Electric Power System

Figure 1.8 Map of National Grid, Malaysia and South-East Asia

1.5.2 Tenaga Nasional Berhad

Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest electricity utility company in Malaysia and also the largest power company in Southeast. TNB's core activities are in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. TNB was formed in 1990 by the Electricity Supply Successor Company Act 1990, as the successor of the National Electricity Board of the States of Malaya (Lembaga Letrik Negara Tanah Melayu). To date, TNB remains a major player in electricity generation which form a significant part of the Group's diversified range of business activities. Currently, the TNB Group has a complete power supply system, including the National Grid which is energised at 132, 275 and 500 kV. The National Grid is linked via 132 kV HV AC and 300 kV HYDe interconnection to Thailand and 230 kV cables to Singapore. The TNB Group has a generation capacity of 11,296 MW. TNB generates electricity mainly from two major types of plant; hydroelectric plants and thermal plants.

1.6 Representation of Electric Power System

1.6.1

One-line Diagram

In solving a power system network, it is often involve a single-phase and threephase equivalent circuit. For the three-phase system, that may consist of three

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T
R Y
B 3-phase system

Introduction To Power System

lines and a neutral return when drawing a diagram of the circuit. These complicated diagrams of the circuits can be simplified and called as a single-line or one-line diagram. One-line diagram is a simplified single-phase circuit diagram of a balanced three-phase electric power system as given in Figure 1.9. It is indicated by a single line and standard apparatus symbols as shown in Table 1.3.

One-line system

Figure 1.9 Three-phase system to one-line diagram

Table 1.3 Apparatus symbols of one-line diagram

or
~

0
--(Q)-

Machine or rotating armature

-1~
~~~

or

Two-winding power transformer

or

-&-

Three-winding power transformer

1
-D-

or

Load

Power circuit breaker, oil/ liquid

Air circuit breaker

Busbar

Transmission line

:~
.'

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Electric Power System

--rr==nOF'\ f r+t

Fuse

Current transformer

-3
~

or

-3t-

Potential transformer

Three-phase, three-wire delta connection

.
Three-phase wye, neutral ungrounded

n
-@-

Three-phase wye, neutral grounded

-0-

Ammeter and Voltmeter

The information on a one-line diagram is vary according to the problem at hand and the practice of the particular company preparing the diagram. The one-line diagram has its largest application in power flow and transient stability studies.

The advantages of the one-line diagram are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Simplicity. One phase represents all three phases of the balanced system. The equivalent circuits of the components are replaced by their standard symbols. The completion of the circuit through the neutral is omitted.

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Introduction To Power System

I ; ;i

Bus 1

Bus 2

Figure 1.10 A one-line diagram of a simple power system.

1.6.2

Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

The impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted from one-line diagram showing the equivalent circuit of each component of the system. It is needed in order to calculate the performance of a system under load conditions (Load flow studies) or upon the occurrence of a short circuit (fault analysis studies). Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified from impedance diagram by omitting all static loads, all resistances, the magnetizing current of each transformer, and the capacitance of the transmission line. It is apply to fault calculations only, and not to load flow studies.

The impedance and reactance diagrams sometimes called the Positive-sequence diagram.

Example 1.1

Simplify the following one-line diagram into impedance diagram and reactance diagram.

Load ..

Figure 1.11 One-line diagram of an electric power system

S
B

1
.J

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Electric Power System

1
~
Generators
1 and 2

Load
A

Transformer
T1

Transformer T2

Load Gen. B 3

Figure 1.12(a) Impedance diagram corresponding to the one-line diagram of Example 1.2

--~

~-~/

'--y---J

Generators TransformerTransmission Transformer Gen. 1 and 2 T1 Line T2 3

Figure 1-12(b) Reactance diagram corresponding to the one-line diagram of Example 1.2

1.6.3

Per-Unit Representation

The Common quantities used in power system analysis are voltage (kV), current (kA), voltamperes (kVA or MVA), and impedance (n). It is very cumbersome to convert currents to a different voltage level in a power system having two or more voltage levels. Per-unit representation is introduced such that the various physical quantities are expressed as a decimal fraction or multiples of base quantities and defined as:

Quantity in per-unit

actual quantity = ----~---.:.--

(1.1)

base value of quantity

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Introduction

To Power System

In orther word, the per-unit value of any quantity is the ratio of the quantity to its base expressed as a decimal add denoted by p.u.

The Advantages of Per-Unit Quantities are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) The apparatus of the sJme general type of p.u. volt drops and losses are in the same order, regardl~ss of size. The use of .J3 in three~Phase calculations is reduced. By the choice of appropriate voltage bases, the solution of networks containing several tran~forrners is facilitated. Per-unit quantities more readily to digital computation.

The formulas relate the various quantities for single-phase system: Base current, A = base kVM1
:

base voltagj' kV LN . d. base voltage, VLN B ase zmpe ance = I base current, A . d. Base zmpe ance

(base voltale, kV LN base .NfVA1",

(1.2)

Base power, kW;", = base kVAl~ Base power, Mw;", = base MVIA1",

The formulas relate the various quantities for three-phase system: base lVA3", Base current, A = --:::::-----Ir-----'---.J3 X base lo/tage, kVLL Base impe ance
. d

= (base voltage, i = base

kV LLl

(1.3)

base MVA3", .
3

Base power, kW3c/> Base power, MW3c/>

= base

MVL

Example 1.2:

The base impedance and base voltage for a given power system are 10n and 400, respectively. Calcula Iethe base kVA and the base current.

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Electric Power System

Solution:

From Ohm's law,

400 Base current = 10 BasekVA=

= 40A = 16kVA

40X400 1000

Example 1.3:

The base current and the base voltage of a 345 kV system are chosen to be 3000A abd 300 kV, respectively. Determine the per-unit voltage and the, base impedance for the system.

Solution:

. 300Xl03 Base Impedance = 3000 Per-unit voltage = 345 300

= lOOn

= 1.ISpu

Example 1.4:

A three-phase, wye-connected system is rated at 100 MVA and 132 kY. Express 80 MVA of three-phase apparent power as a per-unit value referred to (a) the three-phase system MVA as base and (b) the single-phase system MVA as base.

Solution:

(a) For the three-phase base, Base MVA= 100 MVA=lpu and Base kV = 132 kV (LL) = 1 pu

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Introduction To Power System

so

Per-unit MVA = 80 = 0.8pu 100

(b) For the single-phase base, 1 Base MVA= -X100MVA 3 and Base kV = 132 = 33.333MVA =lpu

.J3

= 76.21 kV = 1 pu

.I

!' I

so

Per-unit MVA =.!.X 80 = 0.8pu 3 33.333

Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities

The impedance of individual generators and transformers are generally in terms of % or pu quantities based on their own ratings (By manufacturer) .. For power system analysis, all impedances must be expressed in pu on a common system base. Thus, it is necessary to convert the pu impedances from one base to another (common base, for example: 100 MVA). Per-unit impedance of a circuit element is given by:

.. d P er-unit tmpe ance

= (actual

impedance, 0) X (base MVA)

. (1.4)

(base voltage, kV)

The equation shows that pu impedance is directly proportional to base MVA and inversely proportional to the square of the base voltage. Therefore, to change from old base pu impedance to new base pu impedance, the following equation applies: Per-unit
Znew

= per-unit

Zold

basekV baseMVA ( base kV )2( baseMVA )

(1.5)

Example 1.5:

The reactance x" of a generator is given as 0.20 pu based on the generator's nameplate rating of 13.2 kV, 30 MVA. The base for calculations is 13.8 kV, 50 MVA. Find x" on this new base.

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Electric Power System

Solution: x"= 0.20(13.2)2 50 = 0.306 pu 13.8 30

Example 1.6:

A 30 MVA 13.8 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 15%. The generator supplies two motors over a transmission line having transformers at both ends, as shown in the one-line diagram in Figure 1-9. The motors have rated inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5 kV with x" = 20%. The three-phase transformer T1 is rated 35 MVA, 13.2Ll- 115Y kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of three single-phase transformers each rated at 10 MVA, 12.5 - 67 kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 80 Q. Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Select the generator rating as base in the generator circuit.
(12.9 kV)

(120 kV)

Figure 1.13 One-line diagram ofthe

system

Solution:

The three-phase rating of transformer T2 is 3 X 10 MVA= 30 MVA. Line-to-line voltage ratio is 12.5 -.J3 X 67 = 12.5 - 116 kV

A base of 30 MVA, 13.8 kV in the generator circuit requires a 30 MVA base in all parts of the system and the following voltage bases: In transmission line: 13.8 (115) = 120 kV 13.2 120( 115) = 12.93 kV 13.2

In motor circuit:

The reactances of the transformers converted to the proper base are:

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lntroduction

To Power System

Transformer Tl:

x = 0.1

(13.2)2(30) = 0.0784 pu. 13.8 35

Transformer T2:

X = 0.1 125)2 -' = 0.0940 pu. ( 12.9

The base impedance of the transmission line is (120 kVY = 480 30MVA and the reactance of the line is (~) 480

n
pu.

= 0.167

Reactance of motor 1 = 0.2 (12.5)2(30) --12.9 20 Reactance of motor 2 = 0.2 (12.5)2(30) --12.9 10

= 0.282 pu.

= 0.563 pu.

jO.0784

jO.167

m jO.0940

Figure 1.14 Reactance diagram for Example 1.7

1.7 Basic Computer Analysis of Electric Power System For a power system to be practical, it must be safe, reliable, and economical. " Hence, many analyses must be performed to design and operate a power system. However, the pre-requisite before the analyses can be performed is the modelling tasks to model all components of electric power systems. The modelling and analysis of a power system require the aid of personal computer. Some of the basic analyses of an electric power system are: (i) (ii) (iii) Load flow/ power flow analysis. Fault analysis. Stability analysis (steady state, dynamic, and transient stabilities).

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