International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
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IJERDInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
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IJERDInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.
com Volume 9, Issue 5 (December 2013), PP. 01-08
Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
Basudev Das1, Dr Bimal C Deka2
1
Assam Engineering Institute, Chandmari, Guwahati 781003, Assam, India 2 Assam Engineering College, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781013, Assam, India
Abstract:- Generally distributed generation (DG) is connected at distribution level voltage and it provides support to the distribution network. The connection of DG with distribution system improves the system reliability. The reliability improvement depends on the capacity and availability of DG and on the location of the DG connected to the distribution system. The aim of the paper is to study the impact of different locations of DG on reliability of distribution system. Keywords:- Distributed generation, radial distribution system, improper and proper disconnects, reliability indices, renewable energy resources, optimal location.
I.
INTRODUCTION
All developmental works including industrialization depend on availability of energy. Energy security is the greatest concern all over the world. Electrical energy takes higher place than other form of energy in the energy hierarchy. World energy consumption is increasing by 2% per year. The demand of electrical energy is rising more rapidly in developing countries. Fossil fuels have been the main sources of electrical energy so far. If alternative arrangement is not made in case of fuel, the world will have to face severe problems in the near future. The country like India depends mainly on fossil fuel. The International Energy Agency projects Indias oil consumption going up from 2.5 million barrel a day in 2002 to 5.6 million barrel a day in 2030. The present energy crisis raises the demand for renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar, biomass, wave, geothermal, small hydel, tidal etc. Renewable energy sources provide different types of benefits. There is a limitation in the availability of renewable energy sources and their behavior is not uniform. But the use of renewable sources is increasing gradually all over the world. More than 50% of worlds electrical energy is expected from renewable sources by the year 2060. DG helps in solving energy problem. Both renewable and non renewable technologies can be used for DG [1]. Renewable technologies include solar, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, tidal, micro-hydel, energy from municipal waste and biomass generation etc. whereas non-renewable technologies include internal combustion engine, combined engine, combustion turbine, fuel cell. DG plays an important role in improving the reliability of the system. The increasing penetration of DG in the power system is raising the technical problems such as voltage regulation, network protection etc. The technical problems to be addressed when connecting a DG with distribution network are: power flow, steady state voltage variation, network loss, power quality, fault level contribution, transient stability etc [2]. Penetration of DG changes the characteristics of the distribution network since it converts the passive network into active distribution network [3]. A new analytical method for calculation of load point indices of distribution system including DG is proposed in [4]. In [5], the authors show that type and location of switches play an important role on reliability improvement of distribution system. In [6], the authors have discussed the impact of DG on reliability of a radial distribution system. The authors have also examined the improvement of reliability by connecting DG at different locations. In [7], the authors investigate the impact of conventional and renewable DG on the reliability of future distribution system. A new reliability evaluation method using Monte Carlo time sequential simulation for the distribution system with distributed generations is discussed in [8]. A distribution network reliability calculation model considering the act of weather and DG is presented in [9]. In [10], the optimal location and output power of distributed generators along with the type of cross-connection are determined as the transformer and feeders are optimally upgraded.
II.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
In this paper, customer related reliability indices of a radial distribution system with DG connected at different locations of the system are evaluated by using the load point indices. The DG units are used as stand by operation. The load point indices and customer related indices are evaluated with proper and improper
Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
disconnects at sections forming a junction. The impact of location of DG on reliability of distribution system is studied using those indices.
III.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RELIABILITY
In conventional power system reliability evaluation methods the three functional zones: generation, transmission and distribution, develop three hierarchical levels: HL-I, HL-II and HL-III. HL-I includes only the generation facilities. HL-II includes both generation and transmission facilities. HL-III includes all three functional zones. Reliability analysis of HL-III is most complex because it includes all three functional zones of power system. The aim of the HL-III study is to obtain suitable reliability indices at consumer load point. The three basic customer related indices for reliability analysis of distribution system are: rate (or frequency) of failure s, average outage time (or average duration of failure) r s and annual outage time Us, which can be expressed as s = I (i) Us = i r i (ii) rs = Us/s (iii) These indices are used to get the customer related additional indices: SAIFI( System Average Interruption Duration Index), SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index), CAIDI(Customer Average Interruption Duration Index ), ASAI ( Average System Availability Index ), ENS (Energy Not Supplied ) etc.
IV.
METHODOLOGY AND PROBLEM DEFINITION
A radial distributor is considered with sections and lateral distributors. There are two ways of connection of disconnects considered in this paper. In one type, disconnects are installed properly in every section including the sections forming a junction. In the other type, disconnects are connected improperly in sections forming a junction. Failure at all sections and lateral distributor connected to a load point has the contribution to the failure rate of that particular load point. The load point failure i can be expressed in the form given in equation (iv) [11]. i = r LT + ri/ (iv) r = failure rate /m of the section LT = total length of all sections in meter ri/ = failure of lateral connected to load point i i = failure rate at load point i The annual outage time for the load point i can be calculated by adding the affect of outage of all sections on that point plus the outage time of lateral connected to that point as shown in equation (v). Ui = r Le R + r ( LT Le ) R/ + ri/ r// (v) r = Failure rate /m of the section LT = Total length of all sections in meter Le = Length of affected section ( sections ) due to failure R = Repairing time of the section R/ = Switching time of the section ri/ = Failure of lateral connected to load point i r// = Repairing time of lateral Average outage time (or average duration of failure) r i of load point I by using I and Ui as shown in equation (vi). ri = Ui/i (vi) The customer related additional indices are calculated through conventional method by using three basic indices, number of customers and load connected to each load points in the system. The customer related additional indices are: System Average interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), SAIFI = i Ni/ Ni (vii) System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), SAIDI = Ui Ni/ Ni (viii) Customer Average Interruption Duration Index, CAIDI = Ui Ni/ i Ni (ix) Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI), CAIFI= Total no of customer interruption /Total no of customer affected (x) Average Service Availability Index (ASAI), ASAI = ( Ni*8760 - UiNi)/ Ni*8760 (xi) Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI), ASUI = 1- ASAI (xi) Energy Not Supplied (ENS), ENS = La(i)Ui (xiii) Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS), AENS = (La(i)Ui)/Ni (xiv)
Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
Here, i is the failure rate at load point i, Ni is the no of customer at load point i, Ui is the annual outage time at load point i. All those indices are calculated for a residential distribution network of a particular locality as explained in the next section.
V.
CASE STUDY
A residential distribution network of Chandmari Milonpur area in Guwahati, Assam is considered for reliability analysis. The network is having three junction points. The first junction is among the sections 2, 3 and 17. The second junction is among the sections 17,18 and 19 and the third junction is among the sections 9,10 and 12. The network is shown in Fig. 1. The reliability analysis is performed with DG under the following conditions: i. With improper disconnects (ID) installed at sections forming a junction ii. With proper disconnects (PD) installed at sections forming a junction Following assumptions are made for reliability analysis: repairing time for section is 4 hr and for lateral is 2 hr. switching time for section and lateral is 0.5 hr failure rate for section is 0.0056 f/m yr. The reliability data considered for analysis are presented in Table 1, 2 and 3. The study has been conducted for two different cases and results are presented in the following sections: Case I: DG of capacity 3500 KW is connected to the load points X, Y and Z separately with improper and proper disconnects at sections forming the junction (Fig. 1). When DG of capacity of 3500 KW is connected to X or Y, then it can supply power up to the junction J1. When DG of capacity of 3500 KW is connected to Z, then it can supply power up to the junction J2. From Table 4 it is seen that SAIFI is same for proper and improper disconnect installed at sections forming a junction. The improvement of SAIDI between X & Y, X & Z and Y & Z for improper disconnects are 5.2%, 31.25% and 27.45% respectively and for proper disconnects 6.1% , 23.3% and 18.3% respectively. SAIDI improvement between proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at X, Y and Z are 5.9%, 5.1% and 15.7% respectively. CAIDI improvement between X &Y, X & Z and Y & Z for improper disconnects are 5.5%, 27.3% and 31.3% respectively and for proper disconnects are 5.9%, 18.1% and 22.9% respectively. CAIDI improvement for proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at X,Y and Z are 5.8%, 5.2% and 16.2% respectively. For improper disconnect at sections forming the junction, improvement of EENS at X than Y is 5.2%, at Y than Z is 27.2%, at X than Z is 30.9%. Similarly, for proper disconnect at sections forming the junction, improvement of EENS at X than Y is 6.1%, at Y than Z is 18.1%, at X than Z is 23%. Between proper and improper disconnects improvement of EENS for X is 5.9%, for Y is 7.1%, for Z is 15.6%. For both proper and improper disconnects at sections forming the junction, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI, EENS (when DG is connected ) are better at X than other two location of DG at Y & Z. Because DG located at load point X can supply power to the highest nos. of load points than DG located at Y & Z. Again reliability improvement depends on the proper installation of disconnects at sections forming the junctions. Case II In this case two DGs of capacity 3500 are connected simultaneously. If one DG at X then other one at Z, if one DG at Y then other one at Z. Reliability analysis is performed for both proper and improper disconnects. DG at Z can supply power up to the junction J 2 and DG at X or Y can supply power up to junction J1. It is seen from the Table5 that SAIDI improvement between XZ & YZ for improper disconnect is 6.3% and for proper disconnects is 7.46%. SAIDI improvement between proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at XZ is 8.1%, YZ is 6.9%. The improvement of CAIDI between XZ & YZ for improper disconnect is 6.7% and for proper disconnects is 8.9%. CAIDI improvement between proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at XZ is 8.9%, YZ is 6.7%. EENS improvement between XZ & YZ for improper disconnect is 6.2% for proper disconnects is 7.4%. EENS improvement between proper and improper disconnects at junction for location of DG at XZ is 7.9%, YZ is 6.8%. It is seen from the analysis that for both proper and improper disconnects at sections, the locations of DG with capacity 3500 KW is best at X & Z. But SAIDI, CAIDI and EENS are the lowest and ASAI is the maximum for the location of DG at X & Z with proper disconnects at sections forming the junction.
Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
The pictorial representations of SAIFI, CAIDI and EENS at different conditions are given in Fig. 2, 3 and 4. The percentage improvements of the indices under various conditions are presented in Fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8.
VI.
CONCLUSION
Reliability of distribution system can be improved by connecting DG to the system. The reliability improvement depends on the nature of connection of disconnects. If disconnects are installed properly then improvement will be more. But it will be maximum if the DG units are optimally located in the system. In our study, the reliability improvement is maximum when two DG units operate simultaneously from the location X and Z with proper disconnects installed at sections forming a junction. DG units operated simultaneously from these two points can meet the maximum load demand of the consumer.
REFERENCES
[1]. [2]. Barker, P. P., Mello, R. W.:Determining the impact of distributed generation on power system: part I Radial distribution system, IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Vol. 3, Pp. 1645-1656, 2000. Dr. Deka, Bimal C., Das, Basudev: Embedded Generation And Its Effect On Distribution System Reliability, October 2011 All India Seminar On Power System Management organized by The Institution of Engineers ( India ), Assam State Centre, Panbazar, Guwahati. Jenkins, N., Allan, R., Crossley, P., Kirschen, D. and Strbac, G.: Embedded Generation, Published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London. Abdullah, A. M.:New Method for Assessment of Distributed Generation Impact on Distribution System Reliability: Islanded Operation, IEEE PES ISGT Assia 2012. Heidari, Alireza, Agelidis, Vassilions G. and Naderi, Mohammad Sala y: Effects of Switch Type and Location on the Reliability of Power Distribution Systems Containing Distributed Generation, 978 -14673-4569-9/2013 IEEE. Hlatshwayo, M.,Choudhury, S., Choudury, S. P., Awodele, K. O.: Reliability Enhancement of Radial Distribution Systems wit DG penetration, UPEC 2010, 31st August - 3rd Sept 2010. Al-Muhaini, Mohammad, Heydt, Gerald T., Evaluating Future Power Distribution System Reliability Including Distributed Generation, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 28, No. 4, Oct ober 2013. Jikeng, Lin, Xudong, Wang,: Reliability Evaluation for Distribution System with Distributed Generation, 978-1-4244-4813-5 2010 IEEE. Ran, Zhang, Ling-Zhu, Zhang, Yong, L. I., Lin, L. V., : Distribution Network Reliability Considering Weather and Distribution Generation, 978-1-4577-0547-22012 IEEE. Ziari, I., Ledwich, G., Ghosh, A., Platt, G.,: Planning of Distribution Network in Presence of Distributed Generators and Cross-Connection, 978-1-61284-972-0 2011 IEEE. Das, Basudev, Dr. Deka, Bimal C.,: Impact of Distributed Generation on Reliability of Distribution System, IOSR Journal Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Volume 8, Issue 1( Nov Dec 2013 ), PP 42- 50. Fig. 1: Distribution Network
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Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
TABLE 1: Failure Rate of lateral Lateral Failure rate a 4 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 3 f 2 g 1 h 4 i 3 j 4 k 3 l 2 m 3 n 4 o 3 p 2 q 3 r 4 s 3 t 1 u 4 v 3 LOAD POINTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V TABLE 2: Loading data LOAD IN NO OF CUSTOMER KW 190 95 238 110 238 110 238 110 238 110 60 30 238 110 24 01 238 110 238 110 476 220 300 135 238 110 238 110 95 45 238 110 60 30 95 45 238 110 455 190 95 45 238 110 TABLE 3: Length of section Section Length 9 300m 10 50m 11 30m 12 50m
Section 1 2 3 4
Length 180m 150m 50m 40m
Section 17 18 19 20
Length 400m 30m 50m 30m
Impact of Location of Distributed Generation On Reliability of Distribution System
5 6 7 8 50m 300m 40m 350m 13 14 15 16 40m 300m 150m 50m 21 22 23 ---------1000m 25m 500m
Table 4: Calculated reliability indices Reliability Indices Improper Disconnects at Junction Location Location XZ YZ 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1450.1 min/cust. yr 56 min/cust. int 0.997278 0.002722 114158.9 Kwh/yr 52.9 Kwh/cust.yr 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1547.6 min/cust. yr 60 min/cust. int 0.9971 0.00291 121761.5 Kwh/yr 56.47 Kwh/cust.yr Proper Disconnects at junction Location XZ 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1333.0 min/cust. yr 51 min/cust. int 0.9975 0.002487 105065.8 Kwh/yr 48.732 Kwh/cust.yr Location YZ 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1440.5 min/cust. yr 56 min/cust. int 0.9973 0.002692 113439.19 Kwh/yr 52.62 Kwh/cust.yr
SAIFI
SAIDI CAIDI ASAI ASUI EENS AENS
Table 5: Calculated reliability indices Improper Disconnects at Junction Reliability Indices Location X 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1763.6 min/cust. yr 68 min/cust. int 0.996645 0.003355 139154.6 Kwh/yr 64.543 Kwh/cust.yr Location Y 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1861.1 min/cust. yr 72 min/cust. int 0.996459 0.003541 146757.2 Kwh/yr 68.07 Kwh/cust.yr Location Z 25.93 intr/cus.yr 2565.2 min/cust. yr 99 min/cust. int 0.995157 0.004843 201619.69 Kwh/yr 93.516 Kwh/cust.yr Proper Disconnects at Junction Location X 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1658.8 min/cust. yr 64 min/cust. int 0.996848 0.003152 130935.8 Kwh/yr 60.73 Kwh/cust.yr Location Y 25.93 intr/cus.yr 1766.3 min/cust. yr 68 min/cust. int 0.996644 0.003356 139309.2 Kwh/yr 64.61 Kwh/cust.yr Location Z 25.93 intr/cus.yr 2162.7 min/ cust. yr 83 min/cust. int
SAIFI SAIDI
CAIDI
