TANK Module Package Sample Printout Table of contents

Table of contents ................................................................1 Task .............................................................................2 Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks ........................................3 Properties tank medium ...........................................................6 Gas properties ...................................................................7 Outside heat transfer coefficient, roof ..........................................8 Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom ........................................10 Outside heat transfer coefficient, shell ........................................12 Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell .....................................14 Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell .....................................16 Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof ..........................................18 Heat transfer radiation inside, roof ............................................20

Layout Input values: Calculated values: Critical values: Estimated values: 1.234 1.234 1.234 1.234 or or or or 1.234 1.234 1.234 1.234

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH

2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Task

Heavy fuel oil HFO 180 shall be stored in a storage tank with circular cross section at a minimum temperature of 50C. The tank is 15 m high with an outer diameter of 12 m. The filling level is maximum 14 m. The shell of the tank consists of 8 mm steel (St steel = 52 W/(mK)) and is insulated with 100 mm mineral wool ( = 0,04 W/(mK)) shell side and roof side . It is placed on a 250 mm thick concrete plate with = 2,5 W/(mK).

What is the heat loss of the tank in the winter at an air temperature of 20C and a wind velocity of 10 m/s?

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks
Global conditions Product temperature Inside pressure Air temperature Wind speed Ground temperature Geometry of storage tank Ground plan Diameter Circumference Area Tank height Filling level Properties: Liquid Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion Gas above liquid Medium name Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion

tP pi tL Wv tB

50 1 -20 10 -20

C bar C m/s C

Round sketch DT

12 37.7 113.1 15 14

m m m m m

HT HF

HFO 180 897.9 cp 1930 171 0.000190 0.124 0.000707

kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K

air cp

1.078 1008 0.01964 0.000018 0.02808 0.003101

kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K

Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of the tank and the insulation Bottom Shell Roof Tank wall thickness 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm Thermal conductivity 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK) Insulation thickness Thermal conductivity Heat losses Bottom 23.63 kW 250 2.5 mm W/(mK) 100 0.04 mm W/(mK) 100 0.04 mm W/(mK)

Shell wet part 14.32 kW

Shell dry part 0.9186 kW Qtot

Roof 2.881 41.75

kW kW

Total heat loss

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Bottom Thickness of the wall Thermal conductivity of the wall Thermal resistance of the wall s/ Thickness of the insulation Thermal conductivity of the insulation Thermal resistance of the insulation s/ Heat transfer coefficient outside Heat transfer coefficient inside Contact surface Temperature inside Temperature (wall-insulation) Temperature outside Heating performance Heat flow from inside Heat flow to outside Shell Thickness of the wall Thermal conductivity of the wall Thermal resistance of the wall s/ Thickness of the insulation Thermal conductivity of the insulation Thermal resistance of the insulation s/ Heat transfer coefficient outside Wet part Heat transfer coefficient inside Contact surface Temperature inside Temperature (wall-insulation) Temperature outside Heating performance Heat flow from inside Heat flow to outside Dry part Heat transfer coefficient inside Contact surface Temperature inside Temperature (wall-insulation) Temperature outside Heating performance Heat flow from inside Heat flow to outside

siB iB iB saB aB aB aB iB AB tiB tgB taB = = = =

8 52 0.000154 250 2.5 0.1 5 28.67 113.1 42.71 42.68 21.79 0 23.63 23.63

mm W/(mK) mK/W mm W/(mK) mK/W W/(mK) W/(mK) m C C C kW kW kW

QhB QiB = QaB =

siM iM iM saM aM aM aM iMb AMb tiMb tgMb taMb = = = =

8 52 0.000154 100 0.04 2.5 41.67

mm W/(mK) mK/W mm W/(mK) mK/W W/(mK)

17.68 527.8 48.47 48.46 -19.35 0 14.32 14.32

W/(mK) m C C C kW kW kW

QhMb QiMb = QaMb = iMt AMt tiMt tgMt taMt = = = =

2.868 37.7 41.51 41.5 -19.42 0 0.9186 0.9186

W/(mK) m C C C kW kW kW

QhMt QiMt = QaMt =

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Roof Thickness of the wall Thermal conductivity of the wall Thermal resistance of the wall s/ Thickness of the insulation Thermal conductivity of the insulation Thermal resistance of the insulation s/ Emissivity of the roof Emissivity of the product Heat transfer coefficient outside Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) Contact surface Temperature inside Temperature (wall-insulation) Temperature outside Heating performance Heat flow from inside Heat flow to outside Balance Heating performance Heat flow from inside Heat flow to outside siD iD iD saD aD aD D P aD iD AD tiD tgD taD = = = = 8 52 0.000154 100 0.04 2.5 0.8 0.9 19.77 5.067 113.1 44.97 44.97 -18.71 0 2.881 2.881 mm W/(mK) mK/W mm W/(mK) mK/W W/(mK) W/(mK) m C C C kW kW kW

QhD QiD = QaD =

Qh_ges = Qi_ges = Qa_ges =

0 41.75 41.75

kW kW kW

Lauterbach Verfahrenstechnik GmbH

2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Properties tank medium

Properties of heavy fuel oils

Properties of Heavy Fuel Oils (HFO) Selected oil: Oil selection: HFO 180 7

State 1: Temperature Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coef. of thermal expansion Prandtl number Thermal diffusivity Pr = /a = cp/ a = /( cp) 50 C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K m/s cp Pr a

State 2: C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K m/s

897.9 cp 1930 171 0.000190 0.124 0.000707 Pr 2661 a 7.155E-8

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Gas properties

Properties of air

Properties of air State 1 Temperature Pressure 1 p1 50 100000 C Pa 2 p2 cp Pr a Z h s w State 2 C Pa

Density Specific heat capacity Thermal conductivity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Prandtl number Thermal diffusivity Compressibility factor Specific enthalpy Specific entropy Thermal expansion Velocity of sound

1.078 cp 1008 0.02808 0.01964 0.000018 Pr 0.7046 a 0.000026 Z 0.9999 h 25180 s 84.9 0.003101 w 360.5

kg/m J/(kgK) W/(mK) mPas m/s m/s J/kg J/(kgK) 1/K m/s

kg/m J/(kgK) W/(mK) mPas m/s m/s J/kg J/(kgK) 1/K m/s

Molar mass Gas constant Standard density Critical Critical Critical Critical data temperature pressure density

M R S Tc pc c

28.96 287.1 1.293

g/mol J/(kgK) kg/m

-140.6 3786000 342.6

C Pa kg/m

Validity range: -150 C 1000 C 1 bar p 1000 bar Composition of the air: Mol-% Wt-% N2 : 78.12 75.570 O2 : 20.96 23.161 Ar: 0.92 1.269 Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy: h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kgK) at T = 298.15 K = 25C, p = 1.01325 bar for the pure components

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Outside heat transfer coefficient, roof
Heat transfer in single-phase flow

Geometry: Heated plate length Flow velocity l w 12000 10 mm m/s

Properties: Mean pressure Mean temperature Density Specific heat capacity Specific thermal conductivity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Prandtl number Mean wall temperature Prandtl number at wall temperature Phase (liquid = 1 / gas = 2) Exponent for liquids Exponent for gases p 100000 -20 1.078 Cp 1008 0.02808 0.01964 = 0.000018 Pr = 0.7046 W PrW 44.97 0.7046 2 0.25 0 Pa C kg/m J/(kgK) W/(mK) mPas m/s C -

nF nG

Heat transfer: Reynolds number Nusselt-number laminar Nusselt-number turbulent Nusselt number average Nusselt number with wall correction Heat transfer coefficient Re Nulam Nuturb Nul,0 Nu = = = = = 6587625 1517 8312 8449 8449 19.77 W/(mK)

(1) (2) (5) (6)

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations: l w l Re = Nu = Nu0 K 6587625 = 0.000018 8449 = 8449 1 (6) 19.77 8449 = 0.02808 10 12 12

Nu =

Nul,0

Nulam

+ Nuturb
2 2

8312 3

(5)

8449 =

1517

Nulam

= 0.664

Re

Pr 3

0.7046

(1)

1517 = 0.664

6587625 0.037 Re0.8

Pr (Pr2/3
0.8

Nuturb

= 1 + 2.443 Re-0.1 - 1)

(2)

0.037 8312 = 1 + 2.443

6587625 6587625

0.7046 0.7046
2/3

-0.1

- 1 )

Influence of the dependence of the properties on the temperature: Liquids: nF KF = (Pr / PrW ) Gases: nG KG = (T / TW ) 1 = ( 253.2 / 318.1 ) 0 1 = ( 0.7046 / 0.7046 ) 0.25

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies

4. Horizontal plane surfaces Heat emission at upper side (lower surface cooled)

Boundary conditions: Area of the body flown-around Perimeter of the projection surface Characteristic length Acceleration due to gravity Temperature on the surface Temp. of fluid outside the boundary layer Temperature difference (0 - ) Properties: Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2 Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion m cp 46.36 897.9 1930 171 0.000190 0.124 0.000707 C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K A U l g 0 113.1 37699 3000 9.81 42.71 50 7.287 m mm mm m/s C C K (11)

Chararcteristic values: Prandtl number Grashof number Rayleigh number Prandtl Nusselt Nusselt Nusselt function number laminar number turbulent number Pr Gr Ra f2(Pr) Nu_l Nu_t Nu 2661 3.765E+7 1.00E+11 0.9874 121.1 693.7 693.7 -

(3) (4) (20) (18) (19)

Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient Exchange surface Convective heat flux a A Q 28.67 113.1 -23.63 W/(mK) (2) m kW

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations: a = = Nu / l 693.7 g l Gr = = 0.000190

2 2 3

(2) 0.124 / 3 = 28.67 W/(mK)

3
3

(3)

9.81

0.000707

7.287 = 3.765E+7

Ra =

Gr Pr = 3.765E+7

2661 = 1.00E+11

(4)

l =

A / U

113.1 /

37.7 =

3000

mm

(11)

1/5 Nul = 0.766 Ra f2 (Pr) (18)

1/5 = 0.766 1.00E+11 0.9874 = 121.1 -

1/3 Nut = 0.15 Ra f2 (Pr) (19)

1/3 = 0.15 1.00E+11 0.9874 = 693.7 -

11/20 f2 (Pr) = 1 + 0.322 / Pr

-20/11 (20)

11/20 = 1 + 0.322 / 2661

-20/11 = 0.9874 -

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Outside heat transfer coefficient, shell
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks

Heat loss in insulated pipelines (exposed)

Parameters: Temperature medium inside Air temperature Inside diameter of the pipe Inside heat transfer coefficient Wind velocity i a d1 i w 50 -20 12000 17.68 10 C C mm W/(mK) m/s

Heat transfer: Wall thickness Tube Insulation 1 Insulation 2 s1 s2 s3 8 100 0 mm mm mm 1 2 3 Thermal conductivity 52 0.04 1 W/(mK) W/(mK) W/(mK)

Calculation: Diameter Diameter Outside diameter of the pipe Temperature difference Auxiliary variable Outside heat transfer coefficient Heat loss per unit of length Pipe length Heat loss absolute Temperatures: Temperature medium inside Wall temperature inside Wall temperature outside Insulation Surface temperature Air temperature d2 d3 d4 i-a D a Q/l l Q i Wi Wa Iso O a 12016 12216 12216 70 2.578 41.67 -1032 mm mm mm C mK/W W/(mK) W/m mm kW

50 48.45 48.45 -19.35 -19.35 -20

C C C C C C

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations:

1 D = d4 i d1 +

1 ln 2 1 1

d2 + d1

1 ln 2 2 1 +

d3 + d2

1 ln 2 3 12.02

d4 d3

12.22 17.68 12

ln 2 52 12

1 + 2 0.04 ln

12.22 + 12.02 2

1 ln 1

12.22 = 12.22 2.578 mK/W

For static air (w=0) is valid: a = 8 + 0.04 = 8 + 0.04 O - a -19.35 1/a = -20 = 8.026 W/(mK)

For wind follows:

0.024 = f(

10 ;

12.22 )

Q/l =

d4 ( i - a ) D + 1 / a

12.22 ( 2.578 + 1 /

50 41.67

-20 ) = -1032 W/m

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13

2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies

2. Vertical areas (cylinders)

Boundary conditions: Height of the cylinder Diameter of the cylinder Characteristic length Acceleration due to gravity Temperature on the surface Temp. of fluid outside the boundary layer Temperature difference (0 - ) Properties: Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2 Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion m cp 49.23 897.9 1930 171 0.000190 0.124 0.000707 C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K h D l g 0 14000 12000 14000 9.81 48.47 50 1.535 mm mm mm m/s C C K

Characteristic values: Prandtl number Grashof number Rayleigh number Prandtl function Nusselt number for plate Nusselt number Pr Gr Ra f1 (Pr) Nu_P Nu 2661 8.059E+8 2.14E+12 0.986 1995 1996 -

(3) (4) (13) (12) (14)

Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient Exchange surface Convective heat flux A Q 17.68 527.8 -14.32 W/(mK) (2) m kW

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14

2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations: = = Nu / l 1996 g l Gr = = 0.000190

2 2 3

(2) 0.124 / 14 = 17.68 W/(mK)

14
3

(3)

9.81

0.000707

1.535 = 8.059E+8

Ra =

Gr Pr = = 8.059E+8

2661 = 2.14E+12 1/6

(4)

Nu_P =

0.825 + 0.387

Ra

f1 (Pr)

(12)

1/6 = 0.825 + 0.387 2.14E+12 0.986

2 = 1995 -

9/16 f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr

-16/9 (13)

9/16 = 1 + 0.492 / 2661

-16/9 = 0.986 -

Nu = =

Nu_P

+ 0.87

/ 14 /

D 12 = 1996 -

(14)

1995 + 0.87

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15

2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies

2. Vertical areas (cylinders)

Boundary conditions: Height of the cylinder Diameter of the cylinder Characteristic length Acceleration due to gravity Temperature on the surface Temp. of fluid outside the boundary layer Temperature difference (0 - ) Properties: Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2 Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion m cp 45.75 1.078 1008 0.01964 0.000018 0.02808 0.003101 C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K h D l g 0 1000 12000 1000 9.81 41.51 50 8.495 mm mm mm m/s C C K

Characteristic values: Prandtl number Grashof number Rayleigh number Prandtl function Nusselt number for plate Nusselt number Pr Gr Ra f1 (Pr) Nu_P Nu 0.7046 7.788E+8 5.487E+8 0.3459 102.1 102.1 -

(3) (4) (13) (12) (14)

Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient Exchange surface Convective heat flux A Q 2.868 37.7 -0.9184 W/(mK) (2) m kW

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations: = = Nu / l 102.1 g l Gr = = 0.000018

2 2 3

(2) 0.02808 / 1 = 2.868 W/(mK)

1
3

(3)

9.81

0.003101

8.495 = 7.788E+8

Ra =

Gr Pr = = 7.788E+8

0.7046 = 5.487E+8 1/6

(4)

Nu_P =

0.825 + 0.387

Ra

f1 (Pr)

(12)

1/6 = 0.825 + 0.387 5.487E+8 0.3459

2 = 102.1 -

9/16 f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr

-16/9 (13)

9/16 = 1 + 0.492 / 0.7046

-16/9 = 0.3459 -

Nu = =

Nu_P

+ 0.87

/ 1 /

D 12 = 102.1 -

(14)

102.1 + 0.87

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies

4. Horizontal plane surfaces Heat emission at lower surface (upper surface cooled)

Boundary conditions: Area of the body flown-around Perimeter of the projection surface Characteristic length Acceleration due to gravity Temperature on the surface Temp. of fluid outside the boundary layer Temperature difference (0 - ) Properties: Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2 Density Specific heat capacity Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Thermal conductivity Coefficient of thermal expansion m cp 47.49 1.078 1008 0.01964 0.000018 0.02808 0.003101 C kg/m J/(kgK) mPas m/s W/(mK) 1/K A U l g 0 113.1 37699 3000 9.81 44.97 50 5.027 m mm mm m/s C C K (11)

Characteristic values: Prandtl number Grashof number Rayleigh number Prandtl function Nusselt number Pr Gr Ra f1 (Pr) Nu 0.7046 1.24E+10 8.768E+9 0.3459 47.26 -

(3) (4) (13) (21)

Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient Exchange surface Convective heat flux a A Q 0.4424 113.1 -0.2515 W/(mK) (2) m kW

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout

Equations: a = = Nu / l 47.26 g l Gr = = 0.000018

2 2 3

(2) 0.02808 / 3 0.4424 W/(mK)

3
3

(3)

9.81

0.003101

5.027 = 1.24E+10

Ra =

Gr Pr = 1.24E+10

0.7046 = 8.768E+9

(4)

l =

A / U =

113.1 /

37.7 =

3000

mm

(11)

9/16 f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr

-16/9 (13)

9/16 = 1 + 0.492 / 0.7046

-16/9 = 0.3459 -

1/5 Nu = 0.6 Ra f1 (Pr) (21)

1/5 = 0.6 8.768E+9 0.3459 = 47.26 -

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2013

TANK Module Package Sample Printout Heat transfer radiation inside, roof
Surface radiation

Calculation of the heat flux by radiation Area 113.1 113.1 1 2 Emissivity 0.9 0.8 Temperature 50 C 44.97 C

A1 A2

m m

T1 T2

(= (=

50 44.97

C ) C )

View factors: 12 21 0.8466 0.8466 21 = A1 /A2 12

Calculation of the emitted energy: Ei E1 = i Ti = 556.5

4

; = 5.6704 10-8 E2 = 464.6

W/(m2 K4 ) W/m

W/m

Calculation of heat flux: . Q12 1 2 A1 1 - (1 . Q12 1 )(1 kW 12

4 4

(T1

- T2

2 ) 12 21 Q21 = 2.629 kW

2.629

Equivalent heat transfer coefficient . Q = A (T1 - T2 ) 12 = 4.624 W/(mK)

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20

2013