NR 320801 Mass Transfer Operations II

Set No.
Code No:320801
III B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, November-2003
MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS-II
1
(Chemical Engineering)
Time:3 hours Max Marks:80

Answer any Five Questions
All questions carry equal marks.
----
1.a) Draw the boiling diagram and equilibrium diagrams for a minimum boiling azeotrope
and maximum boiling azeotrope.
b) With the help of the above diagrams explain what is a minimum boiling azeotrope and
maximum boiling azeotrope.
2. A ten-plate distillation column with re-boiler and total condenser is available for use.
An equimolar mixture of A and B at its boiling point is to be separated to get a
distillate containing 90% A (mole%). The relative volatility of mixture is 2.6.
Calculate:
(i) minimum reflux ratio
(ii) the yield of distillate and residue for R = 1.2.
3.a) What is a partial condenser? Represent graphically. Write the material balance
equations.
b) What is the effect of cold reflux in distillation operation?
4. Write about the system of three liquids – two pairs partially soluble with the help of
an equilibrium diagram. Give examples. Also discuss the effect of temperature on the
above system.
5. If 1000 kg/h of a nicotine (C)-water (A) solution containing 1 % nicotine is to be

countercurrently extracted with kerosene at 20oC to reduce the nicotine content to
0.1%, determine (a) the minimum kerosene rate and (b) the number of theoretical
stages required if 1150 kg of kerosene is used per hour.
Equilibrium data are as follows, expressed as kg nicotine/kg liquid:
x’ (kg nicotine 0 0.001011 0.002460 0.00502 0.00751 0.00998 0.0204
/kg water)
y’* (kg nicotine 0 0.000807 0.001961 0.00456 0.00686 0.00913 0.0187
/kg kerosene).
6. a) Define Leaching.
b) What is lixiviation?
c) What is decoction?
d) Explain the applications of leaching operation with suitable examples.
7.a) What is irreversible adsorption? Explain in detail.

b) Write short notes on one component and two component adsorption isotherm.
8.a) Derive the rate of adsorption in fixed beds?

b) What are the factors determining rate of ion exchange?
!!!!
Set No.
Code No:320801
2
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1.a) A liquid mixture of 50 mole% n-heptane (A) and 50 mole% n-octane (B) were
subjected to differential distillation at atmospheric pressure with 70 mole% of the
liquid distilled. Compute the composition of the composite distillate and the residue.
“x” 1.00 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.00

“y” 1.00 0.689 0.648 0.608 0.567 0.523 0.497 0.00
b) What is relative volatility? How is it computed?
2. A 60 mole % n–hexane in a mixture of n–hexane and n–octane is to be separated into

a distillate containing 95 mole % n–hexane and a bottom product containing 90% n–
octane. The feed is saturated liquid. The operation is to be carried out in a column
with a re-boiler and a condenser.
(a) Calculate the minimum number of theoretical plates required to carry out the
separation.
L
(b) An of 1.5 times the minimum for the top plate if used, how many theoretical
D
plates are required. Equilibrium data in mole fraction of n–hexane:
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
y 0.21 0.37 0.51 0.64 0.72 0.79 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.0
3.a) Represent use of open steam in distillation graphically.

b) Derive the equation to calculate the amount of liquid vaporized upon entering of
superheated steam.
4. Discuss single-stage extraction and explain how it is shown on a triangular chart.

Indicate how the quantities and compositions of extract and raffinate are computed.
Explain how the computations can be made on a solvent- free basis.
5.a) Briefly describe the various towers used for liquid extraction operation.
b) 160 cm3/s of a solvent S is used to treat 400cm3/s of a 10% by weight solution of A in
B, in a three stage counter current multiple contact liquid-liquid extraction plant. The
densities of A, B and C respectively are 1200, 100 and 800kg/m3. What is the
composition of the final raffinate?
Using the same total amount of solvent, evenly distributed between the three stages,
what would be the composition of the final raffinate if the equipment were used in a
simple multiple contact arrangement?
Equilibrium data:
kg A/kg B 0.05 0.10 0.15
kg A/kg S 0.069 0.159 0.258 (Contd…2)
Code No:320801 -2- Set No:2
6. a) What are cossettes?

b) Explain the preparation of vegetable and animal bodies for leaching operation with
specific examples.
c) What is the effect of temperature on leaching?
7.a) Explain the method of calculation for multistage counter current extraction and use of
Freundlich equation.
b) Write briefly on single stage batch treatment of liquids in adsorption operation.
8.a) Describe the process of ion exchange treatment in Higgins contactor with a schematic
diagram.
b) Explain chromatographic separation of two solutes.
!!!!!
Set No.
Code No:320801
3
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1. a) Write about the construction of enthalpy – concentration diagram for a binary liquid
mixture.
b) Give the characteristics of an enthalpy-concentration diagram.
c) Explain, how the enthalpy-concentration diagram and x-y diagram are related.
2. A distillation column is to be designed to separate A and B continuously. The feed is

35 % A and 65 % B at its dew point. The distillate and the residue compositions are
0.95 and 0.025 respectively.
(a) Find the quantities of distillate and bottoms per hour.
(b) Find the number of equilibrium stages required in the column if the reflux
ratio is 2.5.
Assume the relative volatility as 2.25.
3.a) What is an entrainer? Specify its function in azeotropic distillation. Write the
properties of entrainer for satisfactory operation.
b) Define transfer unit in a packed bed distillation column. Explain its importance.
4.a) What do you mean by equilibrium stage extraction ?Derive the equation to calculate
solvent requirement per mass of feed in a single stage liquid -liquid extraction?
b) What is selectivity ? What is its important in liquid liquid extraction?
5. 1000 kg/hr of a 25% solution of dioxane in water is to be continuously extracted in

counter current fashion with benzene to remove 95% of the dioxane. At 25 oC the
equilibrium distribution of dioxane between water and benzene is as follows:
Wt% dioxane in water 5.1 18.9 25.2
Wt% dioxane in benzene 5.2 22.5 32.0
At these concentrations water and benzene are substantially insoluble.
(a) What is the minimum solvent required in kg/hr?
(b) If 900 kg/hr of solvent is used, how many theoretical stages are required?
6. a) With a neat sketch explain the construction and operation of Kennedy extractor.
b) Explain the method of calculation of stage efficiency in leaching.

c) In practice, stage efficiency is always less than 100 percent. Why?
7. Write short notes on:

a) Contact filtration of liquids.
b) Adsorption isotherm of concentrated solutions.
8.a) Explain ion exchange technique and its applications.

b) Draw the schematic diagram of rotating fixed bed adsorber.
!!!!! Set No.
Code No:320801
4
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1.a) Explain what is differential condensation.
b) Derive Rayleigh’s equation for differential condensation.
c) A vapour mixture containing 70 mole% methanol and the rest water vapour is
condensed differentially at 760 mm Hg, to condense 60% of the feed. Compute the
composition of the vaporous residue and the condensate.
The equilibrium data is given below:
“x” 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
“y” 0.417 0.519 0.729 0.825 0.915 1.0
2. A saturated liquid feed containing 40 mole % chloroform and 60 mole % benzene is

fed to a continuous fractionating column to yield a distillate and residue product with
95 mole % chloroform and 95 mole % benzene respectively. The VLE data may be
represented by the following relationship. y = 1.29x + 0.25x2 – 0.54x3
x, y – mole fractions of chloroform in the liquid and vapor. Determine
(a) The minimum number of plates
(b) The number of plates when the reflux ratio is such as to make the operating
line slope = 1.18.
3. Write short notes on :

(a) High Purity Products (b) Tray Efficiencies.
4.a) Discuss the factors to consider for selecting a solvent for liquid – liquid extraction?
b) 500 kg. of a solution containing 40% by weight of compenent C ( rest is A) is
extracted with 650kg. Pure B and the phases are separated after the extraction is
completed. Calculate the quantity and composition of the extract phase. The tie line
data are :
Raffinate Phase % C 0 7 16 26 32
% B 0 0.5 1.0 4.0 7.0
Extract phase % C 0 13 26 39 41
% B 100 85 67 44 26
Use a right angled triangle a plot .
5. In order to extract acetic acid from dilute aqueous solution with isopropyl ether, the
two immiscible phases are passed counter-currently through a packed column 3.05 m
in height and 7.6 cm in diameter.
It is found that if 1950 kg/hr.m2 of pure ether is used to extract 975 kg/hr.m2 of 4%
acid by weight then the ether phase leaves the column with a concentration of 1% acid
by weight. Calculate (a) the number of overall transfer units based on raffinate phase
(b) overall extraction coefficient based on raffinate phase.
The equilibrium relationship is given by Wt% acid in ether phase = 0.3 times the wt%
acid in water phase. (Contd…2)
Code No:320801 -2- Set No :4
6.a) Explain typical equilibrium diagrams used in leaching operation.

b) Define distribution coefficient.
c) What is constant underflow?
7.a) Prove that for cross current two stage treatment of liquid solutions by contact
filtration, when the adsorption isotherm is linear ,the least total adsorbent results if the
amount used in this stages are equal. Explain.
b) Discuss about the effect of temperature and pressure on adsorption.
8.a) Explain about gas drying equipment?

b) What are hypersorbers? Explain in detail.
!!!!!

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Set No.

Time:3 hours Max Marks:80

5. If 1000 kg/h of a nicotine (C)-water (A) solution containing 1 % nicotine is to be

7.a) What is irreversible adsorption? Explain in detail.

8.a) Derive the rate of adsorption in fixed beds?

“x” 1.00 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.00

b) What is relative volatility? How is it computed?

2. A 60 mole % n–hexane in a mixture of n–hexane and n–octane is to be separated into

3.a) Represent use of open steam in distillation graphically.

4. Discuss single-stage extraction and explain how it is shown on a triangular chart.

6. a) What are cossettes?

2. A distillation column is to be designed to separate A and B continuously. The feed is

5. 1000 kg/hr of a 25% solution of dioxane in water is to be continuously extracted in

b) Explain the method of calculation of stage efficiency in leaching.

7. Write short notes on:

8.a) Explain ion exchange technique and its applications.

2. A saturated liquid feed containing 40 mole % chloroform and 60 mole % benzene is

3. Write short notes on :

6.a) Explain typical equilibrium diagrams used in leaching operation.

8.a) Explain about gas drying equipment?

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