u kH csOf;uyfcMhJ uonf/ tpd;k &taejzifv h nf;
vufawGUusus?,kwådaA'usus ½IaxmifhrSjyefvnfwkHUjyefajzMum;cJhygonf/
jrefrmtpd;k &onf OD;cGeq f m\ jcGi;f csurf &Sv d ufeufcsru I kd vSKd uv f yJS sLiSmpGmvufcH
BudKqdkcJhonf/jrefrmEdkifiHwGifbdef;pdkufysdK;rSKESifhrl;,pfaq;0g;(bdef;jzL) xkwfvkyfaejcif;
udrk l vH;k 0yaysmufomG ;onftxd trsKd;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yftjzpfqufvufaqmif½u G f
&eftcdkiftrmoHEdéVmefcsxm;NyD;jzpfonf/odkUaomfvnf;EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;uvnf;
rd r d w d k Y q d k i f & mtoD ; oD ; xrf ; ½G u f & rnf h w m0ef 0 wå & m;rsm;ud k o ,f y d k ; aqmif ½ G u f & ef
qE´r&Syd gu jrefrmEdik if \ H tm;oGecf eG pf u kd rf ;l ,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf sufa&; BudK;yrf;rSKrsm;rSm
t&mrxifonfhjyif avsmfuefrSKvnf;&Sdrnfr[kwf[k EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u,HkMunfxm;
onf/ txl;ojzifhurÇmay:wGiftBuD;rm;qHk;aom bdef;jzLaps;uGufBuD; ESpfckjzpfonfh
tar&duefEikd if EH iS t hf *FvefwYkdu tjcm;Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f ESiyhf ;l aygif;umrdrw d Ykdtykid ;f
rStxl;wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;ukd tm;MudK;rmefwuf xrf;½Guf&ef
jiif;qdak ejcif;aMumif¤h if;wdUk Ekid if rH sm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom BuD;rm;vSonfh rl;,pfaq;0g;
aps;uGuBf uD;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H ygt0if urÇmay:&Sd zGUH NzdK;qJEikd if H trsm;tjym;\
urÇmhrl;,pfaq;0g;ul;oef;a&mif;0,frSKudk&Sifoefvm&ef rD;avmif&m avyifhovdk
jzpfaeygonf/ þuJhokdUaomtajctaeqkd;rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH
onf rdrduJhodkY rl;,pfaq;0g; tEÅ&m,fudk wdkufzsuf&efwef;wloHEdéVmefcsxm;aom
Edik if tH csKd UESiyhf ;l aygif;íqufvufaqmif½u G &f rnfw h m0efrsm;udw k m0efoo d jd zifh wuf<upGm
xrf;½GufNyD; rl;,pfaq;0g;tEÅ&m,fwkdufzsufa&;wdkufyGJudkwpfurÇmvkH;&Sdvlom;
tm;vk;H twGuq f ufvuf qifEo TJ mG ;rnf jzpfygonf/ tenf;qH;k ?tedrq hf ;kH tqift h aejzifh
rdrw d Ukd Edik if o
H m;rsm;udrk ;l ,pfaq;0g; tEÅ&m,frS umuG,af pmifah &SmufomG ;rnfjzpfygonf/
rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pGaJ om(odUk r[kw)f rl;,pfaq;0g;0,fvt kd m;aumif;onfEh ikd if rH sm;
taejzihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf KS odUk r[kwpf w d yf g0ifpm;rSKESiphf w
d q f E´uif;rJjh cif; wdUk aMumifh
av;av;eufeuf MudK;yrf;tm;xkwaf eaomEdik if rH sm;\ rl;,pfaq;0g;yaysmufa&;vkyif ef;
aqmif&Guf&efrSm tjynhft0atmifjrifrSK&&dS&efjzpfEdkifp&mr&dSonfudkEdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;uaumif;pGmodjrifem;vnfxm;Muygonf/rnfodkYyifjzpfap jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh rl;,pf aq;0g;qefYusiaf &;rl0g' udw k pfpu kd rf wfrwfc,H v l ukd ef m xm;onfEiS hf
tnDrl;,pfaq;0g;tEÅ&m,fqefYusifa&;wdkufyGJudk qufvufqkH;cef;wkdifqifEJT&ef
qHk;jzwfxm;jyD;jzpfonf/ odkYjzifhbdef;pdkufysKd;rIonfvnf;wjznf;jznf;usqif;oGm;um
wpfzufwGifvnf; bdef;jzLxkwfvkyfrSKygwdkuf½dkufusqif;oGm;rnf[k jrefrmEdkifiHu
taumif;jrifbufodkUtjrJarQmfvifhtm;xm;cJhayonf/
þudpEö iS phf yfvsO;f í urÇmu h v k or*¾Eikd if w H umrl;,pfaq;0g;xde;f csKyaf &;
tpDtpOf(UN International Drug Control Programme- UNDCP ) rSjrefrmEdik if \ H
aqmif½u G cf surf sm;udk xdu k x f u kd w f efwef todtrSwjf yKjyD; rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf suaf &;
wGif jrefrmwdUk \BudK;yrf;rIEiS yhf ;l aygif; aqmif½u G rf w
I Ykdtay: cs;D usL; cJo h jzihf jrefrmEdik if H
tpd k ; &taejzif h r sm;pG m 0rf ; ajrmuf * k P f , l c J h y gonf / UNDCP ud k , f p m;vS , f u
befaumufNrdKUwGif usif;ycJhaom 1998 ckESpf?EdkifiHwumrl;,pfaq;0g; xdef;csKyfrI
bkwftzGJU pwifxlaxmifaom tcrf;tem;wGifrdefYcGef;ajymMum;&müxdkESpftwGuf
jrefrmEdik if H twGi;f bde;f xkwv f yk rf I odoo d momavsmhusoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;udk tpD&ifcH
wif j ycJ h o nf / 1999ck E S p f ? azazmf 0 g&D v wG i f &ef u k e f ü usif ; ycJ h a om
EdkifiHwumbdef;jzLaqG;aEG;yGJ (International Heroin Conference) usif;ypOfuvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ rl;,pfaq;0g; xdef;csKyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIrsm;tay: tpnf;ta0;
wufa&mufolrsm;u csrSwfcJhonfhrSwfcsuf rsm;ESifhtjrifrsm;onf "r®"dXmefusí
tjyKoabmaqmifcyhJ gonf/ odYk aomf tar&duef jynfaxmifpEk iS hf Oa&myor*¾(E.U.)
ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;onf 'D r d k u a&pD E S i f h v l Y tcG i f h t a&;ud k taMumif ; jyum
rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf þrQta&;BuD;vSaomawGUqHk aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;udk
oydwfarSmufcJhMuygonf/ EdkifiHwum&JtzGJUtpnf; (INTERPOL) \taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL; onfvnf;xkt d yk pf rk sm;\ jyif;xefaomzdtm;ay;rIaMumifh þaqG;aEG;yGo J Ykd
ud k , f w k d i f r wuf a &muf E d k i f c J h a omf v nf ; atmuf y go0Pf v T m ud k a y;yd k U cJ h y gonf /
]]Oya'ESiq hf efYusifaom bde;f jzLxkwv f yk rf EI iS hf a&mif;0,fazmufum;rI wdu k zf suf a&;udk
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh txl;wvnfaumif;rGefpGm aqmif½GufaeaMumif;udk EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;u od&Sd&ef tcsdefwefaeNyD}} [kaz:jyyg&dSygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf rdrd\BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;
t0dik ;f \ todtrSwjf yKrIMum;rSyif þrl;,pfaq;0g;vkyif ef;ESihf ywfoufí ,ckwikd f
&wufrat;pd;k &drzf , G &f mtajctae &Sad ecJyh gonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf þa'owGif
rl ; ,pf a q;0g;0if a &muf t jrpf w G , f c J h o nf r S m &mpk E S p f w pf p k y if a usmf v G e f c J h j cif ;
aMumihfjzpfayonf/þw&m;r0ifrl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;onf a':vmuka#aygif;rsm;pGm
tjrwftpGe;f &daS om vkyif ef;wpfck jzpfonft h jyif pepfwus zGUJ pnf;xm;aom Edik if w H um
&mZ0wf*kdPf;rsm;tygt0if aemufuG,fwGif wefcdk;tiftm;BuD;rm;olrsm; trsm;tjym;
vnf; yg0ifywfoufaeaomaMumifh þppfyu JG kd tvG,w f ul tEdik &f &drS nf r[kwaf Mumif;
jrefrmEdik if u H odjrifxm;ygonf/okYdjzpfygíurÇmv h rl tI odik ;f t0dik ;f taejzifþ h udpt ö wGuf
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;?wpfEdkifiHESifhwpfEdkifiHxda&mufpGmyl;aygif;aqmif½GufEkdifaomtzGJU
wpfzUJG taejzifyh ;l aygif;vSKyf&mS ; aqmif&u G rf o S mvQifþppfyu JG tkd Edik &f Edik rf nfjzpfygonf/
odYkro S muREykf w f Ukd \ ypöKyeÜ v f o l m;rsm; ESit hf em*wfrsKd ;qufopfrsm;tm;vH;k rl;,pfaq;0g;
tEÅ&m,fuif;vGwf íuse;f rma&;ESijhf ynfph NkH yD; vHNk cHKpw d cf s&onfb h 0rsKd ;udk pHpm;&&Sd Edik rf nf
jzpfonf/
odkUaomfa,bk,stm;jzifhajym&vQiftay:,Htaetxm;ü rl;,pfaq;0g;
wdkufzsufa&;udpEö Sifh pyfvsOf;NyD; vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;ESifhtjyeftvSefvSKyf&Sm;aqmif½GufrIrsm;
&Sad eonf[x k if&aomfvnf; trSepf ifppf xda&mufonfh yl;aygif;aqmif½u G rf I r&Sad o;
onfukd rnforl Qrjiif;qdEk ikd af y/zGUH NzdK;NyD;Edik if rH sm;wGi&f adS eonfh pepfwuszUJG pnf;xm;aom
ajratmuf&mZ0wf*P kd ;f rsm;\ rl;,pfaq;0g;vSKyf&mS ;rIrsm;tay:xde;f csKyfrI r&So d avmuf
enf;yg;jyD;tqdyk g*dP k ;f rsm;\vufvrS ;f rDrS o I nf &Snv f sm;vSízGUH jzdK;jyD; Edik if rH sm; omru
zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;udkvnf;Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHrS rl;,pfaq;0g;
wku d zf suaf &;t&m&Srd sm;onfþtcsuu f xkd nho f iG ;f pOf;pm;jyD; OD;cGeq f mvufeufcsNyD;onfh
aemufydkif;ü rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,frIonfa':vm uka#aygif;rsm;pGmwefaom
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; wpf&yfjzpfaeí þvkyif ef;udk vG,u f pl mG ESrd ef if;Edik rf nfr[kwo f nfh
tjyifqufvuf&Sifoef wnf&SdaernfjzpfaMumif;MudKwifa[mudef; xkwfcJhzl;ygonf/
bde;f ESirhf ;l ,pfaq;0g;xkwv f yk rf w
I u
kd zf suaf &;udak qmif&u G af eaomjrefrmwkUd \BudK;yrf;rIrsm;
onfatmifjrifonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; xdkatmifjrifrI\oufwrf;rSmwdkawmif;rnf
jzpfygonf/tb,faMumifq h akd omfa'owGi;f ESiu hf rÇmrh ;l ,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,f azmufum;
rIwGifbdef;udktajccHonfhrl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;\ae&mwGif"mwkaA'ypönf;rsm;jzifh
csuf v k y f o nf h t jcm;pd w f < uaq;0g;trsd K ;tpm;rsm;tpm;xd k ; 0if a &muf v mrnf u d k
BudKwifcefYrSef; cJhygonf/
xkdtcsdefuBudKwifcefUrSef;cJhonfhtwkdif;,aeYa'oqdkif&m rl;,pfaq;0g;
ukeo f , I iG f rufomzufwrif; (Methaphetamine)ac:"mwkaA'tajccHypön;f rsm;jzifh
G rf w
csuv f yk o
f nfh aq;0g;onf t½Sed t f [kejf zifh ZGww f ;kd 0ifvmNyDjzpfí jrefrmEdik if t H ygt0if
a'owGi;f &Sd Edik if rH sm;taejzifh ,if;rl;,pf aq;0g;rsm;\om;aumifrsm;wpfzef jzpfMu
&jyefonf/ odkYaomfvnf;t&yfav;rsufESmrSyk*dK¾ vfrsm;url xHk;pHtwdkif;yif olwpfyg;
tay:vG,fvifhwul "m;pmcHtjzpf tjypfyHkcsum jrefrmEkdifiHukdvnf;þrufom
zufwrif;aq;0g;xkwfvkyfrI\A[dktcsuftcsmEdkifiHtjzpfpGyfpGJajymqdkvsuf½Sdaejyef
onf/tpdk;&udkvnf;vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfwdkYudktjynfht0aqmif½Gufjcif;r&Sd[k
ajym½Hrk Qru þxkwv f yk rf uI ykd iftm;ay;aeonf[t k csKUd u r[kwrf rSef pGypf aJG jymqdv k suf
½SdaMumif; awGY½Sd&ayonf/
þ"mwkaA'tajccHypönf;rsm;jzifhcsufvkyfxm;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udk a'otwGif;
wGif vGecf o hJ nfh (10)ESpcf efYrpS í xkwv f yk af &mif;csrKS rsm;½Sad ecJah omfvnf; jrefrmEdik if üH rl
vGefcJhonfh(2) ESpfausmfumvrSpí rufomzufwrif;aq;jym;rsm; pwifay:ayguf
vmcJah Mumif; od½&dS ygonf/ ,cktcgü rl;,pfaq;0g;wdu k zf suaf &;qkid &f m jrefrmt&m&Sd
rsm;onfþrl;,pfaq;0g;trsdK;tpm;xkwfvkyfrSKESifhywfoufí wwfpGrf;uRrf;usifrSK
ydk&SdaomEdkifiHrsm;?tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufvsuf&Sdayonf/
xdkodkYaom csufvkyfonfhpdwf<uaq;jym;rsm;xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf"mwkaA'
ypönf;rsm;vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifpdwfMuGaq;jym;rsm; xkwfvkyf&mwGift"du
tokH;jyK&ef vkdtyfonfhrnfonfh"mwkaA'aq;0g;rS xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;vHk;0r&dSyg/
xdkYaMumifh rufomzufwrif;xkwfvkyf&mwGifvdktyfonfh þf"mwkaA'aq;rsm;udk
xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiHrsm;rS w&m;r0ifcdk;oGif;aeMuonfudk rjiif;qdkEdkifacs/ þ"mwkaA'
aq;rsm;udk w&m;0ifxkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom xdkEdkifiHrsm;rS wm0ef&SdtmPmydkifrsm;onf
¤if;"mwkaq;rsm;udk raumif;rIusL;vGefolrsm;ESifh&mZ0wf*dkPf;rsm;vufxJodkYrus
a&mufapa&; aqmif½Guf&ef txl;yifta&;BuD;ygonf/ enf;ynmoabmt&ajym&
vQif þpdwfMuGaq;jym;rsm;ukdrnfonfhae&mürqdk xkwfvkyfEdkifygonf/ xkwfvkyfrI
twGufus,f0ef;onfhae&mvnf;rvdktyfíxkwfvkyfolrsm;taejzifh aq;jym;rsm;udk
Aifum; (Van) twGi;f üyif xkwv f yk Ef ikd of nf/ þaq;jym;twGuf aps;uGuo f nfvnf;
xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif&SdaeNyD; þvdktyfonfh"mwkaq;rsm;udkvnf; xdkEdkifiHrsm;twGif;üyif
xkwv f yk af &mif;csvsu&f adS eygonf/ odYktwGuaf Mumifh rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,fol (0g)
yGpJ m;odYkr[kwf &mZ0wf *dP k ;f wpf*P kd ;f onf rnfonft h aMumif;aMumifh pdwMf uGaq;jym;
xkwfvkyf&mwGiftoHk;jyK&efvdktyfonfh w&m;0ifxkwfvkyfa&mif;csvsuf&Sdaom 4if;wdkU
EdkifiHtwGif;rS"mwkaq;rsm;udkjrif;rsm;?txrf;orm;ay:wmrsm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHbuf&Sd
awmrsm;twGif;odkYcufcufcJcJjzihfw&m;r0ifo,faqmifvmumrl;,pfaq;jym;rsm;vm
a&mufxw k v f yk Nf yD; awmrsm;? awmifrsm;ukd wpfzefausmjf zwfí xkwv f yk Nf yD; aq;jym;rsm;udk
rdrw d Ykd Eikd if t
H oD;oD;&Sad ps;uGurf sm;odYk jyefvnfyYkd aqmifaeMuygonf [laompGypf cJG suf ukd
em;vnf&efcJ,Of;ygonf/þenf;vrf;rsdK;usifhokH;jcif;onfrl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,f
azmufum;a&;vkyif ef;wGif pD;yGm;a&;t& wGuaf jcruku d Ef ikd o
f nft h jyif vufawGUvnf;
rusyg/
tvGwo f abm½Ijrifavhvmolrsm;ESihf cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmavhvmoltcsKd Uu þvky&f yf
rsm;\ aemufu, G w
f iG f rodjrifEikd af om &nf½, G cf sufrsm;&Srd nf[vk nf;odjrifxm;Muyg
onf/ ¤if;wdkUtaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; odkYr[kwfjrefrme,fpyfwpfavQmufwGif
xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom þaq;0g;onfjrefrmaps;uGuftwGufvsmxm;jcif;jzpfjyD;
tcsdKUudkrltdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;\aps;uGufrsm;qDodkYo,faqmifoGm;&eftwGufjzpfEdkif
aMumif;udkvnf;em;vnfoabmaygufMuygonf/odkY&mwGif þvkyf&yf\aemufuG,f&Sd
wu,f&h nf½, G cf sufrmS jrefrmEdik if u
H kd a'oaps;uGut f wGuf rufomzufwrif; w&m;
r0iftrsm;qHk;xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiHtjzpftxifrSm;tjrifrSm;jzpfvmap&ef "m;pmcHtjzpf
wrifoufoufzefwD;onfhtjyif? tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;udkrljrefrmEkdifiH\'PfukdcHae&
aom EkdifiHrsm;tjzpfxifjrifvmap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifhpepfwusaqmif&Gufaejcif;
jzpfonf/
þtajctjrpfr&Sad om pGypf cJG surf sm; &Sad eapumrl jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &onf pum;
ppfxdk;&efqE´r&SdojzihfþtEÅ&m,fusa&mufvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESihf twlwuG
vufwu JG m rl;,pfaq;0g;jyóemudk tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif½u G of nfh pdw"f mwf
rsdK;jzifh urÇmhEdkifiHtodkif;t0dkif;wpfckvHk;u ta&;wBuD;ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif;udkom
txl;vdkvm;vsuf &dSaMumif;tcgrvyfxkwfaz:ajymMum;cJhygonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh þrl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fraI Mumifh tEÅ&m,fusa&muf Edik o f nfh urÇmwpf0rS ;f &Sd
vlom; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm\b0udak xmufxm;&efvt kd yfygonf/xkad Mumihf ud, k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;
udk tajccHonfh Edik if aH &;udak b;z,fí trSew f u,f vkt d yfaeonfh yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf KS
jyo&ef vkt d yfaejyDjzpfaMumif;ukd jrefrmtpd;k &taejzihf txl;wku d wf eG ;f ESKd ; aqmfxm;jyD
;jzpfygonf/
10/ OD;cGefqmonf tb,faMumihf4if;\rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief; udk&kwfw &u &uff
pG e f U vT w f u m rd r d \ t"d u &ef o l x H o d k U jcG i f ; csuf r &S d v uf e uf c s&ef
a&G;cs,fcJh oenf;
jrefrmEkid if t H pd;k &onfq,fpEk pS af ygif;rsm;pGmMumrQ OD;cGeq f m\rH;k xdik wf yf Mong
Tai Army (MTA) ESiw hf u
kd yf rJG sm;&kww
f &ufjyD;qH;k oGm;onfurkd sm;pGmyif pdwo f ufom&m
&cJhygonf/tb,faMumihfqdkaomf MTA ESifh ppfqifa&;aMumihf ESppf Ofxcd u kd f 'Pf&m&?
aoqHk;rSKESKef;onfMuD;rm;onhftjyif xkdppfqifa&;MuD;rsm;twGuf ESpfpOf oHk;pJG&onhf
ukefusp&dwfrSmEdkifiHawmftwGuf 0efxkyf0efydk;MuD; wpf&yfjzpfcJhygonf/ &&dSxm;aom
owif;rsm; ESiu hf iG ;f qif; wGucf surf KS rsm;t& vufeufcsaomtcsed w f iG f MTA onftpd;k &
\ppfqifa&;rsm;udEk pS t f wefi,fxcd ck w H eG ;f vSeEf ikd af om taetxm; wGi&f aSd e onht f jyif
qufvufcck w H u dk cf ukd &f efvnf;MudKwifjyifqifxm;jyD; jzpfygonf/OD;cGeq f mESio l MTA
fh \
tzJGUonfjrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&xHodkUvufeufcscJhjcif;onf urÇmUtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf
rsm;pGmpdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;aom owif;wpfy'k f jzpfcyhJ gonf/ urÇmt&yf&yfrS þuJo h Ukd
vufeufcsjcif;ESiyhf wfoufí wufwufpifatmifvaGJ eaom xifaMu;rsm;?cJjG crf;pdwjf zmrSK
rsm;ESihfavhvmoHk;oyfcsuf trsKd;rsKd;xGufay:vmcJhygonf/
rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fazmufum;rSKwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmusifvnfcJhaom
OD;cGefqmonf þw&m;r0ifrl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;ESihfpyfvsOf;í ouf&dS
pG,fpHkusrf;wpfapmifozG,fjzpfaeonfudk jiif;qdkír&EdkifonfrSmxif&Sm;ygonf/
xdkUaMumihfjynfy&dSvlyk*dK¾ vfrsm;ESifhtzJGUtpnf;wpfcsKdUuOD;cGefqmvufeufcsoGm;onfudk
b0ifrus?pdwfrcsjzpfaeMuonfrSmvnf;jiif;uG,fír&ay/¤if;wdUk onf OD;cGeq f m od&Sd
ydkifpdk; xm;onhfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;aMumihf ydkíyifpdk;&drfruif; jzpfaeMuygonf/
Edik if jH cm;tpd;k & wpfco k nfO;D cGeqf mudzk rf;qD;Edik af &; (odUk r[kw)f OD;cGeq f mudk zrf;qD;&ef
twGuf owif;ay;edik jf cif; twGuf qkaMu; aiGtar&duefa':vm 2 oef;ay;rnf[yk if
aMunmcJyh gonf/ wyfrawmfonf 1988ckEpS w f iG f Edik if aH wmf\ wm0efrsm;udk vJaT jymif;
&,lcJh&m tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESihfEU EdkifiHrsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;aompGyfpJGcsufrsm;jzihf
taMumif;jyum rl;,pfaq;0g;xde;f csKyrf KS tygt0ifjrefrm Edik if t H wGuaf xmufyhH rSKtrsK;d rsK;d
udk &kwo f rd ;f cJo h nf/ þaqmif&u G cf suo f nfO;D cGeq f mtm; rdr\ d rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv f yk rf KS
ESifh a&mif;0,fazmufum;rSKvkyif ef;udk rsm;pGmMuD;rm;aom twkid ;f twmtxd wd;k csJU&ef
tcGit fh vrf;jzpfapcJyh gonf/xdUk tjyif MTA onfvt l iftm;ESiafh iGaMu;t&vnf; cGet f m;
awmihfwif;apjyD; ydkrdkckdifrmapcJhygonf/
1989ckESpfwGif wpfMudrf? 1994ckESpfwGif wpfMudrftar&dueftpdk;&onf
OD;cGeq f mtm; zuf'&,fr;l ,pfaq;0g;Oya'rsm;csKd;azgufrKS jzihf 2 Mudrw f idk pf cGJ sufwifum
¤if;tm;zrf;qD;&ef 1989ckeSpfESihf 1994ckESpfwdkUwGif0&rf;rsm;xkwfjyefcJhonf/ odkUaomf
ydí
k tHMh ozG,af umif;onfrmS 1994ckEpS ?f atjyDv 23 &ufaeUwGif ,ciftar&duef or®w
rpö w m*sif r D u mwmvuf x uf u or ® w \rl ; ,pf a q;0g;tMuH a y;t&m&d S j zpf c J h o l
Mr. Peter Bourne onf MTA XmecsKyf&Sd OD;cGeq f mxHoUkd vma&mufu f m wpfywfausmrf Q
aexkid o f mG ;jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;odUk aexdik pf OftwGi;f rdr\ d trSKudprö sm;rS vGwu f if;
ap&eftwGuEf ikd if aH &; vSnu fh u
G rf sm;usio f mudk Mr. Peter Bourne utMuHay;
fh ;kH &ef OD;cGeq
cJhygonf/xdkUjyifMTAonfEikd if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f u rdrt d ay: rl;,pf aq;0g;wyfzUGJ
tjzpfr½Ijrifb&J rS ;f jynfoUl vGwaf jrmufa&;ESifh jynfaxmifprk S cJx G uG af &;t wGuw f u kd yf 0GJ if
aeonhEf ikd if aH &;tiftm;pkwpf&yftjzpf todtrSwjf yK axmufcv H map&ef r[mAsL[mrsm;
a&;qJG&efoihfaMumif;nTefjycJhygonf/ qufvufí MTA taejzihf vGwv f yfaom&Sr;f
edik if t
H jzpf aMunmcsux f w
k jf yD;onht f cg taemufEidk if rH sm;wGif MTA ud, k pf m;vS,&f ;kH cJG
rsm;zGiv fh pS Ef ikd &f ef vdt
k yfaom tultnDEiS yfh yhH ;kd rSK&&daS &;twGuf oabmwlncD suw f pf&yf
&&dScJhygonf/
Mr. Peter Bourne ud, k wf idk o f nfvnf; MTA XmecsKyfoUkd tvnftywf
a&muf&dSaepOftwGif; aMunmcsufwpf&yfxkwfjyefcJhonf/ þaMunmcsufudk
MopaMw;vs Edik if H SBS-TV &kyjf rifoMH um;Xmeu '' The Heroin Wars '' [laom
tpDtpOfwGif1997ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvu xkwfvTihfcJhonf/ ¤if; u]]tar&duef
jynfaxmifpEk iS Efh ikd if t H csKdUonf rl;,pfaq;0g;jyóemudk vH;k 0jcm;em;aom ½Iaxmihf
topfjzihf ½Ijrifvo kd nhqf E´trSew f u,f&o Sd nf[u k REfyk x
f ifonf/ xdUk jyif&rS ;f jynfe,fü
awGU&onhftjzpftysufrSm trSefyifvGwfvyfa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKwpf&yf jzpfaMumif;txl;
ay:vGifí rl;,pfaq;0g;jyóemrSmrl tqG,ftyGm;jyóemwpf&yfjzpfonff[kuRekfyf
xifonf}} [líaMunmcJhonf/
OD;cGefqmonf Mr. Bourne \tMuH j yKcsuf u d k c suf c sif ; vuf i if ; yif
taumif txnfazmfumrdrdxdef;csKyfrSKatmuf&dSe,fajrudk vGwfvyfaom&Srf;edkifiHtjzpf
vnf;aumif;?rdrdudk,frdrdvnf; or®wtjzpfvnf;aumif; cefUtyfaMunmcJhygonf/
xdrk QruOD;cGeq f monf rdr\ d bde;f bk&if[al om toGit f jyifukd z,f&mS ;um vGwv f yfa&;
wduk yf GJ 0ifo[ l al om ta&mif taoG;rsm;jyo&ef MudK;yrf;cJah omfvnf; txrajrmufcahJ y/
¤if;\aMunmcsufonfwyfrawmftiftm;pkrsm;ESihf MTA tzJGUtMum;jzpfyGm;aeonhf
wdu k yf rGJ sm;udk t&deS t f [kef ydrk jkd rihwf ufapcJo h nf/ xdUk aMumihaf oG;xGuo f ,H rkd KS rsm;wd;k vm
uma'owGi;f aexdik o f nhw f idk ;f &if;om;wdUk \b0udq k if;&J'uk y© rkd jkd zpfapcJoh nfxEkd pS t f wGi;f
rSmyifOD;cGefqmonf oabmwlxm;jyD;jzpfaom udk,fpm;vS,f&Hk;rsm;udk 0g&Sifwef'DpDESihf
e,l;a,mufjrdKUrsm;wGif zGihfvSpfEdkifcJhygonf/
þtaMumif ; t&mud p ö E S i h f y wf o uf í ay:ayguf v monh f a r;cG e f ; rsm;rS m
]]tb,faMumiht f ar&duefor®wwpfO;D \rl;,pfaq;0g;tMuHay;t&m&djS zpfco hJ w l pfO;D onf
tar&dueftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu bdef;bk&if[kpJGcsufwifxm;aom yk*d¾KvfwpfOD;udk
þodUk aomyl;aygif; aqmif&u G rf KS ESifh tMuHÚmPfay;&ygoenf;/}} ]]OD;cGeq f m taejzihf
vnf; þrQav;eufaomtMuHÚmPfukd olprd ;f oufoufwpfO;D xHrt S av;teufxm;jyD;
vufcHvdkufemaqmif&Gufygrnfavm}}[laomar;cGef;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ydkípdwf0ifpm;
zG,af umif;onfrmS 1995ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefEikd if oH m;ESpOf ;D yg0ifaom tzJUG wpfzYGJ onf
OD;cGefqmESifhvma&muf awGUqHkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdUk ESpOf ;D teuf wpfO;D rSm MTA
XmecsKyfodkU 1991ckESpfrSpí yHkrSefvma&mufcJholjzpfygonf/þtzJGUonf MTAudk
aiGaMu;?vufeufESihfwuGtjcm;ypönf;rsm;axmufyHhtultnDay;a&; tMuHjyKcsuf
wpf&yfudkurf;vSrf;vmygonf/ þaxmufyHhrSKrsm;twGuf MTA xdef;csKyfxm;aom
e,fajrwGif c&kpfZf'Hk;ysHpcef;wpfckxlaxmifcGihfjyK&ef[laom tay;t,lvkyf&rnhftcsuf
t"duyg0ifygonf/þurf;vSrf;awmif;qdkcsuf\ ½IyfaxG;rSKESihfrdrdESihfwuGrdrdwdkU\
e,fajrtwGif;aexkdifMuolrsm;tay:usa&mufvmEdkifonhf tEÅ&m,fudk oabm
aygufem;vnfonhftwGuf OD;cGefqmonf þurf;vSrf;csufudkrqkdif;rwGjiif;y,f
cJhygonf/xdkUjyifþawmif;qdkcsufudkvufcH oabmwlnDjcif; r&dSonhftwGufrdrd\
touf&iS &f yfwnfrKS onf &kww f &uf ukeq f ;kH oGm;edik of nfukd aumif;pGm oabmaygufem;
vnfojzih¤f if;vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G v
f su&f Sd aomtjrwftpGe;f MuD;rm;onhf rl;,pfvyk if ef;udk
ausmckdif;um &kwfw&uf&yfqdkif;cJhygonf/aemufxyfar;oihfonhf arcGef;wpfckrSm
OD;cGefqmonf tb,faMumihf wpfjcm;wpfae&mrSm oGm;a&mufí vufeufcsjcif;
odkUr[kwfvlolrodatmif wpfjcm;odkUa&Smifwdrf;roGm;bJtb,faMumihf¤ if ; ES ih f
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm&ifqkdifwdkufckdufaeaomt"du&efolxHvufeufcscJhygoenf;/
OD;cGefqmonfvufeufcsjyD;onfhtcsdefrSpí jrefrmtmPmydkifrsm;\ uGyfuJ
xdef;csKyfrSKatmufwGif¤if;vufeufcspOfu jyXmef;xm;aompnf;urf;csufrsm;ESihftnD
aexkdifvsuf&dSygonf/pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onhftcsufwpfckrSm &mZ0wfrSKwGif
yg0ifywfoufolwpfOD;ESihf oufaoom"u&&dSa&;twGuf tjyeftvSeftay;t,l
vkyfjcif;onfurÇmUtavhtusihfwpfckjzpfjyD; txl;ojzihf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif
us,fus,fjyefUjyefUusihfoHk;vsuf&dSygonf/xdkUaMumihftar&duefjynfaxmifpktaejzihf
jrefrmtpd;k &u OD;cGeq
f mESit fh ay;t,ljyKvyk rf nfukd rnfonht f wGuaf Mumihf pd;k &draf MumihMf u
onf[kajymqdkaeygovJ/rjiif;EdkifonhftcsufwpfckrSm tar&dueftpdk;&onf rdrd\
tusKd;tjrwftwGuf cdkifvHkaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;?owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
&,ltoHk;jyKvdkjcif;jzpfonf/þtajctaetcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmaxmuf½Ium
tar&dueftpd;k &\ wu,h&f nf&, G cf sufukd od&&Sd efvt kd yfygrnf/OD;cGeq f mudt k ar&duef
tusO;f axmif wpfcw k iG w
f oufwuRe;f tjypf'Pfcsrw S f Edik &f eftwGuf tar&dueftpd;k &u
OD;wnfívkyfaqmifaejcif;omjzpfonf[k,lqí&Edkifygrnfavm/
11/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;rl 0 g'
jrefrmEdik if t
H aejzihf NAdwo d QwYkdxrH S 1948 ckEpS wf iG f vGwv f yfa&;&cJo h nfh tcsed rf S
pí vGwv f yfíwufMuGaomEdik if jH cm;a&;rl0g'udk ueOD;uyifusifo h ;kH cJyh gonf/ xdUk jyif
jrefrmEdkifiHonfNAdwdoQ"eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;tzGJUk (British Common Wealth )rSvnf;
Ekwx f u G uf m ppfat;wdu k yf u
JG mvwpfavQmufv;kH wGif Mum;aea&;0g'ESiafh emufyikd ;f wGif
bufrvdkufa&;rl0g'udk wpdkufrwfrwfvufcHusifhoHk;cJhygonf/
þrl0g'udk vdu k ef musihof ;kH cJo
h nft
h wGuf &&dcS pH m;&onfah umif;usKd;rsm;aMumihf
jrefrmEdik if oH nftxl; ojzihaf 'oqkid &f my#dyu©rsm;üryg0ifbJ uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f aexdik f
EdkifcJhjcif;yifjzpfayonf/qdk;usKd;rsm;taejzihfrljrefrmEdkifiHonft&if;&SiftkyfpkESifhaomf
vnf;aumif;? uGefjrLepftkyfpkESifhaomfvnf;aumif; r[mrdwfzJGU cJhjcif;r&dSyg/ ygvDref
tkycf sKyfa&;acwfuek q f ;kH jyD;aemuf jrefrmEdik if oH nfq&kd ,
S vf pfEikd if H jzpfvmcJah om tcgwGif
taemufEdkifiHtkyfpkujrefrmEdkifiHudk uGefjrLepfvdkvm;aomEdkifiH[kowfrSwfcJhMuonf/
xdkUtwlqdk&S,fvpf urÇmuvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHudkqdk&S,fvpftwk(odkYr[kwf) qdk&S,fvpf
ryDjyifonhf EdkifiHrsKd;tjzpfowfrSwfcJhMujyefonf/
xdkumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf a'owGif;jyóem&yfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumta&;
tcif;rsm;udk tenf;ESihftrsm;qdkovdka&SmifMuOfí rdrd\EdkifiHwHcg;rsm;udk wpfpdwf
wpfa'oydwfxm;cJhjyD; jrefrmEdkifiHonfudk,hfvrf;udk,f&Sm?udk,fvrf;udk,favQmuf&ef
woD;wjcm;aexdkif&yfwnfvmcJhygonf/
12/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ wd u saomMum;aerI
jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfa&;jyefvnf&&Scd o hJ nfh tcsed rf pS í rdro d nf ]]tm;vH;k \
rdwaf qGjzpfaomfvnf; rnfo\ l r[mrdwrf Qr[kw}f } [laomrl0g'usiho f ;kH vsuf&aSd Mumif;
ta0;teD;Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k odUk oufaojy cJo h nf/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf bufrvdu k v
f KS yf&mS ;rl
(Non-Aligned Movement - NAM) udk OD;aqmifwnfaxmifcahJ om tzGUJ 0ifEikd if H wpfEikd if H
jzpfaomfvnf; xdt k zJUG \vSKyf&mS ;rIonf rlvvrf;pOfukd aoGzo D nf[, k q l ojzifh 1979
ckESpfwGifxdktzGJUrScGJcGmcJhonf/ xdktzGJUonf rdrd\ OD;wnfcsufjzpfaom wdusaom
Mum;aerIESifhbufrvdkufvrf;pOfwdkUESifhtnDjyefvnf &yfwnfvQuf&Sdonf[k,HkMunf
aomaMumifah emufyikd ;f 1992ckEpS w f iG f xdv
k KS yf&mS ;rIü jyefvnf0ifa&mufcyhJ gonf/ a'o
twGif;ü tcuftcJtusyftwnf;rsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&onfhtcgwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHonf
wdusaomMum;ae0g'usiho f ;kH cJah Mumif; jyoEdik cf í hJ trsm;\,HMk unf vufcrH KS udk &&dcS hJ
onf/ ,cktcgwGif jrefrmEdik if o H nf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESiw
hf uG a'owGi;f &Sd Edik if rH sm;\
,HMk unfpwd cf sruI ykd g&,lEikd cf yhJ gonf/ ,cktcsed w f iG f ppfat;wdu k yf JG NyD;qH;k oGm;NyDjzpfaomf
vnf; jrefrmEdik if t H aejziht f m;vH;k \ rdwaf qGjzpfaomfvnf;rnfo\ l r[mrdwrf Q r[kwf
( Everybody's friend but nobody's ally) [laomrl0g'udk qufvufí pJjG rJpmG vdu k ef m
usifhoHk;qJyifjzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif,aeUtcsdeftcgü awGUMuHK&aomtcuftcJrSm
urÇmwGif wpfckwnf;aom tiftm;MuD;EdkifiH\jc,fvS,fpkd;rkd;rSKaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH\
yifudkobm0usjyD; arG;&mygvnf;jzpfaom xdkrl0g'udkvufcHjcif;r&Sdawmhyg/
,aeYjc,fvS,fvTrf;rdk;usifhoHk;aeonfhoabmw&m;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHudk r[mrdwftjzpf
aomfvnf;aumif;? &efot l jzpfaomfvnf;aumif;a½G;cs,&f ef twif;tusyf wGe;f tm;ay;
vsuf&Sdygonf/
13/ EdkifiHawmfwm0efudkwyfrawmftpdk;&wm0ef,lpOfumvtwGif;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
,aeUtcgwGif1988ckESpf?pufwifbmvüwyfrawmftpdk;& (EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yf
ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&; tzGUJ -e0w) onf Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd pwif,al qmifNyD;onfh
tcsdefrSpí vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf; 18 zGJUteuf 17.5 zGJUudk Oya'abmif
twGif;0ifa&mufvmap&ef MudK;yrf;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhNyD; bdef;bk&ifOD;cGefqmudkvnf;
jcGi;f csufr&dv S ufeufcsapEdik cf yhJ gonf/ þaqmif½u G cf sufonf jrefrmEdik if t H zdYk xl;jcm;
tHhMozG,faumif;vSaomt"duatmifjrifrSKwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
jrefrmEdik if \ H acwfopfordik ;f wGit f rsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nDñw G af &;? Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf wnfNidrf
a&; ponfwdkYukdyxr OD;qHk;&&dSatmifMudK;yrf;aqmif&GufEdkifcJhjcif;aMumihfjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf obm0o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0aomfvnf;
Edik if wH iG ;f Nidr;f csr;f rIEiS hf wnfNidraf t;csr;f rI r&Scd jhJ cif;aMumifh tjcm;tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;ESihf
EIid ;f pmvQif zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufrKS wGiaf emufususe&f pf cJ&h ygonf/ 1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;
umvtwGi;f NrdKUawmf&efuek t f wGi;f &Sd 65&mcdik Ef KS ef;ausmaf om Edik if yH ikd pf ufrv I yk if ef;rsm;
zsuq f ;D vk,ufjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ &JwyfzUJG 0if (118) OD; xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&í (35) OD;
owfjzwfjcif; cH&onft h jyif &Jpcef;(15) ckuv kd nf; xde;f rEdik o f rd ;f r&onfh vltyk Bf uD;u
pD;eif;odr;f ydu k cf yhJ gonf/ wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif tjypfro hJ nfh t&yfom; (52)OD;udk tvm;wl
vltyk rf sm;uw&m;r0ifvrf;ab; cH½k ;kH rsm;zGUJ umppfaq;pD&ifjyD;vrf;rsm;ay:wGif acgif;jzwf
owfjzwfcJhMuonf/xdkUtjyif0efBuD;XmetaqmufttHkwpfckwGif vHkjcHKa&;wm0ef,l
vsuf&Sdaom ajcvsifwyfpkwpfpkudkwdkufcdkufcJhjyD;xdkwyfpk ESihf&Jpcef;rsm;rSvufeufrsm;?
cJ,rf;rD;ausmufEiS ahf ygufuGJ apwwfaomypön;f rsm;udk xdv k t l yk u
f yif odr;f ydu k , f al qmif
oGm;Muonf/ wpfzufraS omif;usef;olrsm;uvnf; azmufcaJG &;ypön;f rsm;ESihf vufeuf
rsm;udk NrdKUrsm; twGi;f odYk w&m;r0if,al qmifvmcJMh uojzihf wpfEikd if v H ;kH wGif rif;rJph ½du k f
vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;vsuf&Sdygonf/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD aomif;usef;olrsm;uvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ta&SUajrmufbufESifh ta&SUbufe,fpyfa'orsm;udk ppfa&;t&xdk;ESuf
wdkufcdkufcJhNyD; u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;uvnf;ta&SUawmifbufe,fpyfa'oudk
wpfjydKifwnf;xkd;ppfqifcJhMuonf/
þrQ z½dzk &Juarmufur jzpfaeonft h csdew f iG f jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf tjcm;
a½G;cs,&f efvrf;r&Sb d J &Edik of rQaomenf;rsm;jzifh Edik if aH wmftwGi;f w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;ESihf
Nidr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk jyefvnfwnf aqmufc&hJ jyD; tjcm;wpfzufüvnf; wdu k cf u kd vf monfh
aomif;usef;oltkyfpkrsm;udk jyefvnfwGef;vSefcJh&onf/ trSefpifppfürljrefrmhwyfrawmf
onf wdik ;f jynfNydKuí JG ppfwvif;jzpfroGm;atmif u,fwifcjhJ cif;om jzpfonf/ odYkaomf
uHqkd;onfrSmEdkifiHwumowif;Xmersm;ESifhtaemufEdkifiHwdkYurl jrefrmhwyfrawmfukd
&ufpufMurf;MuKwfNyD;vufeuftm;ud;k jzihf jynforl sm;udk ypfcwfowfjzwfum 'Dru kd a&pD
vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;udkzdEdSyfonhf yHk&dyfo@mefwpfrsKd;xifjrifvmatmif vkyfMuHzefwD;EdkifcJh
ygonf/ ,if;wdUk \ 'Dru kd a&pDo&l aJ umif;trnfco H rl sm;taejzifx h tkd csed uf mvtwGi;f u
qlylaomif;usef;rIudkxdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;r&Sd½HkrQruqlylaomif;usef;vk,ufrIrsm;ESifh
uif;a0;aomae&mrsm;wGifomvHkjcHKpGma&Smifwdrf;aecJhMuonf/
wyfrawmftpdk;& xdktcsdefuEdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUonf
Edik if aH wmfwm0efukd ,lcNhJ yD;aemufwpfygwDq&kd , S vf pfpepfEiS hf qd&k , S vf pf pD;yGm;a&;pepf
wdYkukd &yfqikd ;f um ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pD pepfEiS hf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepf toGio f Ukd ul;ajymif;
usiho f ;kH a&;udk aqmif½u G cf o
hJ nf/ þodYk aom Mum;umvtwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;u@wGif
aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfukd pwifxal xmifum Edik if aH &; u@wGirf l ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDpepfEiS hf
vdu k af vsmnDaxGNyD; jynfwiG ;f &Sw d ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k twGuf Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf wnfNidrf
at;csrf;a&;tmrcHay;Edkifrnfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfwpf&yf ay:xGufvma&;udk
OD;pm;ay; aqmif½u G cf o
hJ nf/ þ&nf½, G cf sufjzifh 1990 ckEpS t f axGaxGa½G;aumufyu JG kd
usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdka½G;aumufyGJ\ wpfckwnf;aomOD;wnfcsufrSm zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'opfwpf&yf\rlMurf;ud0k ikd ;f 0ef;a&;qGMJ urnfh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; a½G;cs,f&ef
jzpfonf/ uHtaMumif;rvSonht f csurf mS a½G;aumufyNJG yD;onfh tcgwGiq f E´rJ trsm;qH;k
&cJhonfhygwDurdrdrjzpfraeaqmif½Guf&rnfhwm0efrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&rnhftpm;
avoHajymif;umcsufjcif;vufiif;yiftmPmvTJajymif;ay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
,kw&Åd &dS adS jym&vQif xdt k csdeu f Edik if aH wmfwiG zf UJG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'[lír,fr,f
&&r&Scd ahJ y/odUk jzpf&mwyfrawmfonf,m,Dtrd af pmift h pd;k & odUk r[kwt f oGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;
Mum;umvtpdk;&taejzihfrm&S,favm(Martial Law) jyXmef;umwdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfcJh
onf/ odUk &mwGiEf ikd if aH &;ygwDwpfct k aejzifrh l wdik ;f jynfwpfcu k kd rm&S,af vm jyXmef;
tkycf sKyf&ef roifah vsm½f rkH Qru rjzpfEikd af omudpw ö pf&yfjzpfonf/tvTmtoD;oD;rS jynfol
rsm; ar;jref;cJhaomtajccHar;cGef;rsm;udkyiffxdkEdkifiHa&;ygwDrS ajzMum;Edkifjcif;r&dSyg/
xdkar;cGef;rsm;rSm-
(u) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGUcsKyf (NLD) onf zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'r&dSbJ
rnfodkYrnfyHkjzifh tpdk;&wpf&yfudkzGJUpnf;ygrnfenf;/
(c) NLD onfMum;umvtwGif;rnfonhfzJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk udk;um;í
ESpfaygif;rnfrQMum&SnfpGmtpdk;& zGJUjyD; wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfygrnfenf;/
þrQtajccHusí½dk;pif;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udkyif NLD onf rnfonht f cgurQ
tajzray;EdkifcJhyg/odkUaomfvnf;csufcsif;tmPmvTJajymif;ay;a&;udkomawmif;qdkcJh
ygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifxdktcsdeftcgu Oya'abmiftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfaom
vufeufuikd t f zGUJ tpnf;trsm;pkonfaomif;use;f olrsm; tjzpfvKS yf&mS ;vsu&f aSd eqJjzpfjyD;
wdkif;jynf\tajctaeonfvnf;rwnfrjidrfjzpfonhftjyifwif;rmrSKuvnf; &dSae
ayonf/
14/ trsd K ;om;vH k N cH K a&;ES i f h t rsd K ;om;a&;tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;umuG , f a pmif h
a&S m uf a &;twG u f Ek d i f i H w umpnf ; rsOf ; rsm;usif h o H k ; jcif ;
ydkíxl;jcm;jyD;ta&;MuD;aomtcsufrSmvltrsm;pkem;vnf oabmaygufrSK
vJGrSm;aeaomta&;BuD;onhf tcsuftcsdKUudkazmfjyvdkygonf/yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh
a':pkMunfuakd ½G;cs,w f ifajr§mufjcif;cHxm;&ol[í l vnf;aumif;? a½G;cs,w f ifajr§mufjcif;
cHxm;&onfh or®w[líyif rSm;,Gi;f pGm &nfñeT ;f ajymqdak ejcif;jzpfonf/ a':pkMunf
onfw&m;0ifa½G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cHydkifcGifhr&SdolrdkY taxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if
,SOfNydKifjyD; a½G;cs,fcHEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhyg/ ¤if;a½G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhr&Sdap&ef vuf&dSppftpdk;&u
aomfvnf;aumif; odUk r[kwf ,cifq&kd , S v f pftpd;k &uaomfvnf;aumif; pnf;rsO;f csrw S f
jyXmef;cJjh cif;r[kwyf g/ wdu k wf u kd q f ikd q
f ikd f þpnf;rsO;f udk 1947 ckwiG t f wnfjyKjyXmef;
cJah om yxrOD;qH;k aomzGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wGit f yd'k w
f pfck xnfo h iG ;f a&;om;cJo h rl mS
¤if;\zciftrsKd ;om;acgif;aqmifAv kd cf sKyf atmifqef;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;tyd'k Ef iS fh pyfvsO;f í
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf a½G;cs,fcyH ikd cf iG q hf okd nfrmS ]]rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfrqdk EdkifiHjcm;
tiftm;pkwpf&yfuo kd pömapmifo h o d t l jzpftodtrSwjf yKjcif;cH&ol (odYkr[kw)f xdt k iftm;pk
udek mcHo?l odYkwnf;r[kwf xdEk ikd if jH cm;tiftm;pk\vufatmufcH yk*Kd¾ vf?odYkr[kwEf ikd if o H m;
wdYk&&Scd pH m;&onfw h ef;wltcGit hf a&;rsm;udk &ydik cf iG &hf adS omvufatmufcyH *k Kd¾ vf odYkr[kwEf ikd if H
om;wdUkyg0ifa&G;cs,fEdkifcGihfr&dS&}} [lía&;om;xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ a':pkMunf
onfEikd if jH cm;wGif ESpaf ygif; 28 ESpaf exdik cf NhJ yD; t*Fvyd f vlrsKd ;wpfO;D ESihf tdraf xmifuschJ
ojzifh (t*FvefEdkifiHom;tjzpf cH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf) ¤if;wGif ESpfOD;pvHk;NAdwdoQEdkifiHom;
cH,lxm;aomuav;ESpfa,muf&Sdygonf/þodkUtm;jzihfolronf jrefrmEdkifiH\
taxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJrsm;wGifrnfonhftcgrQ,SOfjydKifa½G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhr&Sday/vuf&Sd
wyfrawmftpd;k &onf ,cif, h cifu jrefrmtpd;k & tqufqufrsm;uJo h YkdyifþjyXmef;csuf
udk apmifx h ed ;f vdu k ef mrnfomjzpfygonf/ ,ckusi;f yaeqJtrsKd ;om; nDvmcHonfvnf;
þtqdkygjyXmef;csufudk apmifhod½dkao&rnfjzpfayonf/ þodkYaom zGJUpnf;yHktajccH
Oya' jyXmef;csufrsKd;udk zGUH NzdK;NyD;Edik if rH sm;tygt0if Edik if t H rsm;tjym; wGif tpd;k &rsm;u
vdu k ef musifo h ;kH Muonf/rnfonfh tpd;k &rqdk tjcm;Edik if w H pfEikd if H odYk r[kwf tiftm;pk
wpfp\ k vTr;f rd;k rIc&H zG,&f adS om yk*Kd¾ vf wpfO;D OD; udk rdrt d pd;k &wGif cefYxm;jcif;rjyKvo kd nfrmS
obm0usygonf/þodYkaom tajctaeudk umuG,w f m;qD;Edik &f ef twGupf nf;rsO;f rsm;
ESifh pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif a&;qGJjyXmef;Muonf/ odkYrSomvnf;
rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtoD;oD;\trsdK;om;vHkNcHKa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGufumuG,f
apmifah &SmufrKS wpf&yf taejzifjh znfq h nf;aqmif&u G af y;Edik &f ef toH;k csEikd rf nfjzpfayonf/
a':pkMunfESifhywfoufí vGJrSm;aeaom tjcm;t,ltqwpf&yf&Sdygao;onf/
xkdtcsufrSm a':pkMunfonf taxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJusif;yonfhtcsdefü wm;qD;rdefYudk
cHae&í 1990 ck a½G;aumufyw JG iG f ryg0ifc&hJ [k ajymqdak ejcif; jzpfygonf/ xdo k Ykd
wm;qD;rdeYfcaH e&pOf a½G;aumufyw JG iG f yg0if,OS Nf ydKiEf ikd &f ef a':pkMunf\ awmif;qdck suu f kd
xdt
k csed uf wyfrawmftpd;k &u cGijhf yKcJo h nf/ xdYk aMumifh A[ef;NrdKUe,f? rJqE´e,f (1)
wGif olr\trnfukd 1989 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeYwiG pf m&if;oGi;f rSwyf w kH ifco
hJ nf/
odkUygaomfvnf; 1989 ckESpf jynfolYvTwfawmfa½G;aumufyGJOya'\ jyXmef;csuf
tcsdKUudñk eT ;f í vmrnfah ½G;aumufyw JG iG f a':pkMunftm; yg0if,OS Nf ydKifciG hf ay;cJo h nfukd
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u uefYuGufvTmwifoGif;cJhMuonf/
w&m;Oya't&a':pkMunftm; a½G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOfNydKif&ef cGifhjyKcJhjcif;onf
a&G;aumufyJGOya't& atmufygyk'fr (3) ckudkazmufzsufqefUusifaMumif;jzihf
uefUuGufcJhMuonf/
(1) tykd'f(8-c)]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif; aexdkifolrsm;twGuf Oya'o}}
a':pkMunfonf ¤if;\tNrJwrf;vdyfpmudkolr\cifyGef; a'gufwmrdkufu,f
tJ&pfESifh om;ESpfa,mufwdkYESifh twlwuGaexdkifaom 15, Park Town, Ox-
ford, U.K. [kay;xm;ygonf/ &efukef&Sd olrrdcif\tdrfae&yfvdyfpmudk
rSwyf w kH ifxm;jcif; r&Sad omaMumifh olronf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tNrJwrf;aexdik f
olr[kwfaMumif;udkþtcsufu ñTefjyvsuf&Sdonf/
(2) tyd'k f (10-i) ]] Edik if jH cm;tiftm;pkwpf&yftay: opömapmifo h jd cif; odYk r[kwf
MoZmcH,l todtrSwjf yKvQiaf omfvnf;aumif;?odUk r[kwx f Ekd ikd if jH cm;tiftm;pk\
MoZmcHrsm; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHom;rsm;enf;wl ydkifqdkifcGifhESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;
&&Sod rl sm;}} ESiyhf wfoufonf/ a':pkMunfonf rJay;ydik cf iG [ hf al om tcGit hf a&;
rSty NAdwdoQEdkifiHom;rsm; &&dScHpm;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
&&SdcHpm;vsuf U.K. Edik if w H iG vf nf;tcsdet f uefYtowfr&Sd tNrJwapae xdik cf iG hf
&&dSxm;oljzpfygonf/jAdwdoQEdkifiHom;wpfOD;cHpm;edkifonhf tjcm;tcGihfta&;
rsm;tm;vHk;udk a':pkMunfonfcHpm;cGihf&dSonf/
(3) tyd'k f (10-Z) ]]Edik if aH wmfukd vufeufuikd yf ek u f efvsu&f adS om tzGUJ tpnf; rsm;\
tzGJU0ifrsm; odkYr[kwf ykefuefx<u&ef &nf½G,fí tqdkygtzGJUtpnf;rsm;
odYkr[kw¤f if;wdYk\tzGUJ 0ifrsm;ESit hf quftoG,&f jdS cif;udk taxmuf txm;cdik v f kH
aeaMumif;}} ESiyhf wfoufonf/ a':pkMunfonf vufeufuikd f tMurf;zuf
aomif;usef;ol tzGJUwpfzGJU\tzJGU0ifwpfOD;ESihf tquftoG,fjyKvkyfaejyD;
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf KS jyKvkyv f su&f adS Mumif;ESihf xdak omif;use;f ol tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D udk
olr\jcH0if;twGif; cdkvSHKcGifhay;xm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ þtMurf;zuf
aomif;usef;oludk olraexdkif&m&efukefNrdKU&SdNcH0if;twGif; oufao taxmuf
txm;rsm;ESifhwuG zrf;qD;&rdcJhygonf/
txufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;aMumifah ':pkMunfonf 1990jynfEh pS f taxGaxG
a½G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifa½G;cs,fydkifcGifhr&&SdcJhay/ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t&
ajym&vsif taxGaxGa½G;aumufyu JG mvwGif olronf wm;qD; rdeYfukd cHae&jcif;aMumifh
a½G;cs,cf yH ikd cf iG rhf &&Scd jhJ cif; r[kwaf y/ ydí k ta&;BuD;aom tcsuu f kd wifjy&ygrl1989ckEpS f
arvwGijf yXmef;cJah oma½G;aumufyOJG ya'\ tyd'k (f 10-i)wGif yg0ifaom owfrw S cf suf
udk vuf&dS wyfrawmftpd;k &u a&;qGcJ jhJ cif; r[kwb f J acwfopfjrefrmEdik if \ H trsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmifjzpfol olr\zcif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef; ud, k w
f ikd f vGwv f yfa&;twGuf a&;qGcJ hJ
onfh1947 ckESpfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifueOD;yg0if xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;aom
uefYowfcsufwpf&yfjzpfonf/ þuefYowfcsufudk av;pm;vdkufemum aemufydkif;
a&;qGcJ o hJ nfh 1974 ckEpS f zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wGiv f nf; qufvuf xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;
cJhMuonf/
þuJo h Ukd yif vGrJ mS ;aeaom tjcm;,lqcsuw f pfcrk mS NLD ygwDukd tjrw J ap
rSm;,Gif;pGmjzihf twdkuftcHygwDtjzpfac:qdk&nfnTef;aejcif;yifjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf
vuf&w dS yfrawmf tpd;k &onf NLD ygwDujkd zpfap? tjcm;Oya'ESit hf nD wnf&adS eaom
Edik if aH &; ygwD (9) zGUJ pvH;k udjk zpfaptwdu k tf cHygwDtjzpf rowfrw S af y/ tb,faMumifh
qdak omf vuf&dS tpd;k &onf rdru d , kd rf rd d ul;ajymif;a&;umvtpd;k &? wpfenf;qdak omf
trsKd;om;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;udkapmihfa&SmufumuG,faeonhf toGiful;ajymif;a&;tpdk;&
(trsdK;om;a&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfck) tjzpfom udk,fudk,fwkdifcH,lxm;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
wpfygwDq&kd , S v f pfpepf ESiq fh &kd ,S v f pfp;D yGm;a&; pepfukd pGeUf vTwu f m aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
pepfukd usio fh ;kH rnhyf gwDpkH 'Dru kd a&pDpepf okUd ul;ajymif; Edik &f eftpysKd ;ay;onfw h m0efukd
xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ þtawmtwGif;ü EdkifiHawmf\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ivsuf
vuf&Sdtpdk;&onf trsdK;om;a&;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI? Nidrf;csrf;rI? wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIESifh
wdkif;jynf\bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf aumif;rGefonfhtajccHrsm;udkxlaxmifvsuf
&Syd gonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if o H nf avsmu f ef oifjh rwfonfh tcsed u f mvwpfck
twGif;Nidrf;csrf;í <u,f0csrf;omjyD;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaom acwfrDEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfvm
Edkif&eftwGufMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufvsuf&dS ygonf/
15/ zG J U pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'opf w pf & yf a &;qG J j cif ;
jrefrmEdik if o
H nf NAdwo d QwYkdxrH S vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;onfah emufyikd ;f zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccH
Oya'ESprf sKd ;ESppf m; usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf/ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf yxrOD;qH;k aom zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya'udk 1947 ckEpS w f iG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;uOD;pD;í a&;qGcJ yhJ gonf/ xdpk OfuzGUJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk taqmwvsifa&;qGJcJh&ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf NAdwdoQwdkYu
zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'wpf&yfukd twwfEikd q f ;kH tvsit f jrefa&;qGwJ ifjy &rnfjzpfaMumif;
odUk r[kwyf gu¤if;wdUk taejzihf vGwv f yfa&;udak y;rnfr[kw[ f k twif;tusyaf wmif;qdck hJ
onf/ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf a&;qGcJ o hJ nfh þzGUJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSmvnf; tenf;ESihf
trsm; NAdwo d Quv kd ekd t
D yk cf sKyo f rl sm;\ qE´EiS t hf nD a&;qGcJ &hJ jcif;aMumifh xdzk UJG pnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya'wGif pd;k &drzf , G &f mcsKUd ,Gi;f csurf sm; yg0ifaecJyh gonf/ odYk&mwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
taejzifh NAdwo d QwYkdxrH S vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif jrefrmEdik if \ H vdt k yfcsuf
rsm;ESit hf nD zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyifqif&ef &nf½, G cf yhJ gonf/ odYk aomf &nf½, G cf hJ
onfhtwdkif;jzpfrvmcJhay/ þtaMumif;t&mESihfywfoufí rMumao;rDurS NAdwdoQ
tpd;k &u NAdwo d Qowif; jzefYcsad &;avmuodYk Munf&h YlciG afh y;cJah om wpfcsed u f vsKUd 0Sux f m;
onhfpm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;t& vGwfvyfa&;rwdkifrDu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ¤if;\
0efBuD;tzGJUvkyfBuHcH&jcif;ESifh1947-48ckESpf0ef;usifwGifpwifay:aygufcJhaom u&if
vufeufudkifaomif;usef;rIwdkYudkNAdwdefEdkfifiHwGiftajcjyKaom ]]Armawmifwef;om;
rsm;\rdwaf qGrsm;}} (Friends of Burma Hill People) [laomtzGJUuvkyfMuHtuGuf
qifí pDrHaqmif½GufcJhonf[kod&ygonf/ þtzGJUonfjAdwdoQwdkU\uGefqmaA;wpf
tpdk;&tzGJUESifhaocsmwdusaomtcsdwftqufrsm; &SdcJhonfudkvnf; odcGihf&cJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemufydkif;wGifrl jrefrmEdkifiHonf vufeufudkifaomif;usef;rI\
qdk;usdK;rsm;udk cHcJh&onfhtjyif jyóem\txGwftxdyfrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcsdKU\
jynfrrScx JG u G vf rkd jI yóemudk &ifqikd cf &hJ jcif;jzpfygonf/tb,faMumifq h akd omfxt kd csed u
f
a&;qJcG ahJ omzGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't& ¤if;wdYk onf vGwv f yfa&; 10 ESpjf ynfah jrmuf
onft h cgwGif cGx J u G yf ikd cf iG xhf nhof iG ;f cJí
h jzpfygonf/ þjyXmef;csufonf ¤if;zGUJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'\ t"dutm;enf;csufrsm;teufwpfckjzpfygonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;ae0if;u EdkifiHawmftmPmt&yf&yfudk vTJajymif;,lcJhNyD;onfhaemuf
yxrOD;qH;k ESifh rlv 1947 ckEpS zf UJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk zsuo f rd ;f cJo
h nf/ 1974 ckEpS w f iG f
wpfygwD qdk&S,fvpfpepfjyifqifxm;onhf zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'opfwpf&yf
a&;qGJcJhonf/ odkYaomfþ'kwd,jzpfaom 1974ckESpf zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'udk
ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDpepf xlaxmifEikd af &;twGuf 1988 ckEpS w f iG f &yfpcJ yhJ gonf/
,cifu zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESpf&yfudk a&;qGJjyXmef; twnfjyKcJh&mwGif
wdu k &f u kd jf ynfoUl rJqE´c, H o l nhpf epf ( Vote Majority System)udk toH;k jyKco hJ nf/ odYak omf
jrefrmEdik if &H dS vlO;D a&teuf 70% onf Armwdik ;f &if;om; rsm;jzpfí wyfrawmf taejzifh
,cifvQKdU0SufrJay;pepfa[mif;rSmw&m;rQwjcif;r&Sd? 'Drdkua&pDenf;vnf;rus
[k,lqaomaMumifh trsm;oabmwlpepf(Consensus)udk usifo h ;kH &ef jyKjyifajymif;vJ
cJhonf/ þtrsm;oabmwlpepft&qdkvQiftjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;taejzihf
vlO;D a&ta&twGuf enf;yifenf; apumrlygvDreftwGi;f ydí k ajyma&;qdck iG t hf ajctae
ydrk &kd v
dS mvdrrhf nf[k wyfrawmfu,HMk unfygonf/ pepfta[mif; t&rl wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;taejzihf ¤if;wdkU\ajyma&;qdkcGihfESihfqE´rsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf xkwfazmf
cGihf?cHpm;cGihfr&&dScJhí ¤if;wdkYtzdkY pdwfysufrIESifha'gojzpfrIwdkYudk cHpm;cJh&onf/
þtajctaersm;aMumifhaemufqHk;wGif vufeufudkifaomif;usef;rIrsm; ay:ayguf
vmcJ&h jcif;jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHyk g0ifaom tzGUJ tpnf;
jzpfí bufrvdu k af omtzGUJ tpnf; wpfzUJG (Neutral body)jzpfonf/ ud, k Ehf ikd if t
H wGi;f 0,f
urÇmUukvor*¾tzGJUtpnf;rsKd;wpf&yfuJhodkYyif owfrSwfEdkifonf/wyfrawmfonfygwD
Edik if aH &;udk pdwrf 0ifpm;yg/ trsdK;om;a&;udprö sm;ESihf ywfoufvQifrl wyfrawmfonf
a&SUwef;rSaeírdrv d yk of ifv h yk x
f u
dk of nfw h m0efrsm;udak usyeG pf mG aqmif½u G rf nfjzpfouJo h Udk
,ckvkyfudkif aqmif½Gufaeonfh vkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; trsdK;om;a&;udpörsm;yif
jzpfonf/ Edik if aH &;ygwDBuD;rsm;url wyfrawmfuusio hf ;kH vsu&f adS om enf;em (odYkr[kw)f
pepfudk ESpfoufrnfr[kwfyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;
twdkif;twmt&wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKbJ rdrdwdkY\
ygwDEikd if aH &;udo k m t"duOD;pm;ay;vSKy&f mS ; aqmif½u G &f mwGif twm;tqD;t[efUtwm;
jzpfaejcif;aMumihfyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfwGif
Edik if aH &;ygwD 2 ckr3S cktxd&cSd jhJ yD; rdrw d Ykd\ygwDEikd if aH &;tusKd ;tjrwftwGuo f m tm;oGef
cGefpdkuf aqmif½GufcJhaomaMumifh EdkifiHtESHUtjym;wGifvufeufudkifaomif;usef;rIrsm;
jzpfyGm;cJh&ygonf/ xdkvufeufudkifaomif;usef;rIrsm;udk wyfrawmftpdk;&onftarG
qufccH &hJ onfrmS ,aeYwikd yf if jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfonf jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f rSK rsm;udk
zefw;D cJo h nfh tzGUJ tpnf;r[kwaf y/ vufeufuikd v f rf;pOfukd pGeYf vw T Nf yD; Oya'abmif
twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmap&ef OD;aqmifwm0ef,v l yk af qmifco hJ nfh wpfcw k nf;aomtzJUG
tpnf;omjzpfygonf/ xdkUjyiftaxGaxGa½G;aumufyGJrsm;udk1990 jynhfESpfüwyfrawmf
tpdk;&uEdkifiHtwGif;rusif;yrD pkpkaygif; EdkifiHa&;ygwD 237 zGJU&SdcJhNyD; 91 zGJUonf
a½G;aumufyGJ wGifyg0if,SOfNydKifcJhjyD;aemuf ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif w&m;0ifEdkifiHa&;ygwD
10 zGJU&dSjyD;EdkifiHawmf\ zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'opfa&;qGJ&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½Guf
vsu&f o dS nf/ Edik if aH &; ygwDrsm;\twdwu f vkyuf ikd af qmif&u G rf KS rsm;aMumihv f nf;aumif;?
,cifzUJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;\yifu, kd tf m; enf;rIrsm;aMumifv h nf;aumif;? jrefrmEdik if H
onf wpfcsed u f qd;k ½Gm;aom tajctaersm;udk BuHKawGUcJ&h onf/ ,aeUtcgwGit f em*wf
jrefrmEdik if t H wGut f NrJwap wnfNidrf at;csrf;í xda&mufatmifjrifaom 'Dru kd a&pD
pepf xlaxmifusifhoHk;Edkifa&;twGuf vrf;rSefay:wGif wnfhrwfpGm xdef;ausmif;
ay;rnfx h m0&wnfwchH ikd rf maom zGUJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wpf&yftrSeyf if&&Sd rnfjzpfonf/
,ck toG i f u l ; ajymif ; a&;umvwG i f Ed k i f i H a wmf \ trsKd ; om;a&;wm0ef r sm;ud k
xrf;aqmifaeaom wyfrawmftpd;k &onf rdr\ d vkyo f ifv h yk x f ukd of nfh Edik if w H m0ef
rsm;udk tm;usKd;rmefwufausyGepf mG xrf;aqmifvsuf&jSd yD; jynfwiG ;f &dS Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;?
txl;ojzihfNLD udkvnf; tvm;wl EdkifiHawmftusKd;twGuf wyfrawmfESihftwl
yl;aygif;vufwGJ vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G Ef ikd v
f rd rhf nf[k arQmv f ihrf yd gonf/ odYkro S m jrefrmEdik if H
onfoifw h ihaf vsmufywfonfh tem*wfumvtwGi;f wGif vdu k zf ufnjD yD; vufawGU
usaom 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfwpf&yf jzpfay:vmEdkifayrnf/
16/ vl Y t cG i f h t a&;jyóemrsm;ES i f h 'D r d k u a&p
a&pD
vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&mjyóemonf tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mudpöwpf&yfjzpfí EdkifiH
tcsi;f csi;f Mum;wGif rsm;pGmaom txifvrJG mS ;rIrsm; jzpfay:apygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;?
ordik ;f aMumif;? ,Ofaus;rIEiS t fh pOftvmwefz;kd rsm; jcm;em;onfh Edik if rH sm;tzdYk vlUtcGihf
ta&;[lonfrmS rnfoYkdyif t"dymÜ ,fjcm;em;uGjJ ym;apumrl wwd,urÇmUEdik if w H pfct k jzpf
tusKH ;0ifaom jrefrmEdik if t H zdYk vlYtcGit hf a&;[lonfrmS (u) vHNk cHKa&;? (c) pm;a&;?
(*) aea&; ponfh vlom;wdUk twGuf tajccHvt kd yfcsurf sm;udk cHpm;ydik cf iG hf jzpfaMumif;
cH,lxm;jyD;jzpfygonf/ ,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHonf xdkta&;BuD;aom vlom;wdkU\
tajccHvt kd yfcsurf sm; jznfq h nf; Edik af &;twGuf BudK;yrf;vsu&f o dS nf/ þodYk aqmif½u G Nf yD;
svQif tjcm;aom vdt k yfcsurf sm;jzpfonfh use;f rma&;ESihf ynma&;? xdYkaemuf pD;yGm;a&;
zGUH NzdK; wd;k wufrpI onfrsm;udw k ufvrS ;f aqmif½u G o f mG ; rnfjzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf jrefrm
Edik if o H nfusef;rma&;? ynma&; ESihf pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHu k kd jr§iw hf if&ef ,ckyif
aqmif½u G v f suf &Sad eygonf/rdrw d Ukd Edik if H toD;oD;üvlom;wdYk \ tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;
jznfq h nf; &mwGif jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &\ OD;vnfrokef oHEXéd mef csrSwaf qmif½u G cf sufukd
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESihfyif ,SOfjydKifpdefac:Edkifygonf/ erlemjyoajymqdk&rnfjzpf
vQif (1) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd NrdKUawmftrsm;tjym;wGif vlom;wdkY\vHkNcHKrIudk
tmrcHcsufay;Edik jf cif; r&Sad y/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ¤if;wdUk \ Edik if o H m;rsm;twGuf nbuf
arSmifvmonfESihfwpfjydKifeuf NrdKUawmftrsm;tjym;\vrf;rsm;ay:wGifvHkNcHKrI r&Sday/
(2) tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f vrf;rsm;ay:ü aexdik Mf uolrsm; &Sad eMujyD; iwfrw G jf cif;
ab;udkvnf; BuHKawGUaeMu&onf/ (3)tdk;rJhtdrfrJh tar&duefjynfoltrsm;tjym;onf
pGeUf ypfxm;aomu'fxpl uúLyH;k rsm; udk trd;k tumvkyí f aeMu&ouJo h Ykd O,smOfrsm;wGif
cdv k KHS olrsm; vnf;&Sad eMuum aqmif;&moDwiG f tat;vGeí f aoMu&onfvnf;&SMd u
ygonf/
,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfolrsm;tzdkY NrdKUBuD;rsm;ay:wGifvHkNcHKrSKtjynfht0
tmrcHcsuf&o dS nft
h jyif jrefrmEdik if \ H acwfopfordik ;f wGif yxrOD;qH;k tBudrt f jzpf
e,fpyfa'orsm;üyif at;csr;f om,m vsu&f adS yonf/ tiwfab;[lonf jrefrmjynfol
wdYktzdYk em;vnf&ef cJ,Of;aom a0g[m&wpf&yfjzpfjyD; rdrt d pd;k &u vspv f sL½I xm;jcif;
aMumifh vrf;ab;wGif aoqH;k &aom td;k rJt h rd rf rhJ sm; r&Sad y/ jrefrmEdik if oH nf ,cktcgü
]]wJrS wdu k af y:odYk pDru H ed ;f }}udk pepfwustaumiftxnfazmf aqmif½u G v f suf&&dS mwGif
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf rdr\ d Edik if o H m;rsm; tajcwus aexkid Ef ikd &f ef ESiv fh w l ikd ;f td;k tdr&f &Sd
Ekdifa&;udk pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfaqmif½Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkUjyifjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf
jynfolrsm;\0ifaiGjrihfrm; vmap&eftwGuf apsuGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk wdk;wufjzpfay:
vmapa&;aqmif½u G af y; vsu&f ydS gonf/ tiftm;aumif;onhf tv,ftvwfvw l ef;pm;
jzpfay:vma&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;jr§iw hf ifru I kd OD;pm;ay;aqmif½u G af eygonf/ jrefrmEdik if H
tpd;k &onf þodYktiftm;aumif;onhf tv,ftvwfvw l ef;pm; wpf&yfjzpfay:vmrSom
vdkufzufnDjyD;vufawGUusaom 'Drdkua&pDpepf wpf&yfudkjynfwGif;ü wnfaqmufEdkif
rnf[k BudKwifojd rifxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ taemufEikd if rH sm;\ oDt&kd t D & 'Dru kd a&pDonf
yxr? 'Dru kd a&pD onf 'kw, d ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDonf wwd, [laomoabmw&m;rSm
zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiH trsm;tjym;wGif atmifjrifrIr&Sdonfhtjyif rwnfNidrfrIESifh y&rf;ywm
jzpfrKS wdUk udo k mzefw;D jzpfay:apcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ukd aomqd;k usKd ;rsm; jzpfymG ;vsu&f aSd eaom
Edik if rH sm;taejzifh aemufxyfEpS af ygif;rnfrQ Mumjrifah tmif twd'u k © qufvufcpH m;ae
&rnfukdcefUrSef;&efcufcJayvdrfhrnf/
,cktcg jrefrmEdik if u H kd zHUG jzdK;wd;k wufaom Edik if o H pftjzpf jyefvnfxal xmif
aeonhftcsdefumvwGif pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI? wnfNidrfrIESifh bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk
txl;OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufae&onf jzpfaomaMumihf vuf&SdtajctaewGifygwDEdkifiHa&;
tjynfht0vufcHusifhoHk;Ekdifa&;twGuftxl;OD;pm;ay;&eftcsdefrusa&mufao;yg/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf EdkifiHawmfonf EdkifiHopfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;
pnf ; vH k ; nD ñ G w f a &;twG u f jynf w G i f ; ü&S d o rQaomtm;ud k , ck t csd e f w G i f p k p nf ;
toHk;jyK&efvdktyfygonf/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa&;qGJNyD;ítaxGaxG a½G;aumufyGJ
rsm; rusif;yrDumv wGiEf ikd if aH &;ygwDrsm;onf rdrw d Ukd \ygwDEikd if aH &;twGuf pnf;½H;k
vSKyf&Sm;rIwdkYudk xkdtcsdeftcgwGiftjynfht0aqmif½Guf&ef tcGihfta&;&&dSEdkifayrnf/
,cktcsdef umvürl wnf&SdaeqJEdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;(10)cktaejzifhygwDEkdifiHa&;ukd
tvGeUf tuRH pwifvKS y&f mS ; vkyaf qmifcv hJ Qi&f &SNd yD;jzpfaomtrsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nDñw G af &;
udk xdyg;um pkaygif; nDnw G pf mG pkud x f w
k x f m;aom pGr;f tm;rsm;onfvnf;vH;k yg;yg;oGm;
rnf jzpfonf/ rdrdEdkifiH\rl&if;OD;wnfcsuf vrf;aMumif;rSaoGznfatmif'Drdkua&pDESihf
vlUtcGit fh a&; udAk ef;jyí Edik if jH cm; tpd;k &rsm;u ¤if;wdUk \tusKd ; pD;yGm; twGut f usKd ;
jzpfxGef;ap&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zdtm;ay;jcif;onfjrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\trsdK;om;
tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rsm;pGm xdcu kd ef pfem apygonf/ jrefrmEdik if t H ay:pD;yGm;a&;ydwyf if
wm;qD;rIrsm;csrSwfjcif;ESihftjcm;aom zdtm;ay;rIrsm;onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;\wu,fh
&nf½, G cf sujf zpfon f]h ]'Dru kd a&pDta&jcHKaom tajymwpfrsKd ;tvkyw f pfrsKd ;vkyu f ikd af qmif
&Gujf cif;omjzpfjyD;vlUtcGit hf a&;Aef;jyumtiftm;MuD;rm;rSKjzift h Edik , f pl ;kd rd;k cs,v f , S jf cif;}}
qdkonfudkomaz:usL;aeayonf/
G odkUaomfvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHonf'Drdkua&pDtaqmufttHkBuD;udkyxrOD;pGmcdkifcHh
aom tkwjf rpfcsí wnfaqmufygrnf/ rvGrJ aoG wnfaqmufrnfvnf;jzpfygonf/
xdkrSwpfqifhydkrdktqifhjrifhaom wdk;wufrSK&&Sd&ef wdk;csJUaqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
þenf;udk ajymif;jyefveS í f vdu k zf ufnjD yD; vufawGUusaom 'Dru kd a&pDpepf wpf&yfukd
urÇmay:&Srd nfonfh Edik if u
H rSxal xmifEikd jf cif;r&daS o;yg/Oyrm wpfct k aejzifh ajym&vQif
uav;i,f wpfa,mufudkvrf;aumif;aumif;ravQmufwwfao;rD qE´apmí
tqifhausmfum ZGwftwif;ajy;cdkif;onfhoabmoufa&mufaeygonf/ rdrdudk,frdrd
'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if H yg[kowfrw S af eMuonfh Edik if rH sm; taejzif,h ckvuf&dS tajctaersdK;
a&muf½SdvmatmifrnfodkYaomtqifhrsm;jzwfoef;cJh&onfudk jyefvnfMunfh½Iavhvm
oHk;oyfrnf qdkygupdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkUjyif¤if;wdkY\vuf&Sd
tajctaersm;odkU a&muf&dSap&ef tcsdefrnfrQ,lí wnfaqmufMudK;yrf; cJh&aMumif;
od&dS&yguydkíyifpdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayrnf/
17/ jref r mEd k i f i H \ urÇ m UtajccH v l Y t cG i f h t a&;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if o
H nf rMumao;rDurS tpd;k &tqufqufukd awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd f cJah om
wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;ESihf tpd;k &wdUk onf trsKd ;om;a&;jyefvnfpnf;vH;k
nDñw G rf u I akd &S;&SKí ndES KSd i;f oabmwlrKS &&Scd jhJ yD;aemuf jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &onf vuf&t Sd ajc
taeü zGUH NzdK;NyD; Edik if rH sm;uJo h Ykd yk*v
¾ u
d &ydik cf iG rhf sm;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;xuf ta&SUwdik ;f &Sd
zGUH NzdK;qJEikd if t H rsm;pkenf;wl tzGUJ tpnf; todik ;f t0ef; (Community) \&ydkifcGifhrsm;
udk OD;pm;ay;taumiftxnfaz:vsuf&Sdaeygonf/ jrefrmtpdk;&\ xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay;
vkyif ef; rsm;teufrt S ajccHtusq;kH vlYtcGit hf a&;wpfcjk zpfaom rdrEd ikd if o H m;rsm; wdUk \
b0 vHkNcHKrSKjznfhqnf;ay;jcif;onfvkyfief;&yfwpf&yfjzpfonf/jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf
rd r d w d k Y \ touf & S i f a exd k i f a &;twG u f v k H j cH K rS K ?yd k i f q d k i f a omypö n f ; Opö m vH k N cH K rI E S i f h
ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f rSKtjyif rdrd rdom;pkrsm;pm;0wfaea&; zlvrkH t I wGuf oifah vsmaf om
tvkyftudkifrsm; &&SdrSKponfh r&dSrjzpfonhf tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm; tjynfht0
cHpm;Ekdifa&;onft"duusonf[k jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh,HkMunfxm;jyD;jzpfygonf/
jrefrmtpd;k &ESihf jrefrmjynfow l Ykd onf tar&duefEikd if o H m;rsm; &&Scd pH m;aeaom
tcGifhta&;tcsKdUudk ESpfoufygaomfvnf;wpfcsdefcsdefwGif rdrdEdkifiH? rdrdwdkY\tajccH
vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq h nf;&&SNd yD;onfah emufwiG f tar&duefjynforl sm;&&Scd pH m;aeonfh
tcGifhta&;tcsKdUudkpHxm;um twk,lEdkifzG,f&m&dSygonf/ odkY&mwGif vwfwavm
tajctaeü jrefrmtpdk;&omru jrefrmjynfolrsm;uygurÇmUtajccHvlUtcGihfta&;rsm;
jzpfonhf Edik if o H m;wdYk\ touft;kd tdrpf nf;pdrf vHNk cHKrIEiS hf umuG,rf t I pm; tjcm;aom
wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&;rsm;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpküvTrf;rdk;xm;vsuf&Sdaeonfudk
pd;k &draf MumifMh u rSKrsm;jzpfay:vsu&f dS aeMuygonf/ jrefrmEdik if EH iS w hf uG urÇmEh ikd if t H rsm;
tjym;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpküwdk;yGm;vmaom tMurf;zufrIrsm;tay:xdwfvefY
wkev f KS yrf d ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzih1f 998 ckEpS w f iG f tmuifaqmjynfe,f&dS pmoifausmif;
wpfausmif;wGijf zpfymG ;cJah omausmif;om;ESpOf ;D \aoewfjzifh ypfcwfwu kd cf u
kd rf I jzpfpOfEiS hf
tar&duef uGef*&uftaqmufttHkCapitol Hill wGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nf&h tJ &m &SEd pS Of ;D udk
ypfcwfowfjzwf rSKponfjh zpf&yfrsm;onftar&duefwiG af eYpOf jzpfysuaf y:aygufaeaom
tMurf;zufrSK jzpfpOfajrmufjrm;pGmrS xdwfvefUwkefvSKyfzG,f&merlemwpfcsdKUom jzpfyg
onf/þjzpfpOfrsm;udk axmuf½jI cif;tm;jzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ütajccH vlUtcGihf
ta&;rsm;qdwfokOf;aeNyD[kqdkavmufayonf/ vufawGUrSm tar&dueftpdk;&upGyfpGJ
ovdk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif,if;odkYaomjzpf&yfqdk;rsm;r&Sday/
trSepf ifppfürl jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;onftjcm;aomwwd,urÇmEdik if &H dS vltrsm;pk
uJhodkYyifEdkifiHa&;udk t½l;trl;pJGvrf;jcif;?vdkufpm;jcif;r½SdMuyg/jrefrmwdkYtaejzihf
vGwfvyfjcif;qdkonfrSm tcsdeftcgvdkufrJay;ydkifcGifh&&Sdjcif;ESifh rdrdwdkY\ EdkifiHa&;
t,ltqrsm;udk trsm;a&SUarSmufü xkwfazmfajymMum;Edkifjcif;[lí rowfrSwfMuyg/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzihfydkrdkwnfjidrf&ihfusufvmjyD;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk(135)pk
wdkU\ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrSK ydkrdkcdkifjrJvmonhftcgwGifvnf;aumif;?jynfolvlxkwdkU\
tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udkwdk;wufjznhfqnf;edkifonhf ydkrdkjrihfrm;aomtajctae
a&mufonhftcgwGifvnf;aumif; EdkifiHa&;tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tjynhft0 usihfoHk;&ef
vGwfvyfcGihfawmif;qdkcsufjzpfxGef;vmrnfjzpfayonf/tcsKdUaomEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh
,ckvuf½dS tajctaewGijf refrmEdik if u H kd ¤if;wdYkEiS hf wef;wlxm;umEdik if aH &; tcGit hf a&;rsm;
ay;&rnf[k twif;t"r®zdtm;ay;jcif;onf vufawGUrusay/tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
jrefrm Edik if oH nf vuf&adS &muf&dS aeaom wd;k wufrt I qifüh trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nDñw G af &;?
Nidr;f csrf;a&;? wnfNidraf &;tjyif tiftm;aumif;aom tv,ftvwfvw l ef;pm;tvTm
ay:xGuv f ma&;twGu&f nfreS ;f um pD;yGm;a&; zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;udk OD;pm;ay; aqmif½u G f
&rnhf tcsdet f cgjzpfovdk vkyo f ifv h yk x
f ukd af omvky&f yf wpfcv k nf; jzpfygonf/
þwd;k wufrt I qifüh Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udtk vGet f uRHo;kH pGEJ ikd &f ef vrf;zGihf
ay;vdkufygu cufcJpGmwnfaqmuf&,lxm;onfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;? wnfNidrfa&;ESifh
Eke,fao;onfh trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfhtjyif cdkifrmaom
tajccHtw k jf rpfO;D pGmcsrw
S í
f 'Drukd a&pDtaqmufttHBk uD; wnfaqmuf&ef tcGit hf vrf;
udkvnf; vufvTwfqHk;½HI;EdkifjyD; aemufqHk;wGif teSpfom&r½Sdaom'Drdkua&pDtrnfcH
EdkifiHwpfcktjzpfoma&muf&SdoGm;Edkifygonf/
18/ jref r mEd k i f i H ü t"r® v k y f t m;ay;rI p epf u sif h o H k ; onf [ l a om pG y f p G J
csuf r sm;
þpGypf cJG surf sm;udk tcsKd Uaomtodik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;u jrefrmtpd;k &udk wdu k cf u
kd &f mwGif
us,u f s,f jyefYjyefYtoH;k jyKí vkyMf uHowif;rsm; vTix hf w
k u
f m &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom
tpd;k &wpf&yftjzpfjynfywGif yHak zmf&efMudK;pm;vsu&f o dS nf/ jrefrmEdik if o
H nf a&S;twDaw
umvrSpí bmoma&;u@wGiv f nf;aumif;? vlraI &;u@wGif vnf;aumif; bmoma&;
,HMk unfrKS t& rdrq d E´tavsmuf vkyt f m;vSL'gef;onfh tpOftvmaumif; wpf&yfudk
vufcH usifhoHk;cJhMuygonf/ rsufarSmufacwfumvtxd þtpOftvmaumif;udk
pOfqufrjywf vufawGUcH,lusifhoHk;cJhaomfvnf;tHhMozG,faumif;onfrSm t"r®tvkyf
orm; pkaqmif;toH;k jyKrI[al ompGypf cJG suo f nf Edik if aH wmfNidr0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;
tzGUJ tpd;k &wm0ef,Nl yD; aemufyikd ;f rS bGm;ueJay:aygufvm jcif;jzpfonf/ xdt k csed rf pS í
jrefrmtpdk;&udkpGyfpJGtykyfcs toa&zsufrI tpDtpOfwGif wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
þpGJcsufudkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;ydkrdkjrSifhwifyHkMuD;csJUaqmif½GufcJhMuayonf/þodkYapwem t
avsmufvyk t f m;ay;jcif;[laomtpOftvmud, k ckvuf&t Sd pd;k &rStopf wDxiG t f oH;k jyKcJh
jcif;r[kwfyg/ trSefwu,fwGifþpepfudk NAdwdoQwkdUuyif jrefrmEkdifiHukdtkyfcsKyfpOf
1907ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQNrdKUESifh aus;vuftufOya'tjzpfjyXmef;cJhjyD; jAdwdoQOya'
wpf&yfjzpfaejcif;yifjzpfonf/NAdwo d QwUkd onfþOya'udjk yXmef;&mwGif ]]trsm;jynfoEl iS hf
qdik af omvkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udv k ufawGUaqmif½u G &f mwGit f axmuftyHjh zpfapa&; twGuf
trsm;odkYr[kwfyk*dK¾ vf wpfOD;csif;udktrdefUtmPmjzifhqifhqdkjcif;}} [laomtoHk;tEIef;udk
toH;k jyKcMhJ u onf/ vGwv f yfa&;&NyD; onfah emufjrefrmEdik if u H þOya'ukd NAdwed Ef ikd if rH S
tarGqufccH hJ &ygonf/ odYkaomf rMumao;rDumvu tcsKd Uaom taemufEikd if rH sm;onf
þtoHk;tEIef;udkyif ]t"r®vkyftm;ay; pepfusifhoHk;rI} [kajymif;vJíJ trnfopf
wyfa y;cJhj yefonf/þrzG,fr &mt"r®v k yf tm;ay; pG J csuf ud k tjcm;tjcm;aom
pGypf cJG sufrsm;jzpfaom jrefrmtpd;k & onf rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,f azmufum;rIwiG f
yg0ifywfoufaeonf? bmoma&; zdEySd rf KS U? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;udk zdEySd o f wfjzwfrKS
tp&SdonhfpGyfpJGcsufrsm;tjyif tar&duef jynfaxmifpk\ trsdK;om;a&;vkHNcHKrIudk
jrefrmEdkifiHuNcdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdaeonf[k ponfhtajctjrpfr&dSaomowif;rsm;ay:
tajccH u mvk y f B uH z ef w D ; yH k B uD ; csJ U cJ h M ujyD ; jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f uRef c d k i f ; aprS K pepf u d k
vufawGUusifo h ;kH aeumtvkyo f rm; rsm;udMk umyGwEf iS ½hf u kd Ef u
S of nf? uefausmufonf?
csdef;BudK;rsm;ESifhwkwfaESmifí tpdk;&pDrHudef;rsm;wGif cdkif;apaeonf[kxdk;ESuf
pGyfpGJMujyefonf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í ydí k eufeufeeJ J aqG;aEG;&rnfqv kd sif rlvu
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&udk pGyfpGJcJhonfrSm txrf;orm;(0g)t"r®ay:wmqGJtoHk;jyKrI
(FORCED PORTERAGE)jzpfygonf/þpepfonf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; nHhí
jzpfap?vHk;0r&Sdíjzpfap? acwfrD,EÅ&m;wyfr[kwfaom a'ocHppfwyf rsm;&dSonhfEdkifiH
rsm;wGif toH;k jyKaeMupepfwpfco k mjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if u H o hJ Ykd awmrsm;
xlxyfumawmifrsm;rwfapmufonfh a'orsm;wGif wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk qifEGJ&mü
teD;tem;ywf0ef;usif½Gmrsm;rS usef;rmoefpGrf;aomtrsKd;om;rsm;udk tcaMu;aiG ESifh
iSm;&rf;umemruse;f aomppfonfrsm;? 'Pf&m&ppfonf rsm;?t&efaq;0g;pm; eyf&u d m© rsm;
ESichf ,
J rf;rD;ausmuf o,faqmif&eftwGu'f w k , d urÇmppfumvwGif jAdwo d Q Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf
0if;*dwf OD;pD;cJah om jAdwo d Q wdu k cf u dk af &;wyfzUGJ rsm;( British Expeditionary Force)
onf csi;f 'pf(Chindit)wyfrsm;ESit hf wl jrefrmjynfppfqifa&;wGif ay:wmrsm;udk toH;k jyK
cJh&ygonf/
odkYaomf 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;onfhaemuf NAdwdefEdkifiHrS vGwfvyfa&;&ump
jrefrmEdkifiHonfrMumjrifhao;aomumvwdkifatmiftxd tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
qif;&J'ku©tzHkzHkwdkUudkBuHKawGUcJh&onf/jynfyusL;ausmfrIESifh jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIudk
ESpfaygif;(50) ausmfausmf &ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/ þodkUaom tajctaersm;aMumifh
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf a'otwGif;ü yifyef;qif;&JrSK'PftcHEdkifqHk;ESihf tMurf;wrf;
tcHEdkifqHk;ppfwyfwpfcktjzpf&yfwnfvmEdkifcJhjyD; urÇmay:wGif xdcdkuf'Pf&m&&SdrSK
aoqHk;rIEIef;xm;tjrifhqHk;cHcJh&onfhwyfrawmfvnf;jzpfonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
urÇmay:wGif vufeuftqihftwef; jrihfrm;rSK r&dSaomppfwyfwpfwyfjzpf½Hkomru
wyfzGJU0ifrsm;\ vpmrSmvnf; rsm;vSonfr[kwfyg/ þuJhodkUaom twm;tqD;?
tcuftcJrsm; &Sdvifhupm;jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf rdrdqE´tavsmufom 0ifa&muf
wm0efxrf; aqmif&aom wyfrawmfwpfck tjzpfom&yfwnfcyhJ gonf/ wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;
t"r®pak qmif;jcif;udk rnfonfh tcgurQ usio hf ;kH cJjh cif;r&Sad y/ trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yf
taejzifh 0ifa&mufwm0ef xrf;aqmifjcif;udk,cif1947ckESpfzJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif
jyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; vufawGUusihfoHk;cJhjcif;r&dSyg/ Oyrm tm;jzifh azmfjy&vQif
1970ckEpS \ f tapmydik ;f umv AD,uferfppfyu JG mvtwGi;f tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f
tpdk;&taejzifhppfwyfwGif;odkUr0ifrae& Oya'jzihf ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;udk us,fus,f
jyefYjyefY aqmif½u G cf ohJ nfth wGuf tar&duef vli,frsm;onf wyfxrJ 0if&avatmif
trsKd ;rsKd ;aomenf;rsm;jzifh a&Smifwrd ;f cJMh uygonf/ jrefrmEdik if üH rl ppfom;wpfa,mufonf
tcuftcJ?tusyftwnf;rsm;pGmBuHKawGU&rnfudk em;vnfod&dSaomfvnf; jrefrmh
wyfrawmfwGif rdrdqE´tavsmuf wm0efxrf;½Gufvdkolrsm;udk &SmazG&efcufcJrSKr&Sday/
om"uwpfcktaejzifhjy&vQif xdkumvrsm;wGifjrefrmhwyfrawmfppfwuúodkvfonf
ESppf Of t&m&Sad vmif; 100 0ef;usiu f akd ½G;cs,f vufccH aJh omfvnf; ppfwuúov kd 0f ifví kd
ESpfpOfavQmufxm;olrsm;rSm 10000 ausmf&dSaecJhygonf/
xdkYaMumihfxdkpOfuvufeufudkifaomif;usef;oltzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm;vHk;\
tiftm;ta&twGuu f kd pkpnf;vdu k of nft h cg tpd;k &wyf\ tiftm;xuf ydrk rkd sm;jym;
aeonfrSm tHhMozG,f r[kwfouJhodkY tpdk;&wyfrsm;rSmvnf; 0efESihftm;rrQojzihf
touf½SLyifracsmifcJhonfrSm rxl;qef;ay/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf tqufrjywf
vHjk cHKa&;wm0efEiS u fh muG,w f u kd cf u
kd af &;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;½GuMf u&ygonf/ wpfcsed w f nf;
rSmyif tpd;k &wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;taejzifh oufqikd &f m e,fajra'orsm;udk umuG,rf KS ay;í
vHkNcHKrIaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;a'owGif;&Sd a'ocH½Gmol½Gmom;rsm;onf
vdt k yfonft h jcm;taxmuftyH?h tultnDrsm; wwftm;oa½GU ay;Mu&ygrnf/ vrf;yef;
qufoG,fa&;cufcJjyD;xlxyfeufeJvSonfh awmawmifa&ajr twGif;ü tpdk;&wyf
rsm;onf a'ocHjynforl sm;\ taxmuftyHh tultnDrygbJ ¤if;wdYk a'oudk xdxd
a&mufa&muf umuG,rf aI y;Edik rf nfr[kwaf y/ odYk twGuaf Mumifh Edik if \ H vHNk cHKrI½aI xmifrh S
Munhfrnfqdkvsif EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf rdrdEdkifiH\vHkNcHKrItwGuf oufpGefYBudK;yrf;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;aeaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk wpfzufwpfvrf;rSrdrdwdkU
e,fajrESirhf rd wd Ukd a'o vHjk cHKat;csr;f a&;twGuf qifEaJT eaom wdu k yf rGJ sm; tEdik &f &dES ikd &f ef
ppfonfrsm;udk yHyh ;kd uln&D ef wm0ef&ydS gonf/ trSepf ifppf tpd;k &wyfzUJG rsm;onf ppfqifa&;
rsm;wGift&yfom;? txrf;orm;(ay:wm)rsm;udk toHk;rjyKvdkMuay/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf ½Gmom;rsm;onfppfa&;ppf&mtwGufavhusifhxm;olrsm;r[kwfaomaMumifh
¤if;wdUk yg0ifaejcif; onfyif ppfqifa&;wpf&yfv;kH udyk g xdcu kd t f EÅ&m,fjzpfapEdik yf gonf/
odkY&mwGif tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdí t&yfom;ay:wm rsm;udk ra&SmifrvTJombJ
toHk;jyKaeMu&ygonf/ a0;vHacgif;yg;aom e,fpyfa'orsm;ü vSKyf&Sm;aeaom
aomif;use;f olrsm;onfvnf; t&yfom; ay:wm rsm;udyk iftoH;k jyKMu ygonf/ odYkaomf
xdka'orsm;onf aomif;usef;olrsm;\ae&yfXmae jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtzdkY
axmufyHhydkUaqmifa&;onf BuD;rm;aomjyóemr[kwfay/ odkUaomf tpdk;&wyfzGJUrsm;
twGuf xdka0;vHoDacgifaome,fpyfa'orsm;a&muf&dSatmif cufxef Murf;wrf;jyD;
awmawmifxx l yfaom ajrtaetxm;rsm;udt k enf;qH;k 7 &uf cefYMumjrifh pGmjzwfoef;
csDwufMu&ygonf/ tpdk;&ppfonfrsm;onfrdrdwdkY\ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf?
&dum© ?t0wftxnfponfwYkdukd o,fy;kd &jcif;aMumihf rdrw d Ukd &nfreS ;f csuf ae&modUk
a&muf&Sdonfhtcgajcukefvufyef;usaeNyDjzpfonf/ vdktyfaom tpma&pmcsdKUwJhrIESifh
yifyef; EGr;f e,frKS wUkd aMumihf ppfonfrsm;onf tm;tifuek cf rf;um iSuzf sm;a&m*g rsm;\
ypfrw S of zG,jf zpfvmMuonf/ wpfzefiu S zf sm;a&m*g trsKd ;rsKd ;pGuJ yfjzpfymG ;rSKaMumihv f nf;
aoqHk;rIEIef;xm;jrifhrm;onf/ *syefEdkifiH\ordkif;armfuGef;t& 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;qHk;
umeD;csed wf iG f jrefrmEdik if \ H xlxyfaom awmrsm;udk jzwfoef;í qkwcf mG aom*syefwyf
taejzihftpma&pmjywfvyfítiftm;csKdUwJhrSKaMumifhiSufzsm;a&m*g\ zdpD;rSKcH&jyD;aemuf
*syefppfonfEpS o f ed ;f ausmfonf aoqH;k cJMh u&onf/,aeYrsufarSmufumvwGif iSuzf sm;
a&m*g wm;qD;umuG,u f ok a&; enf;emopfrsm; &Sad omfjim;vnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;
rsm;onf xdx k x l yfaom awmrsm;twGi;f ü ,cifxufyí kd jyif;xefaom iSuzf sm;a&m*g
rsdK;qufopf\tEÅ&m,fudk&ifqdkifae&qJ &dSMuygonf/
txrf;orm;rsm;udkiSm;&rf;&mwGiftpdk;&wyfrsm;onfusef;rmoefpGrf;aom
a,musfm;ta&twGuf rnfírnfrQvdktyfonfudka'oqdkif&m½GmolBuD;rsm;tm;
tultnDawmif;cH&ygonf/þodUk ac:aqmifomG ;ol txrf;orm;rsm;udk aemufwpf½mG
odkYa&mufonfhtcgxdkaus;&GmrStxrf;orm;topfrsm;jzifhtpm;xdk; vJvS,fygonf/
odkYaomfaemufxyfa&muf&Sdonfh½Gmü tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom a,musfm; tvHktavmuf
r&So d nft h cg odYk r[kwf xdak 'owGi;f ü tjcm;½Gmrsm;r&So d nft
h cg jyóem tcuftcJ
ESi&fh ifqikd Mf u&ayonf/,if;odYktcuftcJjzpfaponfh t"du taMumif;&if;rSmþodYk aom
ppfyGJtrsdK;tpm;wGiftxrf;orm; (0g)ay:wmrsm;\ vkyftm;onfr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfae
rSKaMumihfjzpfygonf/ vufawGUususajym&rnfqdkvQif wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;Nidrf;csrf;
onhftcgrSomþjyóemvnf; ajyvnfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/þtajctaeudkod&dS
oabmayguf em;vnfxm;aom wyfrawmftpdk;&onfEdkifiHawmftmPmudk pwif
xrf;&Guf&onfh 1988 ckESpfrSpí EdkifiHawmftwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhat;csrf;om,ma&;
&Sdvmap&eftwGuf trsKd;om;pnf;vHk; nDñGwfa&;udk rrSdwfrokefMudK;pm;aqmif½Guf
vsuf&Sdygonf/wpfenf;tm;jzifhtpdk;&onf ppfyGJrsm;atmifEdkifa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;
rnfhtpm; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; rsm;\cspfMunf&if;ESD; rI&,la&;udkBudK;yrf;umtm;vHk;udk
epfemxdcu kd af ponfh ppfyo JG oH &mudk jyD;qH;k Edik cf NhJ yDjzpfonf/ þ&nfreS ;f csuf atmifjrifcNhJ yD
jzpfí a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif ay:wmrsm;toHk;jyK&onfh tajctaeonfvnf;
twdwfumvwGif usef&pfcJhNyDjzpfonf/
,ckqufvufí jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf uRefvkyftm;pepf (Slave Labour)udk
usihfoHk;onf[laom tcsdKUaomtaemufEdkifiHrsm;pGyfpJGonhftjiif;yGm;zG,f&mudp&ö yfudk
aqG;aEG;vdyk gonf/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf NAdwed Ef ikd if rH S vGwv f yfa&;jyefvnf&,lco hJ nfh 1948
ckEpS rf pS í Edik if w H umtvkyo f rm;tzGUJ (International Labour Organization -ILO) \
tzGUJ 0if jzpfco hJ nf/ ILO pmcsKyf 19 ck (19 ILO Conventions) udv k nf; w&m;0if
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf þtzGJUBuD;\ wm0efodaomtzGJU0if
wpfEidk if jH zpfjyD; &Snv f sm;aomtzJUG 0if oufwrf;wpfavQmuf wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf KS
txift&Sm; &Sjd yD; wpfBudrw f pfcgrQ tvkyo f rm;pHEeI ;f rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f aom BuD;rm;aom
jyóem&yfrsm; ,cifur&SdcJhbl;yg/
odkY&mwGif 1990 ckESpftapmydkif;umvrSpítcsdKUaomtaemufEdkifiHrsm;?
ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm; twGuaf qmif&u G af eaomtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? tpd;k &qefYusiaf &;tkypf rk sm;u
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&ef[laom
taMumif;jycsufjzifh þtzGJUBuD;udk EdkifiHa&;t& ckwHk;ozG,ftoHk;csum jrefrmEdkifiHudk
Edik if aH &;zdtm; ay;vmMuygonf/ jrefrmEdik if H tvkyo f rm;rsm;\ tcGit hf a&;&&Sad &;udk
yg;pyfzsm;rSomtoHaumif;[pfaeMuaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\wu,fh&nf½G,fcsufrSm
EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;wdkif;(ukvor*¾tygt0if) rSxkwfy,fypfjcif;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk
txD;usefb0ra&mufa&mufatmif wGef;ydkUay;&ef jzpfayonf/
vuf&dS jrefrmEdik if tH pd;k &onf rMumao;rDaom ESprf sm;twGi;f u? vGwv f yfa&;
&NyD;csdefrSpí tpdk;&tqufqufudkckcHwdkufcdkufcJhMuaom wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif
tzGJUrsm;tm;vHk;eD;yg;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESif oabmwlnDrSKudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/
þwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm;onf,cktcgwGifjidrf;csrf;pGm zGJUpnf;yHktajccH
Oya'opfa&;qGJa&;wGifudk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifaqmif½Gufvsuf&SdMuygonf/ zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'opf ray:aygufao;rD tcsed w f iG f jidr;f csr;f a&;&,lxm; aom wkid ;f &if;om;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd a0;vHacgif;yg;aom ¤if;wkdUaexkdif&m e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif
rdrdwdkY\vHkNcHKrItwGufowfrSwfxm;aom e,fajrrsm; twGif;vufeufudkifaqmifcGifhjyK
xm;ygonf / þwyf z G J U rsm;onf z G J U pnf ; yH k t ajccH O ya'opf ay:ayguf v monf h
tcsdefrSomvQifrdrdwdkY\vufeufrsm;udk pGefUvGwfrnfjzpfygonf/ þtawmtwGif;ürl
tpdk;& ESifhwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufa&;rsm;udk
aqmif½u G f vsu&f ydS gonf/ þodYk tjyeftvSe, f MkH unfrI wnfaqmuf&mwGif wpfcsed u f
vufeufukdif wdkif;&if;om;wyfzGJUrsm; BuD;pdk;cJhonfh a'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;?
rnfolUMoZmrSoufa&mufrSK r&SdcJhaomMum;cHa'orsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? zGHUNzdK;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;udk ESpzf ufpvH;k twlwuGaqmif½u G v f suf &SMd uygonf/ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf yl;aygif;í
ta&;wBuD;vkt d yfaeaom tajccHtaqmufttHrk sm;? rl;,pfaq;0g; (bde;f ) wdu k zf suaf &;
vkyif ef;rsm;? use;f rma&;? ynma&;? qufo, G af &; ESib hf ufpzkH UHG NzdK;a&; pDruH ed ;f rsm; udk
pepfwus taumiftxnf azmfvsuf&ydS gonf/
armfawmfum;vrf;? rD;&xm;vrf;? qnfajrmif;wmwrH ponfh tajccH taqmuf
ttHkrsm;? pDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif aqmufvkyfa&;
wefqmyvmESihf pufu&d , d mrsm; tvHt k avmuf r&So d jzifh vl\ vkyt f m;udk tm;jyKí
wnfaqmufae&ygonf/ þodYkaom pDru H ed ;f rsm; aqmufvyk &f ef twGuf vkyt f m;udk
oufqdkif&m0efBuD;Xmeu aqmufvkyfa&;ÚmPtvkyform;rsm;ESihf um,tvkyform;
rsm;udk ac:aqmiftoHk;jyKjyD; wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESifhjidrf;csrf;a&; &,lxm;aom
wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJU0ifrsm; tygt0if&SdorQaom rvHkravmufpufud&d,m
pufypönf;rsm;jzifh yl;aygif;yg0ifwnfaqmufMu&ygonf/ tcsdKUvkyfief;rsm;wGif
tvkyo f rm;tiftm; xyfrv H tkd yfvmonft h cg a'otmPmydik rf sm;rSwpfqifh arwÅm&yfcH
í teD;tem;&S½d mG rsm;rSxyfrv H t kd yfaom tvkyo f rm;rsm;&&S&d ef aqmif½u G f &ygonf/
xdktcgwGif e,fajrtwGif;&Sd&Gmom;rsm;yg0ifaom tvkyform; tiftm;pkonf
wyfrawmfom;rsm;?jidrf;csrf;a&;&,lxm;aomwdkif&if;om;tzJGUrsm;udk tiftm;jznhfum
yl;aygif;í pDrHudef;NyD;pD;&ef twlwuGyg0ifvkyfudkifMuygonf/ a'otwGif;
pDrHudef;NyD;qHk;onfhtcg xdke,fajrrSmaexdkifaom ½Gmol½Gmom;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;
wyfzGJU0ifrsm;u rdrdwdkYa'owGif;usef&pfum a'owdk;wufrI\ toD;tyGifh rsm;udk
cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;url tjcm;zGUH NzdK;a&; pDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif qufvuf
yg0if aqmif½GufEdkif&ef vdktyfonfha'orsm;odkY oGm;a&mufMuygonf/ ,if;odkU
vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifaqmif&GufrSKtwGuf aeYpm;vkyfcudk wpfOD;csif;ay;acsavh&Sdovdk
wpfcgwpf&w H iG rf l aus;&GmtwGuf pmMunfch ef;? bmoma&; taqmufttHrk sm;odUk r[kwf
tao;pm;a&avSmifuefaqmufvkyfay;&ef ponfjzifhawmif;cHonfvnf; &dSonf/
xdt k cgrsK;d wGif &yf½mG tzGUJ tpnf;twGuf aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;&onhf taqmuf tODtwGuf
ukefusaiGrSm ¤if;½Gmol½Gmom;wdkY\ pkaygif;vkyftm;cxufydkrdkrsm;jym; avh&Sdonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzihaf 'ocHvx l ak wmif;qko d nfh taqmuftODNyD;pD;&eftwGuf aiGvakd eonfh
tcg oufqdkif&m0efBuD;Xmeu jznfhpGufay;&ygonf/ þodkYapwemo'´gw&m;jzifh
aqmif½u G af y;jcif;tay: e,fajrcHvx l t k aejzihvf nf; rsm;pGmwefz;kd xm;um aus;Zl;wif
vsuf&SdMuygonf/
wpfcgwpf&HrSm vlrIa&;odkYr[kwfbmoma&;u@rsm;ü yg0ifaqmif&Gufí
vkyif ef;jyD;pD;onhf tcgrsm;wGiv f yk tf m;cay;&efrvdt k yfovdk odYk r[kwf ay;acsonfukd
vufrcHonft h cgrsdK;vnf;&Sw d wfygonf/tb,faMumifq h akd omf xdo k Ykd aqmif½uG &f onfh
vkyt f m;udk jrifjh rwfí ¤if;wdYk &yf½mG twGuf ukov kd af &;[k ,lqíjzpfygonf/ odYk aomf
&xm;vrf;azmufvyk jf cif; ESihf um;vrf;azmufvyk jf cif; ponfh BuD;rm;aom pDru H ed ;f
BuD;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G &f mwGio f ufqikd &f m e,fajr&Sd wyfrawmfom; rsm;udo k m
toH;k jyKygonf/ jynforl sm;udk t"r®vyk t f m;ay;&ef cdik ;f aponf[al om yHMk uD;csUJ pGypf cJG suf
rsm;a&Smif&mS ;Edik &f ef pDru H ed ;f e,fajrtwGi;f &Sd ½Gmom;rsm;u xdk aqmufvyk af &; vkyif ef;rsm;
wGif wpfO;D csif;jzpfap? tpktzGUJ vdu k f jzpfap yg0ifaqmif½u G &f ef urf;vSr;f onfuykd if
jiif;qdk&onfvnf;&Sdygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf ao;i,faomzGHUNzdK;qJ EdkifiHwpfckjzpfí
r&SdrjzpfvdktyfonfhtajccH taqmufttHkrsm;aqmufvkyf&ef t&if;tjrpfypönf;rsm;
rjynfhpHkyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolvlxkudk twif;t"r®tvkyfckdif;aponf[k pGyfpJGaeaom
EdkifiHrsm;uyif jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolrsm;ESihfwdkif;jynf\wkd;wufrSKtwGufvkyfaqmif&rnhf
zGHUjzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifvdktyfaom taxmuftulrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSK
udrk &&daS tmif [efUwm;?ydwyf ifvsuf &daS eonht f wGuf Edik if aH wmftaejzihf rdrjd ynforl sm;
,ckxuf ydrk t kd qift h wef;jrifjh yD;jynfpakH om b0wnfaqmufay;Edik &f ef zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufa&;
vkyif ef;rsmudk rdrw d YkdvufvrS ;f rD&m enf;vrf;rsm; usio fh ;kH jyD; &Sod rQEiS ahf qmif&u G ½f rkH t
S y
wpfjcm; a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;r&dyS g/
jrefrmjynfolrsm;udk vlYtcGifhta&; tjynfht0cHpm;apvdkaom qE´&Sdygonf
[k ajymqdkaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;uyif jrefrmjynfolwdkY\ &ydkifcGihfjzpfaom wdk;wuf
zGHUNzdK;rIudk[efYwm;í<u,f0csrf;omrIudk ydwfyifaejcif;rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&mjzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdik if o H nf zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufrI Eke,fao;aomtqifh rSmom&Sad eao;jcif;aMumifh wnfwhH
cdkifNrJaom'Drdkua&pDpepfwpf&yfodkUNidrf;csrf;wnfjidrfpGmjzifh atmifatmifjrifjrif
ul;ajymif;Ekdif&eftwGuf EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;\yHhydk;rI? ½dkif;yif;rIESifh tm;ay;rIudk
vdktyfygonf/,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGifjrefrmEdkifiHonf ppfab;ppf'Pf BuKHawGU
cJh&aom b0wpfckrS EdkifiHopfwpfckjyefvnfwnfaqmufaeaomumv jzpfonf/
1988ckESpfwGifwyfrawmfu a&SmifvTJír&awmhojzifh EdkifiHawmftmPmudk vTJajymif;
&,lvu kd &f onft h csed w f iG f jrefrmEkid if \ H vuf0,fwiG f Edik if jH cm;t&efaiG ruseo f avmuf
&SdaejyD;&efukefNrdKUawmfBuD;wGif 65%aom pufrIvkyfief;rsm;zsufqD;jcif; odkYr[kwf
vk,ufjcif;cH&jyD; Edik if w H pf0eS ;f wGiv f nf; rNidrrf oufrEI iS hf rif;rJph ½du k f vTr;f rd;k rIc&H um
vufeufuikd af omif;use;f rIrsm;vnf; jyif;xefvsu&f cdS o hJ nf/jrefrmEdik if o H nf NAdwed Ef ikd if rH S
1948 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhaomfvnf; 1992 ckESpf 0ef;usifa&mufrSom
jynfwiG ;f üxl;jcm;aom bufpw kH ;kd wufzUHG NzdK;rI? txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om; jyefvnfpnf;vH;k
nDñGwfrIudk pwif&&SdcJhygonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrSpíA[dktpdk;&tqufqufudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhaom
wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUtrsm;pktwGufþwyfrawmftpdk;&ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDrI
&,lcJhNyD;csdefaemufrSom vGwfvyfa&;\t&omudk trSefod&SdcHpm;cGifh&&SdcJhjyD;
¤if;wdkYa'otoD;oD;wGifvnf; Nidrf;csrf;rI? wnfNidrfrIESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk rsufjrif
awGU&S&d onf[k yGiv hf if;pGmxkwaf zmf ajymqdk cJMh uygonf/ Edik if \ H e,fpyfa'orsm; wGif
rSDwif;aexdkifMuaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;taejzifh 1989 ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;rSpwifíS
vGwv f yfa&;\toD;tyGirhf sm;udck pH m;Mu&onf[q k v kd sif rSm;rnfrxifay/tb,faMumifh
qdak omf yxrOD;qH;k aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzGUJ onf 1989ckEpS w f iG f vnf;aumif;? aemufq;kH
tzGUJ onf 1998 ckEpS w f iG vf nf;aumif; vuf&t Sd pd;k &ESifh Nidr;f csr;f a&; oabmwlcyhJ gonf/
þodYk &&Sx d m;onfh Nidr;f csrf;a&;ESihf wnfNidrrf u I kd xde;f odr;f xm;NyD; tqifq h ifh
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; &&Sdatmif qufvufaqmif½GufEkdif&ef jrefrmEdkifiHtzdkY txl;
vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkYaom wwd,urÇmtzGJU0ifEdkifiHwpfcktzdkY udk,fwdkif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwaf qmif½u G af &;tjyif urÇmt h odik ;f t0dik ;f rS axmufyu hH n l rD rI sm; ukvd nf;
vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf þodkY txl;vdktyfaeaom axmufyHhulnDrIrsm;udk urÇmh
tiftm;BuD; Edik if t H csKdUu wm;qD;ydwyf ifxm;Muojzifh jrefrmEdik if o H nf tjcm;Edik if rH sm;
enf;wl rdrjd ynforl sm;twGuf ydí k aumif;rGef jynfpakH omb0 wnfaqmufjznfq h nf;
Edik &f eftwGuf rdrv d ufvrS ;f rDorQ?vuf0,f&o dS rQwUkd udk taumif;qH;k toH;k jyK&efrw S pfyg;
tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdawmhay/
EIdif;,SOfíaxmufjy&rnfqdkvQif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf jrefrmEdkifiH
vGwv f yfa&; &cJo h nfh 1948 ckEpS rf wkid rf D 172 ESpaf pmí 1776 ckEpS w f iG f vGwv f yfa&;
&&Scd o hJ nf/ odYkaomf tar&duefwUkd vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;aemuf tESpf 200avmufMumrSom
1960 jynfhESpfrsm;?tv,fa&muf&SdcsdefwGifom vlYtcGifhta&;e,fy,fwGif vlrnf;rsm;
taejzifh rJay;ydkifcGifhpwif&&SdcJh&m tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;rSK tqkH;owfEkdifcJhygonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k nf Edik if zH UHG NzdK; rIpwifaqmif½u G o f nfh tapmydik ;f umvrsm;wGif
¤if;\tajccHtaqmufttHw k pfcjk zpfaomrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk rnfoYkd rnfyw kH nfaqmuf
cJMh uonfukd avhvmMunfv h Qif pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;aom tcsurf sm; awGU&S&d ygrnf/
¤if;wdUk onfr;D &xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvyk &f m wGiw f &kwu f v l D (Chinese Coolies) rsm;pGmudk
acsG;wyfqí JG oH;k pGcJ MhJ uygonf/wpfzef¤if;wkUd \ 0gpdu k yf sdK;a&;vkyif ef; wd;k wuftjrwf&rI
twGuv f rl nf;rsm; udak us;uRerf sm;tjzpf toH;k cscyhJ gonf/þtcsurf sm;onf rnfonfh
wd;k wufatmifjrifrKS udrk qdk aeUcsif; ncsif; aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; r&do
S nfukd nTejf yvsuf
&dyS gonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk yifvQif vlYtcGit hf a&; tajctaeESihf vlYtcGit hf a&;
u@ wd;k wufvmap&eftESpf 200wdik af tmif tcsed , f l BudK;yrf;cJ&h onfrmS rjiif;Ekid zf , G f
jzpfygonf/
vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf ¤if;Edkifi H
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuftqifhqifhBudK;yrf;cJh&onfhenf;wl ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiH
onfvnf; tvm;wlyif tqifq h ifBh udK;yrf;aeqJ umvjzpfygonf/ okUd aomfvnf;jrefrm
Edik if t H wGuf qk;d 0g;aom tawGUtBuKHwpfcEk iS &hf ifqidk af e&ygonf/þonfrmS tapmydik ;f
umvu zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufonfhtqifhodkY OD;pGma&muf&SdaeNyD;jzpfaom EdkifiHBuD;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkYjrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkU ukodkvfuHtaMumif;rvS&SmaomEdkifiHrsm;udk tcsdefwdkwdktwGif;
wdk;wufap&ef ¤if;wdkY\ Opöm"eESifhtawGUtBuHKrsm;rQa0ay;vdkonfh qE´r&dSjcif;jzpf
ygonf/þrQruNidr;f csr;f wnfjidrpf mG jzihf wpfqihjf yD;wpfqifh wd;k wuf&efBudK;yrf; aeonfh
jrefrmEdik if u H ykd ifwcsKUd aomtaemufEikd if MH uD;rsm;u aESmih, f u S [ f efYwm;vsuf &Sad eygonf/
¤if;wdYk \ tawmrowfEikd af om £omrapä&, d pdw?f wm0efrahJ omvky&f yfEiS hf obm0
rusaomarQmfvifhcsufrsm;xm;&dSaejcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHudktxD;usefEdkifiH wpfEdkifiH
tjzpfodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdatmifwGef;ydkYaeonfr[kwfonfhwdkif wnfNidrfrIr&Sdaom
trnfcH'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;aomEdkifiHwpfck jzpfvmatmifwGef;ydkUouJhodkU jzpfae
ygonf/
19/ jref r mEd k i f i H t pd k ; &onf t pd k ; &r[k w f a omtzJ G U tpnf ; rsm;?
bmoma&;toif;tyif;rsm; ESihfyl;aygif;íuav; oli,frsm;\
tcGihfta&; rsm;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf 1991ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGifuav;oli,frsm;\tcGihfta&;
qdik &f mnDvmcH (The Convention on the Rights of the Child) üoabmwlvufrSwf
a&;xk;d í tzJUG 0iftjzpf0ifa&mufcyhJ gonf/ uav;oli,frsm;udpk pfom;rsm;tjzpftoH;k jyK
jcif;ESiyfh wfoufí þtzJUG tpnf;MuD;u azmfxw k cf ahJ om pd;k &draf MumihMf urSKukd jrefrmEdik if H
tpdk;&onfvnf;rQa0cHpm;rdygonf/
0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;onfrSm tcsKdUaomvlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ESifhtzJGUtpnf;rsm;u
jrefrmEdik if EH iS yfh wfoufaomowif;ppfqifa&;(Media Campaign) udt k &deS t
f [kejf rSiu
fh m
jrefrmEdik if t
H pd;k &\*kPo f ud m© usqif;apaomtvdUk iSm r[kwrf rSef vkyMf uHowif;rsm;ESifh
vdrfvnf owif;rsm;udkjzefUa0vsuf&dSygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomtcsufwpfcsufrSm Amnesty International \
1998ckEpS w f iG f xkwjf yefcahJ omtar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS fh ywfoufaomrSww f rf;rsm;t&
uav;oli,frsm;\ tcGihfta&;qdkif&mnDvmcHrSoabmwlcsrSwfxm;aom tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkoabmwlaMumif;vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;r&dSaomEdkifiH ESpfEdkifiH om&dSae
ygonf/,if;ESpEf ikd if rH mS qdrk mvD,m;ESifh tar&duefEikd if w H Ukd jzpfygonf/ tar&duef
jynf a xmif p k t aejzih f t ouf ( 18)ES p f a tmuf u av;rsm;ud k wyf r awmf t wG i f ;
0ifa&mufapjcif;ESihf &efvdktMurf;zufrSKrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufrSKudk[efUwm;
umuG,o f nhOf ya' Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child udk
oabmwlvufcHjcif;r&dSEdkifatmif tMudrfMudrf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/
AD,uferfppfumvtwGif;wGif odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomtar&duefvli,frsm;udk
tar&d u ef w yf r awmf t wG i f ; od k U r0if r ae&twif ; tMuyf 0 if a &muf a pcJ h y gonf /
þppfyJGjyD;qHk;onhf tcsdefwGiftar&duefvli,f 55000 0ef;usifaoqHk;onfhtjyif
xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&rSK? ud, k vf uft*FgcRw, f iG ;f rSKESifh pdwaf 0'emcHpm;&ol ajrmufrsm;pGmuse&f Sd
aecJhygonf/
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf qE´tavsmuf 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;ESifh zJUG pnf;xm;aom
wyf j zpf í t&G , f r a&muf a o;aomvl i ,f r sm;tm; pk a qmif ; jcif ; cG i f h r jyKovk d
0ifa&mufapjcif;vnf;rjyKcJhyg/okdUaomfwpfcgwpf&HwGif tcsKdUaus;vufa'orsm;ü
t&G,fra&mufao;olrsm;onfrdrdwdkU\touft&G,fudkvdrfjyD; EdkifiHom;rSwfyHkwif
twkodkYr[kwf pm&Gufpmwrf;twkrsm;udkppfom;pkaqmif;a&;Xmersm;odkU,laqmif
vmwwfonf/xdkUa'orsm;wGif&Sdaompkaqmif;a&;Xmersm;rS wm0ef&dStmPmydkifrsm;
tzdkUvnf;rSefuefrSK ppfaq;&efcJ,Of;ayonf/þodkUjzpfcJvSaomtajctaersm;rSty
tpdk;&onf toufrjynhfolrsm; ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;udkvHk;0wm;jrpfxm;ygonf/
uRefkyfwdkUonf ,cktcsdefü urÇmUtESHtjym;wGif tMurf;zufvufeufudkiftzJGUtpnf;
rsm;u uav;oli,f rsm;udrk rd w d Ukd tzJUG tpnf;toD;oD;twGi;f odUk ppfom;tjzpf twif;
tusyfpepfwuspkaqmif;vsuf&dSonfrSmrsufjrifudk,fawGUyifjzpfonf/Oyrmwpfck
taejzifhjrefrmEkdifiHwGifvufeufukdiftMurf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfaqmif
aeaomaemufqkH;usef&Sdaeonfhu&ifaomif;usef;oltzGJU(KNU)ukdteD;uyfMunfh&SK
avhvmyguatmufajc tzGJU0iftrsm;pktaejzif h¤if;wkdU acgif;aqmifrsm;\vrf;pOf
tay: ,kMH unfrKS r&Sad wmhonf ukad wGU&S&d ygrnf/KNUwkdUonf 1949ckESpfrSpwifí
vufeufuidk f tMurf;zufrKS rsm;ukd qufwu dk v
f yk u
f idk f aqmif&u G vf m&if; u&ifjynfe,fudk
jynfaxmifprk S cGx J w
k íf vGwv f yfaomjynfe,fxal xmifa&;[lonfh tmrcHcsuu f vdk nf;
,kHMunfrSK uif;rJhvm Muygonf/xkdUtjyifjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;ü wpfjcm;aom
wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl at;twlyltrQ at;csrf;pGmaexkdifvsuf&SdMuaom u&if
wkid ;f &if;om; tm;vk;H onf Ekid if aH wmfrcS x JG uG af &;ukd vufawGUwGif rnforl Qrvkv d m;Muyg/
þtajctaersdK;aMumifhKNUwyfzGJUtwGif;rS Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;ESifh
c&pf,mefbmom0if wyfzGJU0ifajrmufjrm;pGmwkdUrSmvufeufukdiftMurf;zufrSKvrf;pOf
ukdpGefUvTwfcJhMuygonf/,aeUqkdvQifKNUwyfzUJG wpfcv k ;Hk \ 70%ausmaf usmrf mS KNU
tzGJUukdausmckdif;umEkdifiHawmftpkd;&tygt0if jynfolvlxkESifhtwlwuG yl;aygif;jyD;
u&ifjynfe,fw;dk wufzUHG jzdK;a&;twGut f aumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G vf su&f adS e ygonf/
jiif;uG,fí r&EkdifaomtcsufwpfcsufrSm u&ifjynfe,ftESHUtjym;wGif vlrSKa&;
ESifhpD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufrSKrsm; txkduftavsmufatmifjrifrSK &&Sdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf/
okdUaomfKNU wkdU\tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;aMumifhtcsdKUaom ae&mrsm;wGif a'ozGHUjzdK;
wkd;wufa&; BudK;yrf;csufrsm;ukd taESmihft,Suft[efUtwm; jzpfvsuf&Sdaeygonf/
KNU wkdUonfjynfy&Sd ukd,fusKd;&SmtzGJUtpnf;trsdK;rsdK;\aiGaMu; axmufyHhrSKESifh
tultnDrsm;aMumifh qufvuf&Sifoef &yfwnfvsuf&SdaeonfrSmvnf; xif&Sm;aom
tcsufwpfcsufjzpfygonf/ okUd aomfvnf; usef&adS eaom wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;xJrv S nf;KNU
tzG J U uk d q uf v uf í pG e f U cG m rS K rsm;&S d a eygojzif h KNU wk d U taejzif h ¤ if ; wk d U \
vufeufukdiftMurf;zufrSKESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvufí xda&mufpGm
vkyfaqmifEkdif&efvltiftm;tvGeftrif;vkdtyfvQuf&Sdaeygonf/ xkdUaMumifh¤if;wkdU
taejzifh wyfom;opfrsm;&&Sda&;twGuf tpDtpOfcsrSwfí uav;oli,frsm;
ygrusefaus;&Gmvlxkukd&&mae&mrStwif;tusyfpkaqmif; vsuf&SdaeMuygonf/
u&ifvli,fESpfOD;jzpfonhfa*smfeDESihfvlomxl;rSm,if;odkUaom tzJGUtpnf;rsm;u
uav;oli,frsm;udk tjrwfxkwftvJGoHk;pm;jyKaejcif;\xif&Sm;aom om"u
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onftpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJGUtpnf;tcsKdUrsm;?
bmoma&; toif;tyif;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;um tEÅ&m,f jzpfv, G vf oS nfh uav;oli,f
rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&ef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSygonf/ wpfzufwGifþuav;i,f
rsm;ud k p m;p&m? aep&m?ynma&;?usef ; rma&; vd k t yf c suf r sm;ES i f h j ynh f p H k o nh f
jidrf;csrf;aomb0 jznhfqnf;ay;Edkif&ef aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSygonf/tjcm;wpfzuf
wGiv f nf; ¤if;uav;oli,frsm;udk vufeufuikd f tMurf;zuftzJUG tpnf; rsm;omru
tjcm;ESpfjrdKUzG,fraumif;íudk,fusKd;&Smolrsm;\ acgif;yHkjzwfrSKrS vGwfuif;ap&ef
apmihfa&Smuf umuG,fvsuf&dSygonf/
20/ jref r mEd k i f i H o nf b moma&;ES d y f u G y f r S K jyKvk y f o nf [ l a ompG y f p J G c suf
jrefrmEdik if o H nf urÇmay:&Sd t"dubmomw&m;rsm; at;csr;f pGmtwlwuG&iS o f ef
vsuf&Sdonf[lí*kPf,laeaomEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfygonf/jrefrmtpdk;&tqufquf
onf v nf ; bmomw&m;toD ; oD ; ud k ud k ; uG , f o l r sm; at;Nid r f ; vG w f v yf p G m
ud;k uG,Ef ikd af &;twGuf tm;ay;yHyh ;kd rIrsm;jyKcJMh uygonf/ vuf&jdS refrmtpd;k &onf vnf;
xdak y:vpDuq kd ufvufusio hf ;kH aeonft h jyif bmomw&m;toD;oD;\ wd;k wufrt I wGuf
yl;aygif;aqmif½u G v f suf&odS nf/ odYk aomfxb kd momw&m;rsm; nDnñ D wG ñ f w G &f adS p&efEiS hf
wdk;yGm;aumif;rGefap&eftwGufbmomtm;vkH;taejzifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;vkdufem
Mu&ygonf/ þodkY vkyfudkifaqmif&GufrSKESifh em;vnfrI&SdMuonfhtwGuf bmom
tcsi;f csi;f BuD;rm;aom y#dyu©rsm; jzpfymG ;rIurkd BuHK awGUMu&ay/ odYk &mwGif tcsKd U
EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u þtcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnf oabm
raygufbJ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f bmoma&; ESyd u f yG rf &I adS eonf[k wm0efrphJ mG jzihpf yG pf v JG suf
&Sdonf/ ,aeYrsufarSmufurÇmMuD;wGifxif&Sm;vSaom bmoma&; y#dyu©ESifh
tHk<urIrsm;jzpfay:vsuf&Sd&m Oa&my?ta&SUtv,fydkif;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh
awmiftm&SwdkYwGif txl;xif&Sm;ygonf/
xif&mS ;onfjh zpf&yfwpfcu k kd axmufjy&vQif -- 1994 ckEpS w f iG t f ar&duefEikd if H
wuúqufjynfe,f 0ufukd(Waco)übmoma&;*dkPf;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESifh¤if;\
aemufvu dk rf sm; trsKd ;orD;ESihf uav;rsm;tygt0if 70 OD;wdYkonf A[dt k pd;k &ESihf jynfe,f
tpd;k &&JwyfzUJG wdYk\ ydwq f Udk wdu k cf u
kd rf aI Mumifh aoqH;k cJMh u&onf/jrefrmEkid if w H iG f bmom
a&; ESyd u f yG o f nf[al omtar&duefEidk if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;Xme\ pGypf cJG sufonf jrefrmEkid if H
wGib f moma&;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufícH,x l m;aomoabmxm;ESit hf ajctaewkUd rSm ¤if;wkUd \
tajccHA[kokw?todw&m;uif;rJhaejcif;ESifhtjrifvGJrSm;aejcif;wkdUukd azmfjyaeayonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh xdEk ikd if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu jrefrmtpd;k &taejzifh 1996 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv
twGi;f u pDru H ed ;f tdr, f mpcef;wpfcw k nfaqmuf&eftwGuf c&pf,mef? w½kwEf iS hf
Ak'b¨ mom tkw*f rl sm;udk &efuek Nf rdKU&SBd uHawmokomefrS z,f&mS ;ay;&ef trdeYfcsrw S cf o hJ nf
[k qdx k m;onf/ BuHawmokomefwiG f Ak'b ¨ mom? c&pf,mef? [dEL´ ESihf tpövmrfoo k mef
rsm; wpfae&mwnf;wGif wnf&SdMuonf/ xdkokomefajr\trsm;qHk;ae&monf
Ak'¨bmomocFsKdif;jzpfjyD; usefae&mrsm;udk tjcm;bmomrsm;twGuf rQa0ay;xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ a&S;,cifu þokomefonf &efuek Nf rdKU\ jrdKUpGejf rdKUzsm;wGiw f nf&cdS o hJ nf/
odkYaomf vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmíNrdKUudkwdk;csJUvmonfESifhtrQ xdkokomefonf ,aeYtcsdef
tcgwGif NrdKUtwGif;ykdif;ae&mwpfcktjzpfokdUa&muf&Sdvmygonf/
þtajctaeudkjyKjyifEdkif&efbmomtm;vHk;twGufocFsKdif; topfwpfae&mudk
tpm;xd k ; ay;cJ h o nf / ok o mef e ,f a jrtwG i f ; bmoma&;taqmuf t tH k w pf c k w G i f
xm;&SdonfhrdbrJhuav; 100twGuf rdbrJhuav;a*[mtopfwpfckudkvnf;
aqmuf v k y f a eNyD j zpf o nf / aqmuf v k y f r I N yD ; pD ; onf h t cgxd k r d b rJ h r sm;onf a y100
ywfvnfNcH0if;twGi;f &Sd taqmufttHak e&mopfoYkd ajymif;a½GUay;rnfjzpfonf/ xdNk cH0if;
topfudk &efukefNrdKUawmfpnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDu vSL'gef;í taqmufttHkopf
udv k nf; wm0ef,l wnfaqmufay;vsuf&o dS nf/ ,cktcgBuHawmokomefe,fajrudk
&Si;f vif;NyD;jzpfí toD;oD;aom bmomw&m;rsm;u txdr;f trSwrf w S w f ikd rf sm; pku
d x
f u
l m
bmomw&m;pHk &ifjyif(Multi-Religion Square)wpfckwnfaqmuf&efpDrHvsuf&Sdonf/
þ&ifjyifonf jrefrmEdik if \ H bmoma&;nDñw G rf u
I kd azmfusL;aom txdr;f trSwf jzpfvm
ygrnf/ þokomefa[mif; ae&mudk tjcm;rnfonfph ;D yGm;a&; tusKd;tjrwftwGurf Q
toHk;rcsbJ bmomw&m;BuD;av;ck\toD;oD;aom txdrf;trSwfrSwfwdkifrsm;udk
owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;ü pkdufxlum bmomw&m;pHk&ifjyifBuD; jzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf&nfpl;xm;ygonf/xkdUtjyifrl;,pfaq;0g;rS vlom;wdkUtay: usa&mufaprnhf
qkd;usKd;ESihf oufqkdifaomtodw&m;rsm; jynfolvlxktwGif;ydkrdkjrihfrm;vmap&efESihf
bmomw&m;tm;vHk;\tqHk;trw&m;ESihf avsmfnDaom rl;,pfaq;0g;qefUusifa&;udk
rD;armif;xd;k jyrnhf jywdu k Mf uD;wpfck wnfaqmuf&ef &nfp;l ygonf/ BuHawmokomef
twGi;f &Sd Z&yfrsm;wGif aexdik cf MhJ uaom rdom;pk (14) pkuv kd nf; oifah vsmo f nfh aiGaMu;
taxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh rdom;pkwpfpkvsif ajr,mwpfuGufpDay;umtdk; opftdrfopf
aqmufEikd &f efun l cD o
hJ nf/ BuHawmokomef twGi;f ü wnf&cdS ahJ om tjcm;taqmufttHk
rsm;twGufvnf; oifhavsmfonfhavsmfaMu;aiG ay;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
þvkyfief;udkrpwifrD oufqkdif&mbmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwfac:í
cifrif&if;ESD;pGm aqG;aEG;rSKrsm;jyKvkyfcJhjyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkY\ oabmwlnDrI &&SdNyD;rSom
þvkyfief;udkpwiftaumiftxnfazmfcJhygonf/&efukefNrdKU&SdEdkifiHjcm;oHtrwfrsm;?
EdkifiHjcm;rSm&Sdaom jrefrmoHtrwfrsm;udkvnf; þaqmif&GufrSKajctaeESifhywfoufí
tcsderf t D aMumif;Mum;cJo h nf/ þy½d*k sufEiS hf OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk tm;vH;k oabmayguf
em;vnfMuí bmomw&m;tcsif;csif; txiftjrifvGJrSm;rIESifh ½IyfaxG;rIjzpfaprnfh
raumif;owif;ESihf aumvm[vrsm; z,f&mS ;Edik v f rd rhf nf[k arQmv
f ifch yhJ gonf/ þy½d*k suf
onf bmomw&m;BuD;av;ck\ armfuGef;rSwfwdkifrsm;udk pkdufxlum Nidrf;csrf;rI?
nDñw G rf EI iS hf pnf;vH;k rIukd azmfusL;aom urÇmay:wGiyf xrOD;qH;k aqmif&u G cf suf jzpfyg
onf/ þy½dk*sufonf jrifhjrwfaomvkyf&yfjzpfí tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaejzifh
bmomw&m;pkH&ifjyifwnfaqmufrSKukdao;odrfatmifajymqdkaernfhtpm; bmoma&;
nDnGwfrSKjrSifhwifa&;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH\BudK;yrf;csufrsm;ukdtwk,loifhayonf/
rMumao;rDtcsdefu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeonf
jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh t"dujzpfaom Ak'¨bmomudk tjcm;aombmomw&m;rsm;
tay:vTrf;rdk;jyefYyGm;ap&ef twif;tusyf pepfwususifhoHk; aqmif½Gufaeonf[k
pGypf cJG jhJ yefonf/ xdYktjyif Ak'b ¨ mom &[ef;rsm;\ vlYtcGit hf a&;jr§iw hf ifrv
I yk &f yfrsm;ESihf
¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfrIudk csKyfcs,fxm;onf[kvnf;qdkjyefonf/ tar&duef
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeonf Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmftaejzifh rdrd\t,l0g'udk twif;
tusyfjyefYyGm;ap&ef vkyfaqmifjcif;rjyKonfudk rodem;rvnfjcif;rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f
aumif;vSygonf/Ak'¨bmomw&m;\ tajccH,HkMunfrIESifh t,l0g'onf þodkYjyKrl
aqmif½u G jf cif;udk vH;k 0qefYusií f jrefrmEdik if o H nfax&0g' Ak'w ¨ &m;awmf\vrf;ñTerf I
udkwaoGrwdrf;vdkufemMuygonf/ydkíta&;BuD;onfrSmax&0g' Ak'¨w&m;awmf\
tqkH;trrsm;t& &[ef;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGifjzpfap? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;wGifjzpfap
rnfonfh yg0ifaqmif½u G jf cif;rsKd ;udrk qkw d w d u
d suswm;jrpfxm;ygonf/ xkUd tjyift"du
bmomw&m;rsm; nDñw G Nf idr;f csrf;pGmtwlwuGwnf&&dS iS o f efNyD; bmoma&; vGwv f yfrI
udv k nf; trSew f u,f vufawGUusio hf ;kH onfh urÇmEh ikd if H tenf;pkwiG f jrefrmEdik if H yg0if
ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H oabmxm;rwkdufqkdifrSK tao;tzGJrsm; jzpfawmifhjzpfcJ
ay:aygufwwfygonf/ urÇmt&yf&yfrSmvnf; þodkYyif wpfcgwpf&HjzpfysufcJh
ovk?d jzpfysuv f suv f nf; &Sad eygonf/ odYk aomf Ekid if aH wmf tpd;k &onf bmomw&m;
toD;oD;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;wdik yf ifí jzpfay: vmonfjh yóemrsm;udck sujf cif;
vufiif; ajz&Si;f ay;aomaMumifh xde;f rEdik f odr;f r&aom bmoma&;t"du&kP;f rsKd ;jzpfay:
vmrIukd [efYwm;Edik cf jhJ yD; jzpfay:cJah om tao;tzJG jyóemrsm;udv k nf; Nidr;f csrf;pGm
ajz&Sif;EkdifcJhygonf/
Ak'¨bmombk&m;ausmif;?*l?ykxdk;rsm;wnfaqmuf&mwGif uav;i,frsm;
yg0ifaejcif;udk uav;tvkyform;okdUr[kwft"r®tvkyfapcdkif;rI[k owfrSwfír&ay/
tb,faMumifh qdak omf xdu k av; rsm;onf rdrw d Ykd\qE´tavsmuf rdbrsm; odYkr[kwf
tkyfxdef;olrsm;\ cGifhjyKcsufjzifh yg0ifvkyfudkifjcif;jzpfonfhtjyif Ak'¨bmom
w&m;awmft& aumif;rIukodkvf&&Sdap&ef aumif;aomtvkyfü yg0ifvkyfudkifjcif;udk
rnfolrQwm;qD;jcif;rjyKEkdifay/vGwfvyfaomqE´ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGma½G;cs,f
aqmif½Gufí ukodkvfaumif;rIjyKjcif;onf Ak'¨w&m;awmf\tqHk;trrsm;ESifh nDñGwf
ygonf/
bDbDpDtoHvTihfXmerS2000jynhfESpf?ZGefv(20)&ufaeUwGif e,l;a,mufjrdKUü
tajcpdkufxm;aomvlUtcGihfta&;apmihfMunhfa&;tzJGU (Human Rights Watch)
\pdw0f ifpm; zG,af umif;aomowif;ay;ydUk csuw f pfcu k kd xkwv f iT afh MunmoGm;ygonf/
xdkowif;xkwfvTihfcsufwGif ]]odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomuav;oli,frsm;onf tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk&Sd v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;wGifcufxefMurf;wrf;í tEÅ&m,f MuD;rm;aom
tajctae atmufwiG t f vkyv f yk uf ikd af e&aMumif;}}]]----tar&duef jynfaxmifpw k iG &f dS
wpfcsKdUaomv,f,mvkyif ef;rsm;üq,fausmfoufEiS fh q,fausmfoufxufif ,f&, G af om
uav;oli,frsm;onftenf;qHk;&&dS &rnhfvkyfc ESKef;xm;rsm;xuf rsm;pGmavsmUenf;
&&dSaeonfhtjyif wpfaeUvsif 14em&Dtxd tvkyfvkyfaeMu&ojzihf ynmoif,l
qnf;yl;cGihf r&EdkifMuaMumif;}} azmfjyyg&dSygonf/
tvm;wl y if South Asian Forum for Human Rights ud k
wnfaxmifo^l aqmfMool Abu Sayeed Chowdhury Human Rights in Social Service
(1987) ESifh Magsaysay Award for International Understanding(1987) qkrsm;udk
qGwfcl;&&SdcJhaom Reverend Richard W.Timm, CSC ESihf b*Fvm;a'h&rfS S Ain O Salish
Kendra, Gano Shahajji Sangstha and Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights and Na-
tional Consultant, GRAMEEN Courts Project (UNDP Project), Ministry of Law,
Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Ouú X jzpf o l w &m;ol B uD ; K. M. Subhan
wdkYyg0ifaomtzGJUwpfzGJUonf 1998ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;
vlom;tcsif;csif;pmemrI tajctaersm;udkavhvm&ef a&muf&SdcJhMuygonf/ xdktzGJU
onfb*Fvm;a'h&Sf? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhtjcm;a'orsm;wGif tESpf(40)ausmfu
vlYtcGifhta&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifhvlom;tcsif;csif; pmemrIudpö&yfrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;íavhvmcJhMuonf/¤if;wdkYonf þEdkifiHodkY a&muf&SdaepOfrGefjynfe,fESifh
u&ifjynfe,frsm;&Sd aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf a'otzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk rdrw d Ukd bmom pdwBf udKuf
a½G;cs,íf oGm;a&mufavhvmawGUqHck MhJ uygonf/ ¤if;a'orsm;&Syd *k Kd¾ vfrsm;ESihf vGwv f wG f
vyfvyfawGUqHkaqG;aEG;NyD;onfhtcg atmufygrSwfcsufrsm; yg0ifonfhw&m;0if
tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk tar&duefuGef*&ufvTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;cJhygonf/
]]twlwuGaexdkifMuaombmomtoD;oD;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;wdkY
tMum;wGif bmoma&;ESihf vlrsdK;a&;t& txl;yifnñ D w G rf &I í
dS ¤if;wdYk onf twlwuG
aexdkif&Hkomrutvkyfudkvnf;vGwfvyfpGmtwlwuG vkyfukdifvsuf &SdaeMuygonf/}}
]]þaus;½Gmonf vlO;D a&wpfaomif;&Sad om tBuD;qH;k aus;½GmjzpfjyD; xdak 'o\
pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;A[dktcsuftjcmvnf;jzpfonf/ þaus;&GmwGifvlUtzJGUtpnf;\
o[Zmw&SdrSKudkawGU&onf/om"utaejzifhawGU&Sd&onfrSm wpfvrf;xJrSmyif
[dE´Lbk&m;ausmif;?Ak'¨bmomapwD? rGwfqvifAvDESifhESpfjcif;c&pf,mef bk&m;ausmif;
ponfwkdUtpDt&D&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/uREkfyfwdkY awGUqHk pum;ajymcJhonfh tpövmrf
bmom0ifrsm;u ¤if;wdkYonf tdrfaxmifpk 100cefY&Sdítjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl cJGjcm;?
jcm;em;rI r &S d b J o if h j rwf p G m quf q H a exd k i f v suf & S d a Mumif ; ajymMuonf / AvD
ae&ma[mif;wGif AvDtopfwpfck aqmufvyk af eaMumif; vnf;ajymMum;onf/}}
tvm;wlyift*Fvm;a'h&SftywfpOfpD;yGm;a&;*sme,fwpfckjzpfaomEconomic
Times rS pmwnf;ESix hf wk af 0olwpfO;D onf 1999 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv wGif jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd
tvnf t ywf a &muf & S d c J h y gonf / rd r d E d k i f i H o d k Y j yef v nf a &muf & S d a omtcg]]zH G U jzd K ;qJ
EdkifiHrsm;twGuf pHerlemjzpfaomjrefrmEdkifiH}}"Myanmar--A Model for Developing
Nations" [laom aqmif;yg;wpfy' ku h nf/þaqmif;yg;onf EconomicTimes
f akd &;om;cJo
pmapmifrSmomrub*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHwGif a&yef;pm;onfh tjcm;pmapmifrsm;uvnf;
xdkaqmif;yg;udkazmfjycJhonf/pma&;olonfxdkaqmif;yg;wGif azmfjycJhonfrSm-
]]&efukefNrdKUonfapwD?*l?ykxdk;rsm; rsm;jym;aomNrdKUjzpfonf/ odkYaomfAvDESifh
c&pf,mef bk&m;ausmif;rsm;vnf;&Sí d jynforl sm;rSmvnf; vGwv f yfpmG rdr, d MkH unfonfh
bmomw&m;ESifhtnDudk;uG,fqnf;uyfrIrsm;jyKEdkifMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtay:
pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f Ykd rrI sm; t"r®csrSwaf &;twGuf OD;aqmifcahJ om Edik if t H csdKUüyifþodYk aom
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,frIrsm;ukdyif cGifhjyKjcif;r&Sday/}}
tjcm;Edik if rH sm; odYk r[kwf tpd;k &rsm;tay:wpfqifph um;udo k mtajccHí pGypf JG
ajymqdkjcif;onf vHk;0roifhavsmfonfhtjyif pmemaxmufxm;rSKr&Sd[k jrefrmEkdifiH
tpkd;&u,HkMunfygonf/rnfonfhEdkifiHwGifrqkdbmoma&;onf tvGefav;euf
odrfarGUjyD;tvG,fwulaygufuJGvG,faomudpöwpf&yfjzpfíwm0efrJhpGm rSwfcsuf
csjcif;?ajymqdkjcif;wkdUudkvHk;0a&SmifMuOfoifhayonf/udk,fhrsufacs;udk udk,frjrif[k
qdo k vkjd zpfaeonfh tcsurf mS jrefrmEdik if u H kd bmomw&m;vGwv f yfrrI &S[ d k pGypf aJG eaom
EdkifiHrsm;ukd,fürSmyifbmoma&;y#dyu©rsm;BuHKawGUvsuf&SdaeMuygonf/taemuf
wk d i f ; rS q d k ½ d k ; pum;wpf c k u d k v nf ; þk j zpf p Of j zpf & yf r sm;uowd & apcJ h y gonf /
xdkpum;rSm]]rSefaygif;acsmiftdrfrsm;wGif aexdkifaomolrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;tm;
cJjzifrh ayguf oifah y}}[líjzpfygonf/ (''People living in glass houses should not throw
stones".)
21/ 'k w d , urÇ m ppf t wG i f ; uysuf u scJ h j yD ; &S m azG a wG U &S d c J h a om av,mOf
ES i f h a vol & J r sm;\tMuG i f ; tusef tyk d i f ; tprsm;uk d j ref r mEk d i f i HrSr S
jyef v nf a y;tyf & ef u rf ; vS r f ; csuf u k d rod u sd K ;uRH j yKcJ h j cif ; /
&efukefjrdKU&Sdtar&duefoH½kH;rSoHwrefwpfOD;onf1987ckESpf?Ekd0ifbmvwGif
EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;XmeokdUvma&mufí 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u jrefrmEkdkifiH\
ajrmufykdif;wGifysufuscJhaomav,mOfwpfpD;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom owif;tcsuftvuf
wpfcsKd Uukad y;tyfvmjyD; ,if;av,mOf&mS azGEidk af &;twGut
f ultnDawmif;cHvmygonf/
xkdowif;ESifhywfoufíjrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh avol&Jrsm;\ usef&pfolrdom;pkrsm;
tay:tjynfht0em;vnfpmemaxmufxm;umjrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif; ucsifjynfe,f
twGif;jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom ae&mrsm;wGif av,mOfysufukd&SmazGcJhygonf/ þokdU&SmazGpOf
1991ckESpf?ZlvkdifvwGifucsifjynfe,f awmwGif; wpfae&mütar&duefavwyfrSpD-47
trsKd ;tpm;av,mOfwpfp;D \ tykid ;f tprsm;ESihf ,if; av,mOftzGUJ om;rsm;\ &kyMf uGi;f ESihf
tokH;taqmif ypönf;tcsdKUukd&SmazGawGU&SdcJhojzihf¤if;wdkUudk &efukefjrdKUodkU,laqmifvm
cJhygonf/ ,if;okdUo,faqmifvmaom ypönf;rsm;wGif av,mOftzGJUom;rsm;\
trnfEiS u hf ,
dk yf idk t
f rSwrf sm; a&;xm;aomowåKvnfqjJG ym;rsm;vnf; yg&Sjd yD; ¤if;qGjJ ym;
rsm;wGif James B. Heise, Bob D. Torbert ESifh F.P. Reynold Jr. tar&duefMunf;wyf
avaMumif;wyfzUJG [kazmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&S&d ygonf/ &SmazGawGU&Sx d m;aom ypön;f rsm;
ESiyhf wfoufonfU owif;ESiyhf pön;f rsm;\rSww f rf;"mwfyrHk sm;ukx
d pdk Ofumvu&efuek jf rdKU
&Sdtar&duefoH½kH;wGif ,m,DoH½kH;wm0efcHtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaomMr. Franklin
P. Huddle ukd xku d mvu Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;uzdwaf c:í 1991ckEpS ?f
pufwifbmvtwGif;u ay;tyfcJhygonf/
,if;&SmazGawGU&Scd suu f &dk efuek jf rdKU&St
d ar&duefo½H ;Hk uko d mru 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;
jyD;qkH;aomESpf(50)jynfUtcrf;tem;wufa&muf&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdkifiHokdU a&muf&Sdvm
aom tar&duefppfjyefppfrSKxrf;a[mif;rsm;ukdvnf;today; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
okdUygaomfvnf; þ&SmazGawGU&SdcsufESifhywfoufí tar&dueftpkd;&xHrSrnfonfh
wkHUjyefcsufrS r&&SdcJhojzifh jrefrmEkdkifiHokdU 1996ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvua&muf&dSvmaom
tar&dueftxufvTwfawmftrwfwpfOD;ukd ,if;ypönf;rsm; oufqkdif&m tar&duef
tmPmykdifrsm;xHokdUvTJajymif;ay;&efusef&Sdaeao;aMumif; xyfrHtoday; ajymMum;
cJhygonf/
&SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom tar&duefav,mOfysufESifh av,mOftzGJUom;wkdU\
½kyfBuGif;ESifh tykdif;tprsm;ukdvTJajymif;ay;tyfEkdif&efpwifurf;vSrf;onfh tcsdefrSpí
(5)ESpw f mumvausmfveG f jyD;onfah emuf&efuek jf rdKU&Sd tar&duefo½H ;Hk rS vufcv H aJT jymif;
,l&efoabmwlaMumif;jyefMum;vmygonf/EkdifiHawmftpkd;&taejzifh1996ckESpf?
'DZifbmvwGifusqkH;olavol&Jrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKonhf *kPfjyKtcrf;tem;jzifh
tar&dueft&m&Sdrsm;xHokdU vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhygonf/
1996ckEpS rf wfv(25)&ufaeUxkwf Houston Chronicle owif;pmwGiaf zmfjycsuf
t& usqkH;oGm;cJhaomavol&JwpfOD;\ZeD;jzpfolrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpküouf&Sd
aexkid v f suf &Sad eao;aMumif;od&&dS ygonf/ owif;pmwGiaf zmfjycsut f & ]]ZeD;jzpforl mS
4if;\cifyeG ;f onf 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f wm0eft&jrefrmEkikd if t H ay:rS av,mOfarmif;ESif
ysHoef;aepOfaysmufq;Hk oGm;onf[o k mod&x dS m;ojzifh olr\ cifyeG ;f rSmusqk;H oGm;
Ekdkifacs&Sdonf[kom od&Sdxm;aMumif;---olrtaejzifh cifyGef;jzpfolrSm wkdufckdufa&;
wm0efxrf;aqmif&if;aysmufqkH;aeonf (missing in action) [komtoday;jcif;
cHcJh&ygonf/ vaygif;rsm;pGmMumjyD;onfhaemufykdif; rnfonfUowif;rSxyfrHMum;od
&jcif;r&SdonfhtwGufZeD;jzpfolrSmpdwfysufvufysufjzpfum owif;xyfrH&&SdEkdif&ef
twGuf0g&SifwefjrdKUokdU xGufcGmcJhaMumif;? 0g&Sifwefa&muf&SdonfhtcgwGifvnf;
olronfowif;taxmuftxm;&&SdEkdif&ef wkdufckdufa&;wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOf
aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;\udp&ö yfrsm;ukd ukdifwG,faomXmewGif 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifEkdif&ef
MudK;pm;cJah omfvnf;oufqidk &f mXmeu olr\&nf&, G cf suu
f dk od&o
dS mG ;ojzif,
h if;XmewGif
vkyfukdifcGifhr&cJhyg/}} okdUygaomfvnf; ]]jrefrmEkdifiHwGif olr\cifyGef; armif;ESifcJhaom
av,mOfESifhaoqHk;oGm;jyD[laom ypönf; taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaMumif;
od&SdcGifh&vkdufojzifh ,ckrSpdwf'kef;'kef;csEkdifjyDjzpfaMumif;}} jznfhpGufajymMum;ygonf/
þuJhokdUaoqHk;olrsm;\&kyfMuGif;rsm;ukdjyefvnfay;tyfEkdifcJhjcif;aMumifh
ylaqG;aomua&muf&Sdaeaom usef&pfolav,mOfom;rsm;\ rdom;pkrsm;taejzifh
4if;wkUd ESiEhf pS af ygif;rsm;pGm uJu
G mG cJ&h aom cifyeG ;f ? zcif? om;?orD;tp&So d nfh aqGrsdK;
om;csif;rsm;twGufra&&mraocsmjzpfaeonfh b0ukdtqkH;owf ed*Hk;csKyfay;Ekdif
cJhygonf/ okdUaomfvnf;pdwfraumif;p&mtcsufwpfckrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
taejzifhwpfjcm;EkdifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif wkdufckdufa&;wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOf aysmufqHk;
aeolrsm;(MIA)udpöESifhpyfvsOf;ítMuD;tus,f vSKyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhonfukdod&Sd&
aomfvnf;jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpfysufcJhaom tvm;wl (MIA) udpöESifhywfoufí
rodusdK;;uRefjyKum (5)ESpw f mrQ vspfvsL&SKxm; Ekid cf jhJ cif;yif jzpfonf/
22/ w&k w f E d k i f i H u d k 0 d k i f ; ywf y d w f q d k U a&;a'oay:vpD w G i f j ref r mEd k i f i H
onf tm;enf; aomuGif;qufjzpfaejcif;
(wpf c k w nf ; aom r[mtif t m;MuD ; Ed k i f i H o nf u rÇ m h j id r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k
Ncdrf;ajcmuf aeygoavm?)
þurÇmMuD;wGif txl;ojzift h ar&duefEikd if w H iG f tpd;k &rsm;\tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf
zGJUpnf;xm;aomtzJGUtpnf;rsm;onfMoZmanmif;&efwpfzufESifhwpfzuf tm;NydKif
aeMujyD ; w½k w f E d k i f i H u d k a'otwG i f ; 0d k i f ; ywf y d w f q d k U xd e f ; xm;Ed k i f a &;twG u f
tjyif;txefrq J ,G v f su½f MSd uonf/ w½kwEf ikd if o H nf aemifwpfcsed üf r[mtiftm;BuD;
Edik if w
H pfcjk zpfvmEdik ½f kH omru ,ckrsuaf rSmuftajctaerSmyif t"duusaom urÇmh Uppf
tif t m;MuD ; Ed k i f i H j zpf a ejyD ; urÇ m UpD ; yG m ;a&;tif t m;MuD ; Ed k i f i H j zpf v ma&;twG u f
vsijf refpmG jyKjyifajymif;vJvsu&f aSd eygonf/ xdYkaMumifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ESiw hf uG
tcsdKUaomtaemufEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ½k&Sm;EdkifiHwGifuGefjrLepf0g'usqHk;NyD;
ppfat;umvutiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;NydKifqdkifrItqHk;owfoGm;NyD;onfhaemufwGif
w½kwfEdkifiH0dkif;ywf ydwfqdkUxdef;xm;a&;ay:vpDudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfrae
vdt k yfvmNyDjzpfonf/þodYk aqmif½u G &f mwGipf ;D yGm;a&;u@üjzpfap? blrEd ikd if aH &;u@ü
jzpfap aqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nhf enf;vrf;ESit hf ajctaetrsdK;rsdK;&dyS gonf/ odYk aomftxufyg
ay:vpDukd taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif usiho f ;kH aom enf;wpfenf;rSm w½kwEf ikd if \ H
yx0D taetxm;t& uyfvsu&f adS omtdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;udk taemufEikd if rH sm;bufwiG f
ydkrdk&yfwnfvmap&eft&Sdeft0gMoZmoHk;a&;yiffjzpfygonf/
xdkUaMumifhtaemuftkyfpk0ifEdkifiHrsm;\ ½IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif tar&duefEdkifiHrS
t"du tqdkjyKxm;onfhtwdkif; a'owGif;w½kwfEdkifiHudk0dkif;ywfydwfqdkUxdef;xm;a&;
ay:vpDtwGufjrefrmEdkifiHonftm;enf;aomuGif;qufwpf&yfjzpfaeonf[k ,lqxm;
Muonf/jrefrmEdkifiHudktaemuftkyfpk\tajcGt&HEdkifiHwpfckjzpfvmap&ef&nf½G,fí vlY
tcGifhta&;ESifh'Drdkua&pDudk trsdK;rsdK;taMumif;jyumEdkifiH\ jynfwGif;a&;wGif
ajymifusus0ifa&mufpGufzufaeonfrSm txift&Sm;yifjzpfygonf/ ,cktcgwGif
,if;tajctaeudk ydí k vufawGUusus cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmwwfaom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;u
jrefrmEdik if EH iS yhf wfoufí usio hf ;kH aeaom¤if;wdYktpd;k &toD;oD;\ ay:vpDrsm;rSm rSe;f csuf
ESiEhf rS ;f xGurf udu k &f o
kH mru jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpfaeonf[k us,u f s,jf yefUjyefU
,HMk unfvufcv H mMuygonf/rdrw d YkdarQmrf eS ;f onfh yef;wdik o
f Ykd a&mufEikd rf nf r[kwaf om
aMumifh ay:vpDajymif;vJa&;ESi, hf if;ay:vpDukd vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfusiho f ;kH rSK
udkvnf; jyifqif&efvdktyfaeonfrSm txift&Sm;yif jzpfonf[k qdkMuygonf/
taemufEdkifiHrsm;? txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuf
a&;qGJolrsm;ESifhtajrmftjrifMuD;rm;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH\
ta&;t&mrsm;wGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihfajcvGefvufvGefjzpfoGm;cJhí tajctaerSmxdef;rEdkif
odr;f r&avmufatmif csmcsmvnfc&hJ onht f jzpfuo kd bm0ususem;vnf oabmayguf
vmcJhMuonf/(þtjzpfrsdK;udkudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;&SmtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESifhrJqE´&&Sda&;udkom
tmomirf;irf;wufaeMuaomyk*dK¾ vfwpfOD;csif; tjyif EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;uaumif;pGm
csKyu f ikd x
f m;jcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/)tqdyk gEdik if aH &;orm;rsm; \ tay:,Ha&TrKS eYfMuJxm;jyD;
vufawGUb0ESihf uif;vGwaf om t,ltqrsm; ?xdUk jyif ydk ítqd;k jrifwwfjf yD; rJqE´&&Sad &;
udkomOD;wnfaom ¤if;wdkU\oabmxm;rsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf ckwf&mwpfjcm; ?
&S&m wpfjcm;jzpfvmMuojzihfjrefrmEdkifiH\a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkU
jidrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;a&;udk aESmifhaES;MuefUMumapvsuf&Sdonf/
taemufEdkifiHtpdk;&tcsdKU\xm0&taumif;rjrifaom t,ltqrsm;ESifh
tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;Mum;rSyif jrefrmEdkifiHonfrMumao;aomumvwGif ppfab;tEÅ&m,f
usa&mufcahJ om Edik if b H 0rS ,aeYqv kd sif urÇmay:wGif Nidr;f csrf;rIEiS hf wnfNidrrf t I &Sqd ;kH
EdkifiHwpfcktjzpfodkYrdrdbmomMudK;pm;vkyfaqmifrSKjzihfajymif;vJEdkifcJhonfrSm jiif;uG,f
ír&aom tcsufyifjzpfonf/,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHwGif wnf&SdcHpm;ae&aom Nidrf;csrf;a&;?
wnf N id r f a &;ES i f h trsd K ;om;pnf ; vH k ; nD ñ G w f a &;ud k jref r mjynf o l t m;vH k ; \
tusdK;pD;yGm;tvkdUiSmapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;&rnfjzpfouJhodkY wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItjyif trsdK;om;vHkNcHKa&;ESihf tudkuftnDqHk;aom 'Drdkua&pDpepf\
tajccHtw k jf rpfukd wm0efoo d ?d vufawGUususcsrSwaf qmif½u G Mf u&ygrnf/ odYk &mwGif
0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm jynfwGif;ESihf jynfy&SdavhvmoltcsdKUrSm wr[kwfcsif;
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk awmif;qdkaejcif;yifjzpfonf/ odkUaomfvufawGUwGif 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH
opfrsm;onftvdktavsmufatmifjrifvmMuonfr[kwfay/EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;rSm
qHk;&SKH;rSKrsm;ESifhomMuHKawGUMu&onf/ trSefpifppfrSm tajccHrckdifaomtkwfjrpfrsm;ESifh
trSefwu,fvufawGUrusaomarQmfvifhcsufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHíwnfaqmufcJhvQif
xdpk epfrsm;onf ratmifjrifysufoOk ;f Muygonf/odYk &mwGicf idk cf ahH om pD;yGm;a&;tajccH?
wnfNidrfaomvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;?tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom trsdK;om;vHkNcHKa&;ESifhwuG
wdkif;jynf\,Ofaus;rSK ESifhEkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifhukdufnDonfh zGJUpnf;yHk
tajccH O ya'rsm;ay:wG i f t ajccH í wnf a qmuf a om'D r d k u a&pD r sm;onf w d k ; wuf
&Sifoefrnfjzpfonf/xdkYaMumifhjrefrmedkifiH\jynfwGif;a&;wGif ajymifusus0ifa&muf
pGufzufaeolrsm;\arQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHonfpdk;&drfMuD;pGmjzifhapmifhMunfh
avhvmvsuf&Sdygonf/ tu,fíom udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;udktajccHaom¤if;wdkYvkyf&yfrsm;
atmifjrifcJhvQifjrefrmEdkifiHonfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;jzpfap?wkdif;wpfyg;
tusKd ;twGujf zpfap ppfwvif;b0jyefvnfusa&mufomG ;rnfomru xdrk wnfNidrrf KS \
tusdK;qufrsm;onfa'owpfckvHk;ukdyg½kdufcwfoGm;Edkifygonf/
rnfodkYjzpfap jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY ao;i,fízGHUNzdK;qJjzpfaomEdkifiHrsm;onf
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;\ 0dkif;ywfydwfqdkUxdef;xm;a&;r[mAsL[mwGifpdwf0ifpm;rIr&Sday/
odYkaomf Nidr;f csr;f í wnfNidraf om urÇmBuD;jzpfap&eftwGuf tiftm;BuD;Edik if rH sm;Mum;wGif
pD;yGm;a&;? ppfa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tmPmcsdefcGifvQmvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;nDrSs&ef vdktyfonf
[k,MHk unf,q l ygonf/ rMumao;rDu udq k Akd w
kd iG jf zpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tjzpftysufrsm;rSm
taumif;qHk;Oyrmwpf&yfjzpfygonf/qdkvdkonfrSmwpfckwnf;aom r[mtiftm;BuD;
urÇmwGif tiftm;MuD;EkdifiHrsm;tm;rjzpfraetiftm;csdefcGifvQmnDrSsatmifjyKvkyf
xd e f ; xm;Ek d i f j cif ; r&S d y guEd k i f i H i ,f a v;rsm;\Mur® m vrf ; aMumif ; rS m pk d ; &d r f p &m
jzpfvmEkdifjyD;urÇmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkyif Ncdrf;ajcmuf vmEdkifygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tjynfht0Nidrf;csrf;rI&SdNyD;wnfNidrfpGmjzifhwnf&Sdaexdkifvdkaom
ao;i,fonfh zGUH NzdK;qJEikd if w H pfcjk zpfonf/urÇmu h v k or*¾ y#dnmOfpmcsKyfukd tzGUJ 0ifEidk if H
rsm;tm;vH;k u >cif;csurf &Sd av;pm;vdu k ef monfh urÇmEh ikd if rH sm;tMum;wGiaf exdik v f o kd nf/
þodkYyifao;i,fí zGHUNzdK;qJurÇmhEdkifiHrsm;onf urÇmhukvor*¾ y#dnmOfpmcsKyfudk
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHrsm;u ¤if;wkdUtusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf vdkovdktavsmhtwif;vkyfí
MudK;udkifjc,fvS,fEdkifonfh ud&d,mwpfcktjzpf?armif;wHwpfcktjzpftoHk;jyKum
Edik if iH ,fav;rsm;udzk t d m;ay;jcif;ESit hf wif;t"r®apcdik ;f jcif;udx k Ekd ikd if iH ,frsm;rSrESpNf rdKUay/
þodkY wpfzufowfusifhBuHaqmif½Gufjcif;aMumifh EdkifiHwumOya'ysufokOf;oGm;rnfh
vrf;aMumif;ukdOD;wnfaeonfrSmtxift&Sm;yifjzpfonf/
23/ a'otwG i f ; pD ; yG m ;a&;tif t m;wpf & yf j zpf a y:vma&;twG u f
MuefUMumaprSK wpf&yf
jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rSKESifhtHk<urIrsm;ESihf&ifqkdifae&jyD; wnfNidrfrSKr&dSjzpf
aeaom jrefrmEdik if o H nf a'oudk tusKd ;rjyKEikd o f nfrmS aocsmygonf/ tu,fí jrefrmh
pD;yGm;a&;usqif; NydKuGJcJhvQifodkYr[kwf wdkif;jynfrwnfrNidrfjzpfcJhvsif a'owpfckvHk;
onf xdjk zpfay:rSK \ qd;k usKd ;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&ygrnf/ þa'owGi;f jrefrmEkid if w H nfjidrrf KS
r&Sdygu vmrnfh&mpkESpfopf(21&mpkESpf)wGifpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkBuD; wpfckjzpf&ef
&nfrSef;xm;cJhaomtmqD,HtzGJUtwGuf tEÅ&m,fay;EkdifjyD;MuefUMum aESmifhaES;apEkdif
ygonf/ tmqD,Hacgif;aqmifrsm;\ tajrmftjrifESifh OmPfynmjynfhpHkjyD; a'o\
EdkifiHa&;?vHkNcHKa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;udk rrSdwfrokef BudK;yrf;umuG,f
aerSKudrk sm;pGmcsD;usL;&ayrnf/ tmqD,t H zGUJ 0ifEikd if t
H a&twGuu f wkd ;kd csJUí ta&SUawmif
tm&S&Sd 10 EdkifiHpvHk;udk axG;ykdufEkdifjcif;onf tjyKoabmaqmifí a&&SnftusdK;
udak rQmrf eS ;f onfh qH;k jzwfcsuw
f pf&yfjzpfonf/ jyóemBuD;i,fwYkdukd eufeufeeJ eJ m;vnf
½Hrk Qru a'owGi;f udprö sm;udpk ak ygif;í Nidr;f csr;f pGmajz&Si;f rnf[k tcdik t f rmoHEXdé mefcsxm;
rIaMumifh,cifuwpfcgrSrBuHKzl;ao;aomtzGJU0ifEdkifiHtcsif;csif; pdwfaumif; apwem
aumif;xm;&Srd ?I cifrif&if;ES;D rIEiS hf yl;aygif; aqmif½u G f rSKwUdk ukd jzpfay:zefw;D Ekid cf hJ jyDjzpfay
onff/
24/ wpf q if h j yD ; wpf q if h a jymif ; vJ a eaomjref r mEd k i f i H
jrefrmEdik if oH nf obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsm; ayg<u,f0íynmwwf vltiftm;
vnf; txdu k tf avsmufMuD;rm;pGm&So d nf/ ,aeYqv kd Qif jrefrmEdik if t
H pk;d & onf e,fpyf
rsm;wpfavQmufwnf&cdS ahJ omMum;cH (Buffer)rsm;udk atmifjrifpmG z,f&mS ;Edik jf yD; rdrEd ikd if u H kd
ppfa&;Mum;cHEkdifiH(Military Buffer State) b0rS(awmiftm&S? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh
w&kwjf ynfoUl or®wEkid if w H Ukd udq
k ufo, G af y;aom)cspfMunfa&; aygif;ul; wHwm;wpfck
tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJEkdifcJhjyDjzpfonf/trSefpifppftm;jzifhjrefrmEdkifiHonf tmqD,HtzGJU
ud0k ifa&muf cJo h nft h jyif BIMSTEC (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thai-
land Economic Cooperation) wGifvnf; tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefonf
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufrdrd\uwdu0wfrsm; ESifhwm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;udk vufawGUjznfhqnf;
Edik af &; [laom arQmfreS ;f csufupdk wiftaumif txnfazmfvsuf&jdS yD; &mpkEpS o f pfwiG f
jidrf;csrf;í<u,f0aompD;yGm;a&;tiftm;pkwpf&yfjzpf&rnf[laom a'o\&nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkifjzpfajrmufa&;twGufvdktyfonfhtajctaersm;ukd jznhfqnf;zefwD; ay;vsuf
&dSayonf/
jrefrmEdik if o
H nf tqifq h ifah jymif;vJw;kd wufaeygonf/ odYkaomf xdak jymif;vJru I kd
½kwfcsnf;jyif;xefaomaygufuJGrSKtajccHaom ajymif;vJrSKrsKd;wpf&yf jzpfatmif
jyKvkyfvdkoltcsdKU&Sdaeygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonfyifyef;BuD;pGmjzifh&&Sdxm;aomNidrf;csrf;a&;
ESiwhf nfNidrrf u
I t
kd jcm;tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;enf;wlusm;ukwu
f sm;cJ umuG,f xde;f odr;f vsuf
&Sdygonf/]] jidrf;csrf;a&;onft&m&mtm;vHk;ukdjzpfrvmEkdifovkd? jidrf;csrf;a&;r&SdbJ
t&m&monf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfayonf/" Peace may not be everything - - but without
peace, everything is nothing."
25/ Ed k i f i H a wmf N id r f 0 yf y d j ym;rI w nf a qmuf a &;tzG J U (SLORC) ud k
EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&; aumifpD (SPDC)
tjzpfodkUtb,faMumifhajymif;vJzGJUpnf; &oenf;
wyfrawmftpdk;&taejzihf rdrd\tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;ukd þodkYajymif;vJ zGJUpnff;
vkdufjcif;jzihfrdrdudk,frdrdtoGiful;ajymif;a&;tpkd;&?tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tjzpfom
owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfjyD;wpfEkdifiHvHk;uvdkvm;awmifhwaeaom 'Drdkua&pDpepf udk
wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifhul;ajymif;yHkazmfaeonfudkazmfjyaejcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí
taemufEikd if H tpd;k &rsm;upGypf o JG vdw k yfrawmftpd;k &onftmPmudq k ufvuf csKyfuikd f
xm; vdyk gu rdrt d pd;k &\trnfujkd zpfap? tpd;k &tzGUJ 0ifrsm;udjk zpfapajymif;vJ&ef rvdt k yf
ay/ ,ckuJhodkY ajymif;vJcJhjcif;onftESpfom&&Sdaomajymif;vJjcif;rsdK;jzpfygonf/
wyfrawmftpd;k &onf rdrw d Ukd \t"duyef;wdik jf zpfaom cdik rf modyo f nf; uspv f pf
onfh jynfaxmifpktwGif;ü acwfrDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufí Nidrf;csrf;aomEdkifiHawmfwpf&yf
jzpf a jrmuf a &;ud k yH h y d k ; ay;rnf h pD ; yG m ;a&;taqmuf t tH k x l a xmif a &;od k Y
OD;wnfvKS yf&mS ;vsuf &So d nf/ þtEÅrd yef;wdik o f Ykda&muf&&dS ef jrefrmEdik if o
H nf wpfqifNh yD;
wpfqifh wufvSrf;ul;ajymif;&ef&nf½G,fygonf/1988ckESpf? EdkifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI
wnfaqmufa&; tzGUJ tpd;k & vufxufwiG yf xrtqifu h kd pwifco hJ nf/ xdyk xrtqifh
wGif trsdK;om; jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;? wnfNidrfa&;? at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
A[dkrScsKyfudkifonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifhoHk;aom wpfygwDqkd&S,fvpfpepfrS
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifhoHk;aom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;a&;udk
&nfrSef;um EdkifiHtwGif; Nidrf0yfydjym;rIESifh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh
ygonf/ ,ck'w k , d tqifw h iG f Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zGUH NzdK;a&;aumifpt D pd;k &
onf Edik if t
H wGi;f bufpzkH UGH NzdK; wd;k wufa&;udk tm;jznf&h if;jzifh &&Sx d m;aom Nidr;f csr;f a&;
ESihf wnfNidrrf uI kd qufvuf xde;f odr;f í ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmatmif aqmif½u G rf nfjzpfonf/
xdkYjyif 0g&ifhaomtmqD,HtzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;enf;wl usa&mufvmaom wm0efrsm;udk
tjynft h 0xrf;aqmifum ¤if;wdYkenf;wl zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufvmapa&;udk txl;yif pdw0f ifpm;
onf/ þtcsufukd vufuidk x f m;í rdrEd ikd if \
H pD;yGm;a&;u@ jr§iw hf ifw;kd wufa&;udk
txl ; OD ; pm;ay;vsuf & S d y gonf / ra0;vS a omtem*wf w G i f pnf ; urf ; pepf u seí
vku d zf ufnjD yD;vufawGUusaom'Dru kd a&pD pepfwpf&yfjzpfvmap&ef OD;pGmyxrtiftm;
awmif h w if ; aom pD ; yG m ;a&; tajccH t aqmuf t tH k E S i h f b 0vH k N cH K a&;ud k zef w D ;
wnf a qmuf u m vl v wf w ef ; pm;wpf & yf a y:xG u f v ma&;ud k a qmif ½ G u f r nf [ k
jrefrmEdik if u
H cH,l xm;ygonf/ 'kw, d tqifwh iG f pD;yGm;a&;u@zGUH NzdK; wd;k wufa&;udk
OD ; pm;ay;jcif ; onf t"d u aqmif & G u f r I w pf & yf j zpf o nf / vuf & S d t pk d ; &tzG J U \
trnfwiG yf g&Sad eaom pum;vH;k rsm;jzpfonhNf idr;f csrf;a&;ESihf zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufrpI onfwUdk udk
qufvufxdef;odrf;aqmif&GufoGm;um?wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyifzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfukd
NyD ; pD ; atmif a &;qG J í aemuf w pf q if h w G i f taxG a xG a ½G ; aumuf y G J r sm;ud k v nf ;
usif;yEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;ygonf/
uH t aMumif ; rvS o nf r S m uREk f y f w d k Y onf yxrtqif h ü yif ueOD ; u
arQmfvifhxm;onfxuf ydkíMuefUMumcJhygonf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSmvnf; jynfwGif;?
jynfyrS rvdt k yfaom zdtm;ay;rIrsm;ESihf jyóemrsm;ukzd efw;D aejcif;aMumifjh zpfygonf/
taemuf E d k i f i H r sm;rS j ref r mEd k i f i H t ay: csrS w f c J h o nf h pD ; yG m ;a&;yd w f q d k Y r I r sm;ES i f h
wpfjcm;wm;qD;rIrsm;onf uREyfk w f Ykd\ avQmufvrS ;f aeaom'Dru dk a&pDoUdk OD;wnfaeonfh
vrf;aMumif;ay:odkYtaESmifht,Suf? twm;tqD;rsm;csrSwf&ma&mufaeygonf/ þ
taemufEdkifiHrsm;uyifjrefrmEdkifiHudk'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrjzpf&aumif;vm;[lí jypfwif
a0zefvsuf&Sdjyefonf/ ,ckvufawGUaqmif½Gufaeaom ajymif;vJrI\tESpfom&onf
vkdufzufnDjyD;vufawGUusaom 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY ul;ajymif;Edkif&eftwGuf pepfwus
BudKwif jyifqifaejcif;omjzpfygonf/

**************
NynfaxmifpkNrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk (135)rsdK;

(u) ucsif (12) rsdK;


(1) ucsif
(2) w&krf;
(3) ‘'avmif
(4) *sdrf;azg
(5) a*:&D
(6) ccl
(7) 'l;vef
(8) r&l(avmfa0:)
(9) v0rf
(10) v&SD
(11) tZD;
(12) vD;ql;

(c) u,m; (9)rsdK;


(13) u,m;
(14) Z,drf;
(15) u,ef;(yawmif)
(16) uJch dk
(17) a*bm;
(18) y&J(ua,mf)
(19) rEkraem
(20) ,if;wvJ
(21) ,if;ay:

(*) u&if (11)rsdK;


(22) u&if
(23) u&ifjzL
(24) yavuD;
(25) rGefu&if(pmjzL)
(26) paum(u&if)
(27) wavyGg;
(28) yul;
(29) bGJ
(30) armaeyGg;
(31) rdk;yGg;
(32) ydk;(u&if)

(C) csif;(51)rsdK;
(33) csif;
(34) r,fwdkif(uoJ)
(35) qvdkif;
(36) uvifaum(vla&S)
(37) crD
(38) atmifcrD
(39) acgEdk;
(40) acgifpkd
(41) apmifqdkifcsif;
(42) pGmqif;(rf)
(43) cGefvD(qifrf)
(44) *efwhJ
(45) a*G;wJ
(46) iGef;
(47) qDpmef
(48) qifwef
(49) qdkif;wef
(50) Zmawmif
(51) ZdkwHk;
(52) Zdkaz
(53) Zdk
(54) ZefnSyf
(55) waygif
(56) wD;wdef (wJ'ifrf)
(57) awZef
(58) wdkif;cRef;
(59) wmh'dk;
(60) awm&f
(61) 'ifrf
(62) 'dkif (,if'l;)
(63) em*
(64) wefcl;
(65) rm&if
(66) yeef;
(67) ruef;
(68) rwl
(69) eD,rf (r&m)
(70) rdtJ
(71) rGif
(72) vl&SdKif; (vla&S)
(73) av;NrdK
(74) vifwJ
(75) avmufuk
(76) vdkif
(77) vdkifZdk
(78) yguif;rf(r&dk)
(79) [Gmvfidk
(80) tEl;
(81) teef
(82) tkyk
(83) vsif;uk
(84) t&SdKcsif; (ajrjyefU)
(85) a&mifuk
(i) Arm (9)rsdK;
(86) Arm
(87) xm;0,f
(88) Nrdwf
(89) aqm(a,m)
(90) &bdef;
(91) u'l; (cHkul;)
(92) *Pef;
(93) qvHk
(94) zkef; (zGef)

(p) rGef (1) rsdK;


(95) rGef

(q) &cdkif (7)rsdK;


(96) &cdik f
(97) uref
(98) crGD;
(99) 'dkif;euf
(100) r&rmBuD;
(101) NrdK
(102) ouf

(Z) &Srf;(34)rsdK;
(103) &Srf;
(104) ,Gef;(vmtdk)
(105) uGD
(106) zsif
(107) otdk
(108) "aem
(109) yav;
(110) tif
(111) pHk (qH)
(112) prl
(113) aum (tcg-tDaum)
(114) udk;uefU
(115) cEåD;&Srf;
(116) *Hk (cGef)
(117) awmif&dk;
(118) "Ek
(119) yavmif
(120) ajrmifZD;
(121) ,if;Mum;
(122) ,if;euf
(123) &Srf;uav;
(124) &Srf;BuD;
(125) vm;[l
(126) tif;om;
(127) tdkufqG,f
(128) ytdkU0f(awmifol)
(129) wdkif;vG,f
(130) wdkif;vsrf
(131) wdkif;vHk
(132) wdkif;avh
(133) rdkif;om
(134) arm&Srf;
(135) 0

******

You might also like