MLA Style Citations, 7th ed.

(Modern Languages Association)

This guide provides basic guidelines and examples for citing sources using the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. (2009). M ! citation st"le re#uires that credit be given to sources in the text of an essa" $ith parenthetical references. %eneral guidelines for parenthetical references appear on the last page of this guide. &hile the follo$ing examples are single'spaced, the &or(s )ited page should be double'spaced throughout. Format: Author Last, First. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print.

Book: One Author

Sample Citation: Welch, Kathleen E. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy . Cambridge: M !, "###. Print. Format: Author Last, First, and First Last. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Pub. Print.

Book: T o Authors

Sample Citation: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural uthors: Pers!ecti"es on Colla#orati"e $riting. Carbondale: $outhern llinois %P, "##&. Print. Format: Author Last, First, Author First Last, and Author First Last. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Pub. Print. 'Note: f a source has more than three authors, onl( the first author should be listed, )ith the Latin *hrase +et al., -meaning +and others,. follo)ing their name./

Book: Multi!le Authors Sample Citation:

Patten, Michael A., 0u( McCas1ie, and Phili* %nitt. %irds o& the Salton Sea: Status, %iogeogra!hy, and Ecology. 2er1ele(: % of California P, 3&&4. Print. 0ra(, 5ose*h 6., et al. 'ow %rown (ohnson and )ir* +ot ,t $rong. Chicago: Ells)orth, 3&&7. Print. Format: Author Last, First. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Pub. Electronic Publisher. Web. 8ate of Access.

"lectronic Book Sample Citation:

Welch, Kathleen E. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy . Cambridge: M !, "###. netLibrar(. Web. 3" 9ct. 3&&:.

Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle of Cha*ter<Article.; Title o& %oo*. Ed. First Last. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. nclusi=e *age numbers. Print.

Cha!ter in a Book

Sample Citation: Wells, da 2. ;L(nch La) in All ts Phases.; $ith Pen and -oice: Critical nthology o& Nineteenth.Century &rican. merican $omen . Ed. $hirle( Wilson Logan. Carbondale: $outhern llinois %P, "##7. >&?##. Print. Format: Author of $*ecific Entr( Last @ame, First. ;!itle of Entr(.; Title o& %oo*. edition A ed. Year of Publication. Print.

"ncyclo!edias, 'Note on editions: For teBts *ublished )ithout an edition number, include the (ear onl(. $ee #ictionaries, and sam*le. Note on reference works online: nclude the )ord +Web, follo)ed b( the date of Co$$on access to indicate the use of an electronic =ersion of a common reference boo1./ %e&erence Books
Sample Citation: $mith, Cobart. ;Corned LiDard.; Encyclo!edia mericana. 3&&: ed. Print. Sample Citations for Common Reference Books Online: $mith, Cobart. +Corned LiDard., Encyclo!edia mericana/ 3&&: ed. Web. : Mar. 3&&>. +Kingdom., Ox&ord English 0ictionary/ 3nd ed. Web. 37 Aug. 3&&E. Format: Author of $*ecific Entr( Last @ame, First. +!itle of Entr(., Title o& %oo*. Ed. First @ame Last of editor if necessar(. Edition information if a=ailable. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Sample Citation: Mur*h(, 2ruce F. +Card?boiled., Encyclo!edia o& 1urder and 1ystery. @e) Yor1: $t. Martins, "###. Print. Format: Author of $*ecific Entr( Last @ame, First. +!itle of Entr(., Title o& %oo*. Ed. First @ame Last of editor if necessar(. Edition information if a=ailable. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. 0ata#ase Name. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: Andre), William. +$la=e @arrati=es., Encyclo!edia o& &rican merican Culture and 'istory. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 3nd ed. Fol. 7. 8etroit: Macmillan 6eference, 3&&G. +ale -irtual Re&erence Li#rary. Web. "> Feb. 3&&#. Format: Author Last, First. Title. llus. First Last. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Sample Citation: Ames, 5onathan. The lcoholic. llus. 8ean Cas*iel. @e) Yor1: Fertigo, 3&&>. Print.

S!eciali'ed %e&erence Books

S!eciali'ed %e&erence Books &ro$ a (ull)Te*t #ata+ase

,ra!hic -o.el

/ournals
Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; (ournal Name Folume @umber. ssue @umber -Year of Pub.: inclusi=e *age numbers. Print.

/ournal Article: 0rint

'Note: f the issue number is not a=ailable, add the month or season of *ublication in *arentheses )ith the (ear. $ee sam*les under +5ournal Article: Multi*le Authors.,/ Sample Citation: Cara)a(, 8onna 5. ;A 0ame of CatHs Cradle: $cience $tudies, Feminist !heor(, Cultural $tudies.; Con&igurations 3." -"##:.: 7#?E". Print. Format:I Author Last, First, and Author First Last. ;!itle.; (ournal Name Folume @umber. ssue @umber -Year of Pub.: inclusi=e *age numbers. Print.

/ournal Article:

'Note: f a source has more than three authors, onl( the first author should be listed, )ith the Latin *hrase +et al., -meaning +and others,. follo)ing their name./

Multi!le Authors Sample Citation:

0autreau, 6onald, and 5effre( M. Cohen. ;2irth and 8eath of a 2lac1 Cole.; merican (ournal o& Physics G7 -Ma( "##E.: :::?G. Print.

Pridmore, William, Mitchell Chamlin, and Adam !rahan. +A !est of Com*eting C(*otheses About Comicide Follo)ing !errorist Attac1s: An nterru*ted !ime $eries Anal(sis of $e*tember "" and 91lahoma Cit(., (ournal o& 2uantitati"e Criminology 3: -8ec. 3&&>.: 4>"?#G. Print. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; (ournal Name Folume @umber. ssue @umber -Year of Pub.: inclusi=e *age numbers. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. 'Note: f an article online is not *aginated, include the abbre=iation +n. *ag., instead./ Sample Citation: 5obe, Karen 8. ;Women and the Language of Cac1erdom: !he 0endered @ature of Cac1er 5argon.; )airos 7.3 -3&&&.: n. *ag. Web. 34 Mar. 3&&7 Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; (ournal Name Folume @umber. ssue @umber -Year of Pub.: inclusi=e *age numbers. 0ata#ase Name/ Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: Ferrell, 6obert C. ;!rumanHs Place in Cistor(.; Re"iews in merican 'istory ">." -"##&.: "?#. (STOR. Web. 4 Feb. 3&&7.

/ournal Article: 0u+lished Only Online

/ournal Article: &ro$ a (ull)Te*t #ata+ase

Maga'ines
Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; 1aga3ine Name 8a( Month Year of Pub: inclusi=e *age numbers. Print. Sample Citation: $)artD, Mimi. ;An Enron Yard $ale.; New 4or*er G Ma( 3&&3: 7&?3. Print. Format: Author Last, First, and Author First Last. ;!itle.; 1aga3ine Name 8a( Month Year of Pub: inclusi=e *age numbers. Print. Sample Citation:

Maga'ine Article: 0rint

Maga'ine Article:

Multi!le Authors $il=er, Marc, and 5ames M. Petho1ou1is. ;Attac1 of the Cloned Light
$abers.; 5/S/ News 6 $orld Re!ort "4 Ma( 3&&3: G4. Print. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; 1aga3ine Name 8a( Month Year of Pub. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: Leonard, Andre). ;Embracing the 8ar1 $ide of the 2rand.; Salon/com "> Ma( 3&&7. Web. 4 Aug. 3&&7. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; 1aga3ine Name 8a( Month Year of Pub: inclusi=e *age numbers if a=ailable. 0ata#ase Name. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: $)artD, Mimi. ;An Enron Yard $ale.; New 4or*er G Ma( 3&&3: 7&?3. cademic Search Premier. Web. "7 A*r. 3&&7.

Maga'ine Article: Online

Maga'ine Article &ro$ a (ull)Te*t #ata+ase

-e s!a!ers
Format: Author Last, First. ;Article !itle.; News!a!er Name 8a( Month Year of Publication, edition if necessar(: *age number. Print.

-e s!a!er Article: 0rint

'Note: f a ne)s*a*er article begins on a *age and ends on another *age, it is sufficient to )rite the first *age on )hich the article a**ears follo)ed b( the *lus -J. sign./ Sample Citation: Le)in, !amar. ;$A! Essa( $cores Are n, 2ut Will !he( 2e %sedK; New 4or* Times "7 Ma( 3&&7, late ed.: A33. Print. Format:

-e s!a!er Article: Online

Author Last, First. ;Article !itle.; News!a!er Name 8a( Month Year of Publication. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: Ma*es, L(nda F. ;%nearthing !se?)hit?Den.; Seattle Times 37 Ma( 3&&7. Web. " Aug. 3&&7. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle.; News!a!er Name 8a( Month Year of Publication: *age number. 0ata#ase Name. Web. 8ate of Access. Sample Citation: Flores, Matt. ;$an Antonio, !eBas?Area 2usiness $tudents Manage 6eal Portfolio.; San ntonio Ex!ress.News "> 8ec. 3&&": 2"J. cademic Search Premier. Web. "& Feb. 3&&:. Format: Author Last, First. Letter. News!a!er Name 8a( Month Year of Publication: *age number. Print.

-e s!a!er Article: in a (ull)Te*t #ata+ase

Letters to the "ditor

Sample Citation: 8a=ies, 8eborah 8. Letter. San 7rancisco Chronicle "G Ma( 3&&7: 2:. Print. Sample Citation of an Editorial in a Full-Text Data ase: 8a=is, 8eborah 8. Letter. San 7rancisco Chronicle "G Ma( 3&&7: 2:. Lexis.Nexis cademic/ $e#. "3 A*r. 3&&>.

"lectronic Sources
Format: Author Last, First. Title o& Site. $*onsoring organiDation if a=ailable, 8a( Month Year of Publication<Latest %*date. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: Le*age, 8enis. "i#ase: The $orld %ird 0ata#ase. 2ird $tudies Canada, 3&&7. Web. "7 5ul( 3&&7. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle of Page.; Title o& Site. $*onsoring organiDation if a=ailable, 8a( Month Year of Publication. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation: $un, Yee?Fan. ;$hac1ing %*.; 0igs 1aga3ine/com. 3&&7. Web. 7 $e*t. 3&&7.

Multi)0age 1nternet Site: Site as a 2hole

Multi)0age 1nternet Site: Single 0age

Format:

Multi)0age 1nternet Site:

Cor*orate Author @ame. Title o& Site. $*onsoring organiDation if a**licable, 8a( Month Year of Publication. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. Sample Citation:

Cor!orate Author Miller Center of Public Affairs. merican President. % of Firginia, "7 5an. 3&&7.
Web. "& Mar. 3&&7. Format: Author Last, First. ;!itle of Email.; Message to First @ame Last of 6ecei=er. 8a( Month Year of Message. E?mail.

")$ail

Sample Citation: Miller, 2arbara. ;6e: Education $tatistics.; Message to Meredith Elsi1. 37 5an. 3&&7. E?mail.

Other
Format: 0o=ernment name. @ame of agenc(. Title o& Pu#lication. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print.

,o.ern$ent 0u+lication

'Note: 0o=ernment documents =ar( and result in s*ecial *roblems for bibliogra*hers. Consult *ages "E:?"EE in the handboo1 or (our librarian for assistance./ Sample Citation: %nited $tates. 8e*t. of the !reasur(. National Security ,n&ormation. Washington 8.C.: 0P9, "##&. Print. Format: nter=ie)ee Last, First. !(*e of nter=ie). 8a( Month Year of nter=ie).

0ersonal 1nter.ie s

Sample Citation: Welch, Kathleen E. Personal inter=ie). ": Aug. 3&&E. Welch, Kathleen E. !ele*hone inter=ie). ": Aug. 3&&E. Welch, Kathleen E. E?mail inter=ie). ": Aug. 3&&E. Format: Author Last @ame, First. Title o& the ,mage/ Year of Creation. 0ata#ase or Source Name. Web. 8a( Month Year of Access. 'Note: !o cite images found on the internet, it is often best to cite the *age )here the image )as located. %se the citation guidelines for +Multi?*age nternet $ite: $ingle Page.,/ Sample Citation: Caro, Anthon(. Early One 1orning. "#G3. RTstor. Web. : 5ul( 3&&>.

1$ages &ro$ a #ata+ase

1n)Te*t 0arenthetical %e&erences in MLA Style

M ! citation st"le re#uires that $riters cite a source $ithin the text of their essa" at the end of the sentence in $hich the source is used. The parenthetical reference should be inserted after the last #uotation mar( but before the period at the end of the sentence. %eneral *orm+ /xample+ (!uthor ast ,ame -age .) (0mith 12)

2f t$o #uotations from different sources are used in the same sentence, the parenthetical reference associated $ith a particular #uote should be placed as close to the #uotation as possible $ithout interrupting the flo$ of the sentence. 2f a paragraph includes several #uotations from a single source, a single parenthetical reference ma" be placed at the end of the paragraph. -age numbers should be included for each #uotation organi3ed b" placement in the paragraph. 2n the follo$ing example, the first #uotation from 0mith appeared on page 14 of the text. The second #uotation used in the paragraph came from page 52. /xample+ (0mith 14, 52)

2f the author is included more than once on the &or(s )ited page, the follo$ing form should be used. ,ote that the format of the title on the &or(s )ited sheet should be mirrored in the parenthetical reference (i.e., if the title is italici3ed on the &or(s )ited page, then the title fragment should be italici3ed in the parenthetical reference). %eneral *orm+ /xamples+ (!uthor ast, 6Title *ragment6 -age .) or (!uthor ast, Title Fragment -age .) (0mith, 6&ho Moved6 12) or (0mith, Big Changes 572)

The follo$ing examples illustrate format for texts that have more than one named author+ T$o !uthors+ Three !uthors+ More than Three+ (7ohnson and 0mith 211) (7ohnson, 0mith, and &hite 211) (7ohnson et al. 211)

2f there is no author, a title fragment should be used to ma(e a connection bet$een the use of the source and the citation for the source on the &or(s )ited page. %eneral *orm+ /xamples+ (6Title *ragment6 -age .) or (Title Fragment -age .) (6 ibrar" in(s6 54) or (Building a Bookshelf 12)

2f page numbers are not available for a source (particularl" electronic sources) this space should be blan(. *or other considerations, see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. (pp. 254'240).