L430-Lucian VI Dipsads Saturnalia Herodotus or Aetion Zeuxis or Antiochus Harmonides Hesiod
L430-Lucian VI Dipsads Saturnalia Herodotus or Aetion Zeuxis or Antiochus Harmonides Hesiod
L430-Lucian VI Dipsads Saturnalia Herodotus or Aetion Zeuxis or Antiochus Harmonides Hesiod
f^,^<^
-3/
41a.
EDITED BY
fT. E.
+ E.
PAGE,
C.H., LITT.D.
L.
CAPPS, A. POST,
PH.D., LL.D.
l.h.d.
W. H. D. ROUSE,
litt.d.
E. H.
WARMINGTON,
m.a., f.r.hist.soc.
LUCIAN
VI
LUCIAN
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY K. KILBURN
ASSISTANT MASTER, RAYNES PARK COUNTY
GRAMMAR SCHOOL
IN EIGHT VOLUMES
VI
LONDON
959
CONTENTS
PAGE
PRKFACE
LIST OF LUCIAN'S
Vii
WORKS
ix
1
HOW
TO WRITE HISTORY
THE DIPSADS
SATURNALIA
75
87
141
HERODOTUS OB AETION
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
153
171
'
'
191
HARMONIDES
A CONVERSATION WITH HESIOD
215
227 239
....
259 417
WHO
'
SAID,
429
489
PREFACE
The new Teubner
not
edition of these pieces has
is
still
no adequate critical In establishing a text I have had access to edition. photostats of Vaticanus 90 (F) and Parisinus 2957 (N). The trustees of the Loeb Classical Library have kindly passed on to me the unfinished preparatory work done for this volume by Professors Harmon and Rouse. I have used some of this material as a check and have occasionally adopted an expression from one or other of my predecessors. I should like to thank especially Professor W. A. Laidlaw of Queen Mary College, University of London, who has checked the translation of most of the work I have used several of his suggestions and am grateful for his help and encouragement.
appeared and there
;
vn
LIST OF LUCIAN'S
WORKS
Hippias or the BathDionysus Phalaris Heracles Amber or The Swans The FlyNigrinus Demonax The HallMy Native Land OctogenariansA True Story I and II SlanderThe Consonants at LawThe
and
II
Volume
II
The Downward Journey or The Tyrant Zeus Catechized Zeus Rants The Dream or The Cock Prometheus Icaromenippus or The Sky-man Timon or The Misanthrope Charon or The Inspector Philosophies for Sale.
Volume
The Dead Come
to Life or
III
The Double The Ignorant Book Collector The Dream or Lucian's CareerThe Parasite The Lover of LiesThe Judgement of the Goddesses On
On
The Fisherman
Sacrifices
Volume IV
Anacharsis or Athletics Menippus or The Descent into Hades On Fimerals A Professor of Public Speaking Alexander the False Prophet Essays in Portraiture Essays The Goddess of Surrye. in Portraiture Defended
ix
LIST OF LUCIAN'S
Volume V
WORKS
The Passing of Peregrinus The Runaways Toxaris or Friendship The Dance Lexiphanes The Eunuch Astrology The Mistaken Critic The Parliament of the Gods The Tyrannicide Disowned.
Volume VI
Saturnalia HerodotusZeuxisPro Dipsades Lapsu Apologia Harmonides Hesiodus Scytha Hermotimus Prometheus Es Navigium.
Historia
Volume VII
Dialogues of the Dead Dialogues of the Gods (exc.
Dialogues
of
the
cf.
Sea-Gods
Vol. Ill)
Deorum Judicium
Volume VIII
Lucius or the AssAmoresHalcyon Demosthenes Podagra Ocypus Cyniscus Philopatris Charidemus Nero.
Soloecista
(ch. 31).
VOL. VI.
2YrrPA<I>EIN
rjSr]
PacnXevovros
TOLOVTO'
TL
VOGTJjMa,
J)
/CttAc
^IXoJVy
7rvpTrLv fiev yap ra TTpwra TravSrjfjLcl diravra? aiTO Trjs 7rp(x)rr]s vdvs eppctifjLevwg Kal XtTrapeZ rep
TTVpercpy Tvepl he rrjv ipS6p.7]v roZs piev
alpa ttoXv
K pLv<jL)v pvev, rots 8* I8pd>s imyevopievoSy ttoXvs Kal ovToSi eXvGev rov TTvperov. is yeXolov he. tl TrdOos irepdara ras yvajp^as airrajv dvavres yap is rpaycphiav irapeKLvovv Kal lapLpela (f>6iyyovro Kal pLcya i^oojv pdXiara he rrjv KvpiTrlhov *Avhpop,ehav epiovcphovv Kal rrjv rov Ylepaecos ^ prjcriv ev pieXei hie^rjeoraVy Kal p^ecrrr) rjv r) rroXis diravTCov Kal XeTrrcjv rojv ephopuaLOJV (Lxpcov
eKeivcov rpaywhcoVy
Gv
8' a
"Eyoco?,
Kal ra dXXa pieydXr) rfj (fxjjvfj dva^oojvrojv Kal TOVTO eirl TToXvy dxpt' hrj ;)^t/xa>i/ Kal Kpvos he /xeya alriav he yevopievov eiravae Xiqpovvras avrovs. * pLOL hoKeX rov tolovtov Trapaaxetv Apx^Xaos 6
rpaycphos, evhoKipLwv rore, pLeoovvros depovs ev TToXXw Tip (f)XoypLcp rpaycphrjoas avroZs rrjv ^AvhpopLehaVy (Ls TTvpe^ai re dno rov Bedrpov rovs TToXXovg Kal dvaardvras varepov is rrjv
rpaywhiav TrapoXiadaiveiv
2
iirl
ttoXv
ipL<f)t,Xoxct)-
HOW TO WRITE
They
say,
HISTORY
King
my dear
Lysimachus the people of Abdera were smitten by at first an epidemic. These were its symptoms every one of them fell ill of a fever, violent and obstinate right from the start; about the seventh day it was broken, in some cases by a copious flow of blood from the nostrils, in others by heavy sweating but their minds were left in a ridiculous state they all went mad with tragedy, shouting iambics and creating a din; and they mostly sang solos from Euripides' "Andromeda," ^ rendering Perseus' the city was full of these seventhspeech in song day tragedians, all pale and thin, roaring,
; ; ;
Love, you tyrant of gods and men and the rest in a loud voice, hour after hour, day after
day, until winter and a severe cold spell stopped their noise. Archelaiis the actor seems to me to blame for such goings on. He was popular then, and in the middle of summer in the blazing heat had played the "Andromeda" for them, so that most of them brought their fever away from the theatre with them, and
later
1
"
"
Or " sang as a
Andromeda's part
^
/xe'Aet
fiepei
j8.
rfj livrjixri
avrcjv
rr^v
^
/cat
tov
MeSoucny
iKacrrov
to Aph-qpinTToAAoU?
TCOV
KOV
KLVO
TTadoS
Kol
VVV
TOVS
cXarrov
lafx^eioiSi
TTeTTaihevpiivoiv rrepLeXijXvdev,
ovx
cocrre
TpaywSeiv
oAAorptotS'
yap
ov
av
tovto
TrapeTraiov
ov
noXepbos 6 TTpos TOVS Pappdpovg /cat to iv ^Appu^via Tpavpia /cat at avv)(LS vt/cat ouScts" ogtls ov)( IcrTopiav ovyypd<j)eL' pioXXov Se 0ot>/cu8t8at /cat 'HpoSoToi
8r]
Ta
oAA'
d^'
dcs dp*
L
"^v
Klvo TO
/cat
"
drravTes,
Taura tocwv,
pL
c5 (fyiXoTrjs,
TO TOV
StvcoTrecos- Klvo
6 OtAtTTTTO? eAeycTO rjSrj 7TeXavvLv, ol KopLvOiOL 7ravT9 CTapdTTovTO /cat cV ^pyco rjaav, 6 pLv onXa CTnaKevdCojv , 6 8e Xldovs 7Tapa(f)pojv, 6 Se VTTOiKoSopLWV TOV TiXOVg, 6 Sc eTToX^lV V7TOGT7]piCojVy o o aXXo aXXo rt rcDy ;^/)7^c7t/xcuv virovpycov. 6 Srj Atoyen^? opwv TavTa, iirel piT]hkv elx^v o tl /cat TTpdTTOL ovSf^ls ydp avTw ig ovSev ixprJTO SiaCcoadpLevos to TpL^cjviov OTTOvhrj pudXa /cat aVTOS /CuAt TOV 7TL0OV, V (L TVyX(lVV OLKWV , ai^co /cat KaTco tov K.pavelov. /cat tlvos tcov
Tt raura vrotets", a) Atoyeves"; KuAtco, ^17, /cayo) toi^ ttlQov, cos pirj puovos dpyeZv SoKOLTjv v ToaovTOis pyal^op.evoLs
avvrjdijjv popLvov,
.
saying of Heraclitus.
HOW TO WRITE
the
"
HISTORY
Andromeda kept haunting their memory, and his Perseus with Medusa's head still flitted round everyone's brain.
"
To make
world.
complaint has
They don't act tragedy they would be less out of their wits if they were in the grip of other men's verses, not shoddy ones at that. No, ever since
the present situation arose the war against the barbarians, the disaster in Armenia and the run of
victories every single person is writing history nay more, they are all Thucydideses, Herodotuses and Xenophons to us, and very true, it seems, is the saying " that War is the father of all things " ^ since at one
;
stroke
it
has begotten so
many
historians.
As
man
of Sinope.
When
were
astir
stones, underpinning the wall, shoring up a battlement and doing various other useful jobs. Diogenes
saw
this,
and
as
nothing he belted up
he had
to do
nobody made
and very busily by himself rolled the crock in which, as it happens, he was living up and down Cornel Hill. When one of his friends asked " Why are you " he rephed: "I'm rolling doing that, Diogenes? the crock so as not to be thought the one idle man in
:
the midst of
all
these workers."
OtAcuv,
co?
[mt]
fjiovog
/xt^S*
d(f)wvos
a>GTTp
v ovroj
7roXv(f>cx)vco
rep
Kaupcp
KcojjLLKov
pOLjjLTjVy
Sopv(f)6pr]iJLa
K')(rivojS
ULOJTrfj
7rapa<f)-
^X^''^ viriXa^ov cog Svvarov [jlol Tov TTidov, ovx ^(JT ^ loTopiav ovyypd<f>iv ovSe Trpd^ecs avrds Ste^teVat ovx ovrcos pbeyaXoroXpios iycxi, p.iqhe rovro Selcrrjs irepl ifjiov. otSa yap, '^Xlkos 6 KLvSwoSy el Kara rcbv irerpcov KvXioi TLSy Kol fxaXuara olov rovfjLov rovro mdaKviov ouSe rrdw Kaprepcog KeKepafJuevfJuevov. SeijaeL yap avrLKa fidXa rrpog puKpov rt Xidihiov rrpoa-
KaXws
KvXlaaL
Trraiaavra cruXXiyetv rd oorpaKa. Tt ovv eyvojorcLL fjLOL kol 7t6j9 dcr^aAcDs' fxede^co rod TToXefjLov, avros e^co ^eXovs ccrrcos", iyo) aoi " rovrov (f>pd(7w. {xev Kairvov kol Kvpuaros'^ Kal
(fypovrihcxjv,
ocrat
rep
ifjiavrov v ttolcov.
VTTodrjKag
ravras oXiyas
rolg
avy-
ypd(j)ov(JLVf (1)S KOLvcjvijaaLfXL avrois rrjs ot/coSoel Kal fjurj rrjs eTnypa^rjSi aKpio ye ra> ju-tas",
haKrvXcp rov tttjXov 7Tpooaipdp.evos KatVot ouSe TrapaiveoecD? ol ttoXXol Setv olovrai ^ errl ro TrpdyjjLa, ov fxaXXov t) rex^r]? rwos o(f>Lcnv eirl ro ^aSi^eLv rj jSAeVeti' eadleLV, dXXd Trdvu ij
>
paarov
Trpoxetpov /cat ajravrog elvai Icrropiav avyypdijjai, jjv ng eppirjvevaai ro eTveXBov SvvrjraL. ro Se oladd ttov /cat auro?, co eralpe, (hs ov rcov
/cat
evfieraxeiplcrrcjov ovSe paOvpLcos crvvreOrjvaL hvvapievojv rovr eoriv, oAA', el ev Xoyois /cat oAAo,
TToAA'^?
ttJ?
^povrihos
^
Se6p,evov,
tJv
ng,
co?
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
So in my own case, Philo, to avoid being the only mute in such a polyphonic time, pushed about openmouthed without a word like an extra in a comedy,
it a good idea to roll my barrel as best could; not to produce a history or even merely I'm not so bold as that: don't chronicle the events be afraid that I should go that far. I know the danger of rolling it over rocks, particularly a poorly baked little barrel like mine. Just as soon as it hits against a tiny piece of stone we shall have to pick up the pieces. I shall tell you then what I have decided to do and how I shall take part in the war in safety, keeping well " " out of range myself. From your spray and surge ^ and all the cares that attend the writer of history I shall keep myself aloof and rightly so. In fact, I shall offer a little advice and these few precepts to historians, so that I may share in the erection of their building, if not the inscription on it, by putting at any rate my finger-tip on the mortar. Yet most of them think they don't even need advice for the job any more than they need a set of rules for walking or seeing or eating no, they think it is perfectly simple and easy to write history and that
I I
thought
anyone can do it if only he can put what comes to him into words. As to that, I'm sure you know as well as I do, my dear friend, that history is not one of those things that can be put in hand without effort and can
be put together
if
lazily, but is something which needs, anything does in literature, a great deal of thought 1 Homer, Od. xii, 198, describing the whirlpool of
Charybdis.
^ 7rapaLVaea)s ol ttoXXoI heZv oiovTai TToAAoi heZvoi 0VTS (f>r]aLv {a(f>iaLV E) y.
a<^taiv
j3
TtapaLveaoi
ttCt
/CTT^jLttt
CTVVTlOeiT}.
OtStt
ov
/cat
Trdvu
TTOLvv
ttoAAou?
avrcov
/cat
cp'
iTnarpei/jcov,
/cat
iiTaxO^jS Sofcov,
tJBt]
aTTorereX^Grai
-i^
SeSet/crat
Icrropla.
et
Sc
TOT oLKpoaGafxevcDV,
ol
/Ltavta
av
117
i}
iXTTig,
<I)S
TOLOvroL ixeraiTOLi^GOVcrLV iq fieTey/pdipovai, rt rcjv dna^ KeKvpcopilvayv koI cjGirep is rds jSacrtAetOV9 avAas" dTTOKCifjLdvwv. opujjs 8c ov ^^Ipov /cat
avTovs Kivovs elprJGdaL, tv*, ct ttotc TToXefios dXXos GVGrair], -^ KeArot? Trpos Teras ^ ^IvSols
Trpos
yap
tJSt]
irpos
rjlJ^ds
ye roXpuriGeLev
cp^coatv
dv
TLS,
aTrdvrcxJV
K-)(^eipo)pivo}v)
dpLLvov
rfvirep
GwriOivai rov Kavova tovtov Trpoodyovres , ye So^rj avTols opOos elvar ct 8c /xt},
/cat
rore rep avrcp 7Trj)(^L wairep /cat vvv to Trpay/xa. o larpos 8e oz) irdw ixerpovvroyv dvidoeraiy riv Trdvres 'A^S-qplraL eKovres *AvSpo-
auTot fxev
fjLeSav rpaycpSdjoi.
/xcv
AtTTOu Se dvTOS rov rijs (Jvp,povXrjs epyov, rd yap alpeloQai, rd 8e ^evyeiv 8t8a(7/cet, ^epe
Trpcjra ctTTOJ/xcv
ypd(l)ovTL /cat
y^pcx)p,evos
i)^i)
coi^
dnva
dv
pAXiara Kadapevreov,
ttjs
avrcp dpKreov /cat rd^iv rjvTLva tols epyois (f>appLOOTeov /cat p^irpov eKaoTOV /cat a GLa>7rr]T0v /cat ot? evhiarpirrreov
/cat ocja
ovK
opdijs
/cat
ctt
avrd
^
/cat
Taura
iXiris
rotavra vorepov.
:
vvv 8e ras"
fiavia av
Fritzsche
fi
ft
ye
N.
HOW TO WRITE
if it is to
HISTORY
"
be what Thucydides calls a possession for evermore." Now I know that I shall not convert very many: some indeed will think me a great
particularly anyone whose history is and has already been displayed in finished already And if in addition he was applauded by his public.
nuisance,
audience it would be madness to expect his sort to remodel or rewrite any part of what has once been ratified and lodged, as it were, in the royal palace. Nevertheless it is as well to address my remarks to them also so that if ever another war comes along, whether Celts against Getans or Indians against Bactrians (no one would dare to fight us we've beaten everybody already), they may write better
by applying
if
this yard-stick if they think it accurate they don't, then they must use the same rule to do their measuring as now. The doctor will not be if every man of Abdera ^ greatly annoyed plays the " " Andromeda and is happy to do it. Advice works in two ways it teaches us to choose So first let us say what the this and avoid that. writer of history has to avoid, from what contaminathen what tions he must in particular be free means he must use in order not to lose the right road that carries him straight ahead I mean how
;
:
to begin,
to arrange his material, the proper for each part, what to leave out, what to proportions develop, what it is better to handle cursorily, and how to put the facts into words and fit them together.
how
will
come
later.
But
etTrojjjLev,
OTToaai
rots
^avXcjs ovy-
ypd(f)OVOLv irapaKoXovdovGLv. a jxev ovv kolvcl TTavTCJV Xoyoiv iarlv dfjLapr'qfjLara ev re (fxxjvfj /cat
re dv
7 ovK
rrj aAAi) drexvio., jxaKpov e-neXOelv Kal rrjs TrapovGTjs virodioeios thiov.^ d 8' v laropia Siafiaprdvovai, rd
CLT)
KdfjLol
TroAAa/ct?
dnaGLV avrois
/cat
rd
cora.
d7TOfivr]iJiovVGai
tJSt]
evia
rajv
ovrcjs cruyyeypaiJLjjLevajv. TTpojrov y Kivo t^Xikov djJiaprdvovcrLv imaKOTrriacopiev dfieX-qaavreg ydp ol ttoXXol avrojv rod loropeZv rd yeyevrjfjLeva rots' eiraivois
Kat
dpxpvrojv
oIkcLovs
/cat
is
vijjos
vepa rod fierpLov Karappiirrovres dyvoovvres <x)S ov arevw rco lodpLO) hLoapiorai /cat StaTeTet;^tcrTat 7] Loropia TTpos ro eyKcopnov, dXXd ri jxeya rL)(os v
jxeao) Grlv avrcbv /cat to rcov [xovaLKcov Srj rovro, his Sta TTaadjv iari TTpos dXXrjXa et ye rco fiev
rov CTraLvovfievov^
/cat et ipevoapLevcp
VTrapx^L rvxelv rod reXovs, oXiyov dv ^povrioLv. 8e OVK dv Tj ipevSos ifJUTreorov rj laropia, ovSe
dvaaxoiro, ov [idXXov ^ rrjv dprrjplav larpcov TTalBes (f>aoL rrjv rpax^lav Trapahi^aaOai dv ri is avrrjv Kararrodiv. "Ert dyvoelv iolKaaiv ol roiovroi cLs rroLTjrLKTJs 8
aKapiaXov
After
tSiov
MSS
have
v
kolvo.
icrrlv
dpfxariJixaTa
re
(f>o)vij
seel.
lO
/Or
now
diction,
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
faults of
let us
To recount the
workmanship which are common to all literary genres would take a long time and not be peculiar to our present enquiry. But as to faults in historical
writing, you will probably find by observation that they are of the same sort as I have noticed in many
attendances at readings, especially if you open your But it will not be out of place in ears to everyone.
the meantime to recall by way of example some of the histories already written in this faulty manner.
^
most of them neglect to record the events and spend their time lauding rulers and generals, extolling their own to the skies and slandering the enemy's beyond all reserve they do not realise that the dividing line and frontier between history and panegyric is not a narrow isthmus but rather a mighty wall as musicians say, they are two diapasons apart if indeed the encomiast's sole concern is to praise and please in any way he can the one he praises, and if he can achieve his aim by lying, little will he care But history cannot admit a lie, even a tiny one, any more than the windpipe, as sons of doctors say, can
; ;
tolerate anything entering it in swallowing. Again, such writers seem unaware that history has
2
atpovre?
N;
<f>povTS
II
Kal
tSiOLy
(j)*
vSaros
aKpcov devaopiivovg dvapLpd(j7]Taiy (f)d6vos ouSets" ovSe oirorav 6 Zeu? avTOJV diTO pads oeipds dvaairdaas alwpfj 6p,ov KoX ddXarraVy hehiaai p.rj dTroppayelarqg yrjv KLvrjs avvrpi^fj rd irdvra Kareve^^devra. dXXd Kav 'AyapuefJLVova CTratyecrat OeXwaiv, ovSels 6 KojXvcrojv Alt fxev avrov opuoLOv elvai t7]v K<f)aXr]v Kal rd opLpbara, ro oripvov 8e rep dheX^cp avrov Tw YlooeihcbvL y T7]v he ^cjvqv rep "ApeUy Kal oXojg GvvOerov c/c TTdvrojv Oecov yevioOai Set rov 'Arpicos Kal 'AepoTTrjS' ov ydp iKavog 6 Zeu? ovSe 6 TloaeiScov oi)8e o "Apr^s pLOvos Kaaros dvairXrjpujGaL to KdXXos avTOV, rj loTOpia hk rjv TLva KoXaKeiav TotavTrju TTpooXdprjy tl dXXo -^
dvdepLKCDV
7T^'^
dXXovs
in
Tt?
TroLTjTLKTj
yiyvcTat,
rrjs
pieyaXo<j)Oivias
yvpLvrjv
Tcjv
;
pidrpajv
to, laToplag ')(^u)piil,iv dXX* eVetcrayot ttJ loTopia ra TTOL-qriKrjg Tov pvdov Kal TO iyKcopLLOV TTis Tpa9 KopipcopaTa Kal rd^ v TOVTOLS vrrep^oXds axxTrep dv et rts" ddXrjTTjv Tojv Kaprepdjv tovtojv Kal KopLtSfj tt/oiet puTj elheirj tls
y
Kal Td
Koopap tco
ra>
TaipLKcp
Kal
^
(j>VKiov
ivrpl^oL
:
Kal
tpLpLvOiov
aKparos Solanus
aKpar-qg
MSS.
now TO WRITE
the case of the latter, liberty one law the will of the poet.
HISTORY
In
is
Inspired and possessed if he wants to harness even as he Muses the is, by winged horses to a chariot, even if he sets others to run over water or the tops of flowers,^ nobody gets annoyed not even when their Zeus swings land and sea together suspended from a single cord ^ are they afraid it will break and everything fall and smash. If they want to praise Agamemnon there is no one to prevent his having a head and eyes like Zeus, a chest like Zeus' brother Poseidon, and a belt like Ares,^ and in general the son of Atreus and Aerope must be a compound of all the gods for not Zeus nor Poseidon nor Ares alone is adequate to give the fullness of his beauty. But if history introduces flattery of that sort, what else does it become but a
;
is
'
sort of prose-poetry, lacking indeed the high style of poetry, but showing the rest of poetry's sorcery without metre, and for that reason in a more con-
fault
spicuous way ? So it is a great deal all too great a not to know how to keep the attributes of
embellishments into history myth arulxulogy^and it is as if the exaggeration of both you were to dress one of our tough, rugged athletes in a purple dress and the rest of the paraphernalia of a pretty
:
light-o'-love
his face.
Heavens
II.
11. viii,
11.
13
'Hpa/cAet?
^
(x)s
KarayeXaGTov
avrov
OLTTepydaaLT*
rw
cos"
loTopia
pur)
aAA'
Kaipw
rep
T(X>
rrpocn^KovTi TTpdypiaTL, TO
iiraxdes rots varepov dvayvcxyoopievois avrd, Kal oXojs TTpos rd eireira Kavoviareov rd rotaura,
,
8e
olovrai
KaXws
Statpetv els
Svo
ttjv
LGroplav, els to repirvov Kal ;)^/)7jcrtjU,oy, /cat hid rovTO eiGTTOiovGi Kal TO iyKcopLLOv is avTTjv (hs
repiTvdv Kal ev^paivov rovs evrvyxdvovras , opas
hiaipeoei ;)^pcujLtevof ev ydp epyov laropLas Kal reXos, TO XPV^''H'0^ onep eK rod dXr^Oovs pLovov avvdyerai. rd repirvov he dpLeivov pLev el Kal
avro TTapaKoXovdrjoeiev
el
cjarrep Kal KdXXos ddXrjrfj' ovhev KOjXvGei d(f)* ^HpaKXeovs yeveoOai piTi, ^LKoarparov rov 'lotSoTOU, yevvdhav dvra Kal rcov dvraycvvLGrdjv eKarepcov dXKipLcorepov, el avros he 6 puev ataxt'CyTOS ocfydrjvai etrj rrjv oijjiv, ^AXkolos KaXds 6 yiiXrjCJLOs dvrayojvi^oiro avrco, Kal Kal epcofxevos, a)S <f)acn, rov ^LKOorpdrov (x>v. roivvv T) loropia, el puev dXXays ro repirvov rrapepLTTO^ eTnaTrdaatro , pevaairoy ttoXXovs dv rovs epacrrds S' ai^ Kal pLovov exj) to thiov evreXes Xeyoj dxp'' he rrjv rrjs dX-qdelas hi]Xcx)(7LV , oXlyov rov KdXXovs
he
^povrieZ.
10
"Etc KaKelvo
*
"^
elireZv
d^iov
on
ovhe repirvov ev
ipydras
j9y.
14
HOW TO WRITE
how
I
HISTORY
ridiculous
all
him with
praise in history.
But
it
time and kept within reasonable limits to avoid displeasing future readers. In general such matters should be controlled with a view to what posterity
demands I shall treat of them a little later. Now some think they can make a satisfactory distinction in history between what gives pleasure and what is useful, and for this reason work eulogy inioit as giving pleasure and enjoyment to its readers;
;
but do you see how far they are from the truth ? In the first place, the distinction they draw is false history has one task and one eiid7:::what is useful and that.comes from truth alone. As foiTwhat gives
if it is
;
there incidentally
if it isn't
like
but
there,
there is still nothing to prevent Nicostratus, the son of Isidotus, a true blue and a stouter fellow than " either of his rivals, from becoming a successor of " Heracles ^ though he be ugly to look at, while his opponent is Alcaeus of Miletus, the handsome fellow who, they say, was loved by Nicostratus. So it is with history if she were to make the mistake of dealing in pleasure as well she would attract a host of lovers, but as long as she keeps only what is hers alone in all its fullness I mean the publication of the truth she will give little thought to beauty. Moreover, this too is worth saying: in history
^ A title or quasi-title awarded for victory in both wrestling and the pancratium on the same day. Nicostratus was the seventh to do this (Pausanias, V, 21, 9-18). The young Quintilian saw him in his old age about a.d. 50 (Quint. II. 8, 14).
15
ro Tov
Kofjuihrj
jxvdcjSes
/cat
to
tcov
eTraivoiv
dXXa Tovs
Ata
GVKO(jiavrLKa)S
XdBoi TTpoacTL ye oiKpoaaofievovs, ovs ovk dv TrapahpafjioVf o^vrepov p,v rov "Apyov opcbvras /cat TTavraxodev rod crco/Ltaros", dpyvpafJLOL^iKCjg he rcjv XeyofiivcDV c/cacrra i^erdCovras, (l)s rd, p,ev 7rapa/ce/co/x/xeVa evBv9 diroppiTTreiVy TrapaSe^^eadac he rd SoKLjxa /cat ewofxa /cat dKpi^rj rov tvttov, irpos ovs dTTOpXeTTOvra XPV oruyypa^etv, rcov Se dXXcov oXiyov ^povril^eLVy Kav hiappayojaiv CTratvovvTes. riv he d/jueXijorag eKeivcjv rjhvvrjs rrepa rod
pierpiov ttjv loropLav fivdoig /cat eiraivois /cat rrj
Tip
dXXrj OojTrela, rd)(LaT* dv ofiotav avrrjv e^epydaato ev Avhia 'Hpa/cAet. ecopa/ceVat ydp oe ttov
eiKog yeypafjLfJLevov,
rij
^OpL^dXrj hovXevovra,
ndw
dXXoKOTOv GKevTjv eaKevaapievoVf eKelvrjv p,ev rov Xeovra avrov 7repLPepXr]fxevr)v /cat rd ^vXov ev rrj avrov he ;^etjOt e^pvaaVy ojs *H/3a/cAea hr^dev ovaav,
ev
KpoKOjraJ
/cat
Tropt^vpihi
epia
^alvovra
oavhaXicp.
eGdrjs
/cat /cat
TTaiOfJLevov vtto
rrjg
'OjLt^aAi^? rep
d(f)ear(jj(ja
rd
rov deap.a atCT;^tcrTOP', rj adypiaros /cat pirj TTpooL^dvovaa /cat rov deov rd
dvhpcjheg dcrx'^P'OVcus Karad7]Xvv6p,evov.
11
ravrd gov eiraiveGovgv Kara^poveZs /xoAa 'qhv /cat S" Kopov yeXdGovrac, dpojvres rd dGVfi(f)vXov /cat dvdppuoGrov /cat hvGKoXXiqrov rov TTpdypharos eKdorov ydp hr] thidv ri KaXov eoriv' el he rovro evaXXd^eias f d/caAAc? rd avrd irapd rrjv XPV^''^
ol
jJLev
Kat
yiyverai. i6
ccD
Xeyeiv
on
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
complete fiction and praise that is heavily biased on one side does not even give pleasure to an audience, if you leave out the common rabble and take note of those who will listen in the spirit of judges and in-
deed of
fault-finders as well.
Nothing
will
get past
their scrutiny: their eyes are keener than Argus's and all over their body; they test each expression
like a
"
I
"fij/
money-changer, rejecting at once what is false but accepting current coin that is legal tender and in correctly minted. These are the people to keep mind when you write history; do not give the burst slightest thought to the rest even if they themselves with applauding. But if you neglect them and sweeten your history beyond reason with stories and eulogies and the other kinds of
it like Heracles in Lydia. seen pictures of him as slave probably to Omphale, dressed in a most outlandish way:
If
flattery,
you
will
make
You have
Omphale is wearing his lion's skin and carrying his club in her hand, as if she were Heracles for certain, while he has on a saffron and purple gown
carding wool and getting rapped with phale's sandal. It's a shocking spectacle:
and
is
Omthe
clothing hangs off his body and is ill-fitting, and his divine masculinity is disgracefully femim'sed.
The majority will possibly applaud you for this, but those few whom you despise will laugh delightedly till they are sated when they see the incongruity,
lack of proportion, and loose structure of the work, for each part has its own peculiar beauty and if you alter
that you
make
it
ugly and
futile.
Kal ixaXiora
riv V7Tp(f)VL9
rag vnep^oXas
)(OJcnv,
olovs avTovs ol ttoXXoI aTrepya^ovrat, tt^v evvoiav tcx)v /cat TTapa rrjv irraivovpiivcov drfpcjixevoi
ivhiarpipovres ctXP'' '^^^ rrdui TTpo^avi] Tr]v KoXaKeiav i^epydaaGdai. ovSe yap Kara rexvrjv avro Spdv loaoiv ovS^ ivLorKidCovGL rrjv OajTrelav, dAA* efxireoovres ddpoa Trdvra /cat dirWava /cat yvjjLvd 12 Steftacrtv. "Q.ot^ ovSe rvy)(dvovoiv ov pLdXiara
<j)UvTaL'
pidXXov
OL yap iiraivoijpievoi, npos avrcov p^LorovGi /cat d7TO(jTpe(j)OVTai cus" /cdAa/ca?, ev ttolovv-^i^
cocrtv.
^AXe^avSpog ^ApLorropovXov fiovofxax^av ypdijjavros ^AXe^dvSpov Kal Ucopov,^ /cat dvayvovTos avTO) rovro fidXiara to x^P^o^ t"??? ypacfyrjs
/xeytara rep jSacrtAet dpiOTLas rivds avrcp /cat ai^aTrAarTojv pya jjLel^co rrjs dX-qBeias Xa^cjv ro ^l^Xlov 7TXeovTS 8e irvyxcivov iv rip TTorajjicp rep 'YSdaTqr) cppLifjev inl Kcl)aXr)v is ro vhcjp ineLTTcov, Kat G 8e ovrcjs ixprjv, co 'A/Dtcrro^ouAe, roiavra
(pero
;!^aptto-^at
yap
rd
iTTLifjevSoficvos
V7Tp ipLOV p^ovopuaxovvra /cat iXe<f)avras cVt d/coy/cat e/xeAAc ye ovnxjs dyavaKrijAXi^avhpos OS ye ovhe rr^v rod dpxi-rov rKrovos roXpav rjVGXro, vnoGxop^evov ''A6a)v eiKova TTOirjGeiv avrou /cat peraKOGp.'^GCLv ro opos s 6p.oi,6r7]ra rod jSacrtAeo)?, dAAd /cdAa/ca evdvs imyvovs rov dvdpojrrov ovKer ouS' is rd dXXa ofjLOLOJS ixp'^TO.
ricp
(f)ovvovra.
*
Giv
Tos
Madvig added AXe^avBpos u>avp Apiaro^ovXov p.. ypdipavN; (1). ^Apiaro^ovXos p.. ypdif/as E*Q: wunep ypdipavrog
: .
om.
l8
TEK
HOW TO WRITE
eulogies
HISTORY
may be pleasing to one man, him who is and praised, annoying to others, especially if they contain monstrous overstatements, the kind that most people make when they seek favour from those who are praised, persisting until they have made their flattery obvious to everyone. They do not know how to do it with any skill nor do they cover up their no, they rush at it laying it all on obsequiousness So they do not thick, so implausible and so naive. get what they want most: those they praise hate them the more and turn their backs on them as toadies, and rightly so, especially if they are manly in
;
spirit.
That
;
is
wrote of the single combat between Alexander and Porus he read this particular passage in his work to Alexander thinking to give great pleasure to the King by ascribing falsely to him certain deeds of valour and inventing achievements too great to be true. They happened to be sailing on the River Hydaspes at the time, and Alexander took the book and threw it straight into the water with the remark " You deserve the same treatment, Aristobulus, for fighting single-handed duels for my sake like that and killing elephants with one throw of the javelin." Indeed it was certain that Alexander would be angry at such a thing he had not put up with the effrontery of the engineer who had promised to fashion Athos into his portrait and shape the mountain to the King's likeness. Alexander at once realised that the man was a flatterer and had no longer employed him.
:
19
Uov
TLS
c/ctos" et
fji'q
KOfJLiSfj
COS
;)^atpe6v
ra roiavra
eXey^oi ; woirep apiOp^OL rcov dvOpcoTrajv, /cat pLaXiord ye ra yvvaia tols ypa<^voi TrapaKeXevofxeva (Ls KoXXlaras avrds ypd<^iv. otovrai yap dp,ivov e^eiv ttjv oij/LVf T]V 6 ypa(f)vs avTots ipvdrjpid re ttXcIov
ol
irravdicrr)
/cat
to
XevKov
iyKaTafjil^r)
ttoXv
t(x>
^app^dKcp.
ToiovToi Tcjv cruyypa(j)6vTO}v ol ttoXXol lgl to TO tStov /cat to ;)^petaj8es' o Tt dv Ik cAmcrcuot TTJs loTOpias OepanevovTes, ovs pLLoeladaL KaXojg etx^v, is fJLev to irapov /coAa/ca? TrpoSrJAous"
TTjpbepov /cat
/cat
VTTeppoXaXs ttjv oXtjv Trpayp^areiav dnocfyalvovTas el Se TLS TrdvTws to Tepirvov rjyelTai KaTapuepuxdcLi' Sftv Tjj
laTopia Trdcrr), oAAa a gvv aXr^deia TepTTvd ioTLv iv Tois dXXoLS KdXXeoL Tov Xoyov, cjv
dpLeXrjaavTes
ol
.
ttoXXol
Ta
pbrjhev
TrpocyqKOVTa
fjuepbinj puai
iireiaKVKXovaiv
14
*Eyco 8* ovv
/cat
hiiqyriGopiat,
OTTOCta
evayxos iv 'Icovta crvyypa(f)eojv tlvcov, /cat ^7 Ata iv *Axcua 7Tpcp7]v dKovaas tov avTOV tovtov
TToXepLov hiriyovpiev(x)v.
/cat irpos XaptVcDV pLrjSels dmcrT'qarj tols XexdrjaopLevois' otl yap dXrjOij iaTiv Kav iTTCDpLoodpbrjv, el daTelov rfv opKov ivTidevai
els p>ev tls avTibv drro yiovcrtov evdvs TJp^aTO rrapaKoXcbv Tas Oeds GVve(f)diffaadaL TOV uvyypdpipLaTos 6pas cos ipipeXrjs rj dp^rj /cat ^ /cat toj tolovtco etSet tojv TrepL TToSa tjj loTopia Xoycov vpeTTOvaa; elra puKpov vno^ds 'A^tAAet puev TOV TjpLeTepov dp^ovTa et/caC^, SepoLTTj 8e tov 20
crvyypdpLpLaTL.
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
Where then is the pleasure in this, unless a man is so utterly stupid as to enjoy praise that can be proved groundless there and then ? Take the case of the
ugly men and women, particularly women, who ask the painter to make them as beautiful as possible, thinking they will be better looking if the painter bedecks them with a richer red and mixes plenty of white into his pigment. Most of our historians today are like that, courting private whim and the profit they expect from their
One might well loathe them as blatant history. flatterers of no ability in their own time, while to
posterity they make the whole business of written If anyone history suspect by their exaggerations. supposes that giving pleasure has to be mixed into all historical writing, there are other refinements of The run of style that combine pleasure with truth. historians neglect these and pile up tasteless incongruities one upon the other.
describing this very war. And in the name of the Graces let no one disbelieve what I am going to say. I would swear to its veracity if it were in good taste to attach an affidavit to an essay. One of them began straightway "with the Muses, summoning the goddesses to help him with his work. You see how
Well then, I'll tell you what I remember hearing some historians say recently in Ionia, and indeed only the other day in Achaia, when they were
appropriate this opening was, how apt for historical Then a writing, how suited to this type of book little further on he compared our general to Achilles, and the Persian King to Thersites, not understand!
*
rij
loTopia Aldinus
ij
laropia
MSS.
^'"^Jt
Xiepocjjv
on
'A;)(tAAus"
djjielvojv riv avro), el "EtKTOpa fxaXXov rj OepcTiTi^v Kadripeit /cat t TTpoaOc fxev e^vyev iadXog rt?,
i8la)K Se
?t' iTTTJyev virep
ctrj
fjLiv
/xey* dfjLCLVOJV.
avrov ri eyKajpnov, /cat w d^ios (TvyypanpaL rds TTpd^eis ovrio XajjLTTpds ovcras.
Se Kartajv
<1)S
"qSyj
TTpoaridels
fjLTjSev
dfxeivov ttoloZ
Trjg
fxvriadevTOs
irarpihos.
reAct
Tov
(f)poLjjLLOv
VTnGXV^LTO
Siappi^Sr^v
rj/jLerepa,
/cat
aa(f)a)S,
rovs ^ap^dpovs 8e KararroXejJL'^aciv /cat avros, ws dv Svvrjrai. /cat '^p^aro ye rrj^ Icrropias ovrcog, atria a/xa ty^s tov
pLelCov [xev atpeiv
TToXefJLOV
im
rd
" *0 dpx^S hte^Lcov yap pnapajraros /cat KdKLora dTToXovjxevos OvoXoyeGoos TJp^aro TToXep^elv
t
atTtav rotavde.
15
OuTOS"
^rjXcoTTjs
/Ltv
TOiavra.
oto?
t")^!^
a/cpo?,
/cat
elKacrfjievos,
0ou/cu8t8ou erepos 8e /xaAa to) dp^ervno) dp)(rjv cog eKeivos ovv rip
cu
.
iavrov ovofxari rjp^aTO, x^P^^^'^drriv dp^cov diraachv 6pa ydp' /cat dvflov TOV 'Arrt/cou drroTTviovoav " ^ YiopiTrrjLovTToXlTrjg Kp7TpJ]0S KaXTTOVpVLavos tov rroXepiOV tojv Ilapdvalcov /cat (jvveypaifje
cus" eiToXip/qoav irpos oAAi^Aoi;?, dp^dfxec5ctt jLtera ye TouavTrjv vos vdv9 crvviGTafxevov dpx'^v Tt av crot ra AotTra Xiyoipn oiroZa iv
'Pco/xatcoi',
*A/)jLtvta
eB-qfjLTjyoprjGev
,
tov
rj
KepKvpalov
avTOV
pT^Topa 7rapaGTr]Gdjjivos
^
KpeTreprjos
KaXnovpiavos
22
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
ing that Achilles would have been a better name for him if he was killing a Hector rather than a Thersites and if a hero fled before, " and one far greater pursued him." ^
Then he brought in a bit of praise on his own account, telling how worthy he was to record such outstanding deeds. Now he was on his way home and praising his
native Miletus, adding that this was an improvement on Homer, who had not mentioned his native land at Then at the end of this introduction he made a all. clear and explicit promise to glorify the achievements of our side and beat down the barbarians on his own with all his might. Then he began his narrative by " That relating the causes of the war in this way cursed scoundrel Vologesus began the war for the
:
following reason."
So much
for
him.
of Thucydides,
modelling himself closely on his name the original, like him began with his own most graceful of all beginnings, redolent of Attic ** Crepereius Calpurnianus of Pomthyme. Listen: the wrote history of the war between the peiopolis Parthians and the Romans beginning at its very outset."^ After a beginning like that why should the sort of speech he made in I tell you the rest Armenia (he brought in the Corcyrean orator ^ in person for that) or what sort of plague he brought down on the people of Nisibis who declined to take
^ 2
Homer,
An
The quotation is not quite accurate. II. xxii, 158. adaptation of the opening sentence of Thucydides'
History.
^ I.e., he took the speech from Thucydides I, 32, where the Corcyrean delegation addresses the Athenian assembly.
23
TO, *Pa)fxaia)v
GovKvSlSov p^pr^aa/xevos' oXov aphrjv TrXrjv jjlovov rod HeXaayLKov Kal rojv rei^dv TOiv jjLaKpcov, iv ols ol Tore XoLfxaj^avres ^Kiqaav ; ra S' oAAa /cat CLTTO KldiOTrias rip^aro, ws rore^ Kal is Alyvirrov
KarepT] /cat is rrjv ^acnXiajs yrjv Tr]v ttoXXtJv, /cat iv iKLvr) ye efxeuvev v ttolcvv. iyoj yovv daTTTOvra
Tt
Ntcrt)3t dTTrjXdov OLKpi^aJs etScos" /cat ocra direXOovros ipelv efieXXev. /cat yap av /cat tovto CTrtet/ccDs"
etvai rolg
Sovkv-
StSou ioLKora Xiyeiv, et oXiyov ivrpii/jas ra avrov iKLVOV XeyoL rt?.^ Ata KOLKelvo oXiyov helv vrj TTapeXiTTOv 6 yap avros ovtos cruyypaj>evs TToAAd
/cat
rcjv
ottXcov
/cat
rcov
fjbrjxO'VrjfjLdTajv
co?
*Pco/xatot
rdcfypov
/cat /cat
aura
cu?
ra rotaura.
rrj?
/xot
laropias
0ou/cu8t8i7 TTpiiTOV, /icrafu roii' *ATTt/ccov ovofjidrajv rd 'IraAtcort/ca ravra iyKeladai, oianep
cu?
TTjv 7Top<j)vpav
TTCirTcus'
iinKoapLOVvra GvvdSovra.
Tts"
/cat
ifjUTTpeTTOVTa
/cat
16
"AAAos" 8e
yvfjbvov
yeyovoTCUV
avvayaycjv iv ypa^fj
KdTT-qXos
^
Tore Fritzsche utare MSS. After ris, MSS have fUKpa pdnia otto}S kul avros av <j>aiiqs ov hi avTTjv seel. Dindorf. L. A. Post suggests ivrplipas (for ovbcv 'Attikov (or ov 8i' 'Attiktjs) for ov 8i* evrpeipas)
w<;
*
: . . .
aVTTjV.
24
HOW TO WRITE
the
its
HISTORY
side (he lifted that from Thucydides in entirety except just for the Pelasgicum and the Long Walls where those who had at that time caught
Roman
Then again
it
even
began in Ethiopia," as in Thucydides, then " " " and the vast territory descended into Egypt of the great King," where it stayed and a good For my part I left him still burying thing too his wretched Athenians at Nisibis and went away knowing just what he was going to say after I had gone. But this is quite a fashion just now, to
suppose that you're following Thucydides' style if you alter what he says a little and write that.
Oh, here
is
a point
almost
left
out:
this
same
war-engines by
for ditch,
bridge and so on. Imagine please the high quality of his history and how it suits Thucydides to have
these Italic words mixed up >vith the Attic, adding a distinctive touch of colour like the toga's purple
stripe
a perfect match
Another of them has compiled a bare record of the events and set it down on paper, completely prosaic and ordinary, such as a soldier or artisan or pedlar following the army might have put together as a diary
^
Thuc.
II,
omitted.
avTcx>v
edd.
avrw N:
avrco V.
25
I
'
^-^/w;>*f-^ IfOylj^lf^^
avTLKa
ixTpicx)rp6s ye 6 ISLCjrrjg ovros rjvf avros S-^Aos" cov ofos" rjv, dWco Se tlvl ^apUvTL
Svvr]GO[jLva)
TTOvrjKcos.
rovro
TTjV
ovTOJS iTTeypai/je rd ^L^Xla rpayiKajrepov r) Kara " Tcjv crvyypaixfJLdrojv tvx^v KaAAt/xo/3<^oi;
larpov TTJs rojv Kovro^opcxiv eKrrjs loropiwv YiapdiKihVy^ KOL VTreyeypaTTTO eKdarr) 6 dpcdpLos. /cat VT] Ata /cat to TrpooLfiLov VTrepi/jvxpov iTTOLTjoev
OVTOJS ovvayaycjv
ocKelov elvai
laTpo)
loTopiav
ovyypdcjiCLV, t ye 6 ^AGKXrjmos fJLV 'AttoXXojvos vlos, ^AttoXXojv Se Movonr]yTr] /cat TTaGrjs Trat/cat ort dp^dfxevos iv ttj *Ia8t Seta? dpx(^v'
ypd<f)iv
/cat
ovK ot8a o
/cat
rt
So^av aurt/ca
^
fjuev
oKoaa
/x
vovgol,
^
to, S'
TToXXoLS /cat
Ta
8t
17
Et 8c
ao(j)ov
dvhpos
to
jxev ovofxa iv d(j)aveZ Keiadoj, ttjv yvcojxrjv 8e ipoj /cat TO, 7Tpcpr)v iv Kopivdo) ovyypdjXjxaTa, KpeiTTO)
ev dpxfj P'^v ydp evOvg iv ttj TOV TTepLoScp GVV7]pcOTrjO' TOVS TTpOOipioV 7rpCL)T7) dvayLvcvGKovTas Xoyov Trdvaocfjov Sct^at GTrevSojv, ws povci) dv Tip GO(f)cp TTpeTTOL LGToptav Gvyypd(f)LV ctra /xera ptKpov aAAo? GvXXoycGpos, etra aAAo?/cat oXo)s iv diravTi GX'ripo.Ti GVV7]pa)Tr)TO avTW to TO TTJs /coAa/cctas" i? Kopov, /cat ra TrpoolpLiov.
irda-qs
eATTtSo?.
iyKwpaa ^opTLKa
^
/cat
Kop^chfj
j360jLtoAo;^t/ca,
ou/c
acruAAoytcrra /xeVrot,
l7}TpLKT]v
Solanus
larpiiajv
T:
larpciTjv
N.
26
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
of daily events. However, this amateur was not so bad it was quite obvious at the beginning what he was, and his work has cleared the ground for some future historian of taste and ability. The only fault his headings were too pompous I found was this " for the place his books can hold Callimorphus, of Sixth the Lancers, History of the Parthian surgeon " there followed the number War, Book so-and-so of each book. Another thing, his preface was far too frigid he put it like this it was proper for a surgeon to write history, since Asclepius was the son of Apollo and Apollo was leader of the Muses and lord of all culture ; also because, after beginning in Ionic, for some reason I can't fathom he indeed the suddenly changed to the vernacular, using " Ionic forms of" medicine," "attempt," how many," " diseases," but taking the rest from the language of everyday, most of it street-corner talk. If I have to mention a philosopher let his name remain unknown. I shall speak only of his general views and his recent writings in Corinth. They went beyond all expectation. Right at the beginning in the first sentence of his introduction he used dialectic on his readers in his eagerness to show off a very clever argument. This was to the effect that only the philosopher was fit to write history. Then a In little later came one syllogism, then another. short his introduction was sheer dialectic in every figure of the syllogism. His flattery was nauseating
-./,
were vulgar and downright low; even I were syllogistic and dialectical in form. they certainly thought it in poor taste and not at all
his eulogies
5
)Li
Set
NE:
/xcA r.
27
'
V' V^^^t^-^vA^M
^'^^j
/cat TTCxjyojVL ttoXlo) /cat ^adel TTpeirov, oo(f)Cx) dvSpl TO iv Tip TTpooipLicp ctVetv, COS" i^aiperov rovro ^L 6 TjfjLerepos apxcov, ov ye ra? Trpd^eis /cat to yap tolov<^LX6oo(f>oi rjSr] ovyypd(f)Lv d^LOvaiv.
Tov,
'5
r)p,LV
eSet
/caraAtTretv Xoyl^eoOaL
18
Kat
TOidvSe
ouS'
/cat
c/cetVov
"
oglov
dfjLvrip.ovfJGaL,
os
dpx^jy
'^p^aro*
*PcopLaLCx)v
/ca/cois"/' Kal rrdXiv tov ol "EAAi^ye? ^O^vporjv owfidovtJi/ ^Ocrporjg, aAAa ttoAAo. rotaura. opas ; opLOios /cat GLV,** avTOS Keivcp Trap* ooov 6 fJLCV QovKvSiSr), ovTog
Uepaewv,^^
19
8e 'HpoSdroj eu fidXa icuKet. *'AAAos' Tts" dotSt/xos" eVt Aoycuv Swdfjiei SovKySlSr] Kal avTos op^oios r] oXlycp d/xetVcov aurou, Trdaas TToActs" /cat TrdvTa opr) Kal TreSta /cat Trora/xous"
epfirjvevaas rrpos to aa(j)OTaTOv /cat caxvpoTaTOV,
d)S <^TO.
Tpeijji'
TO 8e
es"
.)(Bp(jjv
K(f)aXds 6 dAe^t/ca/cos"
ivrjv
TOoavTT]
ijjvxpor7]s
virkp
ttjv
tov /cpucrraAAov rov KeArt/cov. oj yow do'77ts' 7] TOV avTOKpdTopos oXo) jStjSAtO) pLoyig i^iqpfjLTjvevdrj avTcp, Kal Topycbv inl tov /c Kvavov Kat 6pi(j>aXov Kal ol 6(f>daXpLol avTrj? XevKov Kal p,eXavos Kal ^covr] ipioeihr]? Kal hpdKOVTS iXiKrjSov Kal pooTpv)(7]^ov. 7] (lev yap OvoXoyeacrov dva^vpls ^ 6 p^aAtvo? tov lttttov,
KacTTTta/CT^v ')(i6va /cat
KaoTOV tovtojv,
*Oopoou Kopur], hiaveovTO? tov rfv r) TlyprjTa, Kal is olov dvTpov /care^uye, klttov Kal /cat pivppivris Kal hd<f)in]s is TavTO ovpiTTe<j>VK6TOJV
Kal
Ota
28
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
becoming a philosopher and a long, grey beard to say, as he did in his introduction, that it will be a special distinction of our commander that even philosophers think fit to recount his deeds. Such a comment he should have left for us, if anybody, to think of and not made it himself. be right to omit the one who Again it would not " I come to speak of Romans and began as follows " The Persians Persians," and a little later said " It were foredoomed to come to grief," and again: " and was Osroes, whom the Greeks call Oxyrhoes many more things of this sort, all in Ionic. Do you see ? He was like Crepereius, only Crepereius was
: :
a wonderful Herodotus.
also like
copy
of
Thucydides,
this
man
of
Another, renowned for his powerful eloquence, was Thucydides or a little better. He described all cities, mountains, plains, and rivers in the most detailed and striking way, as he thought. May the Averter of Evil turn his detail and vigour against the enemy, so much frigidity was there in it, worse than For example, he only Caspian snow and Celtic ice his just got through descriptionof the emperor's shield in a whole book, with its Gorgon on the boss, her eyes of blue, white, and black, her girdle like the rainbow, the ringlets and curls of her serpents. The trousers of Vologesus and the bit of his horse Heavens how many thousands of words on each, and his descriptions of Osroes' hair as he swam across the Tigris, and the cave where he fled for safety, with its
!
it
completely 29
dvayKata
20
'Ytto
ttolovvtcov avro. GKonei cLs laropta ravra, Kal (Lv avV ovk dv
yap dudeveias
tojv
rrjs
ctti
iv
tols
p^pi^ort/xots-
rj
dyvoias
Xcoplcov
XcKrecov
rds
roiavras
rcov
Kal dvrpojv K<f)pdGis rpiTTOvraiy Kal OTTorav 9 TToAAa Kal jxeydXa rrpdypLara ifiTreaajGLv eoLKaoiv OLKerr] veoirXovrco dprc KXr^povopiriuavTi
Tov SeoTTTOTOV, OS ovre ttjv iadijra otSev cos XPV TTepL^aXeadai ovre SecTTVTJGai Kara vopiov, dAA*
p.Trr]hrjoas ,
rroXXdKis
opvldcjjv
Kal
Gvelajv
Kal
rapixovs Gr dv Siappayfj Gdio)v. ovtos 8* ovv ov TTpoeiTTOV Kol TpavfJLara ovveypaijjev Trdvu drridava Kal Oavdrovs oXXokotovs , <1)S ls SdKTvXov TOV TToSos TOV fidyav TpojOecs tls aurt/ca ercXVTrjGy Kal cLs efl^OT^GaVTOS fJLOVOV YlpCGKOV TOV GTpaTTjyov CTTTa Kal clkogl TCtJv TToXepLLOJV e^edavov. Tt he Kal iv to) tcov veKpcov dpiBpiw tovto fxev Kal Trapd ra yeypapbfieva iv Tals tcov dpxdvTcov
t)
TToXejjLLCjDV
iTTLGToXais iipevGaTO' iirl yap YiVpwTTCx) tcov jxev diTodavelv {ivpidSas CTrra Kal TpidKovTa
Kal ^ Tjpos Tols SiaKOGLOLS, 'Pco/xatcDV 8e p.6vovs hvo Kal TpavfiaTias yeveodai ivvia. TavTa ovk olha et Tts" dv ev c/ypovojv dvdoxoLTO. Kat JJLTjV KdKelvO XcKTCOV ov pUKpOV dv VTTO 21 yap TOV KOfjLiSfj ^Attlkos etvaL Kal diTOKeKaOdpdai TTjV <f)OJVrjV is TO dKpLpGTaTOV rj^LOJOeV OVTOS Kal Ta ovopiaTa ju-eraTrotT^crat ra *P(x)p,aLcov Kal /Lteraypdi/f ai is to 'KXXtjvlkov, cos Kpovtov puev TiaTovpvivov Xiyecv, <t>p6vTiv hi tov (^povTcova, TuTdvLov hi tov Ttrtavoi^ Kal aAAa TroAAoi yeXoLOTcpa. ert o avTos
HOW TO WRITE
dark.
HISTORY
is
out it there
essential this
to history
with-
not have
Because of weakness in matters of importance or ignorance of what to say, they turn to this sort of description of scenery and caves when they chance on a host of great doings they are like a newly-rich
;
servant
who
he knows neither how to dress nor how to take his meal in the proper way no, he plunges in, when for instance birds and pork and hares are put before him, stuffing himself with a soup or kippers until he bursts from eating. Well, this man I mentioned described incredible wounds and monstrous deaths, how one man was wounded in the big toe and died on the spot, and how Priscus the general j ust gave a shout and twenty-seven of the enemy fell dead. And in the number slain he even contradicted the
officers'
he
despatches with his false figures at Europus, enemy lost 70,236 killed, while the Romans lost just two and had nine wounded. I do not think
:
said, the
anyone in his senses would accept that. There is another not unimportant matter because he is an out-and-out Atticist and has purified his speech down to the last syllable, he thought fit to change the Latin names and use Greek forms
:
Titianus,
60V
ridiculous.
avv ovK av
Fritzsche
e^hopLrfv hiapKovoLv ol ttoAAoi e/cros" t firj TOvd* VTToXdpOL Tt?, (1)S ^Oop6r]S ^ elaT-qKCL 7TpLdv ^VT)pLav6s Xificp dTToXrjraiy /cat jjLevwv, GT 8ta TOVTO OVK eirrjye Sta ttJ? ejSSd/xrys'. 22 Tous" /cat TTOirjTLKOLS ovofiaGLVy c5 /caAe OtAcui^,
LGTopia xP^H'^^ovSf TTOv S* at' rt? ^etT^, rou? " iXeXi^e fxev 77 p.iqxo.vriy to TeZ^os 8c Aeyoi^ra?,
1/
Trecjov
jJicydXwg
iSovTrrjae**
/cat
"
TraAtv
ev
KaXijg tcjropta?,
"ESecrcra
/xcp' 87)
Tpcp ovtcd
OTrXoLg
Kova^os
diravTa
co
/cat oto^os rjv /cat TTepLeafiapayeLTO *' " Kelva /cat o GTpaTTjyos
ifxepp.TJpiCev
TO TCLXOS**
/cat
TO
/cat
TpOTTCo fidXiGTa TTpoGaydyoi Trpos ?Ta /xera^u ovtcos VTeXrj ovofiaTa SrjixoTLKa /cat 7rTai;^t/cd TroAAa TTapeve^epVGTO " 7rGTiXV 6 GTpaTOTTehdpX^S Tip KVpLO),^*
**
GTpaTLCJTau 'qyopal^ov ra iyxprjCovTa ** /cat /cat ^817 XeXovfievoL Trepl avrovg eyiyvovTO ra Totaura* cScrrc to Trpdypia cot/co? ctvat TpaywSco TOV TpOV piV TToSa 77* ipL^dTOV Vl/jTjXoV CTTthe GavhdXco V7roSeSep,evcp. j8ej5i7/coTt, OdTepov
ot
" "
23
Kat /Ltiyi' /cat aAAous" tSot? ai^ Ta /xei^ TrpooipLia Xapnpd /cat TpaytKa /cat t? VTreppoXrju puaKpd
Gvyypd(f)OVTas ,
fxeTa
TavTa
TO
32
T-^j
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
Again, concerning the death of Severianus, this same man wrote that all the others had been deceived in supposing he perished by the sword he died by fasting because he thought this the most painless way of dying. He was unaware that the whole
business only took, say, three days while those who keep away from food generally last a week unless
7'
one assumes that Osroes was standing about waiting for Severianus to die from hunger and for that reason did not attack during the week. And where, my dear Philo, are we to put those " who use poetic words in their history, who say The thud," siege-engine whirled, the wall fell with a big " and again in another part of this fine work, Edessa thus was girt with the crash of arms and all was
the general mused clangour and alarum," and how best to attack the wall."^ Then in the middle of this sort of thing he stuffed a lot of words that " the prefect sent were cheap, vulgar, and mean " " and the soldiers got His Majesty a despatch " " and themselves the necessaries they'd by now " and so had their baths and were hanging about on. It's as if a tragic actor had mounted a high buskin on one foot and had a sandal tied under the other.
"
you may see others writing introductions dramatic, and excessively long, so that you expect what follows to be marvellous to hear, but for the body of their history they bring on something so tiny and so undistinguished that it rebrilliant,
^ These writers use words with a poetical Homer, Hesiod and other poets.
tradition
from
33
VOL. VI.
Kal
rovTO
ioLKevau
TratStoj,
et
ttov
"Epcora
ctSe? TTaL^ovray TTpoGcoTreZov 'HpaxrAeous' Trdfjifxeya evdvs yovv ol OLKovaavTes 7} Ttrai^os" TrepLKeifJievov.
771^6 eyyovr at avToZs ro "Q.Sivev opos. ^pr] Se ofjLtat {jltj ovtojs, aAA* ojjLOca ra Trdvra Kal
dXXo
uajpua,
Kpdvos 17], dcjpa^ he iravv yeXolos K paKOJV TTodev r] K Seppidrajv aarrpajv GvyKeKarrvfjievog Kal rj dcTTrts" olavtvr] Kal ;!^otpti^ IhoLs yap av d^dovovs tolov7rpl rats' KvrjpiaLs. Tovs Gvyypa(f)as , rod *Po8ta)v koXoctgov rrjv dXXovs av K(j)aXr]v vavcoSeL aajpuari eTTiriBevras'
xP^^o^^ M^^
"^^
epLTTaXiv dK(f)aXa
rd oojjxara elctdyovras
dirpooi-
p,iaora
evdvs eVt rcov TTpayixdrajv ol Kal TTpoaeraipi^ovrai rov Zevocfxjjvra ovrojs dp^dfievov, " Aapelov Kal YlapvcrdnSos TralSes y iyvovr ai Suo/* Kal dXXovs ra)V TraXaiojv, ovk etSores" cus" 8um/xet rivd Trpooipad ccrrt XeXrjOora rovs ttoXXovs,
cos eV oAAots" Sel^ofiev.
Kal
24
(fyoprjrd
ert,
ocra
iq
^Pl^'^~
TT^s" aAAi^s" SLard^eojs dpbaprrjpiard iariv' "^ Kal irapd rovs roirovs avrovs t/jevSeaOai Ol) Trapacrdyyas pLovov dXXd Kal araOpiOvs oXovs, rivi rcjjv KaXcov olkv ; els yovv ovrcj padvpLOJS
ovvriyaye rd Trpay/xara, ovre Ttvpo) rivl ivrvx^jv ovre ro XeyopLevov Br) rovro rcov iirl Kovpeico ^ rd roiavra puvdoXoyovvrcjjv dKovoaSy oiore rrepl ^vpu)" 'H 8e EupcuTTOS" /cetrat 7TOV Xeyojv ovrcos <^'^y iv rfj MecroTrora/xta aradpLovs hvo rov Yiixjypdp,kv
^
ratv
7tI
Kovpiio) Fritzsche
rcDt
eVI KOvpLon.
V:
tcDv cVi
Kovpeiwv N.
34
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
sembles a child, some Cupid ^ you may have seen one playing and putting on a huge mask of Heracles or a Titan. The audience there and then are calling " a mountain was in labour." out to them In my opinion the right way to do it is not like there must be a general uniformity, a unity of this colour, and the body must be in proportion with the head, so that when you get a golden helmet the breastplate is not a silly patchwork of rags or rotten hides with a wicker-work shield and pigskin greaves. You can see plenty of writers like that, who put the head of the Colossus of Rhodes on the body of a dwarf. Then again others produce bodies without any heads works lacking an introduction that begin at once
:
in support they quote Xenophon, " Darius and Parysatis had two where he begins 2 sons," and other old writers, not knowing that there
;
by most people; we
where.
shall
Yet we can put up with all these things as far as they are faults of expression and arrangement of material but to misplace localities even, not just by parasangs but by whole days' marches, what fineness of style does that resemble ? One man, for example, who had never met a Syrian nor even heard as they say " " about such things, assembled barber-shop gossip his facts so carelessly that when speaking of Europus " he said: Europus is situated in Mesopotamia, two it was colonised days' journey from the Euphrates
; ;
^
2
Little slave-boys
were called
"
Cupids.'
35
Tou
to 8e
(JL)S
oi)8e
Mecro770Ta/xtTi7S"
orot
eyo),
davfiaGTos Gvyypacf)vs diTipKLoe. 25 Nt7 Ata /cd/ceti^o Kopahfi indavov Trepl rod Ttevrjpiavov 6 avros ovrog etnev .7TopiOoa.pivos , rj aKOVGal TLvog T(x}v ^ avTOV TOV epyov Sta^upLTjv yovTOJV ovT yap ^i(j)L ideXfjoau avTov OLTroOaveLV ovT (f>apixdKov TTLelv ovT Ppo^ov dj/racr^at dAAct
Ttj'a
OdvaTOV
evrtvo'^crat
TpayiKov
/cat
ttj
ToXpLrj
^evL^ovTa' Tvx^^y P'^v yap avTOv e^ovTa TrapLpLeyidy) irrel Sc c/CTTCtJ/xara udAtva Trjs KaXXiGTT]? vdXov, TrdvTOJS diroOaveLV eyvojGTO, /card^avra rov pueytG-
TOV
L9
TCx)V
GKV^CJV
G(f)ayr)v
vl TiOV
TTjV
iuTep,6vTa
26 y
ovTiDS ov ^i^ihioVy ov Xoyxdpiov evpev ca? dvSpeios avTcp /cat rjpajLKOs 6 OdvaTOS yevoiTO. Etr*
77t8i7
(dovKvhi^r]<s
CTrtrd^toi/
rtva
etTre
rots'
TOV TToXcpLOV KLVOV VKpOLg /Cat aVTO? rjyqGaTO XPW^'' ^vretTreti^ tco SeuT^ptavoJ. dnaGL yap avTols TTpog tov ovSev auTLOv tcov iv ^Appevla KaKCJv TOV QovKvhihiqv T) d/xtAAa. Odipas ovv tov tov 'Lev7]pLav6v [xeyaXoTTpeTTcog dvajStjSdCerat iirl
TT/DCOTOt?
Td<j)OV
*A(f)pdvi6v
ray(x)viGT7]v
36
HOW TO WRITE
:
HISTORY
^ Even this was not enough for by men of Edessa." him my own birthplace, Samosata, this fine writer in the same book Ufted, acropoHs, walls and all, and transplanted to Mesopotamia, so as to surround it by both rivers, which passed close to it on either side and almost touched the walls. How ridiculous, Philo, if I were now to argue a proof with you that I am not a Parthian or from Mesopotamia, where this wonderful historian has taken and transplanted
me!
Zeus, that, too, is a highly plausible story the fellow told about Severianus, taking his oath that he heard it from a man who had survived this very action : he said that Severianus did not want to die by the sword nor take poison nor hang himself, but thought of a dramatic death, strange and novel in its boldness : he happened to have huge drinking-glasses of the finest crystal, and when he had decided to die at all costs he broke the largest of the bowls and used one of the pieces to kill himself by cutting his throat with the glass. As if there were no dagger, no javelin to be found to bring him a manly and heroic death! Then since Thucydides made a funeral speech over the first to die in that famous war ^ he thought he too ought to make a speech over Severianus. For all of them vie with Thucydides, who was in no way responsible for our troubles in Armenia. So after burying Severianus in magnificent style he makes a centurion, an Afranius Silo, mount the tomb as a rival to Pericles ; his rhetoric was so strange and so ex-
By
same
^ Europus was actually situated on the Euphrates the farther shore from Mesopotamia. 2 The Peloponnesjaij War. Tbuo. II, 34-36.
itself,
on
37
avrco
cocrre
fie
vq rag Xaptra?
rod yeXcorog Kal SaKpvcrat vtto ^ fidXiara OTTore 6 pTJrcop 6 K(j>p6vLos irrl rcAct rod
TToAAa
Trdvv
c/xc/xi/t^to
Alavreiov
^i<f>os,
a7Ta(jdp,evos
yap to
TjVy
^A<f)pdvLOV eiKos
iavrov
ctti
rep rd<f)a)
TrdvTCjv
Xlov 7Tp6 TToXXov aTTodavelv el roiavra epprjropevev. Kal TOVTO (f)7] IBovras rovs irapovras diravTag
OavfjidGaL Kal virepeiTaivioai rov *A(f>pdvLov. iyd) 8e Kal rd oAAa fiev avrov KareyiyvayoKOv pLOVoVOVxl C^jJLCOV Kal XoTrdbcDV p.piV7]p,VOV Kal CTTtSaKpvovTOS rfj rajv TrXaKovvrcov funjp.rj, rovro pidXiara fjTtacrdiJLrjv, on {jltj tov avyypa^la Kal
27
hibdcTKaXov tov hpdpLaros 7rpoa7TOG(f)d^ag diredavc. noAAous" 8e Kal dXXovg opioiovs tovtois e^cov
aoLy
(L
eTTLpLvrjcrdels
cratpe, KarapidpLijaaodaL, oXiycov ofjLw^ inl ttjv CTcpav U7ro(T;^0'tv rjSr] /xcreAeu-
TLS.
aopuaiy TTjv GvpLpovXrjv ottcjs dv dpueLvov Gvyypd<f>OL ctcrl ydp rtves", ot Ta /xeyaAa /xev twv 7T-
Kal dyvoias tcov XeKTCCov rj GLCOTrrjTecov Ta pnKporaTa irdw Xunapajs Kal <J)iXo7t6v(x)s ippu-qvevovatv ipL^pahvvovTeg, ojaircp dv i tls tov Alos tov V *0XvpL7TLa TO pLV oXoV /CaAAo? TOGOVTO Kal TOLOVTO
pXiiTOi pLTjhe eTTaivoit] /xr^Se rot? ovk elhoaiv ^7]yOLTO, TOV VTTOTTohlOV TO T v9vepyks Kal TO
ov
pLT)
v^GTOv davpLd^oL Kal TTJs KprjTuSos TO evpvdpLoVf Kal TavTa frdvo /xcra ttoAA'^? (fypovrtSos^ Steftcov.
38
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
aggerated that by the Graces I just cried and cried with laughing, especially when this orator Afranius at the end of his speech wept and with doleful lamentation reminded us of those expensive dinners His last flourish was after Ajax he and pledges drew his sword and with true nobility, as was proper for an Afranius, slew himself on the tomb in the sight of all by the God of Havoc he deserved to die long before for making such a speech. All the onlookers,
!
-A^
he
said,
this
against him on every count for just stopping short of recalling the soups and shell-fish and weeping
over the
memory
for
him most
I
of the pancakes, but I blamed dying without first cutting the throat
who staged the show. many more writers like these, I but shall name just a few before turning friend, my to my other undertaking, my advice how to write history better. There are some who leave out or
of the historian
skate over the important and interesting events, and from lack of education, taste, and knowledge of what to mention and what to ignore dwell very fully and
laboriously on the most insignificant happenings; this is like failing to observe and praise and describe
for those
>
iS
"^
who do not know it the entire grandeur and supreme quality of the Zeus at Olympia, and instead " " " and admiring the good workmanship good " " " finish of the footstool and the good proportions of the base, and developing all this with great
concern.
39
Kyoj yovv rJKovcrd rivos ttjv fxkv iir* Eu/acoTTOJ fJLOLXW ^^ ^^^' oAot? 7TTa 7T(JL TTapaSpafJiOVTOS, iKO(JL he fierpa rj en TrXeioj vharos avaXojKoros
COS"
is ifjv)(pav Kal ovSev r^pXv Trpocn^Kovcrav SuijyrjGLV Maupos" TL LTnrevs Maucra/cas' Tovvopua vtto
Slijjovs TrXavcopievos dva ra op-q KaraXd^oL Hvpovg TLvds Tcjjv dypoLKCJV dpLGTov TTapariOepLevovs koI
OTL
rd
puev TTpcora
jjLevTOL
fiadovres wg rcjv <J)l\o)v etrj KareSe^avro Kal eldTiaaav' koI ydp riva TV)(elv avrcov (XTToSeSi^/cat
rij
jjurjKora
avrov is
yfj
avrcp
iv
Tr]v rcov
Tovro puaKpol Kal Sn]y7]GeLs (1) dr^pdoreiev avros iv rfj M.avpovGLa Kal cos lSol tovs iXe(f)avras ttoXXovs
iv Tcp avro) (7vvvep,opievovs Kal cos vtto Xeovros dXiyov helv Kara^pajdeiy] Kal 'qXcKOvs 1%^^^ iirpiaTO
rds
Kal iTTcXdcreLs Kal Gnovhds dvayKaias Kal (jyvXaKds Kal dvTL^vXaKds dxpi' paOelas eoTrepas i(j)eiOTrjKeL opcov MaXx^cova rov 'Zivpov iv Kataapeta GKdpovs TTapupeyedeis d^iovs (Lvovpevov. el 8e pr) vv^ ^ Kal avveSeLTTvei pier avrov KareXapev, rdx dv
OKapojv iaKevaapevcov. dnep el pLrj iveyeypairro iiripeXoiS rfj tcrropta, peydXa dv Kal rj 1^7] pla *Pojpaiois rjpbeLs rjyvorjKores rjpev,
rjSrj
rcbv
d<f)6pr]ros
el
Mauaa/ca?
Maupo?
iirl
Siifjcov
p.rj
ro arparo/catVot Trocra dAAa paKpcp avayKaiorepa TTehov. eKCJv iycj vvv vapLrjpL. <x)S Kal avXrjrpls "^Kev iK Kal d)S Scopa dAAi^Aots' rjjs ttXt^glov Koypurjs avroZs dvreBocrav, 6 Mavpos p-^v rco MaA;(ta>n Xoyxrjv, 6
evpev
TTielv
40
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
For instance, I myself heard a man cover the Battle of Europus in less than seven complete lines, but he spent twenty or even more measures of the water-clock on a frigid description that was of no interest to us of how a Moorish horseman, Mausacas by name, was wandering over the mountains because he was thirsty and found some Syrian country-folk setting out their lunch ; at first they were afraid of him, but then when they found he was one of their friends they welcomed him and gave him food for one of them happened to have been abroad and visited Mauretania, as a brother of his was campaigning in that country. Long stories and digressions followed as to how he
;
in Mauretania and how he had many elephants grazing together at one spot and how he was almost eaten by a lion and how big the fish were he bought in Caesarea. And our
famous historian forgot the great killings, charges, imposed truces, guards, and counter-guards at Europus, and until late evening stood watching Malchion
the Syrian buying huge wrasses cheap in Caesarea. If night had not come down he might have dined with him when the wrasses were cooked. If this had not been painstakingly included in the history we should have missed some important details and it would have been an intolerable loss to the Romans if Mausacas, the Moor, had not found a drink when he was thirsty but returned to the camp supperless.
else far
more
!
essential
am
How
a flute-girl
willingly came to
them from the neighbouring village, how they exchanged gifts, the Moor giving to Malchion a spear
^
' a<f>ls
rapf*
41
eV
Eu/JcoTTO)
IJiOLXV^
avTOL
St)
ra
KecfxiXaca.
roiydproi eiKorcos av ns eiTTOi rovs tolovtov9 ro 8e avrov [xev poSov avTO fir] jSAeVetv, ra? OLKavOas ras" Trapa ttjv pi^av cLKpu^aJg 7710 kottlv. 29 "KXKos, CO OtAojv, jLtaAa /cat ovros yeXotos, ovSe Tov erepov noha e/c Koptvdov TTCJTTore Trpope^-qKcbs
oifS*
Tj
ye llvplav ^KppLeviav IhojVy c5Se rjp^aTO pLefjLvrjp^aL yap " ^Q.ra 6(f)daXp,cov aTncrrorepa. ypd(f>cj roivvv a /cat ovtojs d/cptjScus" diravra elhov, ovx a oJ/couCTa." icopaKCL ware rovs SpaKovrag <f)r] rcov Uapdvaiajv
(ar]p,Lov
otjLtat
8e TrXijdovg rovro
Il,(x)VTas
d hpaKcov dyei)
kovtCjv
iifjrjXovs
TToppojdev
eTreXavvovrajv
Seos"
^ 8e TOJ epyo) CTretSai^ djLtou cocrt Auaai^e? avrovs dpLeXei ttoXXovs rojv 7ra(f)Ld(n rots TToAc/xtots" /cat oAAous" irepioTreiJipieripoyv ovru) KaraTTodrjvat
padevrojv avrols aTTOTTVLyrjvaL /cat GvyKXaodrjvar ravra 8e ^orojs opdv avroSy iv d(j<j)aXei fievroi drro SevSpov viltrjXov rroLOvpievos rr]v o-kottt^v. /cat V y eiroi-qoe p.r) opLoore x^PV^^^ '^^^^ drjploig, iirel ovK av rjpLels ovroj OavpLaarov ovyypa(j>ea
vvv LXopiv /cat ttTTo p^ct/jos" avrov pieydXa XapLTTpd iv rep TroXepLco rovrco ipyaadpLevov
/cat
/cat
vav.
irpcoOr] rrepl Hovpav, Kpavetov SrjXov on jSaStCcov eirl rrjv Aep/cat ravra KopLvdiOJV dKovovrcjv dveyiyvoi*
<5ori
/cat
Cobet
tcacn
MSS
{^votQi V).
4?
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
and he giving Mausacas a buckle, and many other similar incidents, the high-spots of the Battle of
To sum up, one might rightly say~that Europus suchrnpeople do not look at the rose itself, but accurately observe its thorns that grow along the stem.
!
f^ Another man, my dear Philo, is also quite ridiculous he had never set a foot outside Corinth nor even left home for Cenchreae he had certainly not seen ^'^^ Syria or Armenia yet he began as I recall as follows '^''"'^ ^^ ^ "Ears are less trustworthy than eyes. I write then ^ what I have seen, not what I have heard." And he
:
has seen everything so keenly that he said that the serpents of the Parthians (this is a banner they use to indicate number a serpent precedes, I think, a thousand men), he said that they were alive and of enormous size that they are born in Persia a little way beyond Iberia; that they are bound to long poles and, raised on high, create terror while the Parthians are coming on from a distance; that in the encounter itself at close quarters they are freed and sent against the enemy; that in fact they had swallowed many of our men in this way and coiled themselves around others and suffocated and crushed them. He himself had been an eyewitness of this, he said, making his observations, however, in safety from a tall tree. He was quite right in not meeting the beasts at close quarters: we should not now have such an excellent historian, who off-hand did great and glorious deeds in this war for he faced many a battle and was wounded near Sura, obviously in a walk from Cornel Hill to Lerna. He read all this to an audience of Corinthians who knew for a fact that he had not
43
on
[JLT^Se
Kara tol^ov
yeypa/x/xeVov TroXefiov ecopa/cet. oAA' ovSe oirXa KeZv6s ye ^Set ovhe fJbrjxairqfjLara old iariv ovhe rd^ecjjv r^ KaraXox^uyiCJV ovo/xara. Trdvv yovv
eixeXev avrco irXayiav fxev (jidXayya rrjv eirl Kepojs^
^ Kpa)S 8e Xeyetv to eirl /xercurroi; dyeiv. 8e aTravra 30 Ets" TLs ^iXriGTOs i^ ^PXH^ ^^ rdXos rd 7T7Tpay[jLva oaa iv 'A/3/xeyta, ooa eV Yivpia,
ttI
ocra v MecroTTorajLtta,
rd
errl
rep TiyprjrL,
rd iv
Mi^Sta, 7TvraKooioLS ovh^ oXols eVecrt TrepiXa^cbv Gvverpujje Kal rovro TTOLiJGag loropiav ovyye-
ypa^ivai
rrjv iTrLypa(f)'^v oXlyov " *AvTto;3^tavoi; fiaKporepav rod ^l^Xlov erreypaiffev, " rov ^AttoXXwvos UpovLKov SoXl^ov ydp ttov "
(fyrjcrt.
puevroi
beXv
rcjv iv 'AppLevla /cat ot/iat iv rraial vViK7)KV MeaoTTorafjLLa /cat iv Mrj^LO. vvv 'Pco/xatots* rrpaxOivra)v d(j)'ijyr)aL9
31
"HSr] 8' iyo) nvog Kal rd fxeXXovra <jvyyypa(f>6ros TJKOvaa, Kal rrjv XyjipLv rr)V OvoXoyeaoov /cat
Tr]V
^Oapoov
u<l)ayrjv
ojs
Trapa^Xrjd-qcrerai
rw
XeovTL, Kal inl rrdoi rov rpLTTodrjrov r^plv dplapL^ov. ovro) pbavrLKcos a/xa x<Jt)v eanevSev tJBt) rrpos ro reXos rijs ypa(f)rJ9. dXXd Kal ttoXlv 7J8rj iv rfj
MeaoTTorafJiLa coKLae fieyddeL re pueyionqv Kal /caAAet KaXXiarrjv. en jxevroi iTnaKorrel Kal Sia^ovXeverai
etre Nt/catav avrr]v dno rijs VLK-qs XPV dvopid!l,odai tT *0p,6voiav elre ,lp7]vlav. Kal rovro fiev en
r^piZv
r)
0oAayya
fiercaiTOV
Trjv
im
cttI
Kcpws
MSS.
*
N;
tottov T,
44
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
even seen a battle painted on a wall. In fact he had no knowledge of what weapons or engines were " " ** like or of the words regiments or muster-rolls." A lot he cared if he spoke of a movement in column as a transverse battle-line and a frontal movement in line as a movement in column One fine historian compressed all that had happened from beginning to end in Armenia, Syria, Mesopotamia, by the Tigris, in Media into less than five hundred lines, incomplete at that, and after this Yet the title that he says he has composed a history. attached to it is almost longer than the book "A
!
description of recent exploits of Romans in Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Media, by Antiochianus the victor " sacred to Apollo I suppose he has once been winner
in his history
the
of
the
of Osroes
the triumph we have longed for so much in such a prophetic state was he as he hastened to the end of his composition. Why he even founded a city in Mesopotamia, outstanding in He is still consize, and of unsurpassed beauty. sidering and taking thought, however, whether he
lions and, to cap everything,
should call
it
Peacetown.
name
and
for that beautiful city full of copious nonsense historical drivel. He has promised to write of
45
8*
iv
^IvhoZs
TTpaxdrjaofJieva
rrj? e^io
U7recr;^eTO
daXdrTr^s Kal ov^ VTToayjE.GLs ravTa fiovov, dXXd Kal to TrpooLfiLov rrjs ^IvSiKTJs rjSrj GwreraKrai, Kal to TpiTov ray/xa Kal ol KcArot Kal Mavpojv fiolpa oXlyr] avv Kaaaicp 7Ta.vTs ovtol iTrepaiajdiqcjav tov *\vh6v Trora6 Tt he Kal TTpd^OVGLV 7] TTCJS Sc^OVTaL TTjV piOV. TOiv iKe^dvTUiv cWAaatv, ovk els ptaKpav rjpuv 6
ypdifjeiv
rjSr]
diro
MouCt/JtSos"
'^
avr*
32
ToiavTa
d^iopaTa ovT opajvres ovt el pXeTTOiev /car* d^iav elireZv hvvdpievoi, eTTivoovvreg he Kal dvavXdTTOVTeg 6 rt Kev ctt* dKaipipiav yXoiooav,
<j)aoiv,
Kal eirl tco dpidpLco tcov ^l^Xlojv eTt aepLVVvopLevoc Kal /xaAtcrra enl Tats einypa^als , ^^ tov helvos Kal yap av Kal avrat TrayyeXoLOL" " Kal av' Toadhe VLKuJv Ilap^tSos" WapOLKcjv
eXdrj,
dXXog TTpaJTOv, hevTepov **, cu? 'At^iSo? S-^Aoi^ otl. " ydp Arjpir^TpLov doTeLOTepov vapd ttoXv dveyvcov *' ** ^ ovh* cu? evyeXojTi SayoAacrcrecos' HapOovLKLKa TTOiTjoaodaL Kal emoKCj^ai ra? loToplag ovtcj fCoAa? ovGag, oAAa tov xPV^^H'OV eveKa. ws ootls dv raura Kal ra rotaura <f>evyr) ttoXv pLepos yjhr] is TO opdojs Gvyypd^eiv ovtos TrpoeiXri^ev,^ pLoXXov
he
oXiyajv
T)
crt
TrpocrSetrat,
et
ye
dArjOes
r)
eKetvo
(fyrjGLv
hiaXeKTiKij
ws
tcjv
dpueGCJV
daTepov
33
Kat 817 TO x^ptov GOL, </iatT7 tls dv, dKpLpws dvaKeKddapTai Kal at re aKavOai OTTOGai -^oav Kal
^ *
comments "
cAAetVct rt ".
:
TTpolXr]<f>
Fritzsche
7TpoaiXr)<f>v
MSS.
46
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
future happenings in India and the circumnavigation of the outer sea and this is not just a promise the " " Indian History is already done, introduction to his and the Third Legion, the Celts, and a small detachment of Moors have all crossed the River Indus with What they are going to do and how they Cassius. will receive the charge of the elephants, our wonderful historian will tell us before very long by letter from Muziris^ or the Oxydraci. This is the sort of nonsense they talk in floods through their lack of schooling. They neither see what is worth looking at nor, if they did see it, have They they the ability to give it suitable expression. " invent and manufacture whatever comes to the tip
of an unlucky tongue," as they say, and pride themselves in the number of their books and in particular on the titles, which again are completely ridiculous " " So-and-so's Parthian victories in so many books " " Atthis Parthis I and II," like and again: of course. Someone else did it much more stylishly " The Parthonicica of have read it myself I " .^ not to make fun Demetrius of Sagalassus of them and pour scorn on histories so fine but with For whoever avoids these a practical end in view. faults and their like has already mastered a great part of what makes correct historical writing, or,
'
rather, needs but little more, if logic is right when it says that to abolish one of two direct opposites is to
will say,
47
SvvafjLLS
Se
TToXXfj
t,ri\cp
rfj
acr/CT^cret
/cat
ovv)(^eZ
tco
TTOvcp
/cat
ro)v
dpxo.io)V
TrpoayeyevrjfjbdvTj
ravra /xev ovv dr)(ya /cat ovSev ifjuov GVfxpovXov heofieva' ov yap avverovs /cat o^eis dTTO<f)aivLV rovs pLTj TTapd rrjg (f)vaOJS roLovrovs ^jjol rovro rjfjuv ro ^l^Xlov. lirel ttoXXov, p,dXXov Se rov TTavros dv ^ tjv d^iov, ct {xeraTrXdcraL /cat fxeraeoroj.
ra rrjXiKavra 'f]hvvaro 7] e/c fioXv^Sov dpyvpov /c Kaaoiripov "q diro XpvGov l6vo)vos TiropiJLov rj diro Accorpo^tSou MlXcjva
KOopLTJaai
d7TO<f)'fjvaL '^
35
i^epydoaoGai. 'AAAa TTOU TO T^s" re')(y7]s /cat to t^s* avp,povXrjs OVK 6? TTOLrjGLV rcbv TTpOGOVrOJVf oAA* 9 XpT^GLjJLOV ;
XprJGiv avrcjv rr]v vpoGrJKOVGav.
/cat
"I/c/cos"
/<:at
'HpoSt/co?
/cat
oAAoS"
yvpbvaGrris
viroG^oivro
YlepSiKKav
rrjs
^
TrapaXa^ovre? el Srj ovrog CGriv o pLTirpvids ipaodels /cat 8ta ravra KarGKX'r]Kcos t
So Fritzsche
y.
:
N and is omit-
ted in
48
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
brambles, and all the debris has been carried away and all the rough places are now smooth, so now build something yourself to show you are good not only at overturning other peoples' edifices but at thinking out something clever yourself which no one, not even
power of expression may come through a deal of practice, continual toil, and imitation of the ancients. These then need no guiding rules and I have no "freed to advise on them; my book does not promise to make people understanding and quick who are not so by nature. It would be worth a good deal everything rather if it could remodel and transform things to that extent, or make gold out of lead or silver from tin, or manufacture a Titormus from a Conon or a Milo
from a Leotrophides.^ Then where is technique and advice helpful ? Not for the creation but for the appropriate employment of qualities. For instance, Iccus, Herodicus, Theon, and the other trainers would not promise you to take on Perdiccas if indeed he and not Antiochus, the
1 Momus was a literary personification of fault-finding he appears in Lucian's Zevs Rants, Loeb, vol. ii, p. 119. 2 Conon and Leotrophides were little men, Titormus and Milo of great size and strength.
'
ov Tov Bekker
tovtov
FN.
49
dAAa
SoOelcrav
VTToOeaiv
eixjyvd
rrpos
V7toSo)(7jv
rrjg
yvfivaoTLKTJs TTapd ttoXv dfjielvoj dTTO(f)aiveiv fMerd ware diTearo} /cat rjfjLCvv ro 7Ti<j)dovov TTJs" Tcxvrjs.
^a/xev i<f>^ ovroj Kal p^oAcTTo) ro) TTpdyfiart Vp7]KvaL' ov yap ovTLvovv irapaiXa^ovres dTTO^aiveiv cruyypa<f>a aAAa rep <f>voL avvercp Kal dpiara irpos <f>aiJLv,
rijs V7tog)(GC09 cl rexyrjv
jjLydX(x>
rovro
rjaKTjfjLevcp VTTohei^eiv ohovs rivas dpddg roiavrai <j>aivovrai) at? ;^pa/i.vo? ddrrov dv Kal evjxapearepov reXeaetev d^pt ^ irpds rdv 36 OKOTTOV. Kairoi ov yap dv ^airjs dnpoGSeij rov (TVVr6v elvai rrjs ri^vrfS Kal StSacr/caAia? (Lv dyvoel' CTTcl Kav cKLddpL^c fjLTj piadd)v Kal rjvXcL Kal ndvra dv TjTTLGraro. vvv hk fjurj fxadajv ovk dv ri avrwv X^LpovpyijaeLcv, vnoSei^avros Se rivos paard re dv fiddoL Kal v fierax^tpicraLro i<f>* avrov. Kat roLWV Kal 'qpuv roiovros Tt? 6 fJLaOrjrrjs vvv 37 TTapahehooBcD crvveZvai re Kal elireZv ovk dyewrjSt dAA* d^v hehopKOJS, olos Kal Trpdy/xacrt ;^p7y(7aCT^at dv el eTTirpaireir), Kal yvcofi-qv arpartojrLKijv dAAct jjLerd ttJ? TToXirLKrj^ Kal epLTTeiplav arparrjyLKTjv c^etv, Kal VT) Aia Kat ev urparoTrehcp yeyovojs TTore Kal yvpLva^opievovs r^ rarrofievovg arpartcoras ^ eojpaKd)^ Kal dirXa elhu)S Kal firjxciVTJiJLara, en he Kal Tt em Kepcos Kal ri eirl fiercoTTOV, ttcjs ol Xoxoi, TTcos OL LTTTrels Kal TToOev Kal Tt e^eXavveiv rt ire-
Xoyovg
(1 St)
* Tt
Geist: after SeAei/^oi; MSS have HTparoviKqs tKeivrjs. Lang MSS have Kal after axptS^ Burmeister: MSS.
:
ma
50
HOW TO WRITE
son of Seleucus,
HISTORY
is the one who fell in love with his stepmother and wasted away because of it and make him an Olympic victor, a rival to Theagenes the Thasian, or Polydamas of Scotussa, but only that if they were given a subject inclined by nature to receive athletic training they would by their technique make him much better. So let me too not
suffer this
reproach when I make my promise and say have discovered a technique in a matter so important and so difficult, for I do not promise to take on anyone you like and make him an historian no, merely to demonstrate to a man who is intelligent by nature and well trained in expressing himself certain direct routes (if indeed that is what they appear to be) which if he will use them will help him more quickly and more easily to the attainment of You would not say that the intelligent his goal. man has no need of technique and instruction where he is ignorant ^otherwise he would play the lyre, blow the pipe, and understand everything without learning. As it is, he could not do any of this \N'ithout first learning, and with someone to guide him he >vill learn most easily and perform them well for himself. So give us now a student of this kind not without ability to understand and express himself, keensighted, one who could handle affairs if they were turned over to him, a man with the mind of a soldier combined with that of a good citizen, and a knowledge of generalship yes, and one who has at some time been in a camp and has seen soldiers exercising or of arms and engines again, let drilling and knows " " " him know what in column," what in line mean, how the companies of infantry, how the cavalry, are " " " inand manoeuvred, the meaning of deploy
that
I
;
51
earoj ty]v
iXTTLCcro)
yvayfjLTjv
fJLrjSev,
Kal
inel
ofjLOLog
oAAa
firj
KKKOpifJiVOS
dXXa TO^OTOV iv ^OXvvdo), Afi<f)LTroXLrov ^ roLOVTOS olos ^v heLxOTJacrau' jxi^t el AXi^avhpos avLacrerai inl ttj KActVou G(f)ayfj wficog iv rep ovpiTToaicp yvop,.vr)y ct Ga(f)OJS dvaypd(f)OLTO' ou8e KXeoiv avrov ^o^TJaet fieya ev rij iKKXr]GLa SvvdpLcvos Kal Karexojv to ^rjfia, (hg fJLTj elTrelv on oXedpLos Kal pxiviKos * dvQpcoTTOS ovTOS jjv ovhk r) ovp^iraGa ttoXis tcov Adrjvatcjv , rjv rd ev HcKeXla KaKa LGTopfj Kal rrjv ^'qpioodivovs XrjiJjLV Kal t7)V Nt/ctou reXevrrjv Kal w? ihiijjojv Kal otov to vSwp 7nvov Kal ojs i(f>ovvovTO TTLVovreg ol ttoXXol. rjyqoerai ydp oirep hiKaiorarov vtt* ovhevds rGiv vovv exdvrojv avrog e^cLv rrjv alriav r^v rd hvGTVX^s ri dvoririDS yeyeinqpilva d>s iirpd^Oy] SLrjyfJTat, ov ydp 7TOir)Tr]s avrcjv dXXd fJLrjvvTT]? rjv. a>Gr koLv KaTavavjiaxiJ^vrai rore ovk K.Zvos 6 KaraSvcDV GtI KaV <j)VyCx)GlV OVK KlVOS 6 Sl(JL)KCOV, /CT0? iirei tol ye el 1 fJLT] ev^aGOai Seov TrapeXnrev .^ anDTTrjGas avrd r^ rrpos rovvavriov elrrchv 7ravop6coGaGdai eSvvaro, paorov -^v evl KaXdp,ip XeTrrw rdv SovkvSlStjv dvarpeipau p,ev rd ev rals *E7rt7roAat?
TOV TOV
6(f)daX[JL6v
TTapareLXicrjjLa,
Tpiripi)
^
KarahvGai
:
Sc
rr^v
'^pfioKpdrovs
hiaTreZpaL
TrapdXnrov T.
Kal
TOV Kardparov
Solanus
fxi]
TvXlttttov
fi:
7rap4}iiTv
iTap4\nTv
52
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
who must
rely on what people tell him. Above all and before everything else, let his mind be free, let him fear no one and expect nothing, or else he will be like a bad judge who sells his verdict to curry favour or gratify hatred. He must not be concerned that Philip has had his eye put out by Aster of Amphipolis, the archer at Olynthus he must show him exactly as he was. Nor must he mind if Alexander is going to be angry when he gives a clear
account of the cruel murder of Clitus at the banquet. Neither will Cleon with his great power in the assembly and his mastery of the platform frighten him from saying that he was murderous and lunatic nor even the entire city of the Athenians if he records the disaster of Sicily, the capture of Demosthenes, and the death of Nicias, the thirst of the troops, the sort of water they drank, and how most of them were For he will think quite slain as they drank it. rightly that no man of sense will blame him if he gives an account of unlucky or stupid actions he has not been responsible for them, he has merely told the tale. So that if they are ever defeated in a sea-fight it is not he who sank them and if they run away it is not he who drives them on, unless he neg:
lected to say a prayer when he ought. Surely if by ignoring them or reversing them he could set them
right, it
would have been very easy for Thucydides with one insubstantial pen to overturn the counterwall at Epipolae, and sink the trireme of Hermocrates, to transfix that cursed man Gylippus in the
53
39 .rpej/rete
eLTTeXv.
Tou 817
rovTO
8*
avyypa(f>a}s epyov ev
cLs iTrpaxdrj
iq
dxpf' d.v
iq
<f)0^7JraL
iXnlCT)
KavSvv
tcov
ypa(f)fj
Kal orpeTrrov
Xr]ip(jdaL
;;^/)icrouv
Kal
ev
lttttov
rfj
^LGalojv
iiraivcov.
fiiadov
rCov
dAA' ov
"Eevocfxiov
avTO
Troi'qcrei,
St/caios"
ovbe QovKybiS-qs. dXXd kolv Ihia (jvyypa<f)vs , TToXv TLvas dvayKaioTGpov rjyqcrcraL to kolvov fiiGTJ
Kal
Tqv
dXiqdeiav
7Tpl
irXeiovos
TrotTycrerat
r^s-
-)(dpaSi
Kav
(fx-Xfj
ofiois
ovk
dc^eferat
dpLaprd/jlovt)
VOVTOS.
40
^Ev yap,
dvreov
rfj
(1)S <f)r]v,
dX-qdeca,
rojv 8e diXXojv
TTTJx^^ ^^S" rous" vvv
dndm-wv
rt?
Kal fiirpov dKpi^is, dTTopXevcLv fxr] ct? dKovovras dAA* cts" roifs fxcrd ravra el be ro irapavcruveaofxevovs rot? crvyypdpLpiaaiv Tt/ca Tt? depancvoL, rrjg rwv KoXaKv6vrajv fxepiSos eLKorws dv vofxtadeLrj, ou? TrdAat rj loropia Kal i^
.
dp)(rjs
7)
vdv9 dTrecrrpaTTTO, ov
/jlclov
t]
KojjLfJLOJTtKrjv
yvp^vaoTLKT].
CO
^AXe^dvSpov
yovv
Kal
rovro
dTrojJLvqfjLovevovGLV 09
dve^LOVv,
oTT(DS
ravra
^
dv, <f)r], TTpos oXiyov *0n7crtVptT,^ dTrodavojv co? /xd^ot/xt ol dvOpwnoL rore dvayiyvwaKovatv
. :
*H Scots'
*OyrjaiKpir Solanus
-Kparti
MSS.
54
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
act of blocking the roads with walls and ditches, and into the stonefinally to throw the Syracusans quarries while the Athenians sailed round Sicily and No, when what Italy as Alcibiades had first hoped. is done is done I fancy that even Clotho could not unspin their destiny or Atropus change their course.^ The historian's sole task is to tell the tale as it happened. This he cannot do as long as he is afraid of Artaxerxes when he is his physician or hopes to get a purple
cufta,^ a gold necklet, and a Nisaean horse as a reward for the eulogies in his work.^ No Xenophon ^\ill do that. On the (a just historian), no Thucydides
contrary, even if he personally hates certain people he will think the public interest far more binding, and regard truth as worth more than enmity, and if he has a friend he will nevertheless not spare him if he errs. This, as I have said, is the one thing peculiar to history, and only to Truth must sacrifice be made. When a man is going to write history, everything In short, the one standard, the else he must ignore. one yardstick is to keep in view not your present audience but those who will meet your work hereafter.
Whoever
serves the present will rightly be counted a flatterer a person on whom historj^ long ago right from the beginning has turned its back, as much as has physical culture on the art of make-up. For example they record this remark of Alexander's: " " to come I should be glad, Onesicritus," he said, back to life for a little while after my death to dis-
1 Clotho and Atropus were Fates. Clotho ("Spinster") spun the thread of life, Atropus (" Nevertum ") severed it. There is a play on the names in the Greek. 2 A Median garment with sleeves. ^ Referring to Ctesias of Cnidus. He spent seventeen years at court and wrote a history of Persia.
Se
vvv
avra
eiraLvovcrL
kol
darTrdCovTai y
fxrj
davfjidcrrj?-
otovrat
yap ov
SeXean
Tovrcp dvacrTTaGCLv eKaaros ttjv Trap* rjfjLOJv evvotav. Kacrot, TVpos to jjLvdcoSc? rd irXeLGTa *0ixrjpoi yovvy ovyyypa(f)6ri virkp rod 'A;^tAAea>?, tJSt^ kol ttlgtVLV TLve? VTrdyovraLy fxovov tovto elg dTToSet^iv
rrjs
dXrjdelag
jjueya
reKp/rjpiov
ridep^voL
on
fjurj
irepl
C^VTos
eypa(f)V'
41
VKa ii/jevber dv. TotouTO? ovv fjLOL 6 Gvyypa(f)vs earcj d(f>o^o, dSeKaaroSy iXevdepos, TTapprjGiag /cat dXrjdeias <^iXos, d)S d Kajp^iKos (f)r]GL, rd GVKa GVKa, rrjv ov jjLLGei ouSe (^iXia GKd(f>r)v Se oKdcf>7]v ovojjidGcov, ^ iXeoJV rj alG)(Vv6fJi' TL ^ VefJLCDV OvSe <f)LS6fJLVO t} V09 rq SvGCJTTOvixevos , lgos St/cacrrr^S", evvovs aTraGLV dxpf' Tov jjUTj darepcp tl dTTOveXfjiaL TrXelov rod SeovTo?, feVo? iv rot? jS/jSAtot? /cat aTToAts-, avrovopLoSt d^aGiXevros ov ri rchhe 'q rcphe 8o^et Aoyt-
^djLtvos",
42
*0
/cat
S*
ivojjLoOerrjGev
hicKpivev
/ca/ctav
Gvyypa<f)LK'qv,
rod
opcov /xaAtara davfial^oiJievov rov 'lipoSorov d-^^pi /cat Moucras" KXrjdTJvai avrov rd jSt^Ata. ^ re ydp <f)7]OL fidXXov is det Gvyypd(f>iv KTrjfxd
rjirep
9 ro irapov dycovcGfia, /cat fxr) ro fivdaJSes d(77rdCccr^at dAAct rrjv dX-qdeiav ru)v yeyemqfjLevcDV /cat ivdyei ro dTToXeiTTeiv tols VGrcpov. xPV^f'H'OV /cat o reXos dv rts" v (f)povdjv vrroOoiro LGropLas,
(Ls L TTore /cat aunts'
1
rd
ofjuoua
KaraXd^oL, exotev,
TF.
Tl
add. Fritzsche.
'
t{>i86fivos
NQE:
ifuXovfievos
:
KTfjfia
T Solanus
Krqfiara
MSS,
56
HOW TO WRITE
cover
If
HISTORY
how men read these present events then. now they praise and welcome them do not be sur:
prised they think, every one of them, that this is a Homer indeed in fine bait to catch my goodwill."
general tended towards the mythical in his account of Achilles, yet some nowadays are inclined to believe him they cite as important evidence of his truthfulness the single fact that he did not write about him
;
the sort of man the historian should a friend of free expression and the truth, intent, as the comic poet^ says, on calling a fig a fig and a trough a trough, giving nothing to hatred or to friendship, sparing no one, showing neither pity nor shame nor obsequiousness, an impartial judge, well disposed to all men up to the point of not giving one side more than its due, in his books a stranger and a man without a country, independent, subject to no sovereign, not reckoning what this or that man will think, but stating the facts. Thucydides laid down this law very well he disThat, then,
:
is
be
tinguished virtue and vice in historical writing, when he saw Herodotus greatly admired to the point where his books were named after the Muses. For Thucydides says that he is writing a possession for evermore rather than a prize-essay for the occasion, that he does not welcome fiction but is leaving to posterity the true account of what happened. He brings in, too, the question of usefulness and what is, surely, the that if ever again men purpose of sound history find themselves in a hke situation they may be
:
Aristophanes, on the dubious authority of Tzetzes Kock, Comic, Qraw. Fragm, III, p. 451).
(see
57
Trpog
ra
TrpoyeypafifjLeva
diropXeTTOvrcs
43
Kat
rjKTaj
l(T-)(vv,
6 Gvyypa<f>vs
ttJs*
rrjv
8c
<l>a)vrjv
/cat
rrjv
ipjxr^veias
/cat
Kapxapov
rat? inLX^Lp-qSeLvonqra fjLT) /co/xtSiJ rd7]ypLvos OLpx^crdo} Trj^ ypa<f)r\<s, oAA* 1/317VLK(x)Tpov Sta/cet/xcvos". /cat o fxev vovg gvotolxos ^aru) /cat ttvkvos, r) Acftj 8e aa<j>r]s Koi ttoXltik'^, Ota eTTtcny/xdraTa St^Aow to vttokclijlcvov.
cruvxr} rals TrepLoSoig /cat dyKvXrjv ueai. /cat rrjv dXXrjv ttjs prjropelas
44
*n? ya/3 tt} yvwfJLr] rod crvyypcufyiws gkoitovs VTredcficda Trapprjaiav /cat oAT^^etav, ovrco Sc /ecu
avrov ?? o/cottos" d TTpcoros, aa<f>ws T17 <f)a}vfj SrjXojGaL /cat ^nxvoTara fjL<f>avLGai to Trpdyfia, fJi'qre dnopp-qroLS /cat e^co ttoltov 6v6p,aoL pLTfre toXs
dyopaiois rovrois koL KajrqXLKol^, aXX* co? fjLv Tovg 7roXXov9 avvelvaiy tovs Sc TrcTratScu/xcVous'
iiraivioai.
/cat
pir^v
/cat
crx'qP'aat,
KCKoap.Tqado)
dvcTraxO^GL /cat to di'CTrtTTjSfUTOV fidXiGra exovGiv, iiTcl T0I9 KaTr]pTvp,ivois tcjv C<J^ixa)v ioiKoras
dTro(j)aLVL
tov9 Adyoys".
TTpoGaTrrcGdw
45
TL
Kat
7)
ogov jjLeyaXiqyopog /cat TTOL-qrLKTJg nap* /cat fxdXiGd onorav Trapard/cat KLvnrj, SLrjppLcmj ^GL /cat p,dxo.is /cat vavp,ax^aLg GVfjLTrXeKrjrai'
/cat
Sei^oct
yap TdTC
Tct
00VT09
7r'
Acft?
/cat
Sc
co?
d/xco?
fjLeyiOcL
TU)v
XeyopLevcjv
opLoiovfievrj,
Gvve'naipop.iin]
vi /LtdAtoTa
fcvtfovoa Se
/xt^S'
UTrep
S8
HOW TO WRITE
able,
HISTORY
he says, from a consideration of the records of the past to handle rightly what now confronts them. That then is the sort of mind the historian should
have, please,
when he comes along. Now as to his and power of expression, he need not show language at the beginning of his work a well-whetted proficiency in that vehement, incisive style that you know, packed with periods, and intricate with logical reasoning or other features of clever rhetoric. No, his tone should be more pacific, his thought coherent and wellknit, his language exact and statesmanlike, of a kind to set forth the subject with the utmost clarity and
accuracy. For just as we set free expression and truthfulness as the target for the historian's mind, so for his language this should be the first aim to set forth the matter exactly and to expound it as lucidly as possible, using neither unknown or out-of-the-way words nor that vulgar language of the market-place, but such as ordinary folk may understand and the educated commend. Then, let figures adorn the work that give no offence and in particular appear unlaboured otherwise he makes language seem like
: ;
highly-seasoned sauces. Let his mind have a touch and share of poetry, since that too is lofty and sublime, especially when he has to do with battle arrays, with land and sea fights for then he will have need of a wind of poetry to fill his sails and help carry his ship along, high on the crest of the waves. Let his diction nevertheless keep its feet on the ground, rising with the beauty and greatness of his subjects and as far as possible resembling them, but without becoming more un;
MS
7r6Xm{v) other
MSS.
59
KarcvexOrjpciL
rrjs TTOLrjTLKTJg
Tr]viKavTa ra>
COS"
aco<f)poinr]Tov,
etSora?
L7T7TOTV(j>ia
yiyverai.
rfj
dfjucivov
ovv
</>*
lttttov
TreCfj
fir)
oxovfievrj
t6t
yva)jjLr)
ttjv
ipjjurjveLav
ovpLTrapaOelv,
ttJ?
ix^p-ivriv
<f>opds.
rod
KOL
(j}L7nriov
(hs
ciTroActTrotTo
46
Kat
KOL
iliS
fXTjv
/xeoTy
aTTaprwvra
TO Se
rpa)(v
;^pT7(7Toi^,
ydp
ovre
pvd/jLcp
irap
oKiyov
OL TToAAot OVVaTTTOVTa'
TO
fxkv
ydp
7TaLTLOV,
47
dr^Ses" rot? d/cououcrt. 8c rrpdyfiara avrd ovx co? Tu;^e ovvaKriov, dAAd <f>iXo7r6v(x}s /cat raXatTrwpcos TroAAd/cts" TTcpl ra)v avrcbv dvaKplvavra, /cat fjLdXiorra pikv rrapovra
Td
/cat
i(j)opa>VTa,
el
8e
/litJ,
rot?
dSeKaarorepov
ns
X^P^^ V dTTCxOeiav dc^atpr^cretv ^ 7rpoadrioLv rols yeyovooiv. KdvravOa rjSrj /cat otoxo.gtik6s tls /cat avvderiKos rod TTidavcoripov
TJKLGra
TTpos
48 earoj.
diravra
-^
rd
TrAetcrra,
TrpuJra pLCV viropArqiid rt Gvinx^aiveroi avrcov /cat Gcjfia TTOieiro) d/caAAe? crt /cat dSidpOpcurov ctra
iTTidels rT]v
ttJ
49
rd^iv eTrayero) ro /cdAAos" /cat ;^/>coi^i;Ta ^ /cat pvOfMiCero). Acfct /cat Gx^jfJiCLrLCeraj Kat oAco? ioLKerco rore rep rod *Opirjpov Att d/jrt
dpri
Kivhvvoiv
o /ityioTo? Fritzsche
^Uyia-rov
Kivhvvoiv
.
. .
ft^Yiorov
T:
KivBvyov
N: Kivvwy
pe'yioroy
U,
6o
HOW TO WRITE
familiar or carried
HISTORY
away than the occasion warrants. greatest risk is that of going mad and being swept down into poetry's wild enthusiasm, so that at such times above all he must obey the curb and show prudence, in the knowledge that a stallion's It pride in literature as in life is no trifling ailment. is better, then, that when his mind is on horseback his exposition should go on foot, running alongside and holding the saddle-cloth, so as not to be left
For then
its
behind.
Again, in putting words together one should cula well-tempered moderation, without excessive separation or detachment for that is harsh and not, as most people, almost link them by means of rhythm; the latter deserves our censure, the former is unpleasant to the audience. As to the facts themselves, he should not assemble them at random, but only after much laborious and painstaking investigation. He should for preference be an eyewitness, but, if not, listen to those who tell the more impartial story, those whom one would suppose least likely to subtract from the facts or add to them out of favour or malice. When this happens let him show shrewdness and skill in putting together the more credible story. When he has collected all or most of the facts let him first make them into a series of notes, a body of material as yet 'with no beauty or continuity. Then, after arranging them into order, let him give it beauty and enhance it with the charms of expression, figure, and rhythm. In brief let him be then like Homer's Zeus, looking now at the land of the horse-rearing Thracians, now at
tivate
axT^iJ-oLTi^iTU}
Solanus
^p-qfian^dTO)
MSS.
6i
Mvocov
TO.
/caret
ravra
tStct
dcf)*
yap
/cat
avros
dpn
'Pco/iatcuv
etr'
opdroj
vt/jrjXov
/cat
SrjXovTOj
opcovri, dpri
he rd
1/
IlepcrcDv,
^ ire^ov
et /xi)
TTpOTTqhojv
7)
/^rjfjLoadevT]?
CTTtjSaGTtv
/cat
Trpiora, /cat t rt
cr^CD,
aAAa
rd
a/cr^/cov-
eTTivoia
dvapux^cjOL, kolvtj eoTOj rj dea, /cat ^vyocrrarctTco rdre wanep ev rpvrdvr^ rd yiyvofieva /cat avvhtcoKeTOJ /cat crvpi<f)evyeTCx). /cat
era^av.
eTreihdv
he
TT-ao-t
Tourots" fierpov
fi-qhe
cVeWco,
veapojs,
jLtT7
? Kopov
fjbrjhe
dXXd
pahlcjs
aTTO-
CTTTjo-a?
evravdd
ttov
ravra
eV
eKelva fjuerapaLvera), 'qv KareTreiyr)' elra inavLrcj /cat Trdvra Xvdeist oTTorav eKelva KaXfj' TTpds"
airevheroj /cat a>?
Swardr
irereadcx) drr* ^Apfxevtas fJiev et? MTyStai^, eKeWev he poL^T^fxan evl elg ^l^-qpiav, elra els 'IraAtav, <hs
50
Kaipov diroXeLTroLro. MoAtcrra he Karorrrpcp eoiKvlav TrapaaxicjOa) rrjv /cat GrLXirvo) /cat dKpi^el ro Kevrpov yvcop.iqv ddoXio /cat OTTO las dv he^rjr at rds fxop<f)ds rdjv epycov roiavra /cat heiKvurco avrd, hidarpo(j)OV he r^ irapdxpovv ^ erepoax'qP'Ov pLTjhev. ov ydp cjairep ^ ol piqropes ypd<j)OVOLv, dXXd rd fxev XxQr]o6pieva
p/Tjhevos
ear IV
/cat
elpiqaerai'
^
TreirpaKrai
:
ydp
TJhrj'
hel he
ravra MSS.
62
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
the Mysians' country ^ in the same way let him look now at the Roman side in his own way and tell us how he saw it from on high, now at the Persian side, then at both sides, if the battle is joined. In the engagement itself let him not look at a single part or a unless it be a single cavalryman or foot soldier Brasidas leaping forward or a Demosthenes beating ^ but first, the generals (and he off his attempt to land should have listened to any exhortations of theirs), the plan, method, and purpose of their battle array. When the battle is joined he should look at both sides and weigh the events as it were in a balance, joining All this should be in in both pursuit and flight.
moderation, avoiding excess, bad taste, and impetuosity; he should preserve an easy detachment: let him call a halt here and move over there if necessary, then free himself and return if events there summon him; let him hurry everywhere, follow a chronological
arrangement as
far as
he can, and
fly
from
single scurry
Above
all, let
mirror, clear,
gleaming-bright, accurately centred, displaying the shape of things just as he receives them, free from distortion, false colouring, and misrepresentation. His concern is different from that of the orators what his-
itself,
is
ar^
B.C.
Homer, II. xiii, 4-5. During the Athenian occupation of Pylos, 425
ol pi^Topes
Fritzsche
rots-
p-qropai
MSS,
63
TO^at
TcAct oiKevai
ri
'AA/cajLteVct
cAc^ai^a
Kal
rj
pikv V7rfjp)(
TOV cAc^avra Kal e^eov Kal ckoXXcov Kal ippvOfii^ov Kal eTTrjvdil^ov ro) XP^^^> '<^ctt rovro rjv rj r^^yq avroLS ig Seov olKOvopurjoaaOaL r-qv vXtjv. ToiovTO h-q Tt Kal ro rod avyypa^iojs epyov 51 els KoXov hLaSeodai rd TreTrpaypueva Kal tV SvvapLLV ivapydarara imhel^aL avrd. Kal orav ris aKpo-
otqrai pLerd ravra opdv rd XeyopLeva Kal pLerd rovro irTawfj, rorc Srj rorc dirqKpi^cor ai Kal rov OLKLov 7raLvov d7rLXT]<t> ro pyov rco rijs laropias OetSta. 52 Wdvrcjjv Sc rjhrj napcdKevaGpLevajv Kal drrpo' oipiiacrrov p,V rrorc rroi/qa^rai rrjv dpxqv, oirorav irdvv Kar7TLyrj ro rrpdypLa TrpoStOLK-qaapuY] aOai ri iv rat rrpootpLLay hvvdpiCL 8e Kal rore
ixjp,vo?
<f>poi,p,La)
;^p7jorTat
ro)
dnoGOiJMvvrL
rrepl
roiv
X^Kricjjv.
53
drrd hvoiv puovov ol dno rptcDv, aAAa pTJropes dp^rai, ou;^ wairep TO ttJ? eifvolag rrapelg rrpoGoxrjv Kal evpiddeiav
'OTTorav hk
/cat ^poipudl^rjrai,
rot? aKovovGi. rrpooi^ovoi piev yap avra> rjv Sel^r) cos" rrcpl pLeydXcjv r) dvayKalojv rj oIkclwv "q XPV^^P'^^ ipL. evpLaOrj he Kal uacfyq rd varepa TTOtiqcreL rds alrias TrpoeKriOeiievof: /cat roiov54 7TpLopL^ojv rd Ke^dXaia rwv yeyevqpievojv
V7rop'qGL
.
64
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
rangement and exposition. So they must look not for what to say but how to say it. In brief, we must consider thatthe writer of history should be like Phidias or Praxiteles or Alcamenes or one of the other sculptors they certainly never manufactured their own gold or
or ivory or their other material; no, their material was before them, put into their hands by Eleans or Athenians or Argives, and they confined themselves to fashioning it, sawing the ivory, polishsilver
^>
/Cjjs
^>
'^'.
%.
ing, glueing, aligning it, setting it off with the gold, and their art lay in handling their material properly.
The
is
similar
to give a fine
arrangement to events and illuminate them as vividly as possible. And when a man who has heard him thinks thereafter that he is actually seeing what is being described and then praises him then it is that the work of our Phidias of history is perfect and
has received
its proper praise. After all his preparations are made he will sometimes begin without a preface, when the subject
matter requires no preliminary exposition. But even then he will use a virtual preface to clarify what he is
going to say.
Whenever he does use a preface, he will make two He will omit points only, not three like the orators. the appeal for a favourable hearing and give his audiand instruct them. For they will give him their attention if he shows that what he is going to say will be important, essential, personal, or useful. He will make what is to come easy to understand and quite clear, if he sets forth the causes
A^dll
ence what
interest
^^
65
VOL. VI.
ol
apiaroL
/xeV,
tojv
cos"
fJL'^
<jvyypa<f>ajv
ixpTJcravro'
^HpoSorog
vt/cas"
ra yevofieva
i^LTTjXa
Tw XP^^V
ravra
ovra
'EAAT^j^i/cd? S-qXovvra /cat Tjrras pappapiKas' GovKvSiSrjg Se, p,iyav re /cat auTOS" iXTTLGas eaeodai /cat a^toAoydSraTov /cat
pLL^a) T(x)V TTpoyeyevrjp^evcov
/cat
/cat
yap
7ra6rjpLara
iv avrco
veodai.
55
8e to TrpooipLtov, dvdXoyov rots TTpdyp^aaw ^ /cat Ppaxvv6p,vov, va(f)rjs re vdyojyos earco rj iirl ttjv hiriyr]Giv /xerajSacrtS'. dirav yap drex^co^ to AotTTOv owpua rij? loropias
rj
Mcra
fjL7]Kvv6p,vov
'iq
wore raXs t^? SLrjyqaecxJS dperaZs KaraKKOGp,ijad(x), Xelcos re /cat 6p,aXcos TTpo'Covaa /cat avrrj ofiolojs a>UT pur) vpovx^Lv pirjSe KOiXaivecrdai' CTictTa to (ja<f>s iTTavOelraj, rfj re
SLijyrjGLs /xa/cpa iariv.
Xe^ei,^ (hs e(j)7]v, p.ep.-qx'^^y'^vov /cat ttJ crvpuTrepLdnoXura yap /cat evreXij nXoK-fj TOJV TrpaypLdrcDV.
TrdvTa
/cat to TTpcoTOv e^epyaadpievos TTOtrJo-et, 77a^t TO SevTepov exdpievov avrov /cat aAuacctiS"
TpOTTOV (jvvTjppLoapLevov CO? /Lti7 8ta/ce/co<^^at /LtT^Sc TToAAa? ?t'at aAATjAat? Trapa/cct/AcVas', StTyyTjo-ets" dAA* act to) TTpcoTU) TO SevTepov ^ p,rj yeiTVidv
pLovoVy
dXXd
/cat
Kowcjvelv
/cat
dvaKeKpdodai Kara
/cat
ra
56
d/cpa.
Tdxo9 em
Xpr)
Trdai
;^/37yo't/xov,
pidXiara el
p,r)
etrj-
/cat
rovro 7Topit,eadai
Tooovrov diro rcov ovopidrixyv ri prjpdrcov pLT) oaov diTo rcov rrpaypidrcjv Xeycu Se, el rrapaBeois
8c
T Schaefer
N; om.
T.
66
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
and outlines the main events. The best historians have written prefaces of this sort: Herodotus, writing history to preserve events from time's decay, great and glorious as they were, telling of Greek victories and barbarian defeat Thucydides too, with his expectation that the war would be great, more memorable, and more important than any that had
;
war
After the preface, long or short in proportion to its subject matter, let the transition to the narrative be gentle and easy. For all the body of the history is simply a long narrative. So let it be adorned with the
virtues proper to narrative, progressing smoothly, evenly and consistently, free from humps and hollows.
let its clarity be limpid, achieved, as I have said, both by diction and the interweaving of the matter. For he will make everything distinct and complete, and when he has finished the first topic he will introduce the second, fastened to it and linked with it like a chain, to avoid breaks and a multiplicity of disjointed narratives; no, always the first and second topics must not merely be neighbours but have common matter and overlap.
Then
Rapidity is everywhere useful, especially if there is no lack of material and one must look to the subject matter to provide this rather than to the words and phrases I mean, if you run quickly over small and
;
TT)
'
re
Ae'fet, cos
MSS
but
rf}
re Semico?
:
Fritzsche
MSS.
67
ovulv aypioig
/cat
Aayojot?
/cat
vnoyaorpLOLS
/ca/ceti^o
/cat
erp'os'
ort
rrapea-
KcvaarOy
57
rei^cjv
diMeXrjoreis
MaAtara Se
^
7)
TrorafjLoJv
SvvajxLv
Xoycov dneLpoKaXcog rrapeTTiheiKWudai SoKOirjs /cat ro oavrov hpdv irapels ttjv laropiaVy dXX oXiyov TTpoGailsdp.vos Tov ;\;/3i7(7tjLLOu /cat cra(f)ovs VKa fiera^TJar) iKcjyvywv tov l^ov tov ev tu) TTpdyjJiaTL ^ /cat TTjV TOLQVTTjv diraoav Xtx^elav, olov opas ^ /cat "OpL-qpos 6 fjLyaX6(j)pojv TTOieZ' /catrot voirjTrjs (x)v Trapadel tov TdvToXov /cat tov ^l^iova /cat tov
Tltvov
/cat
TOV9
dXXovs.
el
Se
Ylapdevios
rj
^v(j)opLOiv T] KaAAt/xa;^o? eXeyev, TToootg dv oiei erreai to vhcap dxpt- Trpog to ;^etAos' tov TavTdXov TJyayev efra ttogols dv 'IftWa c/cuAtcre. jxaXXov Se
6 SovKvSlSrjs avTog oXlya T(p tolovtco etSet tov Xoyov xPV^^H'^^os GKeipaL ottco? evOvg d^to-rarat ^ pLTjxoLvrjfjLa eppLTjvevGag^ rj TToXiopKias G^'^p^o. hrfXajGas
7)
;(pta>8e?
AtjLteVa.
01^
i}
'ETrtTToAcuv ^ Gx^jpLa
/xei^
orav
dp,<x}
emXapi^dveTai
yeyevrjpeva
TToXXd OVTa.
^
opas Jacobitz
opgj
rt
MSS.
68
HOW TO WRITE
;
HISTORY
less essential things, while giving adequate treatment to matters of importance indeed, a great deal should even be omitted. When you feast your friends and all is ready you do not for that reason in the middle
of
fish cutlets,
pastries, fowl, oysters, wild boars, hare, serve up salt fish and peaseis
at
hand
you
will
You need especial discretion in descriptions of mountains, fortifications, and rivers, to avoid the appearance of a tasteless display of your word-power and of indulging your own interests at the expense of the history you will touch on them lightly for the sake of expediency or clarity, then change the subject, avoiding the limed twig set there and all temptation of this sort, as you see Homer doing in his greatness of mind poet though he is he runs by Tantalus, and Ixion and Tityus and the rest. But if Parthenius or Euphorion or Callimachus were the narrator, think how many words he could have used to carry the water to Tantalus' lips How many to set Ixion whirling! Take Thucydides himself: he makes little use of this sort of writing, and see how quickly he gets away when he has been describing an engine or explaining a necessary and useful plan of investment, or the plan of Epipolae, or the harbour of Syracuse. When he appears long-winded in his account of the plague just think of the facts and you will realise his rapidity and how the pressure of events holds him as he tries to get away.
;
:
!
*
3
eri.
oF
^
and edd.
'Ett.
tjv
Iti TroXecov
(sic)
rj
TToXcios
N:
rj
In
TroXecov
other
rj).
69
*Hy
Se ttotc
/cat
Xoyovs ipovvrd
dyeiv, /xaAtorra /xcv ioLKora rw rrpoaajTrco kol tco TTpdyfiari otKela Xeyeadw, eneira (hs aa^iarara KOL ravra. ttXtjv i^elrai gol totc /cat p7]ropvaai
/cat
5^
imhel^ai ttjv tcjv Xoyojv SeLvoTTjra. "EiTraivoL p,v yap rj ifjoyoL vdvu TTC^etcr/LteVot /cat
KOI
dGVKO<f)dvTr]rOl,
/Cat
7TplOKpipLVOL
/XCTCl
Ta^^t? /cat p,r) a/catpot, CTTCt cfoi Tou SiKaGTqpLOV KLvot ^loiv, Kal Trjv avrrjv SeoTTOfiTTO) alrlav cfct? ^iXaTrexdrnxovajs Karrjyo' povvTL rcjjv ttXcIgtcov /cat hiarpL^rjv noLovpLevu) to
dnoheL^cajv
/cat
7Tpdyp,a
(1)S
KaTqyopeiv
fiaXXov
-^
laropelv
rd
7T7rpayp,va,
60
Kat
jjLrjv
/cat
V pLeGO) fliv, OV fJLTjV TTLGTOjreos TrdvTcos, aAA dereog rols ottojs dv iOeXcoGLv CLKdGOVGi Trepi avTov' Gv 8' d/ctVSuvos" /cat rrpos ovSercpov intp-
p7TGrpog.
61
To 8' oAoV KiVOV /LtOt pLCpLVTJGO TToAAct/CtS' yCtp Tovro cpw /cat /xi^ Trpos" to irapov p,6vov opcov ypd<l> ws ol vvv inaLveGovral g Kat Ttp^rjGovGLV, aXXd Tov GvpLiravTos alcovog CTTo;)^acr/xeVo9 TTpos Tovs 7TLTa /xoAAov Gvyypa(f) /cat Trap* iKeivcov drraLTei tov puGdov ttjs ypa^rfs, d)S XeyrjTaL nepi
iKelvos ficvTOL cXcvdepos dvrjp tJv /cat TTappTjGias pieGTOS,^ ovhkv ovtc /coAa/ccurt/cov ovt hovXoTTpTTs oXX aArJ^cta cVt Trdcrt.** tout', t ^tTO Ga)<j>pOVOLT] Tt?, UTTCp TTCtOra? TO,? J'W cATTtSa?
"
GOV,
62
apx^'TeKTOva
cvrt
otov
OLKoSopL-qoas
ydp tov
fua^ds
T^ Octpo)
fitaros
FGH
edd.
FN
and
others.
70
HOW TO WRITE
If a person has to
all let his
1
1
HISTORY
pi
be introduced to make a speech, language suit his person and his subject, and next let these also be as clear as possible. It is then, however, that you can play the orator and
above
and not inopportune, for those involved are not court, and you will receive the same censure
in
as
ts(^^quarrelsome
of events.
Theopompus, who impeached nearly everybody in a spirit and made a business of it, to the extent that he was a prosecutor rather than a recorder
Again, if a myth comes along you must tell it but not believe it entirely no, make it known for your audience to make of it what they will you run no
;
risk
side.
In general please remember this I shall repeat it time and again do not write with your eye just on the present, to win praise and honour from your con-
temporaries
posterity so that it
full
:
for
present your bill for your book to them, " He was a free man, may be said of you
man were
sensible, he would value above all present hopes, ephemeral as they are. Do you know what the Cnidian architect did.-*
UapaLTOvlav, 7Tay)(aXe7TOv ,
cSs"
<j)acnv,
ovoav Kal
d^VKTOv
ovofjua
^ et
ns ijXTreaoL is rd epfxara.
pikv
ot/coSo/xT^cjas
Kara
iTTiXp^croLS
Se rirdvcp Kal
rrdvv
im-
OTTep
Kal
iyivero,
(jvvKTTeaovpLva
fxev
"
rco
p^pta/xart
rd ypa/x/xara
TrXojL^opLevwv .**
iKcjiairquoyievov Be,
hios
Oeols
oz)S'
GojrrjpcrLV
rcov
ovTcos
iKLvos is Tov Tore Kaipov ovBi rov avrov pLov rov oXiyov icopa, dAA' etV rov vvv Kal
fiivrj
avrov
rexvr].
X/317
63
roLwv Kal
ttjv
ovv rep dXrjdeX jJidXXov irpos rrjv piiXXovaav eATrtSa rjiTcp ovv KoXaKeia rrpos ro rjSv rols vvv iiraivovpiivoLS. ovros croL Kavojv Kal orddpLrj loropias
hiKaias. Kal et pukv aradp,i^aovrai nves avrfj, v dv cxpi Kal els Beov rjfxlv yiypairrai' el he /xt}, KeKvXiGrai 6 ttlOos iv Kpai/eioj.
^
d<f>vKTov
Solanus
d<f)evKTov
MSS.
72
HOW TO WRITE
HISTORY
beautiful work of all, that a beacon-light might shine from it for sailors far over the sea and that they might not be driven on to Paraetonia, said to be a verydifficult coast with no escape if you hit the reefs. After he had built the work he wrote his name on the masonry inside, covered it with gypsum, and having hidden it inscribed the name of the reigning king. He knew, as actually happened, that in a very short time the letters would fall away with the plaster and there " would be revealed Sostratus of Cnidos, the son of Dexiphanes, to the Divine Saviours, for the sake of them that sail at sea." Thus, not even he had regard for the immediate moment or his own brief life-time he looked to our day and eternity, as long as the tower shall stand and his skill abide. History then should be written in that spirit, with truthfulness and an eye to future expectations rather than with adulation and a view to the pleasure of present praise. There is your rule and standard for If there will be some to use this impartial history. standard it will be well and I have written to some purpose. If not, well I have rolled my crock on Cornel
: :
HiUIi
^
73
THE DIPSADS
A description of some curious fauna of the leads to flattery. The piece is introductory.
Libyan desert
nEPI
1
TtJs"
TQN AIYAAQN
vona
i/jdfJijjLOS
At^vrjg
to,
yfj
SiaKCKavfievT],
TTeSivr)
aKapTTOS,
<f>vr6v
ttoXv, aKpi^ws dnaGa, ov yXorjV ov iroav ov ovx vSwp e-)(ovaa, ^ t ttov apa iv kolXols
p7]iJLOS
inl
avvedTTjKos verov oXiyov XeliJjavoVy Trap^i) /cat rovro /cat hvacjhes, ovhk ttolvu Snpa>vrL avOpwiTcp TTorLjiov. doiKTjrog yovv ian 8ta ravra' t] ttcos yd.p dv OLKOLTO dvripiepos ovrco /cat ir)pd /cat d<f>opos ovaa /cat TToXXw TO) avxfjLcp TTLC^oiJLevrj ; /cat to OoXttos 8e avTO /cat o dr^p KOfjLLhfj Trvpajhr^s /cat <f)Xoyp69
(jjv
/cat
7]
ipdfjLfjLos
rrjv
x<^p^^
tl6t]gl.
TapdfjLavTcg [jlovol TTpoaoiKoi ovrcs, evcrraXes Kal Kov(f)OV edvos, dvOpajvot GKiqvLTai, diTO O'qpas rd TToXXd ^ojVTCS, ivlore ovroi ia^dXXovcn drjpdcrovdfx<f>L rponds rds ;^et/i.6/)tm9 /xaAtara, vcravra rov Oedv rrjp-qaavreg, onore ro ttoXv tov /cau/xaro?
apeadelr)
/cat
r) 7)
ipdixfiog
voTtadeLrj
/cat
djX7]y7rrj
pard
re rcov arpovdcov rwv p,eydXajv ;(a/Ltat rourcov /cat TTiBriKcov fidXiara Kal iX()>dvTa}v ivlore' ravra ydp fjiova 8ta/)/cet Trpog ro Sli/jos Kal dve-)(rai inl TToXv raXaLTTCopovjJLeva vird ttoXXco Kal ofct to) Kal o/xa? ol Tapdfjiavreg 7rt8av to, crtrta rjXLCi).
yivoLTO.
/cat
dijpa
he
iariv
ovcov
dyplojv
KaravaXcocrajGLV drrep eyovres d(f)LKovro, dTreXavVOVGLV OTTtCrCO v6v SeStOTCS" fir] a(f)LGLV Tj ijjdlXfJLO?
76
THE DIPSADS
The south
all flat
of Libya
is
part, completely infertile, land, devoid of green shoots and grass and
most
growing things and water, except perhaps for a standing pool left by the rain and this is turbid and stinking, unfit even for a very thirsty man to drink. For this reason the country is uninhabited for who could live in a land so wild, arid, and barren, oppressed by continual drought ? The very heat of the sun, the downright fiery hotness of the air, and the temperature of the seething sand make the country
near by a slim, agile the most part by race, tent-dwellers, living sometimes cross into the country on hunting. They hunting forays, generally about the time of the winter solstice, after waiting for rain, when most of the heat has abated and the sand, now damp, can be trodden after a fashion. They hunt for wild asses and the ostrich, monkeys a great deal, and an occasional elephant. Only these animals can stand the thirst and endure for long periods the pressure of the ffreat fierceness of the sun. Nevertheless, as soon as the Garamantes exhaust the food they have brought >vith them they drive for home, for fear that the sand
live
for
77
rat
fxera
rijg
aypas.
a^VKra yap
dvaGTTaaag
Xapelv
Vjjuv Svax^prj elvai Sofet tov Xex^f]aofxevoVy Kal St* o (f)VKTa TrdvTOJS rj X^P^ iKelvrj. epTrera yap TTOiKiXa /xeye^et t /Lteytara /cat
rJTTOv
TrX'qOeL TrdpiTToXXa Kal ras" piop(f)ds dXXoKOTa Kal TOV lov dixaxoL eTrtve/xerat ttjv yrjv, ra jxev VTTO^pvev ixvx^ t"^? i/jdjipLOV, ra 8e dvoj Xt'CL, <j)CoXVOVTa eTTLTToXdCovTa <f)vaaXoL Kal dcrTrtSes" Kal ep^tSi'at Kal Kpd(TTaL Kal povTTp-qGTeis Kal dKovTLai Kal dp,(j)ioPaivai Kal SpdKOVTeg Kal CTKopTTLcuv yevog SiTTOVf TO fjiev eTcpov CTTLyeLou TL Kal Trel^oVy VTTepjxeya Kal voXvGcfyovSvXov , OaTcpov Se Ivaipiov Kal TTTqvov, vfievoTTTepov 8e ota rat? dKpiai ^ Kal rerrtft Kal vvKTepicri ra Trrcpd. rotaura opvea
rroXXd
TTjV
4:
eTTLTreTOfxeva
SeivoTaTOU cop tj ov Trdvv [xeyas, tov lov Trax^S, TO Srjyp,a ^iaios, ;\;tSi7^ opLOLOs, oSwa? /xer dXrjKTOVs indycDV evOvs' KKaLL re yap Kal crq7TL Kal n Lfiirpacrd at iroiel, Kal ^oajaiv wGTTep v TTvpa KeLfievot.. TO Be fidXioTa fcarailjdfjLfjLOs
Sn/jdg icTLv,
6(f>Ls
oLKpiai
Boohart
iKTiai
MSS.
78
THE DIPSADS
may heat up again and become difficult and impassable
and they and their spoil perish together as though caught in a trap. There is certainly no escape if the sun draws off the moisture and becomes excessively
hot it soon parches the land. Its rays are made keener by the wet and are all the more intense, wetness being fuel to the fire. Yet all the points I have mentioned the heat, the lack of water, the desert, the infertility will seem to you less unbearable than what I am going to
to
be
completely avoided.
Crawlers of
live
many
in the
country.
underground hiding in holes in the sand; others crawl on the surface puflP-adders, asps, vipers, horned snakes, ox-beetles, darters, double-ended snakes, pythons, and two kinds of a big multi-jointed one that crawls on the scorpions a winged one that flies, though its wings and ground,
live
Some
of
them
are of
bats.
membrane like those of locusts, cicadas, and The number of these flying, winged creatures
make
that part of Libya difficult of access. terrible reptile of all that the sand
the dipsad, a snake not particularly big, Its bite is strong and its resembling a viper. poison is thick, causing immediate and lasting pain. It bums and corrodes and sets on fire and its
victims scream as
if
lying on a pyre.
But what
is
79
Kal
KaraTpv^ov
ra>
avrovs
Klv6
ccrrtv,
o^wvufiov
vnepPoXijw,
TTO-dog
epTrcrio.
Supcjai
yap
els
Kal to Trapaho^orarov ^ oacpvep dv TTLVwGif roaovTO) fidXXov opiyovrai rov ttotov' Kal
7]
oi58'
dv o^eaeids ttotc to Bli/jos, ou8* iqv tov NetAov avTov Tf TOV "laTpov oXov K7nLv Trapdaxyjs, dXXd ^ 7TpooKKavaLa9 irrdpSajv ttjv vooov, wairep dv ct 5 TLS iXaio) TTvp KaTaa^ewvoi. Xeyovatv laTpwv TTolhes iKLV7jv TTjv aiTiav etvaL, na^vv tov lov ovra 7TiTa Scvofievov tco ttotco o^vklvtjtov ylyvcaOai, vypOTepov ws to clkos KadiaTdp,vov
6
Kal inl ttXclgtov S lax^ 6fxevov. *Eyco iJLv ovv ovScva tovto TTcnovdoTa ctSov, pLTjSe, CO deol, thoLfJLL ovTO) KoXa^ofievov dvdpcoTrov, oAA' ovSe 7TPr)v T^s" AtjSurys" to Trapdnav V TTOUov, 7TLypap,p,a hi rt rJKOvaa, o /xot tiov
Talpwv T(,9 eXeyev avTos ttI (tti^Xtjs dveyvwKevai, K Kl^v7)s i(f>y) d-TTLlOV dvhpos ovTOJS diTodavovTOS
.
is AlyVTTTOV TTapd ttjv pieydXrjv ILvpTiv noLeludaL evda Srj ra^oj TTjv TTopelav ov yap elvai dXXojs.
7)'i6va
onjXrjv itfyeaTavai SrjXovaav tov oXidpov tov TpOTTOV KKoXd<f)dat, ydp iiT* avTjj dvOpojirov p,iv TLva olov TOV Tai^aAoi' ypd<f)OVGiv iv Xifivrj iorrajTa Kal dpvofxevov TOV vSaTos, cos ttlol bijdev, to
Tr]V SupdSa ifi7T(f>VK6s avTco TTcpLCGTTeipdadat, tco irohi, Kal Tivas yvvoLKas vSpocfyopovoas dfjLa TroAAas" KaTa)(Xv to vhcop avTOV' rrXiqaiov
Br^piov he
<f)7)v
irpoacKKavofias L. A. Post
-npoatKKavatLs
MSS.
8o
THE DIPSADS
particularly wearing
and exhausting is indicated by the reptile's name.^ Its victims suffer agonies of thirst, and, strangest of all, the more they drink the
greater
is
their
longing
increases enormously. It is impossible ever to quench Even if you gave them the Nile itself or their thirst. the whole Ister to drink, you would only add to the
burning by watering the disease like trying to quench a fire with oil. The doctors say that this is because the thick poison flows more easily when wetted by drinking and becomes more liquid, naturally enough, and so spreads over a greater area.
myself never saw anyone so affected and I pray never see a human being tormented in this way but then I have never set foot in Libya, I am glad to say. I have heard of an inscription which one of my friends said he himself had read on the
I
I
may
;
tombstone of a man who had died in this way. He said that on a journey from Libya to Egypt his route passed the great Syrtis gulf, the only way he could There on the shore right by the water's edge he go. found a grave with a stone on it revealing the manner of death. There was a man carved on it looking like Tantalus in the paintings, standing in a lake and
scooping up water, obviously to drink it, with the animal, a dipsad, wound round his foot clinging tight a number of women were fetching water and pouring it
;
Dipsad means
8i
Orjpdv
rovs
yyp(i<f>dai
/cat
8c
rrpos
TOVTriypafifxa
avro
elirelv,
Tota TTadovT
Kai AavaoLO Kopas roZov ^ ttlOov ovk dvaTrXTJaaL alkv irravrXovaas v8po(f)6pcp Kajxaro).
Ti Kal
(Ls
oAAa
errq
rerrapd cgtl rrcpl rojv wcjv, kol avrd iS'^)(dr}, dXX* ovKeri jxe/cat
iaTTOvSaKauL
irepl
/cat
avrd
rat
dXXd
ov ydp exovau Kepafxevetv 8ta ro el 8e /cat fieydXa evpedeirj, /cat TTtAot ylyvovTai 8vo k rod cpov iKdorov to ydp 7)iJLLTO[jLOv iKarepov dTTOXpojv rfj K(f)aXfj ttlXos 8 iariv. cKel tolvuv Xox^jctlv at Sn/jdSes rrapd ra (hd, /cat TTihdv TTpoaeXdrj 6 dvdpcxjTTOS, k ttjs i^epTTVGaaat SdKvovoL rov /ca/coSat/xora* ifjdjjLfjLOV o 8e TrdG^eL KLva rd fxcKpov efXTTpoodev elpiqfiiva
0.77'
ijjdfJLfJLOV
TTivwv
act
/cat
fidXXov
Sufiojv
/cat
TninrXdpievos
ovhiiTore.
Ata TTpog Nt/cav8pov rov TTOLrjrrjv Ste^rjXdov, ovS^ ottcos Vfiels pidBoire <1)S OVK dfieXes yeyevqrai fxoL (f>vaL rcov AipVKcov larpcov ydp dv fidXXov 6 eiraivos epTTerojv etSeVat.
TauTt ov
fxd
(fjLXorLfjLovjJLevos
etrj,
avrd
Kal
rrjs
TTpos
(f>iXiov
dr]pi(x>hr]
ovuav
ofiOLOv
SvGXpdv7]r
ri Kal
rrjv
et/cdva
82
THE DIPSADS
which I said the Garamantes hunted. There was also the inscription, which I may as well add
:
Such were the sufferings, methinks, of Tantalus too, Never to still hot venom's racking thirst, Such the jar Danaid maids ne'er filled. Though ever drawing water with unending toil of
carrying.
There are four more lines about the eggs and how he was bitten as he took them, but I can no longer remember them. The neighbouring tribes collect these eggs and prize them, not only for eating. They use the empty shells for utensils and make cups from them (they cannot work in earthenware because the earth is
all sand). Any big egg they come across is made into two caps, either half being big enough to fit a
man's head. It is there then that the dipsads lie in wait hard by the eggs. When someone approaches they creep out of the sand and bite the poor fellow. Then follow the torments I mentioned just now continual drinking, increasing thirst without relief. It is certainly not to rival Nicander the poet ^ that I have given these details, nor to let you see that I have not neglected the natural history of the reptiles of Doctors would win more approbation for Libya. this they have to know these things so that they can use their skill to resist the disease. No, I think I feel towards you in the name of friendship do not resent the comparison from animals as those who are
Nicander's poem, Theriaca, is an account of snakes and other poisonous creatures and gives remedies for their bites.
^
ras
"rov
MSS.
83
olov
eKelvoL
TrdaxovGi
Trpos
ro
ttotov
oi
Sr)xOVTS VTTO rrjg Stj/raSos". oaco yap dv iirl TrXdov irapioj is vp,ds, roGovrcp pidXXov opdyofxai,
TTpdyfjiaros, /cat to Sli/jos dcr^erov UTre/c/caterat /cat eot/ca ovhi* ifjLTrXiqaeGOal 7tot rod tolovtov /xot, TTOTOV. fidXa lk6tcds. ttov yap dv ovto) 8ttSet
rod
/cat
t S'q)^dL9 /cat
Kadapo) vSaTL VTVxoLp,i; cSare avyyvcjTe avTos n^v ifw)(r)v r^hioTCp tovto) /cat
tco
Si^y/xart
ep,(f>opovp,ai
t17
vyLeLVOTaTCp
VTTodels
;^av86i^,
fJLOVOV
flTJ
TW
KpOVVCp TTjV
K(f)aX'qV,
-xyd^loav
TTjv
GTTOvSrjv Tjjs aKpodoecos Kex^^voTa tl /cat SnjjcjVTa /caraAtTrety a>S" hli/jovg ye evcKa tovjjlov TTpos VfJLas ovbev dv c/ca>Au Triveiv del' Kara yap
Tov
cro(l)6v
84
THE DIPSADS
bitten by the dipsad feel towards drinking: the oftener I appear before you the more I long to do so ; thirst unquenchable inflames me and I think I shall never be sated with such drink. How could it be otherwise ? Where else could I find water so transparent and pure ? Forgive me then if my soul too
has been bitten with this most sweet and health-giving and I dip my head into the spring and take my fill with open mouth. I only pray that your flowing streams may never fail nor your ready, eager listening ever be spilt me while I am still agape and still athirst.
bite
As
far as
my thirst goes, my thirst for you, nothing me drinking for ever. As the wise Plato
is
never too
much
of what
is fine.
85
SATURNALIA
A dialogue between Cronus and Lucian in the guise of Priest of Cronus leads to the giving of laws to govern conduct at the Saturnalia, Cronus's own festival. Subsequent correspondence between Cronus and Lucian and Cronus and the Rich clears up some points of a practical nature.
TA nP02 KPONON
lEPETE
1
Kp6v, yap eoiKag oipx^LV to ye vvv elvai Kal Gol redvraL Kal KeKaXXUprjraL Trap* rjfjiwVy tl dv /x-oAtcrra inl rcov Upcov alrijaag Aaj3ot/Ltt 'napa
'^Q.
crv
gov;
KPONOi:
KaXd>9 ex^t, iaK(f)6aL o tl Kal fjLavTLV a/xa ideXeug etvai TOP dpxovTa, ctSeVat tl gol '^Slov alTclv. eyoj 8e ra yc SvvaTa ovk dvavevGcu irpos ttjv ev)(r)v.
fiev
ere
TovTO
avTov
GOL cvKTeov,^ el
pLT)
lEPETE
ipco yap ra KOLvd TavTL Kal XP^^^^ ttoXvv /cat ^ ScGTTOTrjv etvaL Kal dvSpaTroSa noXXd dypdjv KKTrJG9aL Kal G97JTa9 evavdelg Kal /xaAa/cas" Kal dpyvpov Kal eAe^avra Kal ra aAAa oirooa TLjXLa. TOVTOJV OVVy <L dpLGT Kp6v, StSoU p,OL, d)S TL KaL
'AAAa
rrdXaL eGKefjLjJiaL.
Kal
Trpox^Lpa
ttXovtov
avTov diToXavGaL ttjs Grjg dpx^js /xt^Sc dfioLpov etvaL p,6vov avTOV Std TravTog tov ^lov.
KPONOE
2
*Opas;
ov
/car'
ret
ifxe
tovto
7JT7]Gas.
ov
yap
TOLavTa. a)GT firj dxOov, el ijjLov SLavefieLV dAA' atret Trapd tov Aid?, aifTcov, dTVX''^cr^i'0'9
^
88
to
whom we
CRONUS
is for you to have decision what to pray for, unless you expect your king to be a diviner as well and know what request would please you. As far as lies within my power I shall not deny your prayer.
PRIEST
I shall decision was made a long time ago. ask for the usual, obvious things wealth, a lot of gold, to be lord of an estate, to own many slaves,
My
clothing, bright-coloured and soft, silver, ivory, and everything else that is worth something. Grant me dearest Cronus, so that I too some part of this,
my
may
profit
life
whole
from your reign, and may not spend as the only one who gets no benefit.
CRONUS
my
There!
That request
if
is
beyond me.
It is
not
mine to
discontented
dpx^
TrepiiXOr] ixer
oXiyov.
iyw
7rrd
7TOV
S*
7Tt
fJLev
prjroLS TrapaXajji^dva) rrjv Svvacrreiav. rjpLepcov rj Trdora ^aoiXeLa, koI riv eKirpoyevcofiaiy
S'j^fjLov
deGfxos
tovtcjov
tStajn^s"
1?.
evOvs
aurats"
elpLi
/cat
Tov TToXXov
Tat?
oaoOai
/cat
jjlol
crvy/cep^copT^rat,
ttlvLV
nai^eLV /cat Kvpeveiv /cat dp^ovras jSoav Kadiordvai ^ /cat rovs oiKeras evoj^^elv /cat yvfjuvov aSeiv /cat Kporelv VTrorpepLovra, eviore he /cat c?
/cat
7tI Ke<j)aXrjv wOelodai du^oXcp Kexpi-crTO TrpoaojTTOv, ravra e^eZrai /xot TTOielv. rd jxeydXa he cKeXva, tov ttXovtov /cat ro -)(pvaioVf 6 T^evs hiahihojaiv ols dv edeXrj.
vhojp ijjvxpov
fxevov
lEPETE
3 'AAA*
ouS'
eKetvoSy
Kpove,
TTpox^lpaJS.
pLeydXrj
ttj
ey<h
y*
ovv
tJBtj
dTTiqyopevKa
6 8* ovk CTratet to Trapairav, (fywvfjy alyiha eTTiaeicov /cat rdv Kepavvov eiravareiv6p.evos hpifiv evopcov eKirX-qTret rovs evoyXovvras. rjv he irore /cat eTTLvevcrrj rivl /cat TrAoucrtov TO dKpiTOv ivTavda, /Cat Tous" dya^ous" TTOLTJ, TToXv eviore /cat avverovs d(f)els 6 he irapiTTOvjjpois re /cat
oAAa
Tr]v
avoT^TOts"
Tj
dvhpdai TTeptx^i rdv ttXovtov, /Ltao-Ttytats" dvhpoyuvois ToZs TrXeioTois avTcov. ttXtjv Ta ye aol hward ideXoj elhevai TtVa TavTa gtlv.
KP0N02
4
Ov
(jjs
fiLKpd oXojs ovhe TravTairaoLV evKaTa^povrfTa Trpos TTjv hvvap.Lv e^erdl^eodai rijs avp.7Tdarjg
dpxrjs
et p^rj
90
SATURNALIA
sovereignty comes round to him, as it will I take over the kingship on set terms. My entire reign is for seven days ; the moment this period is over I am a private citizen and, I suppose, one of the common herd. But during the seven days I have agreed to conduct no business whatever, not even in the market. What I may do is drink and be drunk, shout, play games and dice, appoint masters of the revels, feast the servants, sing stark naked, clap
when the
do presently.
and shake, and sometimes even get pushed head-first face smeared with soot. into cold water with Such great gifts as wealth and gold Zeus distributes
my
to
whomsoever he
pleases.
PRIEST
But even Zeus, Cronus, is not ready or openhanded in his gifts. At any rate I've shouted for them till I'm worn out, yet he doesn't listen at all. No, he shakes his aegis and brandishes his thunderbolt with a fierce stare and terrifies those who bother him. If ever he does nod assent to anyone and make him rich, there is a great lack of discrimination about it. He sometimes passes over the good and wise and lavishes riches on wicked and stupid people, most of them criminals and effeminates. But the things you can do these are what I want to know.
CRONUS
They are not entirely of no importance or altogether contemptible when judged in relation to the power of my entire empire unless you think it
Kadiaravai.
Hakn
Kadiardv
Kadiaraadat
FN.
91
aAAots"
rrjv
c?
rrjv
fiovdSa
KvXiofjLevov
rod
i^dba virepdvoi det (j>aiv(jBai. TToAAot yovv is Kopov diTO rod tolovtov CTTcatrtaavrOf ols tAcco? /cat <f>op6s 6 kv^os eTTLvevcrcL' ol 8c /X7raAty yvfivol i^emj^avro avvrpi^evros avrols TOV OKd<f>OVS TTCpL OVTOJ fJilKpix} Cp/XttTt TOJ KV^Cp. /cat pLTjv /cat 7TLlv is TO rjBLcrrov /cat wSiKcLrcpov oAAou Sd^at aaat ^ cv to) avp,7TOGicp /cat Sta/covoufjLevojv Tovs [JLV dXXovs is to vScup ip.7rGlv TOVTO yap roimiripLiov ttjs olSc^lov Sta/covta? oe 8c dvaKTjpvxBrjvai, koXXlvlkov /cat rdOXa ^ipadaL TOV dXXdvra opas rjXtKOV to dyadov ; crt /cat ^aotAca p.6vov i<f>^ aTrdvTwv ycviaOai Tip daTpaydXcp
Kv^ov
Gol
KpaTTjoavTa,
pxLTa
/cat
ws
iiriTdy-
ala)^p6v
Tt TTcpt
he.
yvfjivov
opx^aaadai
pieXOeZv
ptW T^?
dpdp.vov
raura
TO
8ciy/LtaTa /xcyaAoSojfjLJjhe
^17 dXrjdrj
^ipaiov
amaoct, dyvcopiov tov TauTO hiavip^ovra TTOtT^o-ct? dpoii' azVoj' c/xc oXiyoxpoi'Lov T7]v dp)(riv e^ovTa. tovtojv 8* ovv d
ylyvecrdai, ttjv TOLaurr^v jSaotActai^
/Ltot
8uvara
/cat
8oi;p'at,
aSctv
ci)?
Tcuj'
TO) Kpavva>.
lEPETE
TlTdvOJV dpLGTf TCJV p,eV TOIOVTIDV Ol) Gv hk dXX iKLv6 /xot aTTOKpivaL, o /xoAtora 8co/j,at, inodovv ct8cVat, /cat /xot t]v cittt^s" auTo, iKavrjv
'AAA*,
^
MS.
ifia other
MSS.
92
SATURNALIA
trivial to
win at dice, and when others are rolling At singles always to be turning up sixes yourself. any rate many men have got themselves more than
enough to eat in
and generous nod. Then again, there are those who have swum out to safety without
a stitch of clothing when their ship has foundered die's tiny reef. Again, to drink the most delightful drinks, to be acclaimed a better singer in your cups than the next man, to see the others who serve at table with you thrown into the water as the penalty for their clumsy service while you are proclaimed victor and win the sausage as prize do you
on the
see what a blessing that is ? Again, to become sole king of all with a win at the knuckle-bones, so that you not only escape silly orders but can give them yourself, telling one man to shout out something disgraceful about himself, another to dance naked, pick up the flute-girl, and carry her three times round the house surely this is proof of my generosity ? And if you criticise this kingdom as not real or lasting you will be unreasonable when you know that I myself who dispense these blessings have the sovereignty for only a short time. So do not hesitate to ask for any of these things which I can give you: gaming, lordship of the feast, singing and all that I have enumerated, in the assurance that I shall not in any circumstances frighten you with the aegis and the thunderbolt.
PRIEST
Why,
best of Titans,
But answer
me
*
this
ifoi dpcLfievov
N;
Trapa/xevov T.
93
OLTToSeSajKajs
dvTL TTJs
dvdiaSy
TOL
XP^^'
KPONOL
'Epcora
t6x<*}.
fJLOvov.
dTTOKpLvodfiat
ydp^
riv
ctSo)?
lEPETS
To
d
iiV
TTpcoTOV
KLVO, 1
7Tpl
GOV dKovofiev,
VTTO TTJs 'Peas', iKLin] 8e vcjieXoixivr] rov Ata XiSov V7ToPaXXofJLvr] dvrl rov Pp(f)Ovg e8co/ce gol KaraTTielVy 6 Se els rjXiKtav d<j>iK6iJLevos c^TJAaoe g TTJs dpx^js TToAe/xoj KparriGaSy elra is rov Tdprapov /cat to o-u/x/xap^tcj)pojv cvejSaAe jreSiJGas avrov re Kov diraVf ottogov jxerd gov Traperdrrero
.
KPONOE
Et
ixrj
lopTrjVf
J)
ovTOSi
^
TjyofjLev
i(f)Lro
/cat
XoihopeiGOai
roZs
i^ovGias,
)LLOt,
yvoJS
TOiavra
/cat
ovro)
TTpeG^VTrjv deov.
lEPETE
l^pove, ov Trap oAA' 'Ho-toSo? /cat *'0[xr]pos, okvco /cat ot aAAot drravTes dvdpcuTTOL
Kayo) ravra,
co
ifiavrov
(fyrjjJLL,
KP0N02
6
Otet
vyids
yap
Tt
^
rov
TTOip.iva
Klvov,
rov
dXa^ova,
Se
ovtcds.
TTcpl
p,ov
ctScVat;
a/coTret
XoiBopetadai
N:
ScopeiaOai T.
94
SATURNALIA
if
you
tell
me
I
it
will
sacrifice
and
release
for the
shall
answer* if
happen to know.
PRIEST
whether what we often hear about you is true, that you ate up Rhea's children, but she put Zeus out of the way, substituting a stone for you to swallow down instead of the child then, when he grew up, he beat you in war and drove you from the sovereignty he took you to Tartarus, put fetters on you and all the allies who sided with you, and threw
This
first
:
you
If
in.
CRONUS
it
were not
festival-time,
my
man, and
if
you
weren't allowed to get drunk and cheek your masters with impunity, you would have found out that I'm allowed to be angry at any rate asking such questions and showing no respect for a grey-haired
me
PRIEST
Now don't say this on my own, Cronus. Hesiod and Homer say so; I'm not sure that I should tell you that the rest of mankind too believes pretty much the same about you.
I
CRONUS
imagine that that shepherd, that impostor, has any sound knowledge of me ? Look at it this
95
Do you
Svearr]? wv dcre^el aSeXcfyco TrepiTreacbv 7Jg9l ; el Tovro jJLavelr], ttws dyvoT^aei Xidov dvrl pp(f)ovs eGdicoVy el jxtj dvdXyrjrog eij] rovs ohovras dAA* oijre eVoAe/LtTjcra/xev ovre 6 Zeus' j8ta ttJv dp)(rjv, eKovros he fjLOV vapaSovrog avrcp /cat on fiev yap ovre TreTreSrjfjLaL VTTeKordvTos y dp-)(ei.^ ovre ev rep Taprdpco elfxl, Kal avro? opag olpuai el
Tts"
Kal
,*
jjLT)
lEPETE
7
Tt 7Tadd)v
Sc, CO
Kpove,
KPONOE
ro p.ev oXov, yepcuv tJStj Kal <f>pdG(x). vtto rov ^povov wv. hio Kal TreTreSrJGdaL TToSaypog eiKaGav. ov yap rjSvvdfJLrjv ScapKelv jie ol TToXXol
*Eyc6 GOL
TTpog ovrco tto^tjv rrjv dSiKLav rcjv vvv, dAA* del dvadelv ehei dvco Kal Kara) rov Kepavvov SLrjpfxevov
rovs 7n6pKov9 ^ lepoGvXovs ri ^laiovs Kara<j)Xeyovra, Kal ro Trpdyfia Trdw epycoSes "^v Kal veavLKov. e^eGnjv ovv ev ttolojv rep Att. Kal
aAAoiS" he KaXctJS e)(eiv ehoKet [xol hiaveifiavra rols
avrov evw^^eiGdai ra ovre rols ev^opievoLS XPVH'^' rl^ovra ovre vtto rcbv rdvavria alrovvrcjv evoxXovfxevov ovre ^povrojvra rq dGrpdirrovra ^ ;^dAa(^av
naiGlv
TToXXd
ovGL
rrjv
dp)(rjv
i(f)*
y]GV)(^ias
(trj
n'q Tt?
0.
. .
tJv
.
da^i
B:
ct
tJv daejSei
...
^v
dae^fia
dBX<f>a>
(aSeA^oiv
d>v
Q)
:
TACl
H.
Jacobitz
Kal
Mras.
96
SATURNALIA
own free will, unless he were some Thyestes fallen foul of an impious brother ? Suppose he were as mad as this then how would he fail to recognise he was eating a stone and not a No, child, unless he had no feeling in his teeth? there was no fighting, nor does Zeus rule his empire by force I handed it to him and abdicated quite That I am neither in chains nor in voluntarily. Tartarus I suppose you see for yourself, unless you are as blind as Homer.
eating his
way
would any
man
(I will
own
children of his
PRIEST
Why
CRONUS
it was because I was you. old and gouty owing to my years. That is why people suppose that I had been put into chains. I hadn't the strength to deal with all the injustice of the present generation, but I had to run up and down with my thunderbolt at the ready, setting fire to perjurers, temple-robbers, or men of violence; the whole business was very strenuous and needed a young
I will tell
In brief
So I abdicated, thank goodness, in favour of Zeus. Besides, I thought it a good idea to divide the kingdom between my sons, and for myself to spend most of my time in quiet enjoyment of the good things of life, not engaged with people making vows or annoyed by those who make contradictory requests, neither thundering nor lightening nor
man's energy.
^
Trjv apxrjv
o.px^'-
T:
apxciv N.
97
VOL. VI.
rovs dvdpcoTrovs olos 6 7T* ifxov ^los, OTTore dairopa /cat dm^pora Trdvra i(l)Vro avrols, ov ardxv^s, aAA' TOip,os dpros Kal Kpea eor/ceuacr/xeVa, K'at o olvos eppei
TTorapirjhov
/cat
Trqyal
/cat
aya^ot yap
Tj
-^crav
alria rij? oXiyoxpovLov ravrrjs SuvacrTetas", Kal 8ta Tovro diravTaxov Kporos /cat (hhrf /cat TratSta Kal iXevdepoLS. /cat tcroTt/xta Traat /cat hovXois
ovhels yap
iir*
ifiov BovXos
ifv.
lEPETE
8
^ ctV 'Eya> 8e, cL Kpove, Kal rovro eiKaCov to ^ K Kal hovXovs Tou? <j>iXdvdpoiirov rrehorpi^as rod pLvdoV KLVOV 7TOLLV 0 TLfJLCOVra TOVS TOL kol avrov hovXevovra, opiOLa TrdoxovraSf are
. p,p.V7]piVOV TTJg TTeSr)?
KPONOL
Oif Travarj
Eu
Aeyets",
iravcrop^ai.
TrXrjv
en
fxoL
rjv
Kal
tols
TO add Jacobitz.
98
SATURNALIA
having to throw hail occasionally. No, I live this pleasant life of an old man, drinking stiff nectar and chatting with lapetus and my other cronies, and Zeus is king with all the worry. Nevertheless I thought it best to filch these few days on the terms I mentioned, and I take over the sovereignty again to remind mankind what life was like under me, when everything grew for them without sowing and without ploughing not ears of wheat, but loaves readybaked and meats ready-cooked. Wine flowed like a river, and there were springs of honey and milk for everyone was good, pure gold. This is the reason for my short-lived dominion, and why everywhere there is clapping and singing and playing games, and everyone, slave and free man, is held as good as his neighbour. There was no slavery, you see, in my
time.
PRIEST
had assumed from the story that Well, Cronus, this humanity you showed to slaves and those in chains was to do honour to men whose sufferings had been like your own, since you yourself had been a slave and you were remembering your chains.
I
CRONUS
silly talk.
PRIEST
You
are
right.
will
it
stop.
TTcSoTpijSas
two
late
MSS.
TratSorplj^as
other
MSS.
99
Kat /xaAa, ov
a)G7Tp Vjxlv,
fiT]
raXdvrojv ye /cat yLvpidhojv KapVOJV rO (JbdyLGTOV, (hs dvidodai riTT7]divTa firjSe SaKpveiv del duirov
jjltjv
Trepl
dXXd
7Tpl
lEPETL
ye eKeZvoi iTOLOvvres. virep rivos yap dv /cat eirerrevov avrol oXoxpvcroi ovres ; (hs eycoye et /cat jjLera^v Xeyovros gov roiovSe ri evevorjaa' Tts" va rcov dvSpiov eKeivcjv ra)V p^pucrr^Aarajv es Tov Tjiierepov rovrov fiiov dyaycjv ehei^e rols ^ ddXios vtt* avrcov ; TToXXoZs, Ota eiradev dv 6 hieaTrdaavTO yap dv avrov ev ofS' otl einhpapiovTes woTTep TOV Ilev^ea at MauvdSes ^ at Oparrat tov 'Op^ca ^ TOV A/cratcova at Kvves, Trepl tov to puepos vpog diXXijXovg l^ieiCov drreveyKaadaL eKaoTOS dpiiXX(jjp,evoi, ot ye ouSe eopTd^ovTeg efco TOV <f)LXoKepSovs eloLV, dXXd irpoaohov ol ttoXXoI
Ei5
7re7T0Lr)VTaL
TTfV
eopTi^v.
Xr]OTevovTes ev tco ovpiTToaLcp tov? ^iXovSy ol Se ooi re AotSopowrat, ovhev Seov, /cat tov? kv^ovs ^ owTpi^ovaiv dvauTLovs ovTas avTols cov eKovTes 9 7TOLOVGLV. aTttp etTTC /XOt Kal To8e* Tt Soy TTOTe dppos ovTOj deo? wv Kal yepcov eTTiXe^dfievos to
dTepireGTaTOV , oiroTe tj )(^Ld)V 7re;^t ra ndvTa Kal 6 poppas TToXvs Kal ovbev o tl ov iTemriyev vtto tov Kpvovs Kal ra hevhpa irjpd Kal yvfxvd Kal dcfivXXa Kal OL XeLjJLCoves dp.op<j)OL Kal dinqvOr^KOTes Kal ol
TS,
ICX>
yeyqpaKoT7]VLKaVTa
SATURNALIA
CRONUS
Certainly. But not for talents and thousands of drachmas as you do. No, nuts were the highest stake. Then there was no heart-break if a man was beaten, or floods of tears because he alone had lost the price of a meal.
PRIEST
What could their stakes be they were when they were pure gold themselves? But while you were talking I thought of something suppose one of your men of beaten gold had been brought into our world for everyone to see, what a bad time the poor wretch would have had at people's hands They would have certainly rushed at him and torn him limb from limb, as the Maenads tore Pentheus, the Thracians Orpheus, and the dogs Actaeon, vying
!
How wise
off
Not
even at festival-time are they free from greed for Indeed most of them have made your festival gain. a source of revenue. Some of them go off and rob
banquet others revile you when they ought not and smash the dice, which are certainly not responsible for what they do of their own
their friends at the
;
free will.
But tell me this as well why, when you are such a soft-living god and old at that, have you chosen the most unpleasant time of the year, when the snow covers everything, the North wind is strong, everything is frozen, trees are withered and bare and leafless, fields are ugly and without bloom, and men are bent like old, old men, most of them hard by the
:
o add. Jacobitz.
icujSepvouy
F.
Id
KPONOi:
HoAAci
/x
avaKpivLS,
co
ovros,
rjSrj
Triveiv hiov.
yovv jjlov xpovov rrjs ioprrjs ovk oXlyov ov TTOLW avayKola p,oi ravra 7rpoG(f)iXoao(f)Ci)v. a)orr vvv pikv d<f)S avrd. euco;;^<j6/x^a Se rjSr] /cat
TraprjpTjaaL
Kporajfiev /cat eVt rfj eXevOepia -^817 ^cjjjlcv, etra TTcrrcvajficv is to dpxcuov iirl Kapvojv /cat jSao-tAeas" ovroj yap )(iporova)p.v /cat ireidapxoJixev avrols.
<f>7]aL
TroAt/XTratSaj
Scipatv
Tneiv,
cS
rjSda.
wore
Trivwyiev.
yap dnoKeKpLGaL Kal rd Trpojra. /cat jLtot 80/ca) ypaipdpLevos els ^l^Xlov ravnjv rjpLwv rrjv gvvovalav a re avros rjpcvrrjaa /cat <tu npos ravra
IXecJS
daoi
y enaKovaaL
<l>iXiov,
KPONOSOAaN
10
TaSc XeyeL KpovoaoXojv lepevs Kal 7rpo<f)'qr7]s rov Kpovov /cat vojjLoderrjs rdv d[L^\ rrjv eopr-qv. *^A fJLev rovs Trevrjras XPV '^oielv, avrols eKeivoLs eirepL^a dXXo Pl^XCov, eyypdi/jas, Kal ev otS* ort
/cd/cetvot rols vofjLOLS, t] aurt/ca evo^oi eaovrai rols inLripLLOis, a Kara rd)v direidovvTuyv p,eydXa cjptcrrat..
ciMfievovat.
102
SATURNALIA
stove?
The season
is
CRONUS
are asking me a lot of questions, my man, when I ought to be already drinking. In fact you've robbed me of quite a bit of my festival with all these
You
completely unnecessary speculations. So let them be for now and let us enjoy ourselves, clap hands, and live on freedom's terms at this festival-time.
Then
let's dice in the old way for nuts, vote for our kings and obey them. So I will prove the truth of the proverb which says that for old men there comes a second childhood.
PRIEST
Well, Cronus, never may anyone who doesn't approve of what you say be able to get a drink when he is thirsty Then let us drink Your first answer was quite enough. I think I shall write down this conversation of ours in a book, both what I asked and what you so kindly answered, and I'll give it to my friends to read, at any rate those who deserve to hear what you have said.
!
CRONOSOLON
Thus says Cronosolon,^ priest and prophet of Cronus, and giver of laws for his festival. What the poor must do I have written in another book and sent to them, and I am well assured thai they will abide by the laws, or else they will at once be liable to the severe penalties appointed for disobedience.
1
Named
103
Se,
CO
i^ofjL'qcrrjre /xi^Se
fidrcov.
COS"
Gems' dv ovtoj
terra)
ovros
tov els vopioOerov dpLeX^acov oAA Kpovov avroVy 6s /x TTpoetXero vopLodeTTJaai is TTjv ioprrjv ovk ovap eTnards, oAAa Trpcprjv iyprjyoport vapyr)S crvyyevopLevos. "^v 8c ov 7TS'qT7]S
ovK
epLOV
ouSc avxP'OV TrXeojs, otov avrov ol Cci>ypcL(/>ot Trapd rojv Xrjpajv tu)V TroLTjrcov Trapahe^dp^cvoL cttlSclkvuvraif oAAa rrjv p,v dprrqv elx^v irdw red-qyp^evrjv.
rd S' oAAa ^atSpos" re "^v koI Kaprepos Kal paaiXiKcos iveoKevaaro. pLop(f)7jv pLv roioG^e axfydrj Se efTTC, vdw BeoiriaLa kol ravra, vpoeLprjfioL, d
adai
11
vplv
a^ta.
pL
'IScov
Ci)(J7Tp
ydp
cLKos
GKvdpcjTTOv, CTTt ovwoLas j8a8tfovra, avTLKa rrjv aiTiav "^v dcov, cyvoj
rrjs
/cat
XvTTTjs
ris
iari
hv(r)(paivoipii
ov
rrjv
ireviav
pLOVOx^rcDV
ydp Kpvos
OTt
/cat -x^LCJv
oAA*
/cat poppas ttoXvs /cat KpvcrraXXot. iyd) 8e rJKLora 7r<f>pdyp,r]v irpds avrd' /cat TTJs iopTYJs Trdvu rrXrjoui^ovarqs
dvocooL
/cat
evoyxriooivraiy
eoprdcnpia
/xot
ovra.
/cat
8rj
Se
/cat
8tac7et(7as',
axjirep
cS
TTpoGireXdt.eiv
(X)
etojOe,
Tt
raura,
^17,
KpovoaoXwVf
<f>r}v,
dvux)pLva)
eoLKas ;
Ov ydp
/cat
d^LOv,
/cat
SeGTTora,
dvdpcoTTOvs
drav
Karapdrovs
fiev
p,Lapovs
rpv(j)U)vras opcS,
7TiTaihvp,vo}v
dXX* ovSe
(7U, cj
VTrepirXovTOVvras puovovs /cat oAAot avxvol ra>v diTOpLa /cat dfirj^avLa avveapicv; 8ec77roTa, OcXcls iravaai ravra /cat
avros Se
X04
SATURNALIA
But you who are rich, see that you do not transgress the law or hear these commands amiss. Who-' ever acts otherwise, let him know that it is not I, the lawgiver, whom he slights, but he does injury to
his festival,
Cronus himself, who has appointed me lawgiver of appearing before me in no dream, but conversing with me in bodily shape the other day when I was fully awake. He was not in fetters, nor was he shabby, as the painters show him, following the ravings of the poets. No, he had his sickle full-whetted he was all radiance and strength, and his garb was that of a king. Such was his appearance when he was seen by me. What he said equally showed his divinity and may be told you by
;
me morose and walking deep in thought, he knew at once, as became a god, the reason for my grief, namely that I was cross because of my poverty, having but a single cloak, not enough for the season for it was cold with a strong north-wind, ice and snow, and I had little defence against these things and then since the festival was almost at hand, I saw other people getting ready their sacrifices and feasts, and I had little that makes for festival-time. Well, he came up from behind, took me by the ear, and shook me (his usual way of accosting me), and said ** Why " are you looking so dovmhearted, Cronosolon? " Haven't I every reason, master, when I see disgusting and filthy rogues unbelievably rich and alone leading a comfortable life, while I and many another educated man know poverty and despair as companions? But even you, master, won't put a stop to these things and make a more equitable
Seeing
;
; :
way
of preface.
TrpooTreAo^eiv
Guyet
npoaciKd^etv
MSS.
105
6^17,
a Se iari rrjs ioprrjsy TTavop9wao[xai vpuv rr)v ireviav. rj 8e eiravopOioais Wiy cS l^povocroXcov , koL ypdi/jov jjuol yjSe eorcj'
Tojv dXXojv M-Oipcov TTaax^re,
VOfJLOVS TLvdg,
fJUT)
Kad* avroifs ol ttXovglol ioprd^oieVy Koivojvolev AAA' ovk otSa, (f)7]v. he vpuv TOJV dyadojv.
12
'Eyco, rj 8* 69, StSafo/xat o-e* /cara dp^dpuevos ebiBa(TKv. efra iTreihrj TrdvTa TjTTLdTdpLrjv, Kat t7r ^ avTOLS, ^cfyq, otl riv pLrj tovto ttoicogl, purj fidTTju
TavTqv o^etav 7rpL(j)po}, iq yeXolog tov puev Trarepa c/crojatav TreTTOLrjKw? tov Ovpavov, TOV9 8e ttXovcjlovs purj vvovx^C<^^ ottogol dv TTapavofJi'qaojGLVy ojs dyelpoiev Tfj purjTpl gvv avXoL9 Kal TvpLTrdvoL^ ^dKrjXoL yv6pLVOL. TavTa
iyoj TTjv dpTrqv
dv
etrjv
r)7rtXr)GV.
vpXv
pbrj
napa^aLveLv
Tovs deopLOvs.
1.
NOMOI npnTOi
dyopalov pnqTe Ihiov TTpdT7]
13
MrjSeva
Tt.v
piTjSev /xi^re
oGa
/cat
oipOTTOLol
piovoi
TrepLpLaTovpyol
/cat
evepyol ecrrojcrav.
/cat 'IcjoTtjLita TrdoLv Gtoj /cat TTevrjGL /cat ttXovglols.
SovXoig
iXevOepois
purjBevl
^Opyit^Gdai
egCGTOJ
.
7}
dyavaKTLV
drreLXeZv
XapLpdveiv
add. Solanus.
106
SATURNALIA
arrangement." Generally speaking," he said, " it's not easy to change the lot that Clotho and the other Fates assign you, but as far as the needs of the
"
go I shall set your poverty right. This is how do it go, Cronosolon, and write me laws on conduct during the festival, so that the rich may not festival but share their good things with keep private " " I do not know the laws," I said. I will you." instruct you," said he, and he set to. Then, when " I had learnt them all, he said, And tell them that if
festival
I
shall
they are disobedient it's not for nothing that I carry I should be a fool to have this sharp sickle here castrated my own father, Uranus, and yet not make eunuchs of the rich who break my laws, making themi servants of the Great Mother ^ and collectors for her, complete with flutes and cymbals." That was his threat. So you had better not transgress his or-
dinances.
1.
FIRST LAWS
to do any business, public or private, during the festival, except what pertains to sport, luxurious living and entertainment: cooks and
is
No one
Let every man be treated equal, slave and freeman, poor and rich. No one may be ill-tempered or cross or threaten
anybody. No one
Cronus.
may
107
rov dpyvpov tj rrjv iodrjra cfera^eraj avaypa^lro) iv rfj ioprfj fjurjSe yvfivaCeadcu K.povLOLS pLTjhe Xoyovs ddKelv -^ eTnheiKvvGdai,
MTySetS"
L
TrXriv
TLves
doreloL
.
koI ^atSpot
cr/ccDja/xa
koL
TTaihidv pi(j)aivovTes
2.
NOMOI AEYTEPOI
14:
Yipo TToXKov rrjg eoprrjs ol ttXovoiol ypa(f)6vro)V rwv ^i\ix)v rovvofia, jiev- is TTivoLKiov Ikolotov
ixovrojv Se /cat dpyvpLov eroipLOV ogov tcov /car* TOS TTpooiovTCOV TO Sc/caTOV /Cat iadrjra rrjs ovGrjg
TTjV
TrepLTTrjv
/cat
0(717
rraxyrepa
-^
/car*
avrovs
KarauKevrj,
/cat
tcov dpyvpcov
ovk oXiya.
ravra
jjLev TTpox^t'PCi'
eoTTOj.
8e 7Tp6 rrjs iopTTJg Kaddpoiov fxeu rt nepL/cat VTT* avTCtjv i^eXavveadoj e/c rrjs ot/cta? <f)peG9co
T^
fxiKpoXoyia
/cat (fyiXapyvpua /cat ^iXoKephia /cat oaa Toiavra dXXa avvoLKa rols TrXeiaroLS avrcov.
'ETretSav Sc Kadapdv rr^v ot/ctav i^epydacjovrai, dvovrojv Att ttAoutoSott; /cat *^pP'fj SwropL /cat
'ATToAAcavt fieyaXoSwpcp
.
Etra
15
Gcf)LGi
TTept
SelX-qv
oifjlav
dvayivayaKeadoj
p.kv
Se
TO aurot
KaTaVL[JLavr9 (J)lXlk6v KLV0 TTlvdKlOV. /car' d^iav iKdarco irplv tJXlov SvvaL
^tAots".
r^
TTefjLTTOvrwv rots
ot Be dTroKoyii^ovTes
ot,
/xiy
TrXelovs
rpicbv
TJSrj
rerrdpajv,
.
TnorToraroL
tojv
iyypai/jdadco 8e is ypap,/cat OGOV, COS fXT) TTejJLTTOfieVOV fxdrLOV avrot dyi(j)6rpoi VTTOTrrevoLev rovs SiaKOfjiL^ovras Se ot OLKeraL fxtav /cuAt/ca eKaaros inovres dirorpeXOVTCJV, diraiTOVVToyv 8c firjSev rrXiov. Tot? TrcTTatOLKerojVy
TrpeajSurat
TL
TO
108
SATURNALIA
during the
list his silver or clothing nor take part in athletics, nor practise public-speaking, nor deliver lectures, except wits and jolly fellows purveying jokes and entertainment.
No one may
inspect or
festival,
2.
SECOND LAWS
Long
name of each of their friends, and shall hold in readiness the cash value of a tenth of their
tablet the
yearly income, any surplus clothing they possess, furniture too crude for them, and a good proportion of their silver. They shall keep this ready at hand.
fice shall
the day before the festival a purificatory sacribe carried round, and they shall purge their houses of meanness, avarice, greed, and all such vices
that dwell with most of them.
On
they have purified the house, they shall Zeus the Giver of Wealth, Hermes the Bestower, and Apollo of the Great Gifts. Then in the late afternoon, that list of friends shall be read to them. They shall divide the gifts according to each man's worth, and before sunset send them
sacrifice to
When
to their friends.
The bearers
shall not
exceed three
or four, the most trustworthy of their servants, well advanced in years. The nature and quantity of
what
is
slip,
that neither
party may suspect the bearers. Each servant shall drink one cup and then run off and make no more
demands.
To men
109
SiTrXdaLa
irdvra
rrefjiTreadoj'
rots'
d^iov yap
hiixoipiras elvai.
CO?
rd Se inl
hcjpoLs Xeyojxeva
/xcrptcarara
fjir^Sels
he
rd
TrefXTTOfieva.
l^povLOLs
TTe/xTTCTcu /XT^Sc
iartdTco
els
laoTLfjLov.
rdJv
to
fxrjSev
Et Tts" TTepvoLv aTroSrjficov 8t* avro dfioLpo? KareaTTj, aTT-oAa/xjSaveroi KaKclva. AiaXvovTixJU Se ot TrAouo-tot /cat XP^^ vnep rwv rdJv irevriTOJV /cat rd ivoiKioVy olrives dv <f>iX(i)v
KoX rovro 6<j)iXovrs KarapaXelv fxrj xojgl. /cat oAcD?, TTpd TToXXov fieXdroj avrols etScVat otou
fidXiorra
Sdomai.
16
^ArreGroi 8e /cat rcbv Xapi^avovrojv /x/xj/rt/xotpta, otvov /cat TO TrefJLcfydev ottoZov dv tJ, jiteya SoKelro).
dp,(f)Opevs
/Lti7
ri
Xayojs
t)
o/)i'ts
yeXwra
<f>eperojGav.
*AvrL'7TejJi7Teraj
Gvyypafijxa ottoIov dv koX rovro XapL^avero) 6 ttXovglos ttow ^atSpoi rep TTpoGcoTTCp /cat Xa^chv dvayLvojGKeroj evdvs. ''Hv 8e dTrojdrjrai iq aTroppLi/jr) , tGrcu rfj rij?
hvvrjrai,,
dpmqs
ol 8e
dTTeiXfi evoxos a>v, Kdv Trepupr} doa expTJv. aAAot ot jiev Gre(f)dvovSf ol 8e Xi^avojrov
TTefJLrrovrojv.
XdvSpovg
*Hv
8e
TrevTjs
eGOijra
rj
no
SATURNALIA
be sent; they deserve a double share. The messages with the gifts shall be as modest and brief as No one shall send an odious message with possible.
them, or cry up what is sent. Rich man shall not send to rich
festival
man
or at Cronus 's
entertain anyone of equal standing. He shall keep nothing of what is already prepared for sending, nor change his mind about a gift.
Anyone who the year before missed his share through absence shall be given it now as an extra
gift.
The
rich shall
pay debts
for their
impecunious
friends (including their rent if they owe this too and cannot pay). In general they shall make it their
business
to
know
is
their
greatest need.
Those who receive shall not complain, but think A jar of wine, a gift, whatever it is, generous. hare, or a plump bird shall not be reckoned a gift for Cronus's festival, nor shall Cronian gifts be laughed at. In return the poor scholar shall send the rich man any pleasant, convivial, old book he may have, or a work of his own, the best he can. The rich man shall receive this gift with a glad countenance and then read it at once. If he rejects it or throws it away, he shall know that he is liable to what the sickle threatens, even if what he sends is adequate. The other poor recipients shall send garlands of flowers
the
or grains of frankincense. If a poor man sends clothing or silver or gold beyond his means to a rich man, his gift shall be de-
III
Kovra,
3.
NOMOI STMEOTIKOI
17
Aoveadai /xev oirorav to gtoix'^iov i^dirovv rj, rd 8e TTpo rov Xovrpov Kdpva /cat Treoool earoicrav. KaraKetada) ottov av rvxjj eKaarog. d^twpLa
"q
yevos
ri
rrXovros
oXiyov
Triveiv
rj
cruvreXeiroi
is
TTpo-
vofX'qv.
diravras^
iJLrjS*
earo)
rep
vXovalcp
/car*
^
oSvvT),
(x)S
p^ovov St'
yioipa Kpix)v
pLTjhi
loov aTracnv.
ol Sta/covot
7rapa7Tp,7rGdojaav
OTTooa XPV dTToefyepeiv. /xrySe rep pLv /xcyoAa, rep Sc Kop^iSfj pLLKpd TTaparLOiadoj, /xr^Se rep p.ev 6 Se rj yvdOos cruos", oAA' loorrjs 7rt firjpos, rep
TrdaLV.
18
*0 olvoxoos o^v heSopKerejj iK irepiexjirrls eKaarov, /cat eXarrov is rov SeaTTorrjv, /cat o^vrepov aKovirejj, /cat kvXlkcs iravrolai.
i^earex)
is
ctt'
/cat
7TapXLV,
rjv
rLS
iOiXr),
(j>iXor'qGLav .
rrdvres
irpoTTiovros
rod ttXovglov.
pjTj
iirdvayKes eGreo
7tIvlv, tJv
ns
Svvrjrai.
'Es"
ro GvpnTOGiov
^
KudapLG-
Kar Schaefer
koL
V: om. N.
112
SATURNALIA
clared public property and sold, the money going into the treasury of Cronus and the poor man on the next day shall receive from the rich man strokes on his hands with a cane to the number of not less than
;
fifty.
3.
The time
be nuts and gaming. shall take the couch where he happens to be. Rank, family, or wealth shall have little influence on privilege. All shall drink the same wine, and neither stomach trouble nor headache shall give the rich man an excuse for being the only one to drink the better
Each man
have their meat on equal terms. The waiters shall not show favour to anyone, but shall neither be too slow nor be dismissed until the guests choose what they are to take home. Neither are large portions to be placed before one and tiny ones before another, nor a ham for one and a pig's jaw for another all must be treated equally. The man who pours the wine shall keep a sharp eye on each guest from a vantage-point ; he shall pay less attention to his master, and his ears shall be sharper than usual. The cups shall be of all kinds. It shall be permissible to pass a loving-cup, if desired. Everyone shall drink to everyone else, if desired, when the rich man has set the example. No one shall be made to drink if he cannot. It shall not be permissible for anyone who wishes it
"3
i^ioroj,
jjv
ns
to oXvttov
cttI rrdaiv.
lierTevercDGav 7tI Kapvojv. rjv rig in apyvpLco TTerrevar}, aairos c? 'rqv varepalav Graj. Kat jLtcvercu /cat aTrtrco eKaaros, oirorav povX-qraL. 'Ettciv he roifs OLKeras 6 ttXovglos vajxfj> ^^^i" KovovvTCJV Kal ol (jyiXoL crifv avrw.
Tov9
vofjLovs
Tovrovs
iyypdiljavTa is x^^^W ^'^Xrjv ;^etv iv ixeaairdra) Set 8c elhivai on Kal dvayivojaKiroj TTJs avXrjs, ear* av avrrj r) gttJXt] p^ivri^ ovre Xifios ovre
Aot/xos"
tCrt(TtV
IMTj
ovr
L9 TTjV OLKLaV
yivoiTO
ovre dXXo ;^aAe7roi' ovhev 8e 7TOT OTTCp aVTOiS rqv Kadatpcdfj, aTTorpOTraiov ola TreiGOvrai.
TTvpKaXd
.
EniSTOAAI KPONIKAI
1.
19
*Eyypa^tv
St^AcSi/
iv
oh
pLOVOS dpiOLpos elvaL ttJj ioprrjs, 7]v iTnjyyeXKa?, crt Kal rovTO TTpoodels piep,vrjp,ai ydp aXoyatrarov elvai
ctrjV
KLvbvveVOLfJLl
rovs
vnepTrXovTCiv Kal Tpv(f>dv ov piV TjpLCov KOivcovovvrag ojv ^xovgl rots TrevcGripoLg, rovs 8e Kal ravra Kpovlcuv iveGTwrcov. XipLcp hia(j>9ipeGdaL , CTTCt 8e pLOl Tore OuScV dvT7TGTLXag, rjy7)GdpLrjv 8etv avdis dvaixvrJGal g tcov avrcov. ixPV^ 7^9 G, CO dpLGTC KpOVCy TO dvLGOV TOVTO d^^XoVja KOL
rd dyadd
^
is ro
piCGOv aTraot
<(aAA')>
Karadivra irrcLra
fMavdavovra.
L. A. Post proposes
dpn
"4
SATURNALIA
to
cases to
what
is
money he
shall
day.
shall stay and go as he likes. a rich man gives a banquet to his servants, his friends shall aid him in waiting on them. Every rich man shall inscribe these laws on a slab of bronze and keep it in the centre of his hall, and read them. And it must be realised that as long as this slab shall last neither famine nor plague nor fire nor any other harm shall come to their house.
When
Each guest
May
it
For
!
if it is,
Heaven
avert what
in store for
them
wrote to you earlier telling you what my position was and how my poverty made it likely that I alone should have no share in the festival which you proI
claimed, adding this, I remember, that it was most unreasonable for some of us to have too much wealth and live in luxury and not share what they have with those who are poorer than they while others are dying of hunger, and that too when the festival of Cronus is Since you sent no reply then, I have thought near. it necessary to remind you of it again. You ought, my dear Cronus, to have abolished this inequality, made the good things accessible to everyone, and
"5
cog 8e
vvv
exojJLev, ixvpfjuiq^
7)
7Tapoi[jLLa
(l)'qGL.
fjidXXov 8e
rpayiKov
V7TOKpLTr]v
iworjcrov darepco /xev rolv TTohoiv icf)* oloi elon rpayiKol /xjSarat, o 8* viJjrjXov ^e^rjKoray erepos avvTTohrjTOS eorco. el roivvv jSaSi^ot ovrojs
e-)(ajv,
opas
on
avayKaZov avrw
dpn
pikv infjr]Xcp,
dvLGov
tvx'tjS
evrpaycohovoiv r]pu,Vy ol ttoXXol 8e Kal xP'p.ai ^ahi^opiev hwdp^evoi dv, ev ladi, TTe^fj avTOJV VTTOKpiveodai /cat hia^aiveiv , el pLT} x^Zpov res Kal r)p,ds eveoKevaoe TTapairXr^oiojs eKeivois. KatVot aKovu) rcov iroi-qrcjv Xeyovroiv co? to 20 TToXaiov ov Toiavra tjv toZs dvOpwirot? rd TTpay/xara GOV en piOvapxovvTOS y oAA' rj p.ev yfj doiropos Kal dvripoTOS e(j>vev avroZs rd dyaOd, SeZTTVOv eroip^ov eKaaro) eg Kopov, Trora/xot 8e ol fxev olvov, ol Se ydXa, elal he ot Kal fieXi eppeov. to 8e ixeyLOTOVy avTOVs eKeivovs <j)aol tovs dvOpwirovs XpvGOVs elvai, ireviav he pirjhe to Trapdirav avToZs TrX-qoLa^eLV. rjp^eZs 8e avTol p,ev ovhe fioXv^Sos dv elKOTCJS SoKolrjiJLev, dAA* et tl Kal tovtov aTLpLOTepov, 7) Tpo(f)rj 8e pLerd ttovcov toZs TrAetcrrots", TTevca 8e Kal diropia Kal dpLrj^avLa Kal to ot/xo6 /cat TO TTodev dv pLOi yevoLTO Kal w ttjs tvx^S TroAAa TOiavTa TTapd yovv rjpZv toZs Trevrjai. Kal TjTTOv dvy ev lgOl, rjVLCjpeda dv en avToZs,
Xoprjyovarjs
'T)
el
pLT) TOVS irXovoiovs ecopcopiev TOoavTTj evhaipiovia avvovTaSy ol togovtov puev xP^^^^y togovtov he dpyvpov eyKXeiGdp,evoL, eGdrjrag he ocra? exovTes, dvhpaTToha he Kal C^vyrj Kal GWoiKiag Kal dypovs, 116
SATURNALIA
then bid the festival begin. As we now are it is a " case of ant or camel ", as the saying has it.^ Better still, imagine a tragic actor with one foot on something high, like a tragic buskin, and let the other be unshod. Now if anyone were to walk like this you can see he would have to be up in the air at one moment and down again at the next according to whichever foot he is putting forward. Inequality in human life is the same some put on the buskins which our producer Luck supplies and strut the human stage, but the rank and file of us go unshod on the earth below, though we could play a part and stride the boards no worse than they, you may be sure, if anyone had decked us out like them. Indeed I hear the poets saying that things were not like that in old times when you were still lord. No, the earth produced its good things for the folk without sowing and without ploughing, an ample meal ready to each man's hand; the rivers flowed some with wine, some with milk, and others again with honey. And, above all, they say the men themselves were gold and poverty was nowhere near. As for us, we could not even be thought of as lead, but something meaner, if such there be and for most of us food is won with toil; and poverty, "how want, and helplessness, and "alas!", and " and such can I get it ? ", and "oh, what bad luck exclamations are plentiful, at least among us poor. We should be less distressed about it, you may be sure, if we did not see the rich living in such bliss, who, though they have such gold, such silver in their safes, though they have all that clothing and own slaves and carriage-horses and tenements and farms,
: ;
!
i.e.
117
Kpove, Kal
i(l>*
d(f)6pr]rov -qyovfjueda
ro TTpdyixa,
rov
aXovpylScov KaraKLfjLvov roaovroLs dyadoZs ivrpv(f)dv ipvyydvovra /cat vrro rcjv avvovrojv v8aLixovLl^6fJLvov del ioprd^ovra, ifxe 8e Kal
iJLV
et nodev d^oXol reaaapes dprcuv yovv rj d\(f>ir(x)v yevoLvro, KadcvSeiv Kapbapiov r^ Ovfiov 'q ipLTTeTrX-qafJievoL roivvv ravra y co Kpove, KpoiMfxvov 7nrp(x)yovrS r) diXXdrrLv Kal pLeranoLeLV is ro laoSlaLrov, rj ro vararoVy avrovs y Klvovs KcXeveiv rovg ttXovaiovs jMr) fxovovs drroXaveiv rcov dyadcov, dXXd dwo
e-)(OLpLV
.
fieSlpLvcov
roaovrcjv ;(puo-tou p^otVt/ca ye rjpLcov Trdvrwv KaraaKeSdaaL, dno Se IpLariojv oaa kov VTTO cnqrcbv hiaPpiodevra ovk dv avrovs dvidcreie' ravra yovv Trdvrws dTToXXvfxeva Kal vno rod Xpovov SLa(f)dapr)a6fieva rjfjuv Sovuai TrepL^aXeoOai fjLoXXov -^ ev rals Koirais Kal Kiarais evpwrL
7ToXXa> Karaaarrfjvai.
22
Kcu fJLTjv Kal SetTTVi'Cetv eKaarov dpri piev reauapaSt dpri he nevre rcov Treini^rwv 7TapaXap,pdvovraSi /lit) p,evroL is rov vvv rpoirov rcov SeLTTVojVy oAA' is ro Srjp^orLKcorepov , cu? ctt' icrqs /xT;^tv diravTas Kal p,rj rov p^ev ip,<j>opeLo6at, rwv oipcuv Kal rov OLKenqv TrepipLeveiv ear air a, ear* dv
dTrayopevGT]
iadlcov,
icj)*
rjp,ds
Se
iXdovra,
en
rrapaoKeva^opievojv eTTi^dXoLpev rrjv ^eipa, 7rapap,L^ea6aL Sel^avra p,6vov rrjv XoTrdSa iq ocrov iarl rod TrXaKovvros ro Xoittov pLT)he iaKopLLodevros vos hiavep^ovra rco p,ev SeanorT] Il8
d)S
SATURNALIA
each and all in large numbers, not only have never shared them with us, but never deign even to notice ordinary people. This is what sticks in our throats most of all, Cronus, and we think it an intolerable thing for such a man to lie in his purple clothes and gorge himself on all these good things, belching,
receiving his guest's congratulations, and feasting without a break, while I and my sort dream where we can get four obols to be able to sleep after a fill of
bread or barley, with cress or thyme or onion as a So either, Cronus, change the situation and give us instead of our present lot an equal share in
relish.
life, or,
men stop
their
solitary enjoyment of the good things and out of all their bushels of gold throw down a measure for us
and out of their clothing give us what would be them even if it were eaten by moths it will be completely destroyed and ruined by time in and tell them to give it us to wear before any case letting it rot in their boxes and chests with mould
all,
no
loss to
everywhere. Tell them, moreover, to invite the poor to dinner, taking in four or five at a time, not as they do nowadays though, but in a more democratic fashion, all having an equal share, not one man stuffing himself with dainties with the servant standing waiting for him to eat himself to exhaustion, then when this servant comes to us he passes on while we are still getting ready to put out our hand, only letting us glimpse the platter or the remnants of the cake. And tell him not to give a whole half of the pig when it's brought in, and
olvoxoois
{Jlt]
irepifjieveLv ,
melv
Tov ohov 8e avrov Trdai rols avfXTTorais va rov avTOV etvat ^ ttov yap yeypd<f)da.i rovrov TOV vofxov, TOV fiev dvdoafJLLov piedvGKeoOai^ ifiol Se VTTO TOV yAeu/cous" hiapp-qyvvadaL ttjv yaa/cat /cat
Tepa ;
23
''Hv raura iTravopdcLar^s /cat fieTaKOGfjuTJar]? , co fjiev rov ^lov, ioprrjv Se rrjv ioprrjv t 8e fjLrj , eKelvoL (727 7T7T0Lr]K(x)S, pikv iopraCovrcju,
Kpove, pLOv
ij/xets"
Se Kadehovp^eda evxopbevoL, cTrctSav XovodpiejLtev avrois dvarpeipavra rov dpu(j>op.a /card^at, rov p,dyeipov 8e rov ^wp,6v KVLaojGaL /cat 7riXa96p,vov ro rdpu^os /xev es" rrjv ^ ^ ip^^aXelv (f)aK'fjv rrjv Kvva Se TrapeidTreaovcrav rov T dXXdvra oXov /cara<^ayetv, rrepl rdXXa rwv
voi '^KCDGL, rov TTolSa
oifjOTTOLOJV i)(6vra)v, /cat /cat rov
TOV Se vv
Xa(j>ov /cat
rd
SeA<^a/cta /xerafu
TO opLOLov TTOielv, ovep *'Op,'qpos Trepl rcov *HAtou Poiov <f)r]oi, p^dXXov Se p,r] epireiv pLovoVy dXX* dvaTrqhijaavra (j)vyLV els ro opog avrols oj3eAot?* /cat rds opveis Sc rets 7ra;^etas",
07TT(x)p,eva
KairoL
dirrepovs
rjSrj
ovaas
/cat
/cat
ccr/cevacr/xeVa?,
p-r}
ravras, d)s
other MSS.
pLovoL
(fyaKTjv
2
K(f>aXrjv
After
MSS. read
roiv IxOvujv
(F om.
tcDv):
del.
Guyet.
120
SATURNALIA
the head as well, to his master, bringing the others bones covered over. And tell the wine-servers not to
on one request to pour it out and hand it to us at once, do for their master. And filling a great cup as they let the wine be one and the same for all the guests where is it laid down that he should get drunk on
wine with a
fine
bouquet while
must burst
my belly
on new
stuff?
If you correct and adjust this, Cronus, you will have made living really living and your festival a real If not, let them have their festival, and we festival. shall sit on our haunches praying that when they have
come from the bath the boy will turn up the wine-jar and break it over them, that the cook will burn the
soup and in a fit of absent-mindedness put the fish in the pudding, and that the dog will rush in and eat
all the sausage, while the scullions are busy with the other preparations, and half the cake as well that while the pork and the venison and the sucking-
up
pigs are being cooked they may do what Homer says Helius's cattle did^*^ or rather not only just
crawl, but
and all
jump up and rush to the mountain, spits and that their plump birds, although already plucked and prepared for serving, should take wing and go off likewise, so that they may not enjoy them
;
by themselves.
1
Homer, Od.
xii,
396.
121
"0 Se 817 /LtaAtCTTa dv avrovg dvidaiy to ^ikv ^pvGLOv jjLvpjjLrjKas TLva^ OLOvs rovs ^IvSlkovs dvopvTTOvrag K T(x)v Orjaavpiov K(f)pLv vvKTCop is ro SrjiMOGLOV Tr]v ioOrjra Se oXiycjpia tcjv CTTt/xcAi^TaJv KoaKLVY]S6v hearerpvirqaS ai vtto twv
^eXrLGTWv jxvwv, ws
hia(j>epiv'
Gayrjirqs
TTOiSas
8e
avrcov
Kop.riTa.Sy ovs ^YaKLvdovs rj 'A;^tAAcas' ^ NapKiaaovs 6vop,dl^ovGty /xera^u opiyovras G(f)LGL to k~ at VTroppeovorrjs ttjs Kop^rjs 7TCx)p,a (f)aXaKpovs ylyveaO Kal TTOjycjJva <f>vLv o^vVy olol claiv iv tols Koypup^ hiais ol a<f>r)vo7Ta)yajvs y Kal to irapd toZs KpoTdXduLOv Kal ndw Kdpra eKKevTovVy to pLera^v <l>OLS he XeZov Koi yvp,v6v elvai. Tavra Kal ttXclw TOVTCOV cv^aipLcd^ dvy t pLT] OeXcjoL TO dyav <f>iXavTOV TOVT d<f>ivTS is to kolvov 7tXovtlv Kal
/LicraStSovat rjpuv
twv
/xcrptcuv.
2.
Tt Tavra XrjpeiSy a> ovtos, ipLol nepl tcov Trapov25 Tiov eTnareXXwv Kal dvaSaGp,6v tojv dyaOajv ttolclv KeXevcjv ; to Se eTepov dv 117, tov vvv dp)(ovTOS.
yap el p,6vos twv aTrdvTwv dyvwaoets (hs iyoj pikv TToAat paoiXevs o)v TrcVau/xat rots' iraial Stavet/xa? t7]v dp)(rjvy 6 Sc Ztus" pidXiGTa tcjv
davpAl^oj
TOLOVTCov CTTt/LtcAetrat. Tct he r)p,eTpa TavTa p^expfTTeTTCJv Kal KpoTOV Kol (pSrjs Kal pLe6r)Sy Kal tovto
oil
TrXeov rjp,p6jv eiTTd. cocttc Trepl tojv p,ei!l,6vojv d^eXelv to dvi.Gov kol iK ttjs opLolas ^ (fyqs
TO add. Schmieder.
122
SATURNALIA
This in particular will cause them trouble we shall pray for their gold to be dug up from its hiding:
places by ants like those of India and carried off by night to the public treasury ; and that their clothing through neglect of those in charge should be riddled like a sieve by those fine creatures the mice, to be just like a tunny net; and that their pretty, long-haired pages whom they call Hyacinth or Achilles or Narcissus, just as they are handing them the cup should go bald and have their hair fall out and sprout a pointed
beard, like the wedge-shaped beards in the comedy, and have the part around their temples become very hairy and exceedingly prickly, and the area between them smooth and bare. All this and more we shall pray for if they will not give up their excessive selfishness and keep their wealth for everybody's good and give us a moderate share.
2.
ME
Why do you talk this nonsense, my man, sending me letters about the way things are and telling me to
a redistribution of property ? That task would I'm surelse, your present ruler. prised that you are the only one who doesn't know that I stopped being king a long time ago when I apportioned my sovereignty to my sons, and that such things are Zeus's special concern. This rule of mine doesn't go beyond dicing, hand-clapping, singing, and getting drunk, and then it's for no longer than seven days. So, as to the more important matters you mention removing inequality and
make
belong to someone
123
TrXovreZv aTroLvras
o Zeu? av xprjfjLarL-
GLV VfJUV.
Et Sc TL TCOV iK T7J9 eOpTf)S dStfCOtTO TIS "T] TrXeoveKTOLTO, ijjLOV dv ctr) St/ca^ctJ/. /cat tTTtcrreAAcej Se Tols TrXovoiois rrepl tcjv SetWcov /cat rov )(oiviKos rod ;^pucrtou /cat rcDv iaOijrcov, d)s /cat
v/xti^
7TfjL7TOLv
S"
TT^i'
ioprrjv.
cos"
St/cttttt
yctp
ravra
/cat
a^ta aurous"
Troielv,
^are,
t /xtJ rt
cuAoyov
exctJGLV.
ro Se oXov,
bo^dCovres vepl rwv avrovs oleade elvat /cat jjlovovs tjSvv nva ^lovv rov ^Lov, on SenrveLv re TToXvreXwg eariv avrois
pLcdvoKeadaL otvov rjSeo? /cat iraiolv wpaioLS yvvai^lv opuXelv /cat iadrjat fxaXaKaXg p^p^Jo-^at. ro 8e 7raia> dyvo6tT oTTOtoi^ ioriv. at t ydp (jypovrlbes at Trept toutcdv ov /xt/cpat, oAA* dvdyKT] iTTaypvTTvelv eKdarois, iir} ri 6 oIkovo^los jSAa/ceuaas" ^ V(f)X6piVOS Xddrjy fiTj 6 oho^ o^vvOfj, firj 6 crlros ^Oeipl C^orrj, iq 6 Xr)arrjs v^iXrir ai rd /C7rco/xara, TTLcrrevarr) rols GVKO(j)dvraLS 6 Srjpiog Xeyovau pur) rvpawelv avrov edeXeiv. ravra Se Trdvra ovhk ro TToXXoorov dv etrj piipos rwv dvLOJvrajv avrovs. L yovv rjTTLGraorde rovg ^o^ovs koX rds pipipwas as ')(OVOiVf Trdw dv vpXv <f>evKriov 6 nXovros
/cat /cat
27 eSofev.
avrov ovrojs dv irore ko~ koXov rjv ro TrXovrelv /cat pvpavridaat, ^aaiXeveiv y d^evra dv avrd /cat 7rapa)(^ajp'qoavra
inet roi otet
o)?
el
/x
dXXoLS Kadrjodav ISiajrevovra /cat dvexeodai vtt* dXXo) rarropLevov ; dAAct rd TToXXd ravra elScoSt
ttXovgIols /cat dpxovGi TTpoaelvai dvdyKrj, dcjyrJKa rr)v apx^jv ev ttolcov.
d roLs
124
SATURNALIA
all
you.
But any injustice or selfishness in the festival it would be for me to judge. In fact I am sending to the rich about the dinners and the measure of gold and the clothing, telling them to send you some for the festival. It is just and proper for them to do this, as you say, unless they can bring some reasonable argument against it. But in general you must realise that you poor people have been deceived and have a false view of the rich. You think that they are completely happy and they alone live a life that's pleasant, because they can have expensive dinners, get drunk on sweet wine, mix with pretty boys and women, and wear soft clothing. You have no idea what the truth of it is. In the first place these things bring no little worry they are compelled to keep a watchful eye on every detail so that the
:
steward doesn't get away with any carelessness or wine doesn't go sour, that the corn isn't swarming with weevils, that a burglar doesn't steal the drinking-cups, or the people believe the rabble-rousers when they say the rich man wants to be a tyrant. All these things, moreover, would not make up the tiniest fraction of their troubles. If you had only known the fears and worries they have, you would have thought wealth something to be avoided at all costs. Do you really think that if wealth and kingship were a fine thing I should have been mad enough to let them go and hand them over to others, to sit quietly in private life and put up with orders from another ? No, I knew about all this host of troubles which rich men and rulers have to endure, and I gave up my empire, and a good thing too.
theft, that the
125
Kat yap a vvv CTTorvtco Trpo? /xc, cos" rovg fjuev ^ iv rrj ioprij, vojv Koi TrXaKovvTCDV ifjLcfyopovfjLevovs
aKetfjai
/cat
ottolo,
icrrt,.
irpos /xev
yap to irapov
rjSv
ovK avtapov lgcds eKarepov avrcov, irpos Se ^ Tct /xera ravra epuraXiv avaarpicjieraL to Trpaypua. ?Ta vp,Zs /xev ovt Kap-q^apovvTes avaoTaL7]T av
s TTjv voTepaiav waircp eKeZvoi vtto ttjs fMedrjs ovT VTTO TTJs dyav TrXrjafxovrjs SvoivSes rt /cat KawcjSicrTepov ipvyydvovTes' ol Sc tovtojv re CLTToXavovGL Kol TO TToXv tt}? wktos ^ TTaiolv rf yvvai^lv Tj 07T0)S dv 6 Tpdyos KeXevrj ovvava(j)VpivTs vhepov ov ;^aA7rais" ri (f>d6rjv 7] 7Tepnrvvp,oviav ri GvveXi^avTO /c ttjs ttoAAt}? Tpv<f>rj^. ^ Ttva dv
avTwv
yfjpag
paSlcos
Setfat
Swato
[xr]
irdproj^
/Lt</>atVoi^Ta ;
d^LKopLevov tols ovtov irooivy aXXd firj Trl TCTTapCDV oxovfievov, oXoxpvaov p,v rd c^cu, KaTdppa(f>ov he rd evSov, woTrep at rpayiKoi iadTJTes K paKwv irdw evTeXiov croyTTepnrvevpiovias ovx opdO^ ort /cat tovtcxjv direipoi ioTe, 7] et tl /car* aXXrjv TLvd atriav (7t/xj3atVet ; KaiTOi ou8' avToZs
ri
lxOvcjv
puev
dyevaroL
* ioTLV avTo Kad* rjiJLepav /cat irepa tov iadUiv tovtojv, dXXd tSot? dv avTOvs ovtuj Kopov XaxdvcDV /cat Bvpuov opeyofievovs ivlore, cjoirep ovhk GV Tcov Xayojitjv /cat vcbv. 29 vlog d/coAaa*Eai Xeyecv doa oAAa Xvirel avTOVs TOS 7] yVVTj TOV OLKTOV ipOJGa Tj pCOp,VOS TVpOS
c/cetVots" T^Su
dvdyKrjv [jloXXov
^
'q
npog
rjSovrjv avvcov.
/cat
oAcd?
After
fi<f>opovij,vovs
Aldinus has
ioprfj.
^ Kpojijxvov tTTLTpcoyovras v T^
126
SATURNALIA
Take the noisy complaints you made to me just now, that they gorged on pork and cakes in the feasting what do they amount to ? Both of them are perhaps sweet and not disagreeable for the moment, but in the aftermath the matter is turned right round. Then, whereas you will get up on the next day without the headache their drinking gives them and the foul, smoky belching from over-fullness, they not only have the pleasure of all this but having spent most of the night in debauchery with boys or women or in any way their lechery takes them, without difficulty they pick up consumption or pneumonia or dropsy from their excessive indulgence. Again, would you find it easy to point out one of them who was not absolutely pale, looking very much Or one who reached old age on his own like death ? feet and not carried on four men's backs, all gold on the outside, but with his inside cobbled Uke the costumes in tragedy, patched up out of quite worthYou paupers never taste or feed on fish, less rags ? true enough, but don't you see that you've no acquaintance with gout or pneumonia either, or of any-
thing else that they catch for some other reason? Yet even they themselves don't find it pleasant eating this food every day beyond what they want of these dishes ; no, you'll see them sometimes with a better
have
appetite for vegetables and thyme than even you for hare and pork. I say nothing of the other things that worry them a licentious son, a wife in love with a servant, a loved one who yields because he has to and not because he
^
MSS.
:
cruyKKOfifif vai
MSS.
127
ijSy
Guyet
In MSS.
ttotc
e^eXavvovrag
KaTecfypoveZre
iirl
XevKov
8e
C^vyovs,
KX'^yo.T
/cat
TTpooKvveZre.
/cat
el
VTTepeojpdre
7TGTpe(j)ead
avTCJV
/cat
/XT^re pu'qTe
TTpos TTjv
dpyvpdv dpjxdixa^av
tcup'
puera^v StoAt-
pdre
/cat
Ip^aricov TrapaTrropievoL
to pLoXaKov
idavpudCere, oAA' eldre /ca^' iavrovs ttXovtlv, ev tare, avrol icj)^ u/xas" tdvres" eheovro ovvhenrvelv ,
ra? rpaTre^as dpdprvpos 30 17 /croons' 117. ra yc rot TrAeto-ra evpoire dv aVTOVS VpLOJV VKa KTCOpLeVOVS, OVX OTTCJS avTol
/cAtVas" /cat
ws
Xp'rjcrojvraL,
irapapvOovpiai elhdis rov piov CKdrepoVf /cat dftov eoprdt,iv ivdvpuovpievovs on /c tou ^lov pier* oXiyov dnavrag Sei^crct (XTTteVat KdKeivovs rov rrXovrov /cat u/xas" T17V Treviav
vpuds
d<j>evras.
Xop'T^v,
ttXtjv eTTLcrreXco /cat oiS* OTt ou/c
Taura
ypapupidrajv.
3.
31
vp,ds
evay^ps eTteardXKaoi pboi atrtcu/xcvot pLeraSihovai, o^lglv u)v e^ere, /cat ro puev 6X0V Tj^Lovv pie KOLvd irdai TTOielv rdyaOd /cat to
Trevrjres
pLT]
Ot
puepos
eKaarov avrcjv e^eiv. hiKCLiov yap elvaL laorip,iav KadeGrrjKevai /cat pur) rep puev nXeov, rep Se /XT^S* oAoJS" pLerelvai rcov rjSecjjv. eyd) Se rrepl
e<l>r]v
pLv Tovrojv
128
SATURNALIA
Altogether there's a great deal you don't of you only see their gold and purple, and whenever you see them riding out behind a white team you gape and do obeisance to them. Now if you ignored and despised them and neither turned to look at their silver carriage nor during conversation glanced at the emerald in their ring and touched their dress in admiration at its softness, but let them be rich for themselves alone, you may be quite sure they would come to you of their own accord and beg you to dine with them so that they might show you their couches and tables and cups, which are no use if people don't see that they're yours. In fact most of
wants.
know
find
own
you
poor people.
This, then, is the advice I give you, knowing both ways of life as I do. And it is right that during the festival you should remember that after a little time you must all depart from life, the rich giving up their wealth and you your poverty. But I shall write to them as I promised and I know they will not despise
my
words.
3.
to all and let everyone have his bit. It Avas they said, for there to be equality and not for one man to have too much of what is pleasing while another goes without altogether. I replied that Zeus would see to that better than I, but with regard
right,
common
recently written me complaining that you don't let them share what you have, and, to be brief, they asked me to make the good things
129
VOL. VI.
roiwv
iOeXoLjJLL
/xe
KaKctvovs
/XTe;^etv
rijs
CKeXevov
pLeroBovvaL avrolg, et rives irepLrral /cat TvaxvrepaL Ka6* VfJids, Kal rod ;^/)i>(7tou oXlyov einGrd^ai 'q
avrois.
el
yap ravra,
vplv
^
(f>a(JL,
dpL(f)LG^r)reLV
en
rcov dyaOcov
eirl rov dvaSaoTO TTpcjrov 8tW? o Tievs npodfj. ravrd eariv ov Trdw ;^aA7ra vplv dno roaovrojv d KaXojg TTOLOvvres ex^re. 32 Nt] Ata Kal rwv heiTTVOJV irepiy (Lg cruvheLTrvolev Kal rovro TrpooOelvaL rj^lovv rij eTTioroXfj, vpuv
8c
jLtT^,
aTTeiXovGL TTpoGKaXeaaadat.
p,6v,
67rt8ai/
wg vvv ye povovg vp,ds rpv(l)dv CTn/cActaa/xcVou? rag dvpag, el 8e TTore KdKeivoiV rivdg earidv 8ta piaKpov edeXTjoere, irXeov rod ev<f)paivovrog eveZvai ro dviapov rep heiwcp, Kal rd TToXXd c^* v^pei olov eKelvo rd pLTj rov avrov avrcjjv yiyveodai
Kal
prj
piera^v
dvaordvreg oixovrau oXov vpuv ro GvpuaAA* ovhe eg Kopov opuog TTOGiov KaraXiTTOvreg TTiveiv. rovg ydp olvoxdovg vpa>v ojonep <f)aGl rovg ^OSvGaewg eralpovg Krjpw ^e^vordai rd (Lra. rd pev ydp dXXa ovrojg alaxpd eonv, wore okvco XeyeiVy a irepl rrjg voprjg rcov Kpecjv alncovrai Kal
.
fiTjBe
Jacobitz
/xt^c
MSS.
130
SATURNALIA
to the present and the injustices they suppose they suffer at festival- time I saw that here judgment was I promised to write to you. in my hands. Now these requests seem to me to be reasonable. " " can we, shivering in this exHow," they say, treme cold and in the grip of famine, keep festival " So if I wanted them too to share in the as well ? festival, they bade me compel you to give them a share of any clothing you have above your needs or any too coarse for you, and to sprinkle on them a If you do that, they say, they little of your gold. will not even argue with you before Zeus any more about your possessions. Otherwise they threaten a summons for redistribution of property just as soon These things are not at as Zeus begins his cases. all difficult for you to grant out of all that you are rightly blessed with. Oh yes, the dinners and their dining with you they asked me to add this to my letter, that at present you gorge alone behind locked doors, and, if ever at long intervals you are veiling to entertain any of them, there is more annoyance than good cheer in the dinner, and most of what happens is done to hurt them that business of not drinking the same wine as you, for instance goodness how ungenerous that is! They themselves might well be
condemned
for not getting up and going during the proceedings and leaving the banquet entirely to you. But they say that even so they do not drink their
for your cup-bearers, like Odysseus 's comfill, panions,^ have had their ears stuffed with wax. The rest is so disgraceful that I hesitate to mention their complaints of the way the meat is apportioned and
1
Homer, Od.
xii,
173
flF.
131
hiaKovcjv,
vjJLLV
fxev
V7Tpfi(f)oprjdrjr,
Klvovs
oAAa TToAAa TOLavra jjUKpoTrpeTrfj /cat 'qKiara iXevOepoLg irpeTTOvra. ro yovv -^Slgtov /cat ovfino^ riKo)Tpov 7) laoTipLia icTTL, /cat o laohaLTTjs rovrov VKa rjyeLraL vpuv rcov ox'/x77ocrtav, cus" to laov
33
*OpdT ovv
TLfxriGCJGi
OTTcos ^rjKTi
UjLtas"
atTtctcrcorrat,
oAAd
/cat
^iXrjGcoGi
rojv
oXiycjv
ficraXafjiPdvovres' wv vpuv fxcv rq TraladrjTOS, Klvols Se iv Katpo) Trjs xpcta? r) t ou8* dv OLKecv dXXojg Socrts' dcLfivr^arog
.
voXcig fii) ovxl xal TremJTWv Gvp.7ToXiTevoji.vo)v Kol jxvpia TTpos TTjv evSaLjxovLav
SvvaLade
ras"
vpXv (TVvreXovvTCjjv , ovh* dv expire rovs Oavpidl^ovras vp,<jjv Tov ttXovtov, rjv fiovoi /cat tSta /cat vtto GKOTO) TTXovTrJTC. ISeTOjaav ovv TToXXol /cat OavfjuaudTCjaav vpLwv tov dpyvpov /cat ra? Tpairdl^as /cat
TTpOTTiVOVTCOV
(f>LXoT7](JLa? ,
jJLCTa^V
/cat
TTLVOVTCg
TTCpi-
OKOTTeiTOioav TO
K7ra)[xa
yap
TOV dv
Tjj Texvrj. irpos Ta> XPV^'^^^^ '^^^ <f>iXav6pojTrovs dKOvetv /cat tCs ydp <j>8ovLodai. V7T* avTOJV ^(jj yevrjoeoBe.
liTpLU)V
<f)doV^GL TCp KOLVCOVOVVTL /Cat SlSoVTL TUJV TtV 8' ovK dv ev^aiTO els to fnJKiarov ;
StajStcDvat avTOV drroXavovTa twv dyadojv ; ws 8e vvv ex^TCy djxdpTvpos jjuev r) evSaLfJLOVta, eTri^Oovos 34 he 6 TrXovTOSy dr)hr)g he 6 ^ios. ovhe ydp ovhe
ofJLOicJS
rjhv,
*
of/Ltat,
pLovov
;
c/XTrtVAacr^at,
ujoirep
Tovs Xeovrds
132
<f>aGi
/cat
laoBairqs
SATURNALIA
how the
more
servants stand beside you until you are full There are many to bursting, but run past them.
like complaints of meanness, complaints that bring little credit to gentlemen. In fact the pleasantest thing, more in keeping with conviviality, is equality, and a controller of the feast presides over your banquets just so that all can have an equal
share.
See to it then that they don't accuse you any more, but respect and like you for their share in these few things the expense is nothing to you, but they will never forget that you gave in time of need. Besides, you could not even live in your cities if the poor were not your fellow-citizens and did not contribute in thousands of ways to your happiness; and you would have no one to admire your wealth if you were rich in isolation, privately, and in obscurity. So let many see and admire your silver and your
;
and when you are pledging friendship let them, while they are drinking, examine the cup and estimate the weight themselves, determine the accuracy of the story told on it and the amount of gold For as well as being called that adorns the work. good and kindly you will stop being envied by them. For who would envy the man who goes shares and gives what is fair ? And who would not pray for him
tables,
to live as long as possible in the enjoyment of his blessings ? As you are now, your happiness has no witness, your riches are begrudged you, and your life
It certainly cannot, I am sure, be unpleasant. as pleasant to have your fill by yourselves, as they say lions and lone wolves do, as to mix with clever
is
2
<j)poovvais
TToiKiXais
he
Xaptcjtv,
avvioovrai, olai SiarpLpal * Alovvgo) /cat A<f)poSLTr) ^LXai CTretra 8c irpos diravras is rrjv
,
varepaiav SLTjyovpievoL vfxajv ttjv Se^Lorrjra (f>i\Ladai irapaaKivdaovai. ravra ttoXXov TTpLaaOai
35
*E7r6t
jSaSt'Cotey
dv vfidg 7jVLaav OVK exovras ols CTxtSctf ata^c rds aXovpy^ls iadrjras Kal rwv dKoXovOovvrcjv to ttXtjOos ^ rcov SaKrvXiajv to jxeyedog ; cx} Xiyctv cos Kal cm^ovXas Kal jjLLcrr) rrapd ru)v TTev^rojv dvayKalov iyyiyveaOai TTpos VfJidg, T^v p,6voL Tpv(f>dv ideXrjre. a fxev yap
ovtojs
6t
jjlvovtcs
ovk
ol
TrevrjTCS
v^aodai Kad*
yivoiro els dvdyKrjv avroifs Karaarrjvat, rrjs cv^rj?. 7rel ovre dXXdvrcuv yevaeade ovre nXaKovvros r] t Tt Xeiipavov Trjs kvvos, rj cf)aK'fj Se vfilv oaTrepSyju ivrerriKOTa e^ct, vs Se /cat cAa^os" OTTTcoficvoL
pLcra^v hpaapLov ^ovXevaovoiv k tov OTrravelov ? TO opoSt Kal opvLs j/fi^-Ta KaTaTeivaaai diTTepoi
Kal avTai Trap* avTovs tovs TrevrjTas c/CTreTTyo-oj/TOt. TO 8e pblyioTOV, ol wpaioTaTOL tcjv olvo^oajv <f)aXaKpol v d/capt tou xP^^^^ ^H'^^ yevrjaovTai,
/cat Taihra Tcp dii<f)opl. Yipos Tdhe povXeveaOe d Kal ttj iopTTJ TTpcTTOVTa yivoiT dv /cat vpXv do^aAeoTaTa, /cat TTLKOV(j>il^T ^ nevlav avTols dir* oXiyov TcAccr/xaTO? TToXXrjv ttJv ov piepLTTTOVS ^OVT9. <l>iXoVS
inl KaTcayoTi
134
SATURNALIA
fellows
In the
in every way to please. place they will not allow your banquet
to be deaf and dumb. No, their company means convivial stories, harmless jests, and all sorts of ex-
these are the pleasantest pressions of friendship sorts of pastimes, dear to Dionysus and Aphrodite, dear too to the Graces. Then they will talk to every;
one next day of your sociability and get you liked. this is rightly worth a great deal. I will ask you something. Let us suppose the poor went about with their eyes shut wouldn't you be cross when you had no one to show your purple
And
your thronging attendants, the size of your I leave aside the plots, the hatred you must stir up in the poor against you if you choose to alone. Terrible are the curses enjoy your luxury they threaten to utter against you. May they never be constrained to utter them! For then you will taste neither sausages nor cakes, except what the dog may have left, your lentil-soup will have saltfish dissolved in it, your boar and deer while they're being roasted will plan escape from the oven to the shoo hills, and your birds, wingless though they be, there! they will be flying at full stretch to the homes of the selfsame poor. And worst of all, the
clothes,
?
rings
prettiest of your wine-servers will turn bald all at once, and that after breaking your jar.
Well, then, make plans that befit the festival and are safest for you. Lighten their great poverty for them, and at slight cost you will find friends who are
far
from despicable.
TT7V
add. Jacobitz.
01 IIAOTSIOI TQI
KPONQI XAIPEIN
vtto
oi)-)(l
36
Ilpos"
yap ak
olei
fiovov
Ys.p6v,
tG}v
ravra
'^hrj
yeypd<f>Sai, co
8e
/cat
ttcvt^twv o Zcus"
KKK(x)<j)'t)raL
St)
irpos
avrcov
dva^oayvrajv
Kal
avrd
Kal
alri(x)p.ivo}V r'qv
7T7T0Lr]IJLVr]V
VOjJLTjV
/Li,Ta8tSdvat
oAA* othev Kelvos, are d^covfiev ; oUrriaiv rj alria, koX Swx rovro
gol Sc
o/xcos"
drroXo-
vvv rjfjLOJV. yrjaofjieda, CTTctVc/) dpxLS y aTravra irpo 6<l)9aX(jLa>v AajSovre? *H/at9 fiev yap
yypa(f>as,
cis"
8op,VOL9 Kal
COS" 178101'
Totg
TTevT]aiVy
to-oStatrot KadeardJreSi (hs dv jxrjSe rov GVvSairrjv 37 avrov alridaaoOai ri. ol 8c oXiyojv iv dpxij ^elaOai ^oKovres, iTreiSi^TTep dna^ avrol^ dvcTTC-
rdoapiv rds dvpaSt ovk dvUaav oAAa ctt* oAAot? alrovvres' t 8c p,rj rravra evdvs fjLrjhe irpos enos at XaiJLpdvoLev, opyfj koI pXao^ koL Trpox^tpoi
pXaG(f>r]p,LaL.
Kav ct ri iTTHpevSoiuro tjixlv, dXX* ol y dKOvovres inlarevov dv co? dKpL^cog elSoGLV K rod avyyeyovevai. ware. hvoZv ddrcpov^ rj p/q
hihovra i^Opov elvau ndvrojs c8et rj irdvra rrpo'CepLevov avriKa pdXa neveadaL Kal ratv alrovvrojv Kal
38 avrov
koX rd pev dXXa perpia' iv he rols auTOt? dpeXrjGavres rod ipTTLTrXacrOai Kal Kal avroi, eirethdv irXeZov rod yacrrpLl^ead ai
cfi^at.
SctTjrotS"
136
SATURNALIA
4. THE RICH TO CRONUS GREETINGS Do you really think that you are the only
!
one
written to by the poor in this vein, Cronus? Isn't Zeus already quite deaf from the din of their demands for just that, a redistribution of wealth, and of their charges against fate for inequality in distribution and against us for not considering giving them any share ? But he, being Zeus, knows who is to blame, and for that reason takes no notice of most of their complaints. Nevertheless we shall defend ourselves to you, since you are our lord at
present.
for our part have set before us all you have written that it was a fine thing to succour the needy out of our plenty, and that it was more agreeable to mix and feast with the poor. This is what we always used to do, putting ourselves on an equal footing with them so that not even our guest himself could find anything to complain of. Now in the beginning they said that they asked for very little, but once we had opened our doors to them they never stopped making demand after demand and if they didn't get it all immediately and on demand then there was bad temper and ill-feeling, and maledictions came readily enough. And if they told a lie about us then those who heard them believed them, for they supposed their knowledge to be accurate because they had been with us. So we had the choice either not to give and inevitably be their enemies or to throw
We
everything away and be straightway very poor and Now all enter the ranks of the beggars ourselves. the rest isn't so bad compared with these very dinners you mention. For themselves they do not care so
much about
filling
when they've
137
Tov *l^LOva,
.x<J^v
os"
d^LWjjLa
7r;^tpt
laov
vpZv,
"Hpa
V(j>
fjuedvodel?
ix>v
39
Taur'
roiavra,
rjficls
iPovXcvadjjLeda rrpos to Xoittov aa^aActa? r^s" ij/^tcrepas" VKV pLrqKen iTTL^arov avrols TTOielv Tr)V
t hk ttI gov GvvdoLVTO fxerplojv SeijoeGdai, vvv <f>aGL, jxrjBev he v^pLoriKov ev rols Kal GvpLTTOGiois pydGGdai, KOLvojvovvrcov rjpXv Kal twv IfiarLCDV, GVvSei^TTvovvTOJV TvxJ} TTJ dyadfj (hg GV KXeVL9, 7TfJnltOfJLV Kal TOV XP^^^OV OTTOGOV olov T Kal TTpOGha7TairqGopLV y Kal oAco? ovhkv Kal avrol Se d^c/xep'ot rod Kara iXXeLipoixev. rxvr]v ofjLLXelv r)pXv <j)iXoL dvrl KoXdKOiv /cat TTapao IT CDV eGTOJGav. (hs r)p,ds ye ovSev dv atTtaaato KdKeivcov rd heoi^ra rroielv edeXovrojv.
oIkLciv.
wGTTep
138
SATURNALIA
drunk more than enough they either nudge the hand of a pretty page when he gives the cup back to them or make attempts on your mistress or your wedded wife. Then, after being sick all over the dining-room, next day back at home they abuse us, saying that they were thirsty and well acquainted with starvation. If you think these are lies we are telling against them, remember your own parasite, Ixion, who was granted a place at the common board and enjoyed equality Yet he, fine fellow that of rank with you, the gods. he was, got drunk and made attempts on Hera. It's this sort of thing that makes us determine not to let them in the house again, for our own safety's sake. But if they were to make an agreement with you to be moderate in their demands, as they now say they are, and refrain from bad behaviour during banquets, then let them join us and dine with us, Furthermore we shall send and good luck to them some of our clothing, as you direct, and spend as much gold as we can as well, and altogether we shan't be found wanting in anything. And let them in their turn cease to be artful in their dealings with us and be friends instead of toadies and spongers. You will find no fault in us if they will do what they
!
ought.
139
HERODOTUS OR AETION
introduction delivered before a Macedonian audience. theme is the description of a painting by Action, a contemporary of Alexander the Great.
An
The
central
HP0A0T02 H AETIQN
1
*ipoS6rov eWe fjuev Kal ra oAAa /xt/XTycraCT^at Svvarov rjv. ov Trdvra (fyrjixl oaa vpoGrjif avTcp tovto ye) dXXa Kav ev ck tojv (fjLeiCov yap evx"^^
OLTravrcov
olov
7)
/caAAos"
tojv Xoycjv
7]
dpp,oviav
avrGiV
y]
yva)p.7]s
to oiKelov rfj 'I to via Kal 7TpoG(f>VS "^ tt}? TO TTcpiTTOV Tj oua iivpla KaXd CKelvos
djxa Trdvra ayXXa^ajv c;^i TTcpa rij? ctV filfjurjOLV cATTtSo?. a Sc 7rOL7]aV 7TL TOL GvyypdfjLfiaaiv
Kol
COST
TToAAoU
d^L09
TOLS "EAAl^OrtV
dlTadlV
rrj?
Kapta? evOv
rrjs
*EAAa8os" iuKOTreiTO irpog iavrov ottcjjs dv rdxtcrra Kal dirpaypLovloraTa 7TLGr]pLog Kal TTCpiPorjros yevoLTo Kal avrog Kal ra Gvyypap,pLdr la. ro fxev ovv TTcpivoGrovvra vvv fiev *A6r]vaLOL9, vvv Sc
VLopLvdioLS dvayLva)GKLv T] *ApyLOL9 T] AaKeSatpLoviois v rip jxepei, ipycoScg Kal [xaKpov rjyelro elvaL Kal rpLprjv ov fJLLKpdv iv rco roiovrip eGCGdai.
ovKovv
rj^iov
hiaipGLV ovrcx)
rrjv yvdJGLVy
ine^ovXeve 8c,
SwaToi^
ctT],
dOpoovs
ivLGrarai ovv
. . . :
yvcopifios in
So Burmeister ws rroXXaxtJ^s rols 'EX. Kar4<rrq T^ marg. after ^pa^el T*; ws 7roAAax<3? rots *EA. ci/
Ppaxft Kar4ai~q N.
142
HERODOTUS OR AETION
were possible to imitate Herodotus 's I do not mean all and everyone much to pray for) but just one of them whether the beauty of his diction, the careful arrangement of his words, the aptness of his native Ionic, his extraordinary power of thought, or the countless jewels which he has wrought into a unity beyond hope of imitation. But where you and I and everyone else can imitate him is in what he did with his composition and in the speed with which he
I
WISH
it
became an established man of repute throughout the whole Greek world. As soon as he sailed from his home in Caria straight
for Greece,
and
for
he bethought himself of the quickest path to fame and a reputation both himself and his works. To travel round
least troublesome
now
in Athens,
now
in Corinth
or Argos or Lacedaemon in turn, he thought a long and tedious undertaking that would waste much
The division of his task and the consequent delay in the gradual acquisition of a reputation did not appeal to him, and he formed the plan I suppose of winning the hearts of all the Greeks at once if he
time.
^
So Graevius
MSS.
fxeydXa,
ol vofMLGas
7]KLV
iyXix^TO, TrXijdovGav rrjp-^aas Trjv Travrjyvpiv^ OLTTavraxoOev TJhr] rcov dplarajv avveiXeypiivcjVy TrapcXdcjv s rov OTTiGdohopiOv ov dearrjv, aXX dycjvLarrjV ^OXvp,7TLCov rrapelyev iavrov ahoiv rds luropias kol k7]X6jv tous" rrapovras, d^pt- rod Kal
Movoa? KXrjdijvaL rds ^l^Xovs avrov, iwea Kal avrds ovaas. 2 "HSr; ovv diravres avrov TJScGav ttoXXw puciXXov Toifs ^OXvjjLniovLKag avrov^. /cat ovk eariv t) OGTL^ dvrjKoog -^v rod *Hpo8oTOi ovo/JLaros ol fjLV avTOL dKovGavres iv '0Au/x7n'a, ol Se rcDi^ k t^s"
rravTjyvpeoJS
rjKovrojv
7TVv9av6piVOL'
kol
ttov
ye
<f>avLrj jjLovoVy
iheiKwro dv
rep SaKrvXco,
Ovros
Tcts" fidxas Ta? YlcpGLKas 6 ra? vtKas rjixcov vpLV^Ga?. TOiavra Kelvos direXavoe tojv loropLcov, iv pad Gvvohcp TTdvhrjfxov riva Kal Koivr^v i/j'fj(f)OV ttjs 'EAAaSo? Xa^cbv Kal duaKTjpvxdels ovx v^' ci^os /xd Ata Kr^pvKos, oAA* ev aTrdGj) TToAet, odev
rjv rwv TravrjyvpLGTwv. "Orrep vorepov KaravorjoavTes , 7rLrop,6v riva ravTTjv oSov cs" yvojGiv, 'iTrTria? t d imxcopLo^ avrwv Go<f)LGT7]s Kal YipoSiKos 6 Ketos" /cat ^ *Ava^Lp,inrjs 6 Xto? /cat ritDAos" d KKpayavrlvos Kal dXXoL Gvx^ol Xoyovs eXeyov del Kal avrol rrpos
KaGTOS
Trjv TTamjyvpLv,
d(f)*
(Lv yvwpLfxoL cV
Ppaxel iyiyvov-
TO.
Kat
Grds
144
/cat
Tt GOl TOVS TToXaiOVS KLVOVS XcyOJ GO<f)l' Gvyypa<j>ia<s Kal Xoyoypd<f)OV? ottov rd
l^(jjypd<f>ov
HERODOTUS OR AETION
The great Olympian games were at hand, and Herodotus thought this the opportunity he had been hoping for. He waited for a packed audience to assemble, one containing the most eminent men from all Greece he appeared in the temple chamber, presenting himself as a competitor for an Olympic then he recited his honour, not as a spectator Histories and so bewitched his audience that his books were called after the Muses, for they too were nine in number. By this time he was much better known than the Olympic victors themselves. There was no one who had not heard the name of Herodotus some at Olympia itself, others from those who brought the He had only to appear story back from the festival. " That is that Herodotus and he was pointed out: who wrote the tale of the Persian Wars in Ionic and celebrated our victories." Such were the fruits of In a single meeting he won the his Histories. universal approbation of all Greece and his name was proclaimed not indeed just by one herald but in every city that had sent spectators to the
could.
;
;
festival.
glory.
was learnt. This was the short-cut to Hippias the sophist was a native of the place, and he and Prodicus from Ceos and Anaximenes from Chios and Polus from Acragas and scores of others always gave their recitations in person before the assembled spectators and by this means soon won repulesson
tations.
The
But why need I mention those old sophists, hisand chroniclers when there is the recent story of Action the painter who showed off his
torians,
145
^OXvfjLTTLav
eTTihei^aGBai,
ovra Tjadevra
^Aerlajva
5
;
rex^
Kat
Tts",
rov ^EiXXavohiKTjV 8t' avro ovk C7rt;^copta> to) 'Aertcovt crvva^aa^at rrjs dvyarpos rov ydfiov ; eanv r) lkwv iv 'IraAta, Kaycj etSov c5<tt Kal aol
CO?
dv
elrreLV
exoipa.
OdXajios
Tj
ian
TrepLKaXXrjs
Kal
XPVH'^ napdevov earcbra rov ^AXe^avSpov. "Epcorcs" Sc rives p-cihicovres' 6 fiev Karoinv (f>aro)S dirdyei rT)s K(f)aXrjs rr)v KaXvnrpav Kal hecKwai rep wp^cfylcp ro rrjv 'Pco^dvrjVf 6 be ris /xaAa SovXlkcjs d^atpeZ oavhdXiov K rov ttoSos" ojs KaraKXivoiro tJStj, dXXos rijs x^ayi8o? rov ^AXe^dvhpov CTretAT^/x/xeVos", "Kpcos Kal ovros, eA/cet avrov rrpos rrjv 'Poj^dvTjv irdw ptalajs eTnair oj puevos 6 ^aoiXevs hk avros pLv Gr<f)av6v riva dpiyei rfj Traihi, lidpo^os Se Kal wp^ayojyos *Y{<f)aiari(DV GvpLTrdpeart 8aSa
.
kXlvtj wiX(t>LKt],
Kal
KaLop,V7jv
hopevos *YpvaLos olpai iarcv (ov yap iireylypaTTro rovvopa). irepojdv 8e rrjs ecKovos oAAot "Kpojres TralCovGLV iv rols ottXols rov ^AXe^dvSpov, hvo pkv rrjv Xoyx'T^v avrov <f)epovrS, puLpovpevoi rovs dxdo<f)6povs orrore hoKov (j>ipovres ^apolvro' oAAot 8e Svo va nvd iirl rrjs daTTiSos KaraKeipevovy ^aaiXia hrjdev Kal avrov, avpovaiv rchv
oxdvojv rijs daTTiSos iTretXrjppivof els Sk Sr) is rov dojpaKa iaeXdojv virriov Keipevov Aop^cDvTt
146
e\iov,
pcipaKLcp
rrdw
<l)paup
errepei-
HERODOTUS OR AETION
picture of The Marriage of Roxana and Alexander at Olympia ? Proxenides, one of the chief judges there at that time, was delighted with his talent and made Action his son-in-law. You may well wonder at the quality of his work that induced a chief judge of the games to give his daughter in marriage to a stranger like Action. The
I have seen it is actually in Italy; myself and can describe it to you. The scene is a very beautiful chamber, and in it there is a bridal couch with Roxana, a very lovely maiden, sitting upon it, her eyes cast do\^Ti in modesty, for Alexander is standing there. There are smiling Cupids: one is standing behind her removing the veil from her head and showing Roxana to her husband another like a
picture
taking the sandal off her foot, already preparing her for bed; a third Cupid has hold of Alexander's cloak and is pulling him with all his might towards Roxana. The king himself is holding out a garland to the maiden and their best man and helper, Hephaestion, is there with a blazing torch in his hand, leaning on a very handsome youth I think he is Hymenaeus ^ (his name is not inOn the other side of the picture are more scribed). ^ two of Cupids playing among Alexander's armour them are carrying his spear, pretending to be labourers burdened under a beam two others are dragging a third, their king no doubt, on the shield, holding it by the handgrips another has gone inside the corslet, which is lying breast-up on the ground he seems to
true servant
is
1
2
God
of marriages.
147
(f>O^T]GLV
aVTOVS , OTTOTC
/CttT*
aVTOV
yivoivTO avpovres. Ov TratSta 8e oAAco? ravrd eariv ovSe ir^pi^ipyaorai iv avrols 6 'Aertcov, dAAa St^Aoi rov ^AXe^dvSpov Kal rov is rd TToAe/xt/co, epayra, /cat on djxa Kal ^Pco^ai^s" yjpci Kal rcov orrXcov ovk ye lk<jju avrrj Kal TrXrjv oAA* -fj iTTeXeXrjarro
.
aXXcos
exovcra,
yaixn^Xiov
ri
irrl
rrjs
TrpofjuviqaaiJievrj
rep
Y[po^vihov dvyaripa. Kal avTOSy irdpepyov rcov *AX^dvSpov ydfiajv, vtto vuiJL(f)ayojycp rep ^aoiXel, jxiadov et/cacr/xeVou yap,ov
TipoaXa^cov
7
dX'qd'fj ydfxov. *H/3o8oTOS' fiev ovv (TTdvip,i
ydp in
iKelvov)
davpaorov Set^at rols "EAA^^crt rd'S vLKas SteftoKra,^ co? iKelvos Stc^rjXdev. *EAAi7vtKa9 iyoj 8e Kal rrpos OtAtou p-q p Kopv^am-Lav
(jvyypa(j)ia
VTToXd^Tjre /xT^Se rapid ctVaCetv roXg iK^ivov, ?Aea>? o dvr]p dAAa rovro ye 6p,oiov Trad^Zv <f)7]p,L avrcp. ore ydp ro irpairov iTreS-qprjoa rfj MaKeSovla, ra> irpos ipavrov iaKonovv 6 rt pLOL )(^p7]arOV TTpdypari. Kal 6 pLV epcos ovros tJv diracnv vpXv yvwodrjvai Kal on vXeLorrois MaKcSovcov Setfat rapid' ro 8e avrov irepiiovra rr^viKavra rov erovs
(jvyyiyveadaL rfj ttoX^l eKdarr) ovk evpape? i<^aivero, t Se rrjprioaipii rrivhe vpicov rrjv avvoSov, Lra TTapeXdcjv is piicrov Setfat/xt rov Aoyov, ig
hiov ovnos d7ro^r](jeodai poi rd rrjs eu;^-/}?. AvroL re ovv rjSrj avveXrjXvdare 6 irep 6(f)eXos i^ eKdorrjs TToXecus, avro Srj ro Ke^dXaiov anavrajv MaKeSovcjv, Kal viroSexerat ttoXls rj dpiurq ovaa 148
,
HERODOTUS OR AETION
be lying in ambush to frighten the others when they drag the shield past him. All this is not needless triviality and a waste of labour. Action is calling attention to Alexander's
implying that in his love of further forget his armour. point about the picture itself is that it had a real matrimonial significance of quite a different sort it courted Proxenides' daughter for Action! So as a by-product of his Alexander's Wedding he came away with a wife himself and the King for best-man. His reward for his marriage of the imagination was a real-life marriage of his own. Herodotus then (to return to him) thought the Olympic festival a suitable shop-window for showing the Greeks such a wonderful historian of the Greek As for me and in the name of victories as himself. the God of Friendship do not think me mad or that I deI am comparing my works to his, bless him When I first clare that my case and his are alike. came to live in Macedonia, I wondered what should be policy. dearest wish was to become known to you all and to show off my works to as many in Macedonia as I could but to go round visiting each city in person at that time of the year seemed an arduous undertaking, whereas I thought that if I took the occasion of this present festival of your
other love
,
War
My
nation and made my appearance and gave my lecture then, my prayers must surely be answered. Here you are then gathered together, the cream of every city, the very epitome of all Macedonia, in the country's finest city, so different, thank good1
Sci^at tois
EAATyvi/cas bie^iovras
149
rrjv
GKrjvas
/cat
KaXv^as koX
crvp(f)rioSr]
Trvtyos"
kcWl arevoxcoplav ol re av
TravTjyvpiaTal
fjbdXXov
6)(Xo9, ddX'qTOJV ^v Trapepycp ol noXXol rov *H/)o8oTOv TL9ep,V0Ly oAAtt pTQTopcov r /Cat avyypa(jyLXoOedjJLOves,
/cat
ov
<j)i(jjv
Go<j)iaTa)v
puY]
ol
So/ct/xcorarot
oaov
fiev
ov
fjLLKpov
rjSrj,
^atvryrat
tojv
'5
ttoXv
rjv
ivSeearepov
u/xct?
IloXvSdiJLavTi
pie, KopLL^fj
TXavKO)
Sofct)
-iq
MtAcovt TrapadecjprJTe
elvat,
rjv
vpZv
Bpaavs dvOpojTros
dTTayayouTcg ttjv pLvijfjirjv irr* ipuavTov pLovov diTohvaavTeg iSrjrc, rd^* dv ov vdw pLaGTLycQGLpLos vpuv Sd^atjLtt. COS" V ye t7)Xlkovtcp crraSto) iKavov ipuol yovv /cat rovro.
Se
TToXv
KLvojv
150
HERODOTUS OR AETION
ness, from Pisa with its lack of space, its tents and audience a vulgar huts, its stifling heat; nor is
seeing athletics, most of them No, thinking Herodotus of secondary importance. there are the finest orators, historians, and rhetoricians no small matter indeed that my arena should not seem far inferior to Olympia. Compare me with Polydamas, Glaucus, and Milo, and I know that
my
you
less
will
judge
and
me perhaps the whip. My arena being what it is, find even this judgment unsatisfactory.
as I am, and then and look at strip altogether deserving of you will not find
I
me me
imprudent.
me
should not
151
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
painting by Zeuxis (fl. c. 400 B.C.) and the Elephant Battle between Antiochus Soter and the Galatian invaders of Asia
An introduction, as appears from the last paragraph. disquisition on novelty serves to introduce accounts of a '
'
Minor (276
B.C.).
ZEYEI2
1
H ANTIOX02
"^vayxos iyo) /xev Vfuv Set^a? rov Xoyov dTrrjeiv ot/caSc, TrpoGLovreg 8e /xot tcqv oLKrjKoorojv ttoXXoI
yap ovSev otjxai kol ra roiavra irpos ^iXovs tJSt] ovrag u/xa? XeycLv) 7TpOGi6vrS ovv iSe^LOVVTO /cat Oav^dCovGcv icpKcoav. im ttoXv yovv irapoyLapTOvmes aXXos dXXodev i^ocDV Kal ^ Kal epvOpidv pie, pLTj dpa 7TT^vovv d-xpi' rod
(KcoXvei
TTJs d^ias rojv eiraivcov dTToXeLTTOipLrjv. ovv K(f)dLXaLov avroLs tovto rjv, Kal Travres" ev Kal TO avro CTrccrTy/xatVoi/ro, rrjv yvayprjv rcjv GvyypapLpdrcov ^evrjv ovaav Kal ttoXvv iv avrfj tov
irdpLTToXv
8*
TO
Va>Tpiop6v. pidXXov 8e avrd elircLV dpcivov direp " KLvoL 7r(f)dyyovro' ^ "O rrjs KaLvorrjTOS' 'H/aa/cActs', T^S" Trapaho^oXoyias evprixp-vos dv.
ovhev dv rtg etTTOt rijs einvoLas veapcoredpcoTTOs. ol pkv roiavra TToXXd eXeyov, cos iKKLvrjvro pov.^*
^ rtVa yap dv alriav Kal KoXaKevetv rd roiavra ^ivov et^ov i/jevSeaOaL dvdpojTTOVy ov irdw ttoXXtjs avrols (fypovrlSog d^iov
BrjXaSrj vtto rrjs dKpodaecos.
rd dXXa;
2
UXrjv /xe ye (elpijaeraL ydp) ov pberpiois rjvia 6 erraivos avrcJov, Kal eTreihrj irore direXOovrajv /car*
Cfiavrov iyevop.'qv CKelva ivevoovv ovkovv rovro x^piev rots ipuoZs eveortVy on fir) avvt^dr] /XT^Se Kard ro kolvov ^ahit,ei rots aAAots", 6vop,drojv Se dpa KoXdjv iv avrols Kal rrpos rov dp^cuov
jjLovov
154
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
Recently I was on way home after lecturing recent audience met to you, when a number of me (I see no objection to telling you a story like this now that you and I are friends) they met me, then, and after greeting me gave some indication of ap-
my
my
emphasised, composition and the degree of freshness it disIt would be better to quote verbatim: played. " What novelty What marvellous paradoxes How The freshness of thought is beyond inventive he is " compare They continued in this strain. They had clearly been taken with the lecture I don't suppose they could have any reason for telUng lies and no flattering a stranger as they did, one who had other reason for claiming their attention. To be honest, however, their praise caused me con-
proval. They accompanied me for some distance, vying in noisy praise until I blushed for shame at the thought that I fell far short of their praises. The substance of their approbation, which all alike was the strangeness of the thought in
my
siderable annoyance, and when they had gone and " So this is I was left alone, I reflected as follows: that the only attraction in they are unwritings,
my
conventional and keep off the beaten track, while good vocabulary, conformity to the ancient canon,
^
irov
MSS.
MSS.
7)
r^
vov 6^ 09
apyiovias
rq r^
TTcpLvolag tlvo^
T)(yrjs rrj?
<f>*
)(apiros 'AttiactJ?
rovrcjv 8c TToppco loois rovfJLov. ov yap av 7TapevTS avra KLva iTrrjvovv fxovov to Kaivov Kal ^evitov. iyo) Se o /xaratos" rris 7Tpoaipio0}s
avracrt,
i^fJLTjv,
/cat avTO rovTO TTpocrdyeaSai avrovs' aXqOeg yap elvai TO Tov *Op,ripov, /cat Tr]v veav (LSrjv K)(apLGfievqv VTTapx^iv rots' aKOVovGLV ov jxtjv toctovtov ^ oXov ttJ KatvoTTjTL vefxeLv tj^lovv, dAAa ye ovhe
Tt /cat TTpos TOV eiraivov cruvreXelv /cat avTrjv, tcl 8c to) ovtl CTratvou/xcva /cat vtto tcuv aKovovTCjv V^7]p,ovp,eva Kiva etvai. cocrrc ov /Lterpto)? iir^pIJL7]v
/cat
c/ctv8uj/cuoy
TTto-rcueti^
avTolg
eva
/cat
/cat
fjLovov
Tols
"EAAi^ortv
ctrat
Xiyovai
to.
Trapot/xiav dvdpaKes /cat oXlyov Seoj OavfiaToTTOiov Tivos eTTaivov eiTaiveZoBaL npos avTcbv.
ttjv
*E^eAco yovv vpZv /cat to tov ypa^ecas hir^yqaaadai. 6 "Levels eKeivos dpiGTOs ypa<f)eo)v yevofievos
TOL Sr)p,(x)Sr)
/cat
eypa(f>V,
Trdvu oXlya, rjpcoa^ iq deovs ^ iroXepiOVS , del rq he KaivoTTOieZv eireipaTO Kal tl dXXoKOTOv av /cat
60a
7nvorjaas ctt' /cetVa> ttjv dKpi^eiav ttjs iv he tols oAAot? ToXp,rjp,aai Texvr]s eTreheiKVVTO ^ /cat Zeuf ts" ovtos ^T^Actay 'InTroKevTavpov 6
^evov
iTTolrjorev,
dvaTpe(j)Ovodv ye
8t8u/Lta>
irpooeTL
vrjTTLOj.
Traihio)
Trjs
'Itt-
TTOKevTavpo)
Kofjuhfj
eiKovos
156
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
penetration of intellect, power of perception, Attic grace, good construction, general competence, perOtherwise they haps have no place in my work. would not have ignored these qualities and praised
only the novel and strange element in my style. I, fool that I was, had thought when they rose in approbation that perhaps this particular feature too had some attraction for them I remembered the truth of Homer's remark ^ that the new song takes the fancy but I did not think to attribute so of an audience much indeed all of it to novelty, but supposed novelty to be a kind of additional ornament making some contribution indeed to the approbation of my work, the audience's real praise and commendation, however, going to those other qualities. As a result my elation overstepped its bounds to think I nearly believed them when they called me unique and in a class apart in Greece and other flatteries of this kind. In the words of the proverb, my treasure turned out ashes, and their approval is not much different from that which they would give a conjurer. I want to give you an example from a painter. Zeuxis, that pre-eminent artist, avoided painting popular and hackneyed themes as far as he could (I
mean
he was always aiming at and whenever he thought up something unheard-of and strange he showed the precision of his craftsmanship by depicting it. Among the bold innovations of this Zeuxis was his painting of a female Hippocentaur, one moreover that was feeding twin Hippocentaur children, no more than babies. There is a copy of this picture now at Athens made with
heroes, gods, wars)
;
novelty,
Od.
:
1,
352.
'
oh-os
Hartmann
ainos
MSS. (om.
Bodl.).
157
r)
KevTavpos
avTrj TTeiroir)-
rat oAi7 /xev ttj Ittttcp ;^ajLtat KLp.4v7], /cat diroTeTavrat els tovttlgoj ol irohes' ro he yvvaiKelov ogov ^ Kal in dyKCJVos ioTLV, aurr^? rjpep,a eiTeyriyepTaL
ol 8e TToSes OL epLirpooOev ovkctl Kal ovtol d7TOTdS7]v,
olov
7tI rrXevpdv KeLfiemrjs, oAA* o fiev d/cAaCovrt eoiKev cjv /ca/xTrvAos" vneoTaXfjievrj tjj ottXtj, 6 he
epLrraXvu
CTravtCTTarat
/cat
tov
ehd(f)Ovs
dvTiXap,-
pdveTai, OLOL eloLV Ittttoi rr^ipajyievoi dvaTrqhdv. Tolv veoyvoZv he to p,ev dvcj ;(t avrr) ev rat? dyKoXais /cat Tpe<f>eL dvdpojinKws eirexovoa tov yvvaiKelov fiaoTov, to 8' eTepov k ttjs Ittttov drjXdCei is rov TrajXiKov Tpoirov. dvo) he ttjs
eLKovos olov
dno
dvrjp iKelvTjs hrjXahr] ttjs rd Ppecfyrj dfjL(f)OTepco6ev TL6r]vovp,evr]s, eiTiKViTTei yeXa)v ov^ oXos ^aLvopue-
vosy
oAA*
is
pieoov tov
ittttov,
he^ia
Kal
vrrep
^pe<f)rj,
:
TTyrjypTaL
[iTTiyprai
1
Jacobitz
iircyeiyfpTai.
(Trqyfprai
MSS.
T]
158
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
strict accuracy from the original. Sulla, the Roman commander, was said to have sent off the original
you as far as I can, though I am certainly no artist. I remember it quite well, as I saw it not long ago in
the house of a painter in Athens. The intense admiration I felt at the time for the craftsmanship will perhaps help me in my endeavour to give you a
full description.
with his other trophies to Italy, but I suppose the ^ ship then sank off Malea with the loss of all its cargo, the However that may be, I including painting. saw the copy of the painting and will describe it to
The Centaur herself is depicted lying on fresh young grass with all the horse part of her on the ground. Her feet are stretched behind her. The human part is slightly raised up on her elbows. Her fore-feet are not now stretched out, as you might
expect with one lying on her side one foot is bent with the hoof drawn under like one who kneels, while the other on the other hand is beginning to straighten and is taking a grip on the ground, as is the case with horses striving to spring up. She holds one of her offspring aloft in her arms, giving it the breast in human fashion the other she suckles from her mare's teat like an animal. Towards the top of the picture, apparently on some vantage point, is a Hippocentaur, clearly the husband of her who is feeding her children in two ways. He is leaning down and laughing. He is not completely visible, but only to a point halfway down his horse body. He holds aloft in his right hand a lion's whelp, suspending it above his head to frighten the children in his fun.
; ;
Cape Malea,
c^*
oaa rols
ijicfyavrj
XL
ofjLcos
ras ypa/x/xa? is to evdvrarov /cat rcov ;)^/[>ajjLiaTcot' /cat evKaipov rrjv eTTipoXrjv OLKpLprj rrjv Kpaaiv TTOLTJaaadai /cat cr/ctaaat c? Seov /cat rod pucyedovs Tov Xoyov /cat rrjv rcjv pLcpcjv Trpos to oXov
laoTTjTa /cat app,oviavypa<j>i(x)v TratSe? iiraivovvTCJV , ols epyov etSeVat to, rotaura. iycl) 8e tov Xev^tSog Kivo pidXiorTa iTTi^veGa, ort iv pad /cat r^ airrfj
VTToOioei
TTOt/CtAcUS"
TO
TTCpiTTOV
CTTcSetfaTO
T^?
/cat
dvhpa TTOirjaas TrdvTTj <l)o^p6v dypLOV, GO^apov Tjj ^aiTT], Xdaiov KopLiSfj TToXXd ov Korrd tov lttttov avTOV puovov, dXXd KaTOL GTCpVOV TOV dvdpOJTTOV Kol CO/XOUS"
oXov opeiov Tt
/cat dvijpLepov.
to.
/cat
CTTt
KoXXlaTrj?,
CTt
dhpbiJTeg
/cat
ajSaTOt, ^a)
to
tcov
8e
ai^co
rjpLLTopiOv
yvvaLKOs
pLova craTvpcoSrj
Se koI tj /cat dppLoyrj Tojv orcopidTCov, Kad o crvvdTTTeTai /cat Y] ox'v'SetTat TO) ywat/cetoj to lttttlkov, rjpepia /cat ovk ddpoojs pLTa^aLvovGa /cat /c TTpoGayojyijg TpeK OaTepov els TO eTepov TTopiivT] XavddvL TTJV oijjLV tcov veoyvojv Se to iv tco vrjTTia) ^ VTrayopbevrj.
TrdyKoXov
wtcdv
gtIv avTrj.
eKclva pu^LS Se
/cat opiojs dypiov /cat ev tco cLTraXcp rjhrj <f)o^ep6v, TOUTO davpiaGTOV olov eSo^e p,OL, /cat OTt TratSt/ccas"
^ dAAa koX Kad* erepov tov avdpwTTov koX So Rothstein e^dpas avTOV tovs ci/xous tVi TrXelarov MSS.: lttttov ao^apov dypiov KOfiiSfj Xdaiov rrj X^^^'^V <^'''pvov re Kal wfiovs Bodl.
:
160
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
The other qualities, not completely discernible by the eye of an amateur like myself, nevertheless display the whole power of his craftsmanship such things as precision of line, accuracy in the blending of colours, taste in application of the paint, correct use of shadow, good perspective, proportion, and symmetry. But let the sons of artists appreciate these points, men who make it their business to know them. For my part I praised Zeuxis for this in particular, that in one and the same subject he has
shown
ways.
many
His husband is completely frightening and absolutely wild he has a proud mane, being almost completely covered in hair not only the horse part of him but his human chest as well and especially
;
and his glance, although he is laughaltogether savage, wild, and of the hills. Such then is the husband. The horse part of the female he made is most beautiful, with a strong resemblance to Thessahan fillies when they are still untamed and virgin. The top half is that of a very beautiful woman, apart from the ears, which alone of her features are those of a satyr. The union and junction of bodies whereby the horse part is fused with the woman part and joined to it is effected by a gradual change, with no abrupt transition; the eye, as it moves gradually from one to the other, is In the case quite deceived by the subtle change. of the young, their babyhood is wild and already fearsome in its gentleness I thought this a wonderI admired too the very babylike way in ful touch.
his shoulders,
ing,
is
re Fritzsche
ev to) vqvio)
ye MSS.
:
Granovius
ev
rwv
vrjTricov
MSS.
i6i
VOL. VI.
OrjXrj?
eKarepo?
irraX-qfJiiJievoL
ev
XP^
Trpooiardpievoi.
8'
Tavra
i^TO iKTrXrj^eiv rovs opcovras irrl rfj rlxyrjy ol Se avTLKa [xev i^oojv rj ri yap dv irroiovv KoXXtaTO)
errfjvovv he jidXicrra Trdvres direp KafJLe TTpcprjv KeZvoi, rris 7TLVOLas to ^evov
OedjJLarL
ivrvyxdvovres ;
Kol TY]V yvcLpLiqv rrjg ypa(f)7Js oi? veav /cat rots' cucrre o Zeuft? auvels efjLTTpoadev dyvojra ovaav.^
Tcov TTpaypdrcoVy
"Aye
S17,
c5
Mt/ctcov, irpos
/cat dpdfJLevoi
rov
pLa6r)ri]v, Trepi^aXe
rjSrj rrjv
ecKova
aTTO/co/AtCere
ttJ?
rex^T]?
ex^i'
r)pi,a)v
rov
ad
(f>a)ra)v
ttt^Xov ^ el
ttol-
KaXws
ovvrai Xoyov, dXXd 7rapu8o/ct/xet rr)v d/cptjSetav ra)v epyoiv rj rrjg VTroOeaecos /catvoro/xta. *0 /xv ovv Zcu^t? ovrois, opyiXcjrepov laajg. 8 ^Avrioxos o GCDTTjp i7nKXr]0Lg /cat ovros
opLOLOv
Tt
TTaOeZv
Xiyerai
iv
rfj
TTpos
raAaras"
fidxD'
TtXridei
iyevero.
repws crvvapapvZav
TTi^ovras rovs ;^aA/co^a>/3a/cas' avrcoVy is ^ddos Se CTTt rerrdpojv /cat lkogl rerayp^evovs oirXirag, cm
Ittttov
hiapvpiav ovaav,
ovaav
^rrov
ert
FXM
riyvori-
fiv7]v
odaav N.
162
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
which both young were looking up at the Hon cub as they sucked at the nipple, holding close and nestling against their mother. Zeuxis thought that this picture would send his viewers into raptures over his skill when they saw it. They certainly applauded it what else could they do when they met a sight so lovely to gaze upon? But everyone's warmest praise went to the points they
praised in me too just recently it was the strangeness of the idea, and the freshness of the sentiment of the work, quite unprecedented, that struck them. So when Zeuxis saw that the novelty of the subject was taking their attention and distracting them from the technique of the work, and that the accuracy of detail was taking second place, he said to his pupil: "Come on, Micio, cover up the picture and These specall of you pick it up and take it home. tators are praising only the mere clay of my work, but as to the effects of light, they do not worry much whether they are beautiful and skilfully executed, and the novelty of the subject goes for more than the accuracy of its parts."
;
said, not without some feeling Antiochus the one called the Saviour is said to have had a similar experience in the battle If you agree I'll tell you this against the Galatians. He knew that they were bold fighters story too. and saw that there were many of them, and that their phalanx was compact and firm, with their bronze-clad warriors in the van and heavy-armed troops in the rear to a depth of twenty-four ranks,
That
is
what Zeuxis
perhaps.
T(x>v
Se av
(f>(x)Tcov
V:
N.
163
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
K Tov
fjLGov TO.
Sprravr](f)6pa oySot^Kovra /cat avvcoplSa? irr* avrois his Touavras, ravra opcbv rrdw TTOvqpas et^c ras
avrw.
iKelvos
oXlyov rijs crrparLas KLvrjs rrapaoKevaayap OeiGTjs ov p^eyaXajcrrl ovbe Kar d^iav rod TToXepiOV d^LKCTO KopLiSfj oXcyovs ay CUV, /cat r ovrcov vcXraGTLKOV TO TToXv /Cttt IpiXiKOV ol yVjjLvfjreS 8e V7Tp
rjpLLOV TTJs
orparnds rjoav.
coare eSoKei
avrw
rjSr)
airevSeadai
StoAuatv evpiGKeadai
/cat
TOV
9
TToXefJLOV.
*AAAa Qeohoras 6 *P6Slos, dvrjp yewaXos TaKTLKwv efjLTTeLpos, ovK eta TTapojv ddvfjielv.
/cat
rjaav yap c/c/catSe/ca Xe<f>avreg rat 'AvrtoxtprotJTOVs KeXVGV 6 0o8oTas" reojg p,ev e^eiv wg olov T KaraKpvipavra, d)s jirj KardSrjXoL etev
{nrp<j)aiv6iJLvo(,
GrrjfjLrjvrj
6
rat
aaXTTLyKrrjs
/cat
Sej]
tj
Ittttos
<j)dXayya
rore
dvd
rerrapas
roLS
LTTTTevoLV,
dpfiarrjXdraiS
avvajpLaoraZs
avrcjjv,
ct
yap rovro
/cat
ylvoiro, 9 rovs
<j)0^r]BrjGovrai
(f)7],
ol Ittttol
raAaras-
au^t?
ifJUTreaovvr ai
(jyevyovres.
10
/cat ovr CDS iyevero. ov ydp TTporepov Ihovres eXi^avra ovre avrol FaAarat ovre ol Ittttol avrcjv
ovroj TTpos ro Trapdho^ov rrjs oipecDS irapdxOr](Tav, ware rroppo) en rcjv dripicjv ovrcov errel fxovov
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
while in the centre were eighty scythed chariots and twice as many two-horse chariots ready to make a Antiochus then thought little of his chances sally. of defeating such an invincible array. His own force had been hurriedly prepared and was not impressive or strong enough for the engagement. He had
troops
force.
very few men, mostly targeteers and light-armed light infantry made up over half of his
Consequently
he
thought
it
prudent
to
to
make an immediate
war.
truce and to
come
some
He had with him, however, Theodotas of Rhodes, a fine soldier and skilful tactician, and this man's presence restored his confidence. Now Antiochus had sixteen elephants, and Theodotas told him to
keep them hidden as much as possible so they should not be seen towering above the troops on the signal for battle just when the fighting was to start and the troops to come to grips and the enemy's cavalry charged, the Galatians would open their phalanx and stand aside to let the chariots through at that moment a group of four elephants should be sent against the cavalry on either flank, the remaining eight attacking the scythed and two-horse chariots. Such a movement, said Theodotas, would frighten their horses and turn them back in flight against the Galatian ranks. So it turned out. Neither the Galatians themselves nor their horses had previously seen an elephant and they were so confused by the unexpected sight that, while the beasts were still a long way off and they could only hear the trumpet, ing and see their tusks gleaming all the more brightly against their bodies dark all over and their trunli
;
'6s
dpTTayrjv virepaLcxjpov^ivas , irplv 7) ro ro^eviia i^iKveZudaiy KKXivavTS ovv ov^vl Koapao (f)vyov, ol IJLV TTeCol 7TpL7TLp6fJLVOL VTT* oAAtJAcOV Tots'
hopariois koL GvpLTTaro-ujievoL vtto tcov LTnreojv cos Lxov efXTT^oovrcjv 77* avrovs, ra dpfiara 8e, dvaOTpei/javra Kal ravra efjuTraXiv els rovs oIklovs, ovK dvaijjiojrl hi(j>ipeTo iv avrols, oAAd ro rod
ol lttttoi hi(j)poi S* dveKvpLpaXiailov ^OjjLTJpov, 8* CTTetVep dira^ rr\s is ro evdv oSov aTrerpeTrovro
"
OVK dvaaxofJievoL rcov iX(f)dvTO)v , rovs iin^dr as ** " /cetV ox^a KpordXi^ov rifivovres dTTOpaXovres
V7j
Ala Kal
Tildas'
rd)v
KaraXdpOLv. ttoXXol Se cos iv rapd^co eliTovro Se Kal ol iXirooovrcp KareXajjLpdvovro Kal dvappnrrovvres rals crvpiTrarovur^s <j)avres TTpovopLalais is vt/jos Kal avvapTrdCovres Kal rols oSoucrt 7repi7TelpovrS , Kal riXos ovrot Kara Kpdros
(fylXcov
11
TTapaSiSoaGL rep ^Kvrioxip ttjv vlktjv. 01 TaXdrau he ol fiev ireOvriKeoav , iroXXov rov <f>6vov yevojxevov , ol ^d^vres iXapi^dvovro , ttXtjv
cf)9aoav els
ra
oprj dva(f)vy6v-
M.aKeS6ves Se ogol uvv ^Avnoxfp rjoav, iiraioyvi^ov Kal Trpoaiovres oAAo? aAAa;^d^ei^ dvehow rov pacrtXea KaXXlvLKov dva^ocovres. 6 Sc Kal haKpvaas, d)S <f>aGLVy AloxwcofieOa, <f)rj, c5
GrpariojraL, ols ye r) GcorrjpLa iv e/c/catSe/ca rovroLs drjplois iyevero' ojs el p/rj ro Kaivov rov 6edp,aros i^eTrXrj^e rovs 7roXep,LOVs, rl dv r]p.eLS eiri re ro) rpoTraicp KeXevei rjpLev TTpos avrovs ; aXXo p/qheVy iXe<f)avra 8e piovov iyKoXdifsai. 12 "Q.pa rolwv pie GKonelv p/rj Kal rovpLov 6p,OLOV ^ 166
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
and fled in a disorderly Their inrout before they were within bowshot. fantry were impaled on each other's spears and trampled underfoot as they were, by the cavalry, which came riding into them. The chariots too turned
raised like hooks, they turned
men and
broke their
Once the chariots clattered as they overturned." ^ horses had veered from their straight course in their fear of the elephants, they threw off their drivers " ^ and the empty chariots rattled on," actually with their and scythes any of their tearing cutting
The elephants followed, trampling on them, tossing them aloft in their trunks, snatching and piercing them with their tusks, and in the end these animals had presented Antiochus with
there was utter confusion.
an overwhelming victory.
The Galatians lost many killed in the great slaughter. The rest were taken prisoner, except for a very few who escaped to the mountains in time. Antiochus's Macedonian contingent raised the Paean " and gathering round him crowned him king of
" with acclamation. Antiochus is glorious victory said to have wept as he addressed his troops. " " Men," he said, we owe our lives to these sixteen animals; so let us rather feel shame. For if the
strangeness of what they saw had not thrown the enemy into confusion, "what should we have been Then he ordered them to compared with them? decorate the trophy with a carved elephant and
me
to consider whether
2
my army
160.
is
Homer,
//.
xvi, 379.
Homer,
II, xi,
167
^AvTLoxco ra fiv oAAa ovk a^iov jLta;^s',^ iXecjyavres Se tlvS Kal ^iva yLOp^oXvKeia Trpos rovs opcjvras Kal davfjLaroTToda oXXcjjs' e/cetva yovv
TraivovGt, 7rdvrs,
irdw
p,v
^ImroKCvravpog yeypajJLiidvr] rovro fiovov iKTrXijrrovraL Kal wairep earC, Kaivov Kal repdarLOV
So/cet ainoLS.
TreTTOLrjrai
;
ra 8e oAAa
oAA'
fjLarrjv
ou
jjLd-njv
dpa ypa(f)LKol
L7)
rw
ZevftSt
Vficls
yap
pLOVov afta
ra
fiv
fJidxv^ <5'
TOC*
to.
fiv
a^ia fidxrjs
NXM;
a^iov Mras.
i68
ZEUXIS OR ANTIOCHUS
like that of Antiochus
fight, lins to see,
in general inadequate for the but with some elephants, some queer hobgob-
tricks.
It is these
The qualities at any rate that everyone praises. things I had confidence in are of no account at all to them. They marvel only because a female Hippocentaur has been painted, and they think it novel and portentous, as indeed it is. The rest of Zeuxis's work was wasted, I suppose. But no, not wasted you are real artists and examine each detail with
craftsmen's eyes.
may be worthy
is
that
my
show
169
.^.1
An apology to a patron for a slip of the tongue gives an opportunity for a disquisition on the three forms of greeting "Joy to you," "Health to you," and "Do well." For Lucian's sensitivity to niceties of diction see The Mistaken Critic {Loeb, vol. V, pp. 371 ff., with Harmon's introduction).
avdpCJTTOV OVTa
peiav Sta^uyetv, ttoXv Se ^aXeTTcvrepov airoXoyiav VpLV napaXoyov /cat Satfiovlov 7rratcr/xaT09, o7rp d/x(^OTepa vvv ipbol avfJLPe^rjKCVf o a(f)iK6p,.vos irapa ae, (hs rrpoGciTTOLfJiL ro iojOivov, Seov Trjv
crvm^drj ravrrjv (f)covrjv d(f>LvaL /cat ')(aipeLv KeXeveiv,
iyo)
COS"
Se
oz)
o
/card
^pvaov^
[JLV
ri^iovv,
V(j)T]iJiOv
ty^v
irnXaOofievos vytatVctv crc rovro, ovk iv Kaipcp 8e ecu. eycu /xcv ow CTrt tovtco
/cat
/cat rjpvdpiojv /cat Travrotos" ijv utto ol aiTopiaSt irapovres 8c ot /xev TrapaTratctv, cos" ro ct/cos", ot Se Xrjpelv V(f>* iJAt/cta?, ot Se ;^^eo-ti^s'
evOvs
tStoi'
re
KpaLTTaXrjs dvajjueGTOv en t^ovro fxe efvat, et /cat OTt fidXiora gv iineiKcJjs TjveyKas ro yeyovo? ovS* ocrov aKpcp rep /xetStajLtart 7narjfjirjvdpivos rrjs
yAcoTTTys"
;(tv
eho^ev ovv fiou /caAcu? rrjv hiap,apriav. TTapap^vdlav rivd ipbavrcp avyypdnpai^ <hs firj
dvi(pp,7]v 7tI rip t 7rpG^vrr)s
Trrato-jLtart
/xt^S'
vdw
rod
dcfyopTjrov
d7Teo<j)dXr]v
rjyoljjLTjVy
dvrjp
togovtov
roaovrcov ixaprvpcov. iiri ovhev eSet olfxai virep yXwrTTjs dTToXoyias /xev yap
KoXojs
e-)(ovros
rijs
ypcufyfjs
ttow
diropcp
7rpopXijp,arLt
TTpo'Covrt,
hk
much more
difficult to
by some such
Both of these misfortunes have me. When I came to you to give I ought to have used the you the morning greeting, " usual expression Joy to" you," but like a golden Health to you," a pleasass I blundered and said ant enough greeting, but not suitable it is not for the morning. As soon as I had said it I was all I began to sweat and went pink. sixes and sevens.
now happened
to
Some
of the company thought it a slip naturally others thought that I had become a fool in my old age, or that it was a hangover from yesterday's drinking. You took it very well, though not a trace of a smile to mark my slip of the tongue. So I thought it a good idea to write something to comfort myself, so as not to be too upset over my slip, or think it intolerable if I, an old man, had fallen so far from what was proper before so many witnesses. I don't think an apology was necessary for a tongue that slipped into a wish so pleasant. When I began to write, I thought that I was taking
enough
went on
found
^73
avrd,
TTpdrreLV /cat
To
ov
/xev Srj
firjv nporepov ipoj avrov /cat rod ev rod vytatVetv TrpoetTra) rd euKora. x^ipiv apxala /xev r) irpooayopevoiSy
ra
Ae/crca.
ov
Trepl
rod
')(aipiv
p/TjV
iojOivrj
pLOVov
ovSe
vtto
ttjv
Trpcorrjv
VTV^LV,
oAAa
/cat
dXXqXovs
eXeyov avro,
ws to
Svvdara rrjaSe
SetTTVov
yrjs
X^^P*t <^
/cat
Tipwdias.
tJ^t]
pLrd TO
is
Xoyovs
Trapoiviovs
rpevopLevoL, d)s ro
Xo-^P** ^Axt'Xev,
Sairos p-ev
rrjv
/cat
itcrr)^
ovk
CTrtSeuet?,
'OSucrcrcus'
ovorc
avrcp ipprjTopcvev.
XOJV,
COS"
rjSrj
TO
iyoj
S*
XCL^pT*,
vpupLV
deos
dpuppoTOS,
ovKen
OmrjTos.
t8to9 Se Kaipos ovhels direvevipLriro rfj TTpoap-qaeL, ovSe (Ls vvv pLOvos 6 a)Biv6s ottov ye /cat iirl ru)v aTTaiaiajv /cat dTrevKrordrayv opLOJS ixpd^^^o avTrj, cos 6 Tov EvptTTtSou HoXvveiKTjs tJSt] reXevTcov rov
^iov,
KoX
/cat
;^ai!pr*, 7)^7]
yap
/xc
TrepupdXXeL
g kotos.
rjv
ov
pLovov
(j)LXo<f)pocnjv7]s
avToZs
/cat
tovto
pu-qKeTL
;j^at/)etv
avpLpoXov,
dXXd
/cat
direxOeLas
tov
XprjoeaOaL
(f>pdoraL
dXX^XoLS.
to
yovv
puaKpd
TO
Homer,
//. ix,
225.
174
Joy
and
to you,
you lord of
this
Tirynthian land,"
to talk over
no lack
mission.
**
also
leave, as in
No longer mortal know me now. Joy to you To you a god divine." ^ This greeting was not reserved for a special time, as now only for morning. Indeed even on the most unwelcome and inauspicious occasions they used it
nevertheless, as in Euripides when Polynices at the end of his life says " For now does darkness gird me Joy to you
!
round."
It was not just a sign for them of friendly feeling, but also of dislike and final parting. For example, " meant that they to bid "Joy to it and a long one washed their hands of it.
verse of Empedocles. Euripides, Phoenissae, 1453.
175
IlpwTOS
Xiyerai
elireiv rrpos
8'
avro
OtAtTTTrtSr^s-
rjixcpoSpojJLijcras
oltto
MapaOiovos
dyyi^ojv
rriv
vlktjv
rovs dp)(OVTas Kad'qpLevovs koL 7T(f)povriKoras virkp rov reXovs rrjs fJ-d-XV^* Xatpere, VLKCJfjLev, /cat tovto cittcov avvaTTodavelv rfj dyyeXla iv iTnorroXrj? Se /cat TO) "XP-ipeiv cruveKTn'evaai. dpxxi KAecuv o *Adr]vaLos hripLayixyyos diro 2^a/cTr)plas TTpcbrov X'^^P^^^ TTpovdrjKev euayyeAtCo/xvo? TTjV vLk7]V Tr]V KeWV Kol TTjV TOJV UTTapTLaTCOV
dXcDGLv.
/cat ofxws ye fxer Klvov 6 Nt/cta? oltto St/CcAtaS" 7TL(JTXXajV V TO) dpXCL^Cp TU)V .TnOToXlX}V
*AAA*
/cat
davpuaaros
YlXdrcDV,
dvrjp
d^LOTTtaros
/ceAcuetv
;)(at/)etv
Trdw dTTohoKipidCeL
iJL(f)aLVOv,
aTTOvSalov
to
ovbev
avTov
eladycL
co?
hiaKeLpLevojv
^lowGLOi
'ATToAAoi
atofjiaTog t /cat ^vxyjs ev avpL^oXov, /cat iiTLGTeXXcov ye Tat atrtdrat ai^roi^, ort Trotoir 9 toi/
kolvov
Tov Hvdlov
5
;i^atpetv toi' ^coi' irpoaelTTev <hs /cat ou;;^ ottcos 6eoi<s, oAA' oi)S'
dvd^iov
dvdpo)-
TTOts" 8e^tots'
TrpeTTOv.
*0 /xeV y deoTTeoLos YivOayopas , el /cat pLYjSev avTOS ISlov TjiMv KaToXLTTeZv Twv avTov rj^Lcoaev, oaov 'O/ccAAoj 2 TO) Acu/cavo) /cat ^Apxvra /cat rot? oAAotS' 6pLtX7]TaLS avTOv TeKpLalpeordai, ovTe to XO.ipeLv ovTe to ev irpdTTeiv 7Tpovypa(f)eVy oAA' dno tov vyiaiveiv dpxeodai eKeXevev. diravTes yovv ol diT* avTOv oAATjAots" eTTLGTeXXovTes onoTe GTTOvSalov
^ Kal ofKDS ye Seager Kai oXws ye A.
:
N:
176
SLIP
Philippides, the one who acted as courier, is said to have used it first in our sense when he brought
the news of victory from Marathon and addressed the magistrates in session when they were anxious how the battle had ended; "Joy to you, we've won," he said, and there and then he died, breathing his last breath with that "Joy to you." Cleon the Athenian demagogue also began his letter from " Sphacteria with Joy to you," when he gave the news of the good victory there and the capture of However after him Nicias in his the Spartiates.^ despatches from Sicily followed the old practice and began right away with the matter in hand. The admirable Plato himself, a most sound authority on such matters, altogether rejected the " as bad and pointless. He subuse of "Joy to you " stitutes Do well," which implies a good state of both body and soul. In a letter to Dionysius ^ he " " censures him for greeting Apollo with Joy to you in his poem to the god; it is unworthy of the Pythian, he says, and not even for men of taste is it V becoming, let alone gods. The divine Pythagoras chose not to leave us anything of his own, but if we may judge by Ocellus the Leucanian and Archytas and his other disciples, " " " he did not prefix Joy to you or Do well," but " Health to you." At any told them to begin with rate all his school in serious letters to each other be" gan straightway with Health to you," as a greet1 2
424 Ep.
B.C.,
Ill,
'0/f<AAa)
two
late
o/ctAw
6k4kX<d
177
Kol
7)
Tov evTeXrj
vyieiag
Kal
CrTt.
Kal TL GOL Toijg TraXaious Xeyco, ottov Kal *Fi7TLKOvpos dvrjp Trdvv )(aipajv to) ;^atpeti/ /cat ttjv Tjhovrjv TTpo aTrdm-cov alpovpievos ev rat? gttovhaiOTepais eiriaToXals (elal he avrat oXlyai) Kal v Tat? TTpos Tovs (f)LXTdTovs /xctAtcTTa vyiatveLV v9vs ev dpxfj TjpoGTdTTei; ttoXv h* dv Kal ev ttj
Tpaycphla Kal ev
ttJ
to
puev
yap
tov
p^atpeti^
to
vyiaiveiv
o)
6 he *Axcu6s,
rjKa) TTeTrpaycJS heivd,
1
av
8'
vyiaive
:
/xot*
TO u
other
MSS. om.
dTroTcAci Marcilius
airoTeX^tv
MSS.
178
example.
But why quote the ancients when there is Epicurus ? certainly enjoyed joy, and chose Pleasure as the chief good. In his more serious letters (there are not many of these) and in those to his dearest friends he generally began straightway with " Health to too and in Old Comedy you will you." In tragedy " " often find Health said straightway first. The
He
greeting
"
Good
"
Alexis says clearly puts health before joy. " Good health, lord At long last
my
you are
here,"
and Achaeus
"
I
come
you,"
^
first
+2+3+4=
four integers,
10.
i.e.
'
rihri
Marcilius
ol 8c
MSS.
179
ry^/[lT'
Kal 6 OiAtJ/uov,
aLTcb 8' vyCeiav TTpwrov, elr evirpa^iav, rpirov he ^aipeiv, elr 6(j)LXeLv fju-qSevi.
ov /cat UXdrojv ovro? (fyrjaiv ; 'YyiatVctv jxev apiGTOVy ro hevrepov koXov yeveadai, rpirov 8e TrXovrcLV, rov ^aipav 8e ro Trapairav ovk i^mjaOr), Lva GOL fjLT] ^ ro yvcDpipMrrarov Kivo Kal ttclol Sta
6
fxev
yap ro
ri
(jkoXlov ypanpas,
piefjLirqraLy
Kal
aropLaros Xiycu,
fiords.
t TTpea^iorT] icrrlv vyUia, Kal ro epyov ro vyiaLveiv TvporaKriov rojv aAAcov dyadcjv. avr7J 7 Mvpla Sc Kal dXXa K re ttoit^tcDv /cat avyypaKoX ^iXo<j6(f)(x)v /caraSet^at ooi e^ojv, npoif>Oiv ripujjvroiv ro vyiaiveiVy rovro [lev TrapairrjaopiaL,
c5oT
(1)S
put]
eKirem)
Kal KLvhwevcupuev dXXw t^Aoj pLOL ro crvyypapLpa eKKpoveiv rov rjXov, oXlya he ooi rijs dpxalag
ot/ceta p,epvrjpbaL /caAai? vireXa^ov. ^X^'^ TTpocrypdi/jai *
laroplas
oiroaa
rw
napovri
"Ore AXe^avhpog
^ ev rfj adai epieXXev, ws ^vpevrjg 6 KapScavos ecodev elcreXOcbv irpos 'AvrtVarpov emoroXfj Xeyei, els TTjV GKrjvrjv avrov 6 'Hcj^aiorlajv, eXr eiriXadopevos elre rapaxOels cjOTrep eyoj etre Kal deov nvos
epuol
e<f>r),
'Yytatve,
Kaipos
TJhrj
1
Trapardrreodai.
add. Fritzsche.
rapaxOevrcov
fiTj
|3o
IN
GREETING
First I beg good health, and second doing well, Thirdly to have joy, and last to owe no debts."
does the writer of that drinking-song which " Plato mentions say ^ ? Good health is best, then third wealth," and he never mentions joy good looks, at all. I need hardly mention that most familiar piece of all which everybody quotes,
"
I'd live with thee,
What
Through
all
is
O Health, chief of the gods the mortal Ufe that's left to me." ^
the chief of the gods, her work the is to be preferred to other
Then
if
health
I could show you thousands of other passages in the poets and historians and philosophers which put health first, but I shall beg to be excused, or my writing will be guilty of the bad taste of an adolescent, and only knock one nail out with another. But a few things from ancient history I remember are to the point, and I may as well add them for you. Just before the Battle of Issus, as Eumenes of Cardia says in his letter to Antipater, Hephaestion came early into Alexander's tent. He blundered or was confused (as I was) or was driven to it by some " Health to yoii, god when he gave my greeting ** it is time to set the battleking," he said, already
:
1 Plato, GorgiaSy 7. The scolium is quoted in full by Athenaeus, Deipn., xv, 40. * Attributed to Ariphron of Sicyon, Ath., Deipn., xv, 63.
KapStavos Solanus
Sa/>8tawj
MSS.
;vA/^
l8l
H'^XV^ V^V i^^ V7T(7X'y]TaL. *AurLoxos Se o Gcorrjp ore rols TaXdrais crvvdTvreiv eSo^ev ovap iTnardvra ol tov c/LteAAev, KeXeveiv 'AAc^avSpov avvdr^pLa irpo ttjs jJidx'^S TrapaSovvaL rfj arparia ro vyiaiveiv, /cat vtto
^
rovrcp
rep
avvdripiari
rrjv
davp.aarrjv
ScAeu/coj
KLvr]v
VLKTjv ivLKTjaev.
10
imareXjJiev
ttjs
imaroXrjs vyiaiveiv avrov TTpooeLircov, inl riXei Se dvrl rod ippcbodai, VTToypdijsas ro xaipeiv, ws ALOvua6Sa)p09 6 rd^ eTnorroXas avrov crvvayayayv
11
vai,
rov ^Yiireipajrov fivrjadij' "A^iov hk KoX Yivppov ^ dvhpos fJLerd AXi^avhpov rd hevrepa iv
arpariqyiaLS iveyKap^ivov Kal puvpias rporrds rrjs rvxy]S iveyKovrog. ovros roivvv del OeoXg evxdfjievos Kal dvcov Kal dvandels ovheTTwirore -^ vlktiv r^
PacrtXeiag
VTrep^oXrjv
d^icupia
TJrrjae
p,ell,ov
ri
evKXeiav
ri
rrXovrov
rjvx^rOj vyiaiveiv,
Kal dptarra ovSev o^eXos rdv aTrdvrcjv dyaOdjv, ear dv rov vyiaivew p,6vov drrfj. 12 Nat, (f>rjaLV ns, dXXd vvv eKdarov Kaipds tSto? Se rovrov evaXXd^as, ixj)^ rjpLcov aTToSeSet/crat,^ cry el Kal p/qhev dXXo ea(j)dXris,^ o/xcos" rep St/cata> Xoycp ovK dv efo) et-qs rov rjpLapr7]Kevat., wairep i8a
avro)
ot/xat <f)p6vi, XoyL^6pbevo
rwv dXXcov
on
SLIP OF
line."
But Alexander
The others present were upset by the strange address, and Hephaestion almost died for shame. "
now promised
When
It has I accept the omen. said, us a safe return from the battle." Antiochus Soter was about to engage the
Galatians, he dreamed he saw Alexander standing by him, who told him to give the army the password " " Health before the battle, and under that word he
won
his amazing victory. Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, when writing to Seleucus clearly reversed the usual order by putting " " Health to you at the beginning of his letter, and " instead of wishing him at the end "Joy to you Dionysodorus who collected his letters strength.
tells
us this.
Then Pyrrhus of Epirus also is worthy of mention. As a general he was second only to Alexander and
endured a myriad changes of fortune. In all his prayers to the gods and sacrifices and offerings he never asked them for victory or increased kingly dignity or glory or excessive wealth ; his prayer was for this thing alone good health he was sure that I think if he had this he would easily get all the rest. he was right when he considered that all the blessings in the world are worth nothing when health is the one thing he hasn't got. Yes, someone will say, we have assigned the proper time for each phrase, but you have switched
if
in all justice
made
a slip
1
2 3
rw add. Cobet.
dTToSe'Set/crai
iacfxxXrjs
be
N.
f^J
183
7rpl
T7J
KviqfjLr]
to Kpdvog
t)
Trepl
rfj
K(f)aXfj
ras
(f>atrjv
/cj/ry/xtSas"
Ttcrre,
ravra eXeyeg,
Seo/xev'os",
rt? oAco?
/cat
vvv 8e
mjKTCop del to vytatvoy di^ay/catov, /cat /xa/cat ttoAAo. TrpdrrovGLv vjjuv, dp)^ov(7t, OGO) /cat 7r/)6? rd TroAAd 8et(7^ rou acofxaros. en Se o /xer X^^P^ clirajv fiovov evcfy-^fio) rfj dpxfj ixpTJcroLTOy /cat gtlv vxj} to Trpdy/xa, o Se vyial/cat
Atora rot?
VLV
TO vyiaLveiv (JVVTXoVVrO}V , oAAd /cat napayyeXXet. 13 Tt 8*; oi5;(t /cat ev to) tcDv cvtoAoji/ pi^XCcp, o del irapd jSacrtAccu? Xap,^dvT, rovro irpwrov vjjuv iari
TTpos VTTOjJLLfjLV^OKeL /cat ou OT;i^eu;(eTat fiovov
TrapaKeXcvofjLevos Tcjv
/cat
;)^p7^(JtjU.oy
rt
8/>a
/cat
TrapdyycXfxa,
ttjs
;
vyiela^
/xoA*
impLcXeLGdai
/cat
avrcuv
ydp dv
Ttt oAAa t7j 6(f)Xog VfjLCJV TTpos dAAd /cat Vfieis avroi, vojv.
OUT6U 8ta/cet/xetl
et
'Pcu/xatcov
<f)OJvrjs
cVatico,
tou?
14
pLv
ctTreti'
auTOU
d/coiv
dv tJi/ ^evi^cov /cat tou? 7] yeAotb? y* 15 Kaipovs rcov 7TpoGayopva0)v ivaXXdrrcuv. x^P''^ he d/xoAoydi TOt? Oeois, on /xot to G(f>dXpLa els
TTodwv
ro to
ov^ clS" c/c Trpovoias iTnrrjSevoas 8e di^' uytatVctv, dAA* a>9 rovro puev
;(;at/tv,
clttov
dXXo
fjLaKpcp
aiGLcorcpov
/cat
Trepierpdirrj
Td;;^a
/cat
els
ro
'Yyteta? -^ enpdxdr] 8t* /xou aot TO uytatVctv v7nax}'ovpL4vov' eirel eycoye 184
dpLLvov
TTapajXiadoVf
rr^s
'Aor/cArjTTtou
auTOU
eTmrvoia
rovr
IN
GREETING
helmet on your shins and greaves on your head. Oh, that would be yes, my good sir, I would answer,
reasonable
if
all
when
health
wasn't needed;
especially you magisso much on your " " Joy to you is only an auspicious bodily vigour. " " Health to you is beginning, a prayer in fact.
and busy
positive
for
and useful
;
it
good health it is a warning as well as a prayer. Now in the book of instructions you always get from
the emperor, isn't the care of your health ?
first
not be of
rightly so. You would much use otherwise. Indeed you yourselves, if I know any Latin, also often return the " " word Health ^ when you shake hands.
And
In saying
discard
"
all this I
and put in its Health you Joy it be would this was an accident ridiculous for
to
"
all
the greetings. I am grateful to heaven that my slip was a switch into something much more auspicious
and
slid into
something better.
dess Health or Asclepius himself inspired me on purpose to promise you health through me. I could
certainly never have
1
done
it
In Latin
"
fjLrjSenw rrporepov
v TCp fJLaKpcp
16
Et
^ Set
jSto)
rapa)(dls ofioLov ;
/cat dvdpcoTTLVTjv
nvd
virkp
rod yeyovoros
diToXoylav eiTreLV, ovSev ^evov, el ttolw eaTrouSa/cco? CTTt TOt? apLOTOis VTTo GOV yvcopL^cadaL CK rrjs dyav 7ndvpilas ^Is Tovvavriov Siarapaxdcls eviirecrov. rd^o. S' dv riva iKTrXij^eie rcov /car'
/cat orparicorcov ttXtjOos, cov ol p,v TTpoojdovvreSy ol he v rfj rci^et rrj? rrpoaayoKav ol 17 pevaeoj? ixrj p,evovTs. ov S' eu otS*
opdov
XoyLcrfJLOJV
on
dXXoL tV dvoiav ri aTratSeucrtW r] napacftpoovvrjv dva(f)ip(jJOLV TO TTpdyjjLa, alSovs avro ovpL^oXov /cat
d<f)XLas iTTOiTjcrco /cat i/ruxrjs fMTjSev vrxvov ixovoT)?' cos to ye ndvu
Toig TOLOvroig ov Troppw dpaavTr)rog /cat dvaiaxw/cat e/xotye eir] firjSev Tta9 ecrriv. jiev tolovto a^aXXeoOai, el he crvfipal-q, irpos ev(f)r]p,Lav avro
18
rov Trpcorov He^aarov Kal TotovSc 6 puev tvx hiK-qv rivd Xeyerai yeveaOai' St/cao-a? opdcbs Kal dnoXvGas cy/cA-j^/iaTO? rov
Tt
fxeylarov aSt/ccus" avKocfiavTovixevov dvOpwrrov, 6 8e X^/>tv ofjLoXoyojv jxeydXr) rfj (fyojvfj, ^dpiv olBd aoLy (f)7], Jj avTOKpdrop, otl KaKios Kal dSt/cco?
/cat rcov nepl He^aarov dyavaKTqadvrayv hiaoTrdGaodai rov dvOpconov edeXovrcov^ 11 awoaade ;!^aA7ratVovT9, eKeZvos e(f>7]- ov yap ttjv
cSt/caaas"
/cat
yXcorrav
d^LOV.
^
avrov,
jLtCV
aXXd
ttjv
yvcojjLTjv
e^erd^eiv
KLVOS
.
OVTCJSy
OV
:
rwv
. . .
XoyiayLCov
Sommerbrodt
Xoyiafxwv
twv
E.
XoyiayLOV
F;
rriv
Xoyiafxov
N:
rrjs
(? sic)
186
IN GREETING
like this before
But, if I must make a human apology for what has happened, there is nothing strange, if a fervent desire for your good opinion in all that is best was too strong and in my utter confusion I stumbled into the opposite effect. A man might also be startled away from proper deliberation by the crowd of soldiers pushing their way to the front or not wait-
know
ing their turn in presenting their petitions. But I that you at any rate have taken the affair as
a sign of modesty and simplicity and a mind undebased and unsophisticated, even if the others referred
it to ignorance or bad training or idiocy. Excessive boldness in such matters is not far off
May I never make audacity and shamelessness. such a slip, or, if I do, may I happen on some lucky
phrase
!
Indeed they say that something like this happened to the first Augustus. It happened that he had decided a certain case correctly and acquitted a defendant who had been unjustly prosecuted on a most serious charge. The man acknowledged his
gratitude in a loud voice
for
Thank you, Emperor, " your bad and unjust judgment! Augustus's courtiers were furious and would have torn him to " Calm your anger. It pieces, but the emperor said, is his meaning, not his words, that you must con:
"
sider."
That was
his answer,
but
if
you look at
my
187
evvow
Kal avrrj.
TJhr)
19
"YiOiKa S* ivravda
KvaL,
(x)S
rrjv
diroXoylav
TavTr]v
Kal
17)
y,
(f>airfjvaL
Tov
^CXrare Xoyov, ws
<L
fir)
dXX
i88
IN
GREETING
;
meaning, the intention, you'll see, was good my words, they too were auspicious. Having now reached this point, I think I reasonably be afraid of something else some
:
if at
may may
think the slip deliberate, a pretext for writing this defence. May my composition, dearest Asclepius, be such that all may see it as a starting point of a display, not as a defence.
189
Lucian, Service in
now
AnoAoriA
1
HoAou CTKOTTU) TTpos ijxavrov a KoXe Hapivc, arivd aoL cIkos eTreXdelv clttclv avayvovri rjfiojv to on fjLV TTcpt Tcov inl fiLadu) ovvovr cjv ^i^Xiov yap ovK dyeXacjTL Sicfi^ct? avro Kal ttolvv /xot TTpohrjXov. d 8e pLera^v Kal ttI ttoloiv vtto gov iXeyero, ravra vvv <f)appL6rriv Crjroj rots dveyvwapiivoLS. t roivuv pur] KaKos iyd) /xarrt/c/Jv, hoKOi pLOL dKOViv GOV XdyovTOS' Efra tls avros ravra yeypacfxljs Kal Kar^yopiav ovro) Sclvtjv Kara, rov roLovrov ^lov Slc^cXOwv, eneira Trdin-cov
y
KXad6p,vos , oGrpdKOVy <f)y]oi, pLerancGovrog Kcov 9 SovXetav ovrco 7rpL(f)avrj Kal <j>pa)v VGGlkv ttogoi MiSat Kal KpocGOL ; TrepL^Xenrov Kal liaKrcjXol oXol pLeriireiGav avrov d(f>lvaL pLV T^v K TTaihoiv ^IXriv Kal Gvvrpo^ov iXevOeplav, TTpos avrcp 8e -^8?^ ru> AlaKip yv6pivov Kal pLOVovov)(l rov erepov TroSa iv rep TTOpOpbeicp ^ exovra 7TapXtv iavrov eXKCGdai Kal GvpeGdau Kaddnep VTTO kXolw rivL )(pvGa> rov au;^eVa SeOevra ; old GrL rwv rpv(f>(x)vrcov ttXovglojv rd G^iyyia Kal rd KovpdXXia; ttoXXtj yovv rj hiacfxjjvla rod vvv plov TTpos ro Gvyypaptpia Kal ro dvco rovs TTorapiovs
iavrov
4>4podai,
N.
192
against that sort of life, then, when the die falls the other way up, completely forget it and himself of his own free will rush headlong into a slavery so manifest
!
How many Midases and Croesuses and conspicuous and whole Pactoluses have persuaded him to throw away his liberty, the object of his care and companion of his nurture since childhood? Already within sight of Aeacus himself, viith one foot almost in the ferry-boat he lets himself be dragged and pulled along as though by a golden collar fastened round his throat ^ What bracelets and necklaces There is much inconsistency the idle rich must have rivers here between his present life and his essay
!
'
See
On
Sal. Posts.,
Loeb,
vol.
iii,
7.
193
VOL. VI.
rd Trdvra
17]
/cat TroAti'yScti^
ov^
dAA* ^pyco
adai hoKovvTiov
2
Tavra
ooL.
TTpog iavrov co? to lk6s AcAc/crat Sc LGOJS /cat Trpoj aiVrov c/ie ^vyi^ov7ra^ts"
puev
Xr\v Tiva roiavTTjv ovk aKaipov, oAAd (f)i\LKr]v /cat otoj ooi XPV^'^^ '^^^^ <f>LXoo6<l>a) dvSpl TrpdnovGav. iqv iikv ovv /car* d^iav virohvs to gov TTpoGConov
VTTOKpivojjxai,
dv
/jLijy
r)iiLV
e^oi
crv
/cat
rcb
Aoyico
dvGopLev ivhcovra.
GKTjVriV
Se
dAAd
TTpoGd-qoeLs
rjjJLds
rd
rrjV
jj,
/cat Kai6p,vov, el Scot, ctti GCJTqpia, g S* CTrtTrdrTLV Tcov <f>apfidKCJV /cat TTjv GfiiXrjv d/xa Trpox^tpov
exovra
/cat
to
rrjv
irapaXa^div
HapLvos
3
rjSr]
p-qTpav Aeyct?.
KavrqpLov gv
hidTTVpov.
/cat
/x
87)
ravra
ct/cds",
irpos
ws
/cat
ev
heix^iv, (hs ol Tore aKpoaodfjievoL hirjyovvro, /cat i8ta napd rots 7T7Tai,hevpievois ottogol Ofju-Xeiv avrco /cat 8td ;(ctpd? c;^tv rj^icuGav. tj re ydp rcov
X6ya)v TTapaGKevT] ov
/cat
(jLefiTTrrj
/cat
rj
ejXTTeLpia
tcov
TrpayfiaTCov
/cat
Ga(f)OJs
iXeyero,
/cat,
to jjueyiGTov,
xPV^^H-^
cos"
)u,t7
dyvotas" a^d? auTOu? ct? SouActav virdyoiev. enel 8e aot /xcTcSofc ^eXrioj Tavra etvat ^ rrjv fxev
1
So Fritzsche
efrnt Kal
MSS.
194
APOLOGY
flowing uphill and the world upside down and recantation for the worse,' not for a Helen indeed, or what happened at Troy ; ^ no, here in very fact
'
'
'
are your words turned upside down, although they seemed well enough before."
That's what you said to yourself, I've no doubt. Perhaps you will offer me some such advice, not untimely, but friendly, and becoming to an honest philosopher like yourself. If I put your mask on and answer properly, all will be well for us, and we If not, well, shall sacrifice to the God of Reason. Well then it is time will what is lacking. add you
I must keep quiet for us to change the scene endure your cutting and cautery if need be survival's sake; you must apply the ointment at the same time have the knife ready and
;
and
for
and
the
Now you, Sabinus, take cauterising iron red-hot. the word and thus you now address me " dear friend, your essay, as is right, has long been admired, both before a great crowd at its first
:
My
appearance, as those
it
told
me, and
privately among educated people who have not hesitated to use and handle it. The style could not be censured, its content was ample and showed a
knowledge of the world it was clear in detail and, most important of all, it was useful for everybody and particularly for the educated, to save them
;
is
all falling into servitude through ignorance. changed ; this course seems better to you, to bid
^
Now
his attack
on Helen of
Troy.
[xaKpa
;\;ai/Detv
idv,
^rjXcjaai
Se
ro
dyevveGrarov eKelvo
lajjL^elov
aKovoerai gov dvayivcjGKOVoAAa /XT^Se oAAoj TrapaGxrjs rcjv tov TTOpovra GOV ^iov opojvrcjv eTreXdelv ra yeypapL-
opa
ros
avTO,
/xeVa,
VXOv Se
TTporepov
OTCJV
7roXXr)v
X'qdrjv
^ TL 7T1T0v6Vai, 8of 19 TOV rod KopLvdiOV fJLvdoV Kara Gavrov 6 BcAAcpo^ovTTy? yypa<f>a)s to ^l^Xlov. fia yap rov AC ov^ opoj rrfv diroXoyiav av evirpoGCJTTos croi yivono irpos rovs 7]TLg KarTjyopovvrag, /cat jLcoAtCTTa, ^v gvv yeXcori avro
/cat
TTjV
avrov Se rov Gvyypa(jila hovXevovra opchvres /cat eKovra vrroridevra tov 4 aup^cVa Tcp ^vyw. ovk direLKOTa y ovv Xiyoi.v av, el Xiyoiev tJtol dXXov tov yeuvatov dvSpo? etvaL to ^L^XlOV /cat G TOV KoXoLOV dXXoTpiOL? TTTpOi^ dydXXcGdai' rj etnep gov Igtiv, 6p.oid gc tco
v
avTols
eXevdeplav,
TOLs
HaXaidcp 7T0LLV, OS" TTiKpoTaTov Kara fjLotxcov dels KpoTOJVLaTaLs vofiov /cat davfiaCofievos in* avTCo fierd puKpov avTOS idXcj fjLOLX^vojv tov aSeA^ou T7]v yvvalKa. Trepl TioSa tolwv /cat ak TOV ^dXaidov eKetvov elvai (fyalr) rig dv fxaXXov
8e TToXv flTpLCL)TpOS
COS"
KlvOS ,
epCxJTL
fxkv
oAoUS",
<f)aGKv diToXoyovpevog , Ikcov he pudXa evifjvxcos is TO TTvp dXXofxevos, /catVot eXeovvTOiv avTov rjSr]
KpOTCOvLaTOJV /cat ivSiSovTOiv (l)vyLV, el jSouAotTo. TO 8e GOV ov rrapd puKpov aToncoTepov, dKpi^ovvTOS
196
APOLOGY
freedom good-bye
verse
*
for ever,
Where gain
is,
Take care no one hears you reading it again keep written copies out of the way of anyone who sees your present life, and pray Hermes down below to
Lethe on those who have already Otherwise you will be like the man in the Corinthian story, a Bellerophon who wrote the book against yourself.^ Indeed I don't see what answer you can make to give you a good face before your
sprinkle plenty of
heard
it.
accusers, especially if they are laughing at you and praise the essay and its freedom while they see the writer himself enslaved and willingly putting his neck under the yoke. It would be reasonable enough, at
least, if they said that someone else was the noble author, and you were a jackdaw strutting in borrowed or, if it is yours, that you were another plumes Salaethus who made a most severe law against adultery at Croton and was admired for it, but shortly afterwards was himself caught seducing his brother's wife. It would be said that you were exactly that Salaethus no, he was much more restrained than you; love caught him, as he said in his defence, and he jumped readily and bravely into the fire, although the people of Croton now pitied him and granted him exile if he preferred. But your case is
;
much more
^
shocking
Bellerophon carried a letter requesting his execution. Horn., 11. vi, 155 sqq.
So T:
roi
[jLvdov
ravrov
ti
N.
197
ifi7TGcov
Kal
Kad^ip^as
Tracr^i^ajv
tJSt]
eavrov
virkp
dvexoiro
iv
jjuvpla
ra
Svax^PV
/cat
noicoVy
vordro)
Kal gxB6v
rov
dyevvrj Xarpelav iTravrjprjfjLevov Kal [iovovov)(l Kal oaco yovv TrddLV ^ CTncn^/idfnTO[jL7Tvovros avrfj.
repos elvai SoKeZs, togovto) KarayeXaaTorcpos av So^ctas" elvau dvTicjxjJvovvTOS rod vvv piov toj
pvpXlo).
KatVot
ri,
Kanqyoptav C^rctv
ocms ovx
o-vrcp ro(f)6s
ovK
Se ol Karriyopovvres Kal oAAcuv inl ae, oAA' ol fxev rots rpayiKols Trapahetyp^drcov VTTOKpLralg CLKdaovoLv, ot inl puev rrJ9 GKTjvrjg avrog tj ^AyapLcpLVCov eKaoros avrojv ^ Kpewv ^ 'Hpa/cArJ? CLGLVy e^o) Se IlaiAos" ^ Apiarohrnios
dTTOpijcrovGL
TTpoooiirela yiyvovrai VTropnaOot, rpaycphovvres eKTriirrovres Kal ovpLrrofievoL, cviore 8c Kal fjLaoriyoviJievol nveg avrcov, cos dv rw dearpa) Soktj. dXXot Se ro rod indriKov TreirovOevai. a <j>riaovGiv ov J^eondrpa rfj ndw (f)aal yeveadai'
drrodepievoi
ra
,
reco? /xcv 6px^loO at irdw Kal inl ttoXv davfjLdCeaOai Kal ifjbjjLeXajg KOGfjLLCos pbivovra iv rw GX'^P'O.ri Kal ro TTpenov ^vXdrrovra Kal rots aSovGL Kal avXovai GvyKtvovfJievov ufxevaiov, CTTCt 8e elhev iG^dha ofjLtat r^ dp.vyhaXov noppoj KeifjLevrjv, jxaKpa ;!^atpctv (fipdoavra rols avXols Kal pvdfJiOLS Kal opx'^jJiaGL GvvapTrdGavra Kararpco-
KLVov
yap hihaxOivTa
198
APOLOGY
\n
life
of that sort
and added your condemnation of the thousand u^pleasant things a man suffered and did once he fell into a rich man's power and put himself in chains, yet in extreme old age you chose such an ignoble service when you were almost over the threshold into death, and furthermore you all but plumed yourself on entering that service. At any rate the more distinguished a person everyone thinks you, the more ridiculous you will seem if your present life
contradicts your essay. **
against you
*
when
Your
accusers will find plenty more examples to Some will compare you to quote against you. tragic actors, on stage each an Agamemnon, Creon, or Heracles himself, but with their masks off a Polus or Aristodemus, playing a part for money, hissed and whistled off the stage, and sometimes some of them are flogged, if the audience wishes. Others will say you are like the monkey which they say the famous Cleopatra owned; it was trained to dance most elegantly and in time, and was much adnciired as it kept up a part, behaving in a seemly fashion as it accompanied the singers and flautists of the bridal procession. But when he saw a fig, I suppose, or an almond some way off on the ground, then good-bye to flutes and rhythms and
TToiaiv
(f>daiv
or
(f>aatv
other
MSS.
199
yevoficvog vtto ta';^a8os' ravrqal 7Tapa(l>avL(Trjg 6 rjXeyxOrjg TrCdrjKog cov Kal an aKpov ^^lXovs oAAa <j)i\oao<f)WV Kal erepa jjlv Kevdcov ivl ^pcCTtV,
8e Xeycov co? elKorojs av nva inl crov ctTretv on a Xiyeis Kal (f)* oh iTraivelcfOaL dftots", ;^tAa piiv GOV iSlrjveVy V7Tpa)7]v he avxP'^crav /caroAeXonrev, roiyapovv irapa TTohas evdvs eriaas Slktjv,
7rpo7TTa>s puev
XP^lag,
p,ra
Kal c<x)K1 tj ^ASpdaTta t6t KaroTTiv cj)eGr(x)Gd aoL v8oKLp,ovvrL icf)* ofs" KarrjyopcLS rwv aXXoju, KarayeXdv ws av dcos clhvXa rrjv p^eXXovodv gol ? ret 6p,oia pcTaPoXrjv Kal on ovK els rov koXttov irrvGag TTporepov rj^lovg KaTrjyopelv roiv 8ta TTOiKiXas rtvas" r-oxo-S
i^op^oordp-evos rrjv iXevOeplav.
TOiavra TTpdrreiv V7Top,v6vTOJv. l yovv vttoOolto TL9 rep Xoyip rov ALGx^vr)v p.rd rj]v Kara rod Tt7
pidpxov Kariqyopiav avrov aXcovai Kal (j>wpa6rjvai TO, o/xota ndGxovra, ttogov dv otet irapd rcov opwvrcov yeveodac rov ycAcora, t TLp,apxov p,V 7]v6vvv ttI rolg KaO^ (jjpav r)p,aprT)p,evoL, avros 8e yepojv TJSr) roiavra els eavrov TvapevopLei ; ro
8*
oXov
eKeivcp
rw
(f)appaK07Ta)Xr}
eoLKas
os
dTTOK7]pvrro}v ^rjxos <f)dppiaKov Kal avriKa KaraTTavGeiv rovs irdoxovras V7nGxvovp.evos avrog pce-
ra^v
1
GTTci)p,evos vtto
^t^X^^ e^aivero.
Horn.,
11. ix,
313.
Homer,
II. xxiii,
495.
'
Nemesis.
200
APOLOGY
dances
!
it
up
mask and even tearing it up. You then, they would say, were not a mere actor, but a poet of the noblest sentiments and a lawgiver but when this fig appeared you
;
were shown up a monkey, with philosophy on your lips, hiding one thing in your heart, while saying another.* ^ So it may be fairly said against you that what you say and the matters for which you ask to be praised wet your lips, but leave the palate 2 So retribution has followed close. You dry.' rushed headlong to attack human needs, then a little later forswore your freedom in what was almost a ^ public proclamation. If Adrasteia stood behind you when your accusations were winning your reputation, she must have laughed, knowing as a god would what a turncoat you were going to be you couldn't have spat in your bosom,* she would think, before thinking fit to accuse those who were driven to do this sort of
*
'
thing by fortune's fickleness. Suppose for argument's sake that after Aeschines had made his accusation against Timarchus he had been caught doing just the same, in the very act, don't you think those who saw it would have roared with laughter at this fellow who censured Timarchus for the sins of youth, and committed the same crimes himself in his old age?^ In short you seem just like that drugseller who was advertising cough medicine and promising immediate relief to sufferers, while he himself was racked by a cough as he talked for all
to see."
nemesis. Aeschines was impeached by Timarchus, and brought a countercharge of debauchery against him. This made it illegal for Timarchus to undertake any prosecution.
^
To avert
201
Tavra
fxev
Tis av oto9 (TV KarTjyopajv iv ovrcjg VTTodeoei Kal yiAjpias tcls d(f)opp,a
TrapexojJi^vrj .
iyo) Se
npog rrfv dnoXoyiav. dpd (jlol Kpdriarov, ideXoKaK-rjaavra Kal ra vcora iTnorpiijjavra Kal dhLKelv ovk dpvovfjLvov inl rrjv kolvtjv eKcivrjv dnoXoyLav Kara<j)vyeiv y Xiycj hk rrjv Tvx^v Kal Motpav /cat Kal TTapatreLadaL GvyyvcjfJLrjv X('V ^lfjiapiJidvr)v TnTLpL(jjvras ctSora? d>s ovh^vos rjjJLel^ fxot, Toifs
tJSt]
KvpLOL, dAA* V7t6 tlvos KpetTTOVos, fidXXov 8e fXLag TU)v 7rpoLpr]iJ,VCOv dyofxeda ovx k6vt, dXX
dvairioi
TTOLOjjJLev;
iravTaTraaiv
^
iq
6vts
fxv
(Lv
dv
Xeyajfiev
rj
rovro
KopuSfj
lSlcotlkou,
Kal
dv (TV fJL, (L (fyiXoTqSi dvdaxpio TOLavn]V dnoXoylav TTpoicrxdfievov Kal crum^yopov rov "Ofirjpov TTapaXapL^dvovra Kal rd Klvov ein] paipo)ou8'
hovvra,
Molpav
hpcov
8*
^
ovTwd
<f)rjfii
Et
Se
Tovrov
K.lvO
d^els
rov
Xoyov
[JLT]T
ojs
ov
iraw
d^LOTTLGTOV
VTTOGTTJvaL
XeyOijXL,
VTTO
;(p7]/XaTC0V
GvvGLV Kal dvSpeiav Kal fjLeyaXovoiav rov dvSpos rw TTpd^ecjv KOLvcoviJGaL BavpidGas iOeXrJGat TOLOVTO), BeSoLKa jjLrj Trpos rrj i7TL<t>pofjLvri KaKoXaKias alriav ^ TTpoGXa^d)V K^ra T7]yopia
202
APOLOGY
'Yhis and a lot more of the sort could be said by a prosecutor like you in a case with such scope and countless opportunities for criticism. But now I am wondering to what defence I should turn. Is it best to play the coward, turn my back, and
my wrong-doing, taking refuge in the universal defence. Fortune, Fate, Destiny ? Shall I ask pardon from my critics, who know that we have no control and are driven by a mightier power, especially one of those just mentioned ? Shall I say we do not
but have no responsibility at all for what we ? Surely this is a very vulgar excuse, and, miy good friend, you would not let me use any such defence or call in Homer as an advocate and chant
wish
it,
admit
say or do
his:
"
No man,
say
I,
and again,
"
Spun the thread at his birth, the day his mother bore him." ^
But if I abandoned this argument as quite unconvincing and said this that I was not hooked by money or any such expectation when I formed the present association, but that I admired my patron's intelligence and courage and elevation of thought and wished to share the fortunes of such a man, I fear that besides the accusation being brought against me I
1
Homer,
II. vi,
488.
Homer,
11.
xx, 128.
2 '
So r^ om, c5v T^: a av A. ^ tt. N. So F and Homer dv8pa>v ttvai other MSS. aiTiav om. T: So F BeBoiKa vpos
:
/X17
koI ravra
fXeyxioitai irpoaXa^wy
N.
203
evpiGKOJfjLaL TJXcpy
fxei^ovL
So/cet, VTToXoLTTOV
elTTelv
ioTiv
fioL
Tj
XLv;
fxia
ttjv vogov /cat tovtcxjv ireviav iroielv Kal Tracr^^ctv Trdvra /xera ttjv avaireidovoav dj<^ K(f>vyoi ns avrrjv. /cat ev rco
MrjSeiav TrapaKaXioai TrapeXdovaav eliTelv vnep KLva rd la/ijScta puKpov avrd TTapcpS-qaacrav
Kal fxavdavo) jxev ova Spav jjieXXaj /ca/ca, 7Tvia 8c KpCLOOCOV rWV ipLCJV ^OvXcVfJLaTCOV.
TO [JLV yap Tov SeoyviSos koLv iyoj jjlt) Xeyoj, ris OVK otSci^, OVK aTTa^Lovvros Kal e? ^aOvKt^rca TTovrov a(f)ds avrovs pLTrrelv Kal Kara KprjjjLvcov
rjXtpdrcov, ct ye TTjv TTeviav ;
^
11
hoKel d ns dv co? iv roiovrcp aTToXoyqaaodaL e-)(oi, ov irdvv evTrpoaojirov eKaarov avTcov. av 8e /xot ddppei, c5 iraZpe, cos ovSevl TOVTOJV ifjLov xPV^ofievov. jjLT) yap roaovros TTore
pikv elvai
Taura
Xifios
KaraXd^oL to "Apyos
ov^i*
cos ttjv
KfAAapajStv
rd
aTTeipeiv eTTixeLpelv
rjjjieLS
Xoyov
fjLOL
1
dnoXoylas
irpos
cos
ttjv
vtto
diropias
TrdfXTToXv
rotaura
Kp7]a(f>vyeTa
KaTrjyoplav
cos
rjX. ei /zeAAei
Ci^relv.
dXXd
is
eKelvo
2
ewo-qcrovt
Kp. ye Graevius
:
Sta^epet,
F).
So Fritzsche
KuAAa/jajSiv
oKuXXapa^C-qv
204
APOLOGY
may be accused of flattery, and find myself knocking out a nail with a nail, as they say, and a small one with a big one at that, since flattery is considered the most servile and therefore the worst of all the
vices.
Well then, if I am pleased with neither line of defence, am I driven to agree or to confess that I have
no honourable argument? Perhaps I have still one anchor left on board, to complain of old age and disease and poverty as well, which persuades one to do In such a or endure anything to get away from it. case perhaps it is not untimely to call on Euripides* Medea to come and say in my defence those iambic
lines,
parodied a
I
little
"
know
But poverty
I
knows
do not quote the Theognis passage, but everybody it, where he thinks it not improper for men to throw themselves from lofty crags into the deep yawning sea with its monsters, if one can escape
poverty in that way.^ Such are the pleas one might bring in defence in such a case as this, none of them pretty. But don't be afraid, my friend, I'm not going to use any of them. May there never be such a famine at Argos that they try to sow the gymnasium at Cyllarabis, and may I never be so destitute of a reasonable defence that in my need I look for refuges of this sort against the accusation. But reaUse this: there is a very great
" " " for Euripides, Medea, 1078, with passion poverty." Theognis, 173-178 {Loeh ed. J. M. Edwards, Elegy and Iambus, 1).
^ 2
205
pov
(tk6tt1'
evpr]0i<s
yap to
tcov pLOvaiKcov
Srj
Tovro, St? 8ta TTaacbv to TTpdyfia, Kal togovtov eoLKoras oAAtJAoi? rovs ^lovs, ooov fjLoXvpSos dpyvpci) Kal )^aXK6s ;^pi;cra) Kal dvcpiwvr] poScp Kal
dvdpojTTcp iriQrjKos.
pnodos
p,v
yap
KOLKel
Kavravda
Kal TO
Xrjv
VTT*
dXXw rdrreodaL, to
8e Trpdyfxa TrapLTToX-
/cet /xev yap SovXela rrjv Sta^covtW. Kal ov ttoXv tcov dpyvpcoviJTajv Kal olKorpi^OJV hia^lpoVGLV ol 7tI Tip TOlOVTCp elcTLOVT^S , ol Se rd KOLvd Sta ;;^tpos' l^ovr^s Kal TroXecrt, Kal eOveaiv oXols cr<f)ds avrovs XPV^^H'^^^ napexovres ovK dv eLKOTOJ? K piovov Tov pLcadov SLa^dXXoLvro Kal is opLOLorrjra Kal Koivwviav rijs Karr^yoplas KadiXKoiVTO' inel ovk dv (t>ddvoi tls dndaas roiavras rds Trpooraalas, Kal ovt ol dvaipcjv
e;^ct
aacfyrjs
Toaavra
eOvrj iinrpoTrevovTes ovd* ol rds TToXets dppLorrovres ovd* ol ras <f>dXayyas 7] arpaToncSa oXa iyx^tpiCopLevoL 6p6ws ttol'^o-ovolv incl Kal
irdvra ovh* laoripLLav rwv pLLado<f)opovvra)v KaBiardvai. To he dXov ov rovs pacrdapvovvras aTravras iyd) 12 ^avXcp picp avvelvai (f>a(JKOv, dAAd tous" iv rats inl Trpo(f)dGL TraiSevcreaJs SovXcvovras oiKLais w iralpe, ro rjpirepov 8e, a>KrLpov. rovrl
rrpdypia TTavrdrraoLV irepoZov ioriVy et ye rd p,ev OLKOL tcort/xa rjpuv, hr]p,o(7La Se rrjs pLeylarrjs
dXX
ovk
d<f)*
206
APOLOGY
between entering a rich man's house as a where one is a slave and endures what my essay describes, and entering public service, where one administers affairs as well as possible and is paid
difference
hireling,
by the Emperor for doing it. Consider every detail and examine it for yourself. You will find the two lives two octaves apart, to use a musical phrase, and as like each other as lead and silver, bronze and You are gold, anemone and rose, monkey and man. paid in both cases and are under a master's orders,
but there is a world of difference. In the one case the slavery is obvious, and those who enter on these conditions are not much different from slaves, whether bought or bred at home, while those who handle public business and make themselves of service to states and whole provinces cannot rightly be criticised merely because they are paid, or be brought down to the same level of general denuncia-
Otherwise you must post-haste abolish all of this kind neither administrators of all the provinces nor governors of cities nor commanders of corps or whole armies will please since they are paid for their work. No, you must not, I fancy, overturn everything because of an isolated example, or lump
tion.
offices
:
wage-earners together. In short I did not say that all wage-earners lived a mean and petty existence: no, it was those in private houses who endured slavery under the pretext of education that I pitied. My present situation, my
friend,
is is altogether different. My private standing not reduced, and in public life I take a share and
all
ToaavTa Fritzsche
Totaura
MSS.
207
eyajy*
ovv,
cr/ce^aio,
ajJiLKpoTarov rrj^ AlyvTrrias ravrrjs o.px'rj? iyKcx^tpiodaiy ras St/cas" etVayetv Kal rd^iv avrais rrjv TTpoariKovaav iiriTid evai /cat rayv TTparropLevajv Kal
dira^airavToyv VTTopvrujiara ypd^eoBai rcov re StKaLoXoyovvrcDv prjropeLag pvdfjLiCeLV Kal ras rov dpxovros yvcjaeis TTpos ro oa^iararov dfia Kal aKpi^eurarov avv 7tlgtc rrj fieyLGrr] SLa(f)vXdrrLV Kal TrapaSiSovat hiqfJLoaia
Xcyojjievcov
Kal
rag
TTpos rov del xP^vov dTTO KeiGo puevas , Kal 6 pnaOos ovK ISicurLKos, oAAct TTapd rov jSaatAecu?, ov
Kal rd GfjLLKpos ov8e ovros, dXXd TToXvrdiXavros perd ravra 8e ov <f)avXaL eXnlSes, el rd euKora yiyvoiro, aXXd eOvos eTnrparrrjvai ij rivas oAAas"
'
TTpd^eis PaGiXucds.
13
'E^eAct)
prjGLa Kal
pari Kad^ virep^oXr^v diroXoyrioaoO ai, Kal 817 ^17^1 aoL prjheva p-qhev dpiadl iroieiv, ovh^ av rovs ra peyiGra TTpdrrovras elTrrjs, ottov p,7]Se ^aoiXevs avros dpiGdos eGTLv. ov <j>6povs Xeyo) ovSe Saa/xous",
OTTOGOi
(l)OLr(x)Giv ,
pueycGros eTTaivoi Kal rj TTapd TTOLGLv cw/cActa Kal ro eTrl rats evepyeoLais TrpoGKvveLGOav, Kal eiKoves Se Kal veo) Kal repevT],
oAA*
oTTOoa TTapd
dpxopuevcjv
ravrd
Tjv
eiGiv
rwv
(fypovriScov
eK(j)epovrai rrpoGKOTTOvvres
cos ^rj
a,7ro
dcj)*
rd Koivd
/cat
peXrlcx) TTOiovvres.
r)v
e(j)*
piKpd peydXois
rrjs
et/caCctv,
eOeXrjs
cov
208
APOLOGY
play my part in the mightiest of empires. If you consider the matter you will realise that my personal responsibility in this administration of Egypt is not
the
initiation of court-cases
and
their arrangement, the recording of all that is done and said, guiding counsel in their speeches, keeping
and it is no small one at that, many talents in fact. For the future I have no small hopes, if what is likely comes about the supervision of a province or some
So
am
walling to
be bolder than
need be, to
close
with the charge against me, and to advance beyond defence. Moreover I say to you that no one does anything without pay, not even if you instance those at the head of things, for not even the emperor himself
is
unpaid.
and shrines bestowed on him by his subjects all payment for the thought and care which such men evidence in their continual watch over the common weal and its improvement. To compare
small vdth great, if you will begin at the top of the heap and descend to each of its component parts, you
209
ovv Tovrov ireOcLKeiv rov vofiov firjScva vo-)(os dv ^Ikotcjs iboKOVV rfj el Se rovro fiev ovSajjLov rov pL^Xlov .rrapavopiia.f XeXeKral fioL, XPV ^^ "^^^ dyadov dvhpa ivepyov elvai, ri dv oAAo ? heov avrcp ;)^/)a)TO, t) <^lXois
fjLV
Et
jjLTjhev
TTpdrreiVf
avpLTTovcjv TTpos
rd
jScArtCTra
Kdv rw
jxeao)
vTraL-
Bpios TTclpav avrov SlSovs ottcjs ;)(t ttlgtccos kol ctttouStJ? Kal vvoias TTpos rd y/<:e;^t/>to"/xcVa, <x)S '* " rd ^OfJLTjpLKov c/ccuo ircLaiov dyOos dpovprjs firj
15
ITpo Se
rcL)v
ra?
(7Tt
on
nov
ov
oXcjv [icfivrjadai, XPV "^ovs 774Tt/Lia>Kovri jjlol l StJ rt? Kal aAAo? ao(f)6s imrifi'qaovGLV oAAa rcov K rov
ao(j>a>
TToXXov
fidrpui
Srjpiov,
X6yov
iiT*
fxev
doKijoavri,
TTpds
7TaLvovp.vcp
iKclvTjv
avrolst
aKpav
rdv
Kopv<f>al(x)v
jid
AC
pLr^Se
rovrw
on
rov
ao<f)ov
povvn.
fjLOV
crov fidvroL kol davfidaaLp,* dv iinnpLayvros ru) vuvl pi(^, et ye e7nninp7]s , ov npo noXXov
rjSeis
inl pT^ropiKrj 87^/xoata /xeytWas" pLLodocjyopds OTTore /caret ^eai^ rov ianeplov VyKdp,voVy ^Q.Kavov Kal rr)v KeXnKrjv d/xa iniajv evirv^es
roL9 fieyaXofiLodoL?
aoiy
cL
rjfjuv
rdv
ao<f)Lcrra)v
ivapidfiov'
flVOL9.
Tavrd
iralpc,
/catrot
iv
fivplats
rats
Homer,
II. xviii,
104.
210
APOLOGY
will see that
we
differ
Now
;
if I
had
laid
down
any work, I would rightly be thought guilty of breaking it but if this was nowhere said in my essay, but
rather that a good man ought to be active, how better could he employ himself than to work with his friends
for the best ends
and
in full
to let his loyalty, seriousness of purpose, and good will in his undertakings be put to the test, so that he " ^ " in may not be a useless burden to the earth
Homer's words
Above
that
it is
all,
those
will
whom they
not a wise
manif such
there be anywhere
common
people, one who has trained himself in words and received moderate praise for them, but one completely unpractised in that acme of the virtues that the cream
of men display. And surely I ought not to be grieved even on this account, for I at any rate have met no other who fulfilled the promise of wisdom. However
I
should be surprised
present
life
my
if
were to condemn
me
I
for
was
of rhetoric, at the time when you went to see the Western Ocean and the lands of the Celts and met
me
my
fees
were
as high as those of
is
any professor.
I offer
This then,
my
friend,
2X1
ofiojs dTTeXoyrjodjjLrjv, ovk iv Trapepyco rrjv Xcuktjv Trapd crov /cat nXTJpr] (jlol
7ret Trpos
Trdvreg
KarrjyopojGLi',
<j>povris 'IttttokXclSt].
212
APOLOGY
though I am with countless tasks, of prime importance to secure my full As for the rest, even if they acquittal at your hands. all condemn me unanimously, I shall be content to " ^ quote HippocUdes doesn't care."
to you, busy
thinking
it
127-129.
213
HARMONIDES
An
appeal to a patron for support.
The
story of Harr
flattery.
APM0NIAH2;
*
ApixovlStjs
StSctCT/caAov
TTCUS"
avXrjTTjS
TJpeTo
ttotc
Tijjiodeov
av v8o^o
eiGovrai fic ol "EAAr^t'cs" airavr^'s ; ra liev yap oAAa v ttolcov iSiSd^o) jie rjSrj, appiooaodai Tov avXov is TO aKpipks Kal ifXTTvelv ? Tqv yXajoGiSa Actttov tl Kal ipufieXes Kal vnopaXXew ToifS SaKTvXoVS Va<j}(x)S VTTO TTVKVTj TTJ apoL Kal decrei Kal ^alveiv iv pvdfjLW Kal crvfjLcfycxJva elvai ^ ra fjLcXrj npos rov ^opov Kal tt]5 app,ovias eKaaTqs
TTOiovvra
SLaxf>vXdrrLv
rijg
to
ISlov,
rijs
^pvylov to evOeov,
ravra
Acuptou to ocfxvov, jxev ovv TrdvTa jieyLOTa Se Kal <Lv
Avhlov to
Ba/c;)^t/cdi',
ttjs
tol
TTJs ^IcovLKijs
TO yXa<j)vp6v.
Trapd
Kpip,d6y)Ka
gov'
ovx opa> ttqjs o.v avTTJg /xot TrpoayevoLTO , tj Sd^a rj irapd tcjv TToXXcjv Kal TO 7TLcrqfjLov eluat, iv ttXiJOcgl Kal Setttjs avXrjTLKTJs ,
VKa cVe^u/xT^oa
an
KwoBaL
rep SaKTvXcp, Kal rjv ttov (fyavw, evdvg 'niOTpi<f>G6 ai Trdvras ct? /x Kal Xiy^iv Tovvopua,
OVTOS ApfJLOvlSrjS KLv6s GTLV 6 dpLGTOS avXrjTI^S , a>GTTp OT Kal GV, CO Tt/xd^e, TO TTpCJTOV iXOoiV OLKodev K BotojTta? V7Tr)vXr]Gag rfj YlavSiovlSL Kal ^ V Tip AlaVTL Tip C/X/XaVft, TOV 6p,COVVVLK7]GaS ^ OOt /XOU TTOLTJGaVTOS TO pLcXo? , OuSctS" rjv 0
^
elvai
Macleod
tlvai
MSS.
2l6
HARMONIDES
theus,
Harmonides the pipe-player once asked Timo" who was his teacher. Tell me, Tlmotheus, how can I become famous in the art ? What must I do to become known to all the Greek world? You have already (and I thank you) taught me the rest of the art I mean, to tune the pipe accurately, to blow to lightly and harmoniously into the mouthpiece, fit the fingers with easy touch to the full rise and fall
:
of the music, to step in rhythm, to direct the music harmoniously in the direction of the dancers, and to master the peculiarities of each mode the frenzy of the Phrygian, the excitement of the Lydian, the dignity of the Dorian, the elegance of the Ionian. All this I have learnt from you. But the most important matter the reason for my interest in the I don't see how pipe-playing art of pipe-playing I mean universal fame, will ever bring me to it. being noticed in a crowd, being pointed at, and on putting in an appearance anywhere having everyone turn towards me and say my name, That is Harmonides the outstanding piper just as when you too, Timotheus, first left your home in Boeotia and accompanied the Daughter of Pandion and won the victory in the Ajax Mad, playing the music your
'
'
'
MSS.
217
Srj^ojv.
dAA' evOa
dv
Kal
vvv
(j)avfjs,
wGTTp
7tI ty]v
dnep
avTO
7TTTOV7]Ka
avXrjrrjs yeviadai Kal virep J)V TOV TTOVOV TOV TToXvV 7rt TO y avXcZv dvv TOV evho^ov elvai St* auro ovk dv
rjv^dfjLTjv
SefatftT/v
dyvcooTO)
pLoi
7TpOGyv6p,vov ,
ouS'
M^apGvas ri "OAu/xtto? yevrjaeadai jjueXXoLfii Xavddx'cjv. ovhev yap 6<j).Xo^ drroppTJrov, (f)aal, Kal
d<j)avovs TTJs fjLOVGLKTJs
.
oAAct
C7U,
<j)rjy
Kal ravra
Traihevaov
Tjj
/x,
ottcos
/xot
p^pTycrreov
Kapiavrw Kal
re^vrj,
rfj
inl
2
avXijaeL
KaL ooi Sirrrjv etaopLai rr)v X^P''^* '^^^ Kal, to jjLeyLurov, inl rfj Sofi?
avrrjs.
6 TifioOcos, *AXX\ cu ev lgOl, ov puKpov TTpdyfiarog, iiraivov Kal S6^r]s Kal iTTLarjfjLOs ehatr KaL yiyv<jj(jKa6aL npos rwv ttoXXcov, rovro Se t
'ApfjLOViSy],
ipas
/LtcV,
<f)7],
V09
ideXoLS
ovSe
ovTOJS
evpeOcLT] t) dearpov t] ordBuyv ovtoj fieya, iv (p ndoLv avXrjoets rots "EiXXrjGcv ; cos Se Troto^cras
avrols Kal cttI to irepag dcjii^r) ttjs av yap V)(fj?, iyd) Kal TOVTO VTrodrjOopiai croiavXei p,v Kal 77/30? to. BioTpa ivloTe, arap oXiyov aoL twv ttoXXcov. t) Se irriTopios Kal fjLeXeTCt)
yvcuadTJar)
paoTa
7tI
TTjv
Sd^av dyovaa
'^Se
ioTLV.
el
yap
oXiyovs avTcov ouol Kopv^aloi Kal dvapb<j)iX6ycx)s davfxaoTol Kal tt* a/A^ore/Da ttlotol, el tovtols, ra auArJjLtara Kal ovtol eiraLveaov(j)r)fjLl, eTTihel^aio 218
HARMONIDES
knew your name, Timotheus
of Thebes.
Whenever
you appear there now, everyone flocks round you like birds around an owl. This was my reason for wanting to become a pipe-player and undertaking the hard
I shouldn't consider taking up pipe-playing training. for its own sake without its attendant reputation,
if I
were to remain in obscurity. No, not even were to be an unknown Marsyas or Olympus. It's no use, they say, if musical skill is to be secret and kept hidden. But teach me this as well, how to do some good to myself as well as our art and I shall
and
if I
doubly grateful to you for the pipe-playing and, most important of all, for the glory it confers." " You must reaUse, HarTimotheus replied, is it no small that monides, thing that you're in love With praise and reputation, distinction and being but if this is what you want to known to the public be able to go into crowds in this way and to be pointed it will be a long business, and not even then will out be known to everyone. Where would you find you
feel
a theatre or stadium big enough to play to Greeks ? But I'll suggest a way of becoming
to
all
the
known
them and
:
all
their full-
well play the pipe sometimes in theatres as This is little notice of the crowd. taite but yet the easiest short cut to a reputation. For if you choose only the best of Greece and of these just the ness
few at the top, men of undisputed genius and reliable judgment, if, I say, you show off your pipe-pieces to them and they praise you, then you can think your2if9
rat
ae,
aTracrw "EAAt^oi
vo/At^
^pa)(L.
(XKoXovdrjaovoL roXg ajjLCLVov KpZvai hwapievoLS ; 6 yap roL ttoXvs ovtos Xccos, avroi p,kv ayvoovoi ra peXricjy pdvavaoi, 6vtS ol ttoXXol avrcov, ovTiva 8' av ol 7Tpov-)(o\nS eiraLviacjciy TTLGrevovai
pLT)
av dXoycos iTraivedrjvat. rovrov ware eiraivlGovoi Kol axnoL /cat yap odv Kal ev roZg dya)oiv ol pikv TToAAot dearal laaoL ^ KporrjaaL Trore Kal avpLGat, KplvovGL 8e eTrra t^ ttcWc ^ ogoi StJ.
p,v ^ApfioviSrjg ovk (j)dr] Troirjaai. avXojv, fiera^v yap ^aatV, ore ro Trpcorov TjyiovLC^ro, ^LXoTLpLorepov pij>vaa)v ivaTreTrvevae tw
Taura
avXcp Kal doT<j)dv(x}TOS iv ttj GKr/vrj aTridave to avTo Kal TrpwTOV Kal vararov avXrioas iv rols Alovuglols.
*0
ovSe
fievTOL
auAi^rats"
*AppLovlSrj
8o/ct,
dAAa
iraGiv OGOL So^rjg opiyovrai Sr^/xoatov rt 7nhLKVvpivoL, rod TTapd ru)v 7toXX(x>v inalvov SeopevoL.
eycoy' ovv orrore Kal avros evevoovv ra opboia 7Tpl rcov ipLavrov Kal iCr/rovv ottcjs av rdx^-ora yvcoGOelrjv TrdoLV, ra> TtpLoOeov Xoyo) iiropievos
eGKOTTovpLTjv oGris 6 dpLGrog etr] rojv iv rfj TToAet /cat orcp TTLGrevGovGLv ol oAAot /cat os dvrl Trdvrojv
dpKGLv
dperrjs
av.
ovrco
Se
apa
o
gv
Trep
<f)aGL,
Kavojv 220
rcjv
gol
8ct^at/xt
HARMONIDES
man of repute in the eyes of all the Greeks after Do you see what my plan does for you ? Suppose that those whom everyone knows and
self a
this short trial.
admires recognise that you are a piper of ability, then you can ignore the crowd they will always follow men of superior judgment. This great mass doesn't recognise quality for itself most of them are low, vulgar fellows but when acclaim is won from men of standing, they all believe it is due and reasonable, and they too will acclaim. The truth, you see, is that
tors
even when watching competitions plenty of spectaknow how to clap at the end and hiss, but judg-
ment
is the prerogative of the odd half dozen." Harmonides did not have time to carry out these
instructions.
The story goes that during his first attempt at winning the pipe competition, his competitive blowing was so keen that he blew his last breath on his pipe and died on the stage uncrowned his one Dionysiac performance was his first and his
:
last.
It seems to me that Timotheus's principle applies not only to pipe-playing and Harmonides but to all those who look for fame by making a public exhibition of themselves, aiming at the applause of the crowd. Take my own case. When I was con-
templating something similar for myself and was looking for the quickest means of acquiring a general I looked for reputation, I took Timotheus's advice. the best man in the city, the one everybody else would believe, the one who would suffice for all. You alone could reasonably be seen as the man, you the sum of all excellence, the measure, as they say, and model of accuracy in all such matters. To show you
^
taaai
eiVi(v)
other
MSS.
221
Tovs aTTavrayoBev dvOpcoTTOvg GvyKaXeoas is Koivov dearpov iTnhetKwocpLrjv tovs Xoyovg. SijXov yap COS" Kad^ iva re Kal Gvvdp,a navrcDv crwctAeyel
fjLva)v
TCt)v
fJLLaV
ol puev ye fjLovos avTOS dfieivajv av rjoda. AaKeSaipLOvlcov ^aatActS", rcov dXXcvv eKdorov
ilj'fj(f)OV
CKaTCpOS i^opoiv Kal ras Twv yepovTOJv irpooiriy Kal oXcog drrdvrcov 6 TToXvifjrj^orarog V iraiheia gv yc, Kal pudXiGra oGcp rrjv XevKTjV del Kal Gco^ovGav <f)piSy o Kal ^ tco irapovri TTOiel Sta ye to dappelv pL iv pueyedos rod roXprjparos Kal jrdw StKaltos av KdKeivo Se vrj Ata TrpoGeri Kal avro <f)0^rjdvra.
<j)p6vTCOV,
KtVOL
pLOVOV
at^Toiv
Svo
ecjyepov,
gv Sc Kal ras
rcxiv
Bappeiv
7TOLL,
TO
pLT]
ev eTToi'qGas, to pev npcorov ISla, to Se SevTepov oiore yjv nov koI KOLvrj /xera navTos tov edvovs. vvv epuol es to -xelpov peTTWGiv at i/jrj(l)OL ev tco Xoycp Kal eXdTTOvs oJglv at dpuelvovs, gv 8e ttjv
TTJg
'Adrjvdg
.
rrpoGTidelg
dvanXi^pov
to
OLKelov
el
evSeov goi
/xot
iKavov,
rjSr]
ttoXXoI
eyo),
el
evSo^og
v Jacobitz
:
pikv
/ne
other
MSS.
ye Fritzsche
tc
MSS.
222
HARMONIDES
work and for you to give it your praise if only that could be! then indeed would I have attained the fullness of my desire, winning the votes of all through that of you alone. Whom could I prefer to you without being rightly considered out of my wits ? It could be said that I would be staking everything on one man, but in reality it is as if I had assembled the whole population in one theatre as audience for my words. For the plain fact is that by yourself you would be a better judge than the whole assembly taken singly or together. Now the kings of Sparta alone had two votes each, the rest had one but you carry the weight of ephors and council as well, and in short in the field of culture you have a block vote that outvotes all. Most important of all you always hold the casting vote that secures an acquittal. This gives me courage at the present time, for I might well be nervous my presumption is so great. There is in all truth an additional reason for my confidence : my interests are not altogether alien to you, inasmiuch as I am a native of a city that has often been a beneficiary of your good will, both in specific acts of kindness and generally in company with the rest of the nation. So if at the present time the voting is going against me in the count and the favourable votes are in a minority, like Athena give your castingvote ^ and make up the deficiency in your own person, and let the credit be yours for setting the matter
my
not enough for me that many may have expressed admiration before, that I may have some
^ Orestes was acquitted by Athena's casting vote; Aeschylus, Eumenides.
right. It is
see
223
irpos
twv
aKovadvrojv
ol
Aoyot.
KLva
UKiai.
7Taivo)v
odros aKpLprjs opo9 tojv ijjLotv, ovSev dficfylSo^ov tl oi)S* ws civ rig v8otaati', oAA' T] dpiarov Kara TratSctav Se-qaei vofiiCeaOaLf aoi ye Sofav, ri Travrajv v^r]ixlv he XPV '"'pos' ovroj fxeyav dyojva ;^aj/>owTa. So^aificv yd.p tS Oeoif Xoyov d^ioi /cat ^epaiojoaire r^pZv rov napd rcjjv aXXcov eiraivov^ ojs to Xoittov Oappovm-ag ? TOV9 TToXXovs 7TapLvat,. TTOV ydp ijSrj (jtolSlov
heixGrioerai'
^TTOV
224
HARMONIDES
reputation already, that my works are praised by those who have heard them all this is empty show, as they say, a mere shadow of approval. Now the truth will appear this is the strict measure of my work. There will henceforth be no doubt, no
hesitation.
in
of literature, for this is your verdict, or of all men but I must utter no word of ill omen now that I am entering on such a mighty contest. Heaven grant me your approval and confirmation of my reputation! Then for the future I shall face the world with a brave heart. Any other stadium already holds less terror for the man who has won the great prizes of Olympia.
field
the
225
VOL. VI.
I
who
dpLGTOV LVaC (7, CO 'HtTtoSc, Kal rovTO vapa Movatov XapeXv jxeTO. ttJ? Sd(f)vr)s avTog T SLKvuis v ols 7TOICL9 evdcu ydp Koi aefivd TTavra Kal "^ficls TnaTevojxev ovtcjs ^x^lv. KLvo 8e OLTToprjaaL d^Lov, Tt hi^TTore Trpoenrajv virep aavTov cos 8td rovro Xd^oLs ttjv deaneaLOV Kiv7)v (I)Sr)v TTapd rwv Ocdjv ottojs kXclois Kal rd TrapeXrjXvdoTa Kal deaTTiCois rd vixvoLT)? iaojjLCva, ddrepov fxev Kal ndvu ivreXcog i^ein^voxoLS decov T yviois Si^-qyovfievog Kal rdjv d^piTTpcjTOJv KLva}v, ;^doi>9 Kal yrjs Kal ovpavov Kal pojTos Tt 8e yvvaLKwv dperds Kal TTapaiveaeLS y(x)pyLKds, Kal oaa irepl IlActdScav Kal oaa ircpl Kaipdjv dpoTov Kal dfiiqTov Kal ttXov Kal oXcos Tcbv dXXojv dTrdvrcov' ddrepov Se Kal o xp'Q^^l^^'^^' pov T^v rep ^Lcp TTapd noXv Kal dccov Scopeals
TTOirjTTjV IJLV
*AAAd
ioLKos Xeyo) 8e Tr)v rcov pueXXovrajv TTpoayopevGLv , ouSe rrjv dp^rju i^aTrecfyqvas , dXXd ro pLcpos rovro irdv X'qdj) irapahihajKas ovhapLov rrjs TTOir^aeois r) rov KaA;^avTa -^ rov Tt^Ac/xov r^ rov IloAuctSov ri Kal Oivea fiipLrjadp^evos ot fjurjSe rrapd Movcrojv rovrov rv^ovr^s opuo? TrpoedeaTTtCov Kal OVK CJKVOVV Xpdv TOLS SeOfJLCVOLS. "iQcTTC dvdyKT) <jol rcov rpicjv rovrcjv alriijjv pna 2 ye Trdvrcjs ivex^ddaL' 7] ydp iipevGO), el Kal TTiKpov 228 p,dXXov
That you are the best of poets, Hesiod, and that Muses gave you this honour along with the laurel,
you yourself prove from your poetry, where all is inspired and stately, and we believe it's true. But one thing puzzles us. You claim on your own behalf that you had received that divine song from heaven so that you might sing the praises of the past and prophesy the future. Now the one task you accomplished fully enough in your account of the up to those primeval beings Chaos, Earth, Heaven, and Love again you told of virtuous women and gave advice to farmers what the Pleiades mean, the right times for ploughing, reaping, sailing, and all the rest. But your second intention, far more useful to life and more akin to divine gifts prophecy of the future I mean you did not even begin. No, you let the whole subject be forgotten and nowhere in your poetry have you followed the example of Calchas or Telemus or Polyidus or even Phineus, who did not even receive this gift from Muses but prophesied all the same and never hesitated to
birth of the gods
;
who
asked.
So you must be assuredly liable to one of these three charges: either you were lying, to put it
229
Movaojv
/cat
ra
fxeXXovra npoXeyetv Syvaadar iq at fiev e^oaav wairep VTrecrxovro, crv 8c vtto <f>d6vov aTTOKpv7Tris Koi VTTO koXttov (f>vXdTTLS TTjv Sojpeav ov /LteraStSovs avrrjs rols h^ojxevois' " yeypanrai. jiev ooi Koi rocavTa ttoAAci, ovSerrco Se aurd rep plo) TTapahihdiKas ovk olSa els ov Kaipov nva aXXov rafiievofieuos ty]v p^p^ati^ avrayv. Kivo pukv yap ovhk ToA/iTycrat/x' av etTrelv, (Ls at Moucat 8vo gov
7Tap^LV VTToo')(op,vai TO fxkv e8oCTav, ^ 7]p,L(JiaS he dveKaXecravTO rrjv vttoctxcglv Xeyo) be rrjv rcbv fieXXovTCUv yvcjGiv /cat ravra irporepav avTrjv ev 3 Tip eirei vneGx^jfJievaL. Tavra ovv Trapd rivos dXXov, 'HatoSc, 7) Trap* avrov gov p,ddoL rig dv ;
TTpeiTOi
dv, cjonep ol deol hwrrjpes edcov ctcrtV, ovTOJ he /cat vpXv, rois (j>iXoLS /cat p,ad7]rais avrcjVt fjLerd TrdGrjs dXr^delas e^-qyeiGdai irepl (Lv
"
"
yap
rjjjuv
rds d-nopias.
HEIOAOE
4
<L
irepl
Twv
Ta>v
eppai/jcpSrjfjievcov vtt* ep,ov Ihiov epLov, MovGcbv, /cat exp^jv G irap' eKeivwv
dXXd
rovs
XoyiGp^oifs rcov re elprjfjLevojv /cat rcov TrapaXeXeip,he vrrep p,ev wv tSta diraLreLv. eyoj fjLevcDv
he
rod
vefxeiv
/cat
/cat
TTOip.aiveiv
^hdXXecv
epya /cat /xa^Ty/xara St/cato? dv etiqv dnoXoyeLGdaL' at deal he rds avrcov hcopeds ols T dv edeXoiGi /cat <^' ogov dv otojvrai KoXajs
e^eiv iierahihoaGiv.
2130
rcov dXXojv
ooa
hidden in your pocket and not sharing it with those who ask; or you have written a great deal on the subject, but not yet given it to the outside world,
preserving its use for some or other special occasion. I wouldn't dare say this, that the Muses promised you two things and gave you one, breaking half their promise knowledge of the future I mean especially
this first in
tell
givers of goods,"
so
it
is
proper for
you
expound
in
all sincerity
an easy answer to it all. I My could say that nothing that I composed belonged to me personally, but to the Muses, and you should have
fine friend, there is
what
left out.
But
for
what
knew
for
myself
tending, herding, driving, milking, and the other I would be practices and lore of shepherds rightly
accountable; but the goddesses give their gifts to whom they will and for as long as they think it proper.
1
Homer, Od,
viii,
326.
331
TToXXdKLS Acta ovra ovk otS' ott-cos" Trapehe^aro. ai) Se TO jjidyLarov ojv exofJiev dyaOcov d(f>aLp'fj Xeyo) Se ttjv iXcvdeplav Kal rrjv iv rep rifjuds
i^ovaiavy Kal rd fxev dXXa ov^ opag ooa 8e Kal aKdvdas Tr\s TTOirjuews KaXd, GKLV^aXdpLOVs TLvds KXlyeL Kal AajSa? ttj cruKo^avTia ^r]Tls. oAA* ov fjLovos ravra aif ovSe Kar ip^ov pLOvov, dXXd TToXXol Kal dXXoL rd rod opiordxvov rod XcTrrd ovtcj KopaSfj ipiov *Op.'qpov KaTaKVL^ovGi el Se /cat drra Kal Sl^l6vt. puKpd 5 pudXiGTa alria rrju dpOordTTjv XpT) opLoae ;^a)p7yCTavTa rfj aTToXoyiav aTroXoyrjaaadat,, dvdyvwdi, a> ovros, rd "Epya piov Kal rds 'H/xcpa?. 1077 ydp oaa iv rep Kal 7Tpo(f>rjrLK6j9 TTOLT^pLarL rovrcp piavriKWS dpua
7TOLLv
pLOu rds aTTO^daeis TrpoSrjXovvra rcjv re opdcos Kal Kard Kaipov irparropbevcjov Kal ra>v 7TapaXeXeipLp.eva)v rds ^rip,ias. Kal rd
77pored eaTTLcrraC
otaet? 8* iv
<f)opp,(p,
Travpot Se ae drjijaovrai,
dv
r(p
j9ta>
puavrLKT)
vopLL^Oiro
aTToAoyio? y;
aarvXaylas p.
232
not
fail
to defend
my
poetry
It
poetry in minute
perfection down to every syllable of what is said, nor again to criticise bitterly any unconscious oversight
that
in the flow of the composition. No, you must realise we include much for the sake of both metre and
euphony, and often the verse itself has somehow let some things, they fit so smoothly. But you are robbing us of our greatest possession I mean freedom and poetic licence. You are blind to the other beauties of poetry, and pick out a few splinters and
in
You are not alone in this, nor am I the only victim. Many others pick the poetry of my fellow-craftsman Homer utterly to pieces, pointing out similar niggling
Well, if I have to come to and make a clear-cut defence, read my Works and Days, my man. You will see how much, like a real seer and prophet, I foretold in that poem, predicting the outcome of right and timely action and the penalties of neglect. Remember my
details, the
merest
trifles.
"
it
in a basket,
and few
there'll
be
and again the blessings that follow right farming this should be thought a prophecy most useful for living.
^ Works and Days, 482
"
;
i.e.,
your harvest
will
be poor."
avDindorf; cvMSS.
233
TouTO
ndw
Se ov ravTrjv rjfjLelg gov /cat tojv Movaiov 7TpifX^ vopLv inel rd ye rotaura ttoXv jjLavTLKcorepoi, koI dpiara pLavrevoaivr av vpL(x)v ol yecopyoi, avrojv on voravro? fiev rov deov 7Tpl rjijuv evOaXrj earai rd Spdyfjuara, rjv Se avxp^o? ivLXd^r)
virkp
/cat
Su/jijaajaLv
XijjLov
at
dpovpai,
ovheixia
hiiffei
p.Tjxo-vrj
ixrj
ovxl
6(j)Xos
yevoiTO
ouSe
dpidv
x^^uypov
evpedrjoeadai rov Kapnov. ov fjirjv ouS* eKelvo jxavreias Sctrat, co? ^v fir) KoXvi/jrj^ rd arrippiara ^ /cat depdrrajv paKcXXrjv exojv CTrt^o/wJ rrj? yrjs avroLS, KaranrijoeraL rd opvca /cat Trpo/carcSetrat rr)v drraoav rov dlpovs iXnlSa. Ta ydp roiavra. rrapaiveaeis fxev /cat VTTodrJKag 8
Xiycxjv
OVK dv
/xot
ns
drroheiv
ovSapirj
So/ct,
to
epyov rd dSrjXa
ovSapLOJS
(f>avpd
TO rep MtVcot rrpOL7Tiv * rrldip 6 TTols earai avrcp dTTOiTerrviyp.evog, /cat TO TotS" *A;)^atots" 7rpopLr)vvGaL rrjs 'AttoAAcovos" opyrJ9 rrjv alriav /cat Ta> Se/cctTO) Tt dXdjGeaBai rd "lAtov. ravra ydp r] pLavriKi^. enel /cat Ta roiavra el ns avrfj dvanOetr], ovk dv (l>6dvoL
^
2
/cat
imTTVoiav
TToXXoi
N; imvoiav TA.
r.
234
are thirsty, you can do nothing to prevent famine following their thirst; that you must not plough in the middle of summer that it is no good scattering seed at random or cutting the corn when it is still green, or you will find the ear empty. Nor is there any need whatever to prophesy this, that unless you
;
cover up the seed and your man pulls soil over with a hoe, down will fly the birds and eat up all your summer's hope in advance. One could not go wrong in giving such precepts
me
prophecy. Prophecy's task is to know in advance what is unknown and altogether beyond perception ^ for example, to foretell to Minos that his son will be smothered in the jar of honey, and forewarn the Achaeans of the reason for Apollo's anger and that Troy will be captured in the tenth year. That is prophecy. If such things as you mention are to
1 Glaucus. See Graves, The, Greek Myths, vol. (Penguin Books Ltd.).
I, p.
304
KaXvtfnf}s (sic.)
*
iirufHypolr}
FN
iin<f>op'Q
Dindorf.
iariv
FA.
^Sf
yidvriv Xeyojv.
Trpoepo)
/cat
Kal
dvV
KaoraXias
Sdcjivrjs
yvfjuvo? rod Kpvovs TTcpLvocrrfj rt?, AeXcfjLKOv vovTOS TTpooin ^ ;)^aAa(^a)rTOS' rov deov, rjiTLaXos ov [XLKpos eTTtTreo-ctrat rep roLovrco, Kal, to ert ye rovrov p^avriKcorepov, on Kal depp^r] perd ravra ro cIkos iTTLyevqcrerai' Kal oAAa noXXd (hs roiavra Jjv yeXoXov dv etrj pepvfjadai, *'Q.Gr rds pcv roiavras diToXoyias Kal pavrclas 9
on
dv
d(f>s.
8e;\;<7^at
oAAa
ov
ndw
KLvo Se o Lp7]Kas v dp^fj, tcrojs TTapad^tov, (Ls ovSev rj^eiada rdjv Xeyopivojv, ns epTTvoia Saipovvos ivenoUt, aoi rd /xcrpa,
ovSe
.
iKeivrj
^i^aios ovaa'
vnecrxy} pevojv,
ov ydp dv rd
pkv
cTrereAet
rcjv
rd
8*
dreXij
dTTeXipLTTavev
236
could foretell.
But Then away with such pleas and prophecies that point you made at the beginning, perhaps that can be admitted, that you knew nothing of what you said ; it was some divine inspiration filled you with your verses, and not so very reliable at that, or it would not have kept part of what it promised and left the rest unfulfilled.
!
237
2KYH2:
Ov
^
H nP05EN02
TTpCJTOS *AvdxapGLS a(f)LKTO K HiKvOtaS ^Ad-qva^c TraiSelas CTn^u/xta t^s" 'EAAT^yt/c^s", dAAd
Kal To^aptg irpo avrov, ao<f>6s fJiev /cat <f)LX6KaXos dvrjp Kal iTTLrrjheviJLdrojv <j)i\op,ad'ri rwv dpioriov, OLKoi 8c ov rod ^aaiXclov yivovs wv ov^k rwv dX\d TiKvOojv rcjv TToXkcjv Kal 7TLXo(f>optKajv,
hrjfioTLKcoy,
Ka\oviJLvot.y
oloi
elcn
rtap
avTols
ol
oKraTToSe?
vat
Kal
Tovro Be iari, 8vo pocbv hcGTTorrjv eldp,d^i)s pLids. ovros 6 To^apis ovhe
Tt OTTLoro} ? lliKvdas, oAA* *AdijvrjOLV diridavev, koI /xct' ov ttoXv Kal rjpoj? cSo^ev Kal evrefivovoLv avrco ScVo* *larpcp ol ^AdrjvacoL'
dTrfjXdev
ineKTqaaro
orov eg rovg
Kal rcov *AorKXrj7TLaSdjv^ els KarcXeyr] eSo^cv, ov x^tpoi' 1(70)9 SLrjynaacTdaL, cos jjcdd-qre ov TtKvdaLg fjLovov 7n)(a)pLov ov dTradavarl^eiv Kal 7Tfi7Tiv napd rov XdpxtX^LV, dXXd Kal *Adr)vaLOis i^etvav deoTTOLelv tovs TiKvOas ttI rijs 'EAAaSo?.
Kara tov
^
'q
yvvri^
Apeoirayirov
*
dvSpoSj
:
iTnurdvra
MSS.
Ap^t-TeXovs ol rov
vp&Tos edd.
irporrov
of rank
Literally "those who wear the wtAoy," or felt cap, a among the Scythians.
mark
240
of the
"
"
The Thracian Getae regarded Zamolxis (or Zalmoxis) as the believed in the immortality of the soul and only true god they " looked on death as going to Zamolxis.*' See Herodotus iv, 94, and Harmon's note, vol. V, pp. 430 f.
;
430-429
B.C.
Hi
TToAAy
paivcxiUL.
Tovro
crux^oLKig
yap
rjjjLeXrjcrav
ol
'AdrjvaloL
aKovaavres eVauae
etre
yevofievov
ov
[xrjKerL
Xoifjuwrreuv
aurou?,
drfiovs
rtvas
TTOvripovs 6 olvos o^ioas rfj oSfjufj, etre oAAo ttXcov lS(l)9 6 TJpojs 6 To^apLs, are larpiKos coVy
crvvePovXevaev. 6 8' ovv iikjOos Trjs Idaews tl Kal vvv dirohihorai avrcp XevKos lttttos KaraOvofievos iirl rep puvrip^ariy oOev eSet^cv rj Aetp^aLvdrrj
TTpoaeXdovra avrov evreiXaadai eKelva rd irepl rod olvov Kal cvpedrj kclOl 6 Tdfapt? redapbp^evos rfj T 7nypa(f)fj yvcocrdels, et /cat /xt^ Tracra ert ec^atVero, Kal jjuaXiGra, on inl rfj GrrjXr] ^KvOrjg dvrjp iyKCKoXairro, rfj Xaud puev ro^ov ex^ov vrrapilvov , 8e ^LpXiOV, co? iSoKei. en Kal vvu lSols rfj Sefta dv avrov virep rfp^iav Kal ro ro^ov oXov Kal ro PipXlov rd Se dvcj rrjg crri^Xrjs Kal ro rrpooojiTOV 6 XP^^^^ V^V .Xvp/rivar6 rrov eonv 8e ov ttoXv
iv
dpiarepa
els
'A/caSi^jLttav
diTLOvraiv, ov pueya ro ;^a)/xa Kal r) orrjXr] ;^a/xateareirrai ye det, Kai ^aoL irvperaivovrds ttXt^u aXX*
nvas
At'
ttoXlv.
rjbrj
ireTravaQai
aTTLarov,
dir^
avrov,
TTore
Kal
/xd
rov
ty]v
ovSev
os
oXrjv
Idoaro
jjiev
ovirep eveKa ep.vijod'iqv avrov, e^y] 6 To^apis, 6 *Avdxo,paLs Se dpn KaraTreTrXevKOJS din^ei k UeLpaLcos, ola Srj ^evos Kal
'AAAd ydp
en
PdpPapos
ov jjuerptajs rerapayp.evos ert r7]v iravra dyvocjv, ijjo^oheris irpos rd iroXXd, yva)p.r)V, Kal ydp crvvUi ovK excov 6 p^pT^cratTO eavrcp-
242
on his tomb. Dimaenete said he came from there when he gave her the instructions about the wine, and Toxaris was found buried there, being recognised by the inscription, though it was no
sacrificed
longer all visible, and more especially by a carving of a Scythian on the pillar; in the figure's left hand was a strung bow, in his right what looked like a book; even now you may still see more than half of it, including all the bow and the book; the upper half of the pillar including the face has been worn away in the course of time it is situated not far from the Dipylon, on the left as you go towards the Academy ; the mound is quite small and the pillar lies on the ground; nevertheless it is always garlanded and the story is that the hero has cured several sufferers from fevers this is not surprising indeed since he once cured the whole city. reason for mentioning the story was this: Toxaris was still alive when Anacharsis, who had recently put in at Piraeus, went up to Athens. stranger and a foreigner he experienced considerable confusion of mind, for everything was strange and there were the many sounds which frightened him;
;
My
24S
VL haipLCJV TLs
ayaBos
cos"
aXiqOcjs 6
fjuev
To^apis
'^^t]
Kal to
TTarpLcorLS
Kal avrov yvcoaeaOaL rov *AvdxcipOLV are yivovs rov hoKipLCjrdrov ovra /cat v rots TTpojTOis YiKvdiov. 6 'Am;^a/5orts' hk iroQev av Kivov eyvoj ofxoedvfj ovra, 'ElAAi^vtcrTt iaraXfxe^ TO yUiOV, d^COGTOV, VOV, iv XP^ KKapflV0V doiSrjpov, TjSi-] arojfjivXov, avrcov rcbv ^Kttikcov ovtoj pL^reTreTToi-qro vtto eva Tojv avroxdouojv ;
ov
-xP-XeTTCos
ejjLeXXe
rov xpo^o^*AAAa Tofapt? ^Kvdiarl TTpoaenroiv avrov, Ov av, (l>r], ^Avdxctpcri'^ cov rvyxdveis 6 AavKerov ; * otl Kal Avdxo.pcrt'^ , iSdKpvGcv V(f>* TjSovrjg 6 Kal rovrov elSora ooris oiJLocfxjovov vpriKL rivd, ^v iv HKvdaiSy Kal rjpero, 2v 8e irodev otada
rjjjbds,
iKeWev elpLL nap* C(/>i7, ov rcbv i7TL<f>avcov, ware vpxov, To^apis rovvofjua, Kal iyvwo 6 ai av ool Kar avro. Moiv, ecjif], ov 6 To^apLs el 7Tpl ov iych rjKovaa co? ns To^apus ^EAAaSos" dnoXiTTchv Kal yvvauKa iv epcxtri rrjs TtKvdla Kal TTaihia veoyvd olxoiro is ^Adrivas Kal
tS
^V ;
Kal
auros",
vvv hiarpi^oL KeWi nixc/jixevog vtto rcov dpiarcov ; 'Eycu, (^17, iKelvos et/xt, t ris Kapuov Xoyos ert Ovkovv, "^ S* os 6 *AvdxapOLg, jxadrjrrjv Trap* vyilv.
244
chin, his lack of belt or sword, his fluency of speech one of the real Attic aborigines ; so much had time
changed him.
Toxaris addressed him in Scythian. Are you not " he perchance Anacharsis the son of Daucetas } asked. Anacharsis wept for joy at having found one
"
who spoke his tongue and knew who he was back home in Scythia. " How is it that you know me, my friend?" he asked. "I myself am from your country. My name is Toxaris; no aristocrat, so
Surely you're not the you wouldn't recognise it." same Toxaris as the one who, as I heard, out of love for Greece left his wife and young children in Scythia and went to Athens and now spends his life there " "I am that man," honoured by the men of rank ? " he said, if there is still some word of me at home." " " Well," said Anacharsis, you may know that I am * So E v X' K, vneivprjfievov T: vrre^vpi^fievov (om. iv X' k.) N.
:
"
ov rjpdadrjs, ISelv
t7]v
*EAAa8a,
Kara ye
rrjv
Tavrrjv aTTohiqiLrjaas. tJkoj ool jjuvpla Tradcbv ev rols 3ta pueaov edveoiv, /cat el ye fxr) aol evervxov, eyvojGro tJSt} irplv rjXiov Swat, OTTLGOJ avdcs enl vavv /carteVat* ovrcos ererapayp/qv /cat ^eva. ayvcoara rravra opcov. dAAa rrpos ^Aklvolkov /cat Za/xoA^tSos', ratv rrarpcpajv rjpXv
cnj p,e, c5 To^apt, TrapaXa^cov ^evdyT]aov Sel^ov rd /coAAtara tojv ^Adijvr^oiv, etra Kal TO, ev rfj dXXrj *EAAaSt, v6p,oiv re rovs dpiorovs /cat dvhpcjv rovs PeXrlaTovs /cat '^drj /cat Travrjyvpeis /cat pLOv avrcbv /cat iroXireiav, hi direp cru re
decoVf
/cat
Kayoj
5
piera
irepuSrjg
/cat
pLT)
TouTO
Tofapt?,
yap
'q
dv,
cos"
<f>'^9,
dneXdoLS ovS* dv
d<f>eL7j
ae pahicjs
TrdAts"
ovx
OVTOJS oXiya rd deXyqrpa e^ei rrpos rovs ^eVouj, oAAa jLtoAa eTnXruJjerai aov, (hs p.'qre yvvaiKos en
pLrJTe
TTaihixJV,
av
*
rdx^'Crra
rrduav
el crot -^St^ etVt, pLepLvrjadat. cos 8' tSot? t^v ttoXiv Tr)V rwv
Kdi)vcx)v ,^ pLoXXov he Tqv 'EAAaSa 6Xr)v /cat to. *EAAi]i^a>v /caAa, eyd) VTroOriuopLai ool, eari ao<f>6s
dvqp evravBa, eTnxcopios piev, dTroS-qpLrjaas Se /xaAa TToAAa eg re 'Aatav /cat $ Alyunrov /cat rots: dpioTOLS Tcov dvdp(x)TT(x)v ovyyevopbevos, rd dXXa
ov rwv TrXovGLcov, dXXd /cat KopaSfj nevr)?. difjei yepovra ovrco Sr]pLorLKdjg earaXpLevov. ttXtjv Sta ^ ttoAiv tcDv *Ad. rqv TCOV *A9. Kilbum r^v 'A^. TM other MSS.
: :
246-
all."
Your words," said Toxaris, betray little affection if you mean to come to the very doors and then go back again. Cheer up now! You won't go away, in the way you suggest, and the city will not she has more charms than that readily let you go
:
"
"
to captivate the stranger. She will grip your heart so tightly that you will not remember wife or children, if you have any, any more. Now I'll show you the quickest way of seeing the whole city of Athens and more all Greece and the glories of the Greek nation. There is a certain wise man in Athens. He is Athenian by birth but has travelled abroad widely to Asia and
Egypt and has mixed with the cream of mankind. But for all that he is not one of the rich actually he
;
is
dressed in Nevertheless he is held in great honour for his wisdom and other qualities. As ^ The Persian sword.
quite poor.
is
You'll see he
an old
man
rovTov
(fyiXov
early
dyaOcjv
6
exeiv Kal ro Ke(f)dXaiov rjS-q dv elSevat tcov TrjSe ws ovk eornv 6 tl dv pLeiCov goi koXov
XOLpLGaaOat SvvaipLrjv tj Gvari^Ga? eKeivco. Mt) roivvv p^eXXajpev, e^r], cS Tofapt, o ^Kvdxo-pGig, oAAa /x Xa^cbv dye Trap* avrov. drdp eKelvo ScSta, pur^ SvGTTpoGoSos Kal ev Trapepyco Orfrai gov
Trjv
rjp^ojv.
Ez)<^7y/xet,
7^
S'
6s,
eKeivco
ra pueyiGra
;^a/3tto-^at pioi
Sokcj
d(j)oppLrjv
7rapaGxd>v ttjs eg ^evov dvSpa evnouas. enov pLovov eiGT) yap ogt] TTpds rov aeviov rj alSojs Kal eiTieiKeia Kal xP^^'tot7]S. pidXXov Se Kara 7j dXXr]
SaipLova ovros avrog rjpiv TrpoGeiGiv, 6 eirl gvv~ voias, 6 XaXcov eavrco. Kal dpia irpoGenrdiv rov
SoAojya, Tovro goi, e<f)7], Bcopov pieyiGrov 'qKCj 7 dya)v, ^evov dvSpa (f>iXias Seopievov. ^Kvdrjs Se eGri rojv Trap* rjpuv evrrarpiScov, Kal opLcos rd/cct Trdvra dcfyels -qKei GweGopievos vpiiv Kal rd koX-
'EAAaSoj, Kdyd) eTrlropiov riva e^evpov avrcp, ottcds paGra Kal avros p,ddoi Trdvra Kal yvoypipios yevoiro roZs dpiGrois' rovro 8' '^v goI rrpoGayayeiv avrov. el roiwv eycj HoXojva oiSa, ovroj rroii^Geis Kal TTpo^evrfGeis avrov KOI TToXirrjv yv^Giov d7TO<j)avels rrjs *EAAaKal onep goi e(f>rjv puKpov epurpoGOev, oj Sos".
oi/jopievos rrjs
Xiara
ravnqv
^AvdxoLpcri, Trdvra ecopaKas rjSr] TioXcova Ihwv rovro at 'A^-^vat, rovro rj 'EAAas" ovKeri ^evos Gv ye, Trdvres ^ gz iGaGi, iravres Ge ^iXovai.
248
are resolved to live in accordance with his ordinances. Make him your friend, get to know what sort of man he is, and you will find all Greece in him, and know already the sum of her I could do you no greater favour than to glories. introduce you to him." " Let us not delay then, Toxaris," said Anacharsis, " take me with you to him, though I'm afraid of one thing, that he may be difficult to approach and not consider your representations on my behalf as of any
Hush now," replied Toxaris, I importance." fancy I shall be showing him a great kindness by giving him the chance to show good-mil to a stranger. You just follow on. You'll see his reverence for Zeus the God of Strangers as well as his general goodness and kindness. Well, that's a piece of luck Here he is coming in our direction, that fellow deep in thought, the one muttering to himself." He " addressed Solon at once "I've come," he said, with the greatest of gifts for you, a stranger in need of your He is one of our Scythian nobility, but friendship. that hasn't prevented him from leaving all his possessions there to visit you men of Greece and to see the fairest things that Greece can offer. I've discovered a short way of enabling him to see everything easily in person and to become known to the cream of your nation this was to bring him to you. If I know Solon, you'll do this and look after him and make him a true son of Greece. Anacharsis, as I told you just now, having seen Solon you have seen everything; here is Athens, here is Greece; you're no longer a stranger, everybody knows you, everybody
!
"
"
(TV
y, TTOivres Fritzsche
ovfivavres
MSS.
249
eTriXrjcrrj
rrjg
aTTohiqixias
reXos.
ovros
ooi
^^XXiqvLKos
os
crvvicrrj
SoAcuvt KOI
8
(f)iXc^
XPWV
ct^T-^'
MaKpov av elr] hiiqyrioaodai, ottws fJiev 'qcrOrj 6 SoAcuv rep Swpcpy oTa Se elTrev, ws Se to Aoittov crvvfjaav, 6 puev TraiBevajv /cat SiSdaKOJV ra koXXiara, 6 HoXcov, /cat (f)iXov dTraoL ttolCjv rov
/cat Trpoadycov rots 'EAAt^vcov KaXols rpoirov iinpieXovpL^vos , ottojs iJStcTra ^ iv rij *EAAaSt, d 8e rediqircbs SiarpLi/irj rr)v Go^iav avrov /cat fJLTjSe rov erepov iroSa ckwv
AvdxoLpori'V
/cat
TTavra
cos yovv vneor^ero avroj 6 aTToXcnrofievos ^ evos dvSpos rov H,6Xa)vos drravra eyvoj v aKapel /cat ttolglv ^v yvajpipLOS /cat ircfidro St* iKLvov. ov yap puKpov tJi/ SoAcop' CTratvcDv, oAA* ol dvdpcjTTOL /cat rovro cos iireidovro
.
elvai
Tdfapt?,
vofxoderr)
ovs Klvos SoKLfidCoL /cat eTTLarevov dplarovs dvSpas elvai. rd reXevrala /cat ipuvrjOrj fiovos pappdpcov ^AvdxapGLSy Sr)iJL07Toi.r]ros yevojxzvoSi t xp'^ Qeo^evcp TTiareveiv /cat rovro loropovvri /cat ovk av ovSe 7Tpi avrov dvearpei/jev otpbai is ^KvdaSy et fXTj HoXcov diridavev. BovXeade ovv inaydyco rjSr] rep pivdcp ro riXos, 9
/cat
<j>iXovv
'
cos pri
aK(f)aXos rrepivoaroiq
fJLOL
ovTivos
To^apLs SdAcova
1
; copa yovv etSeVat LVKa 6 ^AvdxapuLs /c YiKvdias /cat rd vvv is Ma/ce8ovtav rJKerov en /cat
yepovra
dvhpa
:
iTTayofjuevco
Siarpitf/Tj
Graevins
SiaTrpeipr)
BiaTrpeifiti
^AOrjvTjdev. T.
250
Such is the quahty of this old man. In company you will forget everything you left in Scythia. Here is the reward of your voyaging abroad, the end of your passionate longing. Here for you is
loves you.
the measure of Greece, here a specimen of Attic philosophy. Just realise how blessed you are to meet Solon, and to meet him as a friend." It would be a long business to tell how Solon was pleased by the gift, what he said, and how they kept company afterwards, Solon, the educator, instilling the noblest lessons, making Anacharsis friends with everyone, introducing him to the noblest Greeks, and looking after him in every way, so that his time in
Greece might pass most pleasantly, and Anacharsis, in admiration of Solon's wisdom, unwilling to leave So just as Toxaris had his side for a moment.
promised him, from one person, Solon, he quickly learnt everything, became known to everyone, and won respect through him. For Solon's praise carried no small weight, and in this too men obeyed him as a lawgiver, and they made friends with those to whom he showed respect, accepting them as men of worth. In the end, if we are to believe Theoxenus, who tells this story as well about him, Anacharsis alone of barbarians was even initiated into the mysteries after being made an Athenian citizen nor I fancy would he have returned to Scythia, had not Solon died. Would you like me to complete my story so that it should not roam about in a headless condition ? It's high time to find out what Anacharsis and Toxaris from Scythia are still doing here at this time in Macedon bringing old Solon with them from Athens.
;
^51
glSl
St)
ofJLOLov ri
/cat
rrpos Xaptrcuv
el
fjiev
vefjiecrqcrrjre
lk6vo9,
PaGiXiKcp
avhpl
ijxavrov
pdppapos
yap
rovs ILvpovs rjixdg (jyavXorepov? cfvat rcjv TiKvOcjv. drap ovSe /caret to j3acrtAt/cov elcnroioj rdjxd S Trjv c/cctva Si. ore /car' yap Trpcorov ofJLOLorrjTa,
vjjlojv rrj TrdAet, i^errXdyqv fjuev evdvs TO fjLcyedos /cat to /caAAos' /cat tcjv /x7roAtTevojjidvcjjv TO ttXtjOos /cat ttju aX\r)v SvvafXLV /cat
CTreSi^/XT^cra
ISojv
Xaix7Tp6T7)Ta
TTpos
/cat
Trdaav,
/cat
cScrre
ttI
ttoXv
TavTa
iTeBrjireiv tl
TTjV
O VTjGLCOTTjS KLV0S VaVLGKOS TTTT6vdzi TTpOS Tov MevcAaou ot/ctav. /cat cficXXov ovtoj
ToaavTTj
/cat /caret
rov
TTOLrjTTjv
Kelvov
OvTO)
Sr)
)(aiV
iGKOTTOVfJLTJV
7Tpl
TOiV
Set^at
rcDv
yap
av
TTapohevoas Tr]XiKavTr]v ttoXlv ; i^'qTovv GLCOTrrj ydpy ouSe dTTOKpvijjofJLai TdXrjdeg, otrtve? ot Trpov^ovT Lv /cat ols dv TLS TTpodcXOcjv /Cat .7Tiypaipdijuevog
oAa.
/cat
TTpooTdTas avvayoiVKJTaZs XP^'^^ Trpos ra ivTavOd p,OL ovx cfs", (LoTrep tco 'Ava;^a/)o-t8t,
j3apj3a/)OS",
ouros"
Tofapts",
oAAct
ttoXXol,
^ avTaZs fxaXXov 8e TTcivres" ra aura jxovov ov Tats /cat co 77oAAot oAAot fcVe, puev cruXXapais eXeyov
Xpr](TTol
/cat Sc^tot n^v ttoXlv, /cat ou/c ai' aAAa;^d^t togovtovs evpois avSpas dyaOovSt Svo Se jjidXidTd icTTOV 'qpXv dvSpe d/Jtaro), yevei fiev
am
252
we
on grounds of royalty that I compare my situation with his, but rather because we are both barbarians. For when I first came to live in your as soon as I saw its size, city, I was utterly terrified its beauty, its high population, its power and general splendour. For a long time I was struck with wonder at these things and could not take in the spectacle ^ just as when the young man from the islands came How could I help feeling to the house of Menelaus. like this when I saw the city at such a peak of
Blossoming with
flourisheth."
all
city
In this plight then I was already considering what I had some time since I should take next. decided to show you something of my oratory, for who else would deserve it if I had passed by such a To tell the truth, I enquired who city in silence? were the leading citizens and who might be approachsteps
ed and enlisted as patrons and general supporters. My case was better than that of Anacharsis he had but one patron, Toxaris, and that one a barbarian, while I have many, and what is more they have all told me the same thing in about the same words: " There are many good and knowledgeable persons in our city, friend nowhere else will you find such but we have two men of outstanding merit, quality
Telemachus
Homer, OdAy^
71.
253
TTjv fiev
rov9
^evovs
yap
TOOOVTCp dv7TL(f)doVOV Kal TO pLT VVOLag alSeGLfXOV Kal TO rrpaov Kal to V7rp6oohov avTos av oAAot? hi7]yr)craio Tretpadels puKpov voTepov. Kat COS" pLoXXov davjjidarrjs, fjutds Kal tt}? avTrjs 11 OLKLaS ioTOV, VLOS Kal TTaTTlpy 6 fJLeV, L TLVa SoAcova rj ITept/cAea ^ *ApLorTiSr)v eTTLVoels, 6 Se vlos Kal ocfyOels fiev avTLKa evra^crat ^ ac, ovto) pueyas cgtI Kal /caAos" dppevojTrqv Tiva ttjv cvfxop1 he Kal <f)dey^aiTO fiovov, <l>Lav' olx'qcreTai 0 diTO Twv WTCJV dvahr]odp,vo , ToaavTrjv *A<f)poTOL SlTTJV 7tI Tjj yX(X)TT7J 6 VCaVLOKOS ;^t. tJ yi
TToAt?
dnaGa
ottolov <j>aGL tovs t6t tov KXclvIov 7TTTOvdivai, Trap oaov toZs puev ovk els p^aKpdv /iere/x-eAr^crc TOV epcDTOSy ov rjpdaOrjoav tov *AA/<:tj3taSou, tovtov Se 7) ttoXls ov <f>LXL fxovov, dXXd Kal alheladai d^Lol, Kal 6Xw V TOVTO rjfuv Sr}p.6aLov T^hf] dyadov gtlv Kal pidya o^eAos" dnaGLv, dvrjp ovtos el 817 avTos T Kal 6 TraTrjp avTOv Be^aivTo ore /cat
hr]p,riyopriocx)V
*Adr]vaLovs
TTpos
tov
TTOLTjaaiVTO t TTaaav c^et? Tr]v ttoXlv, Kal 7noZaai xp^ "^v ^ X^^P^ '^ovto povov, Kal ovkt v8otao-t/xa ret ad. raura vy) tov A" drravres
<f>iXov
1
Xpri
dirdieTai
MSS.
254
towards strangers, their freedom from censure, eminent though they be, their kindly courtesy, their gentleness and ease of access, these qualities you yourself will tell to others when you have presently made trial of them.
To excite your wonder still more, they belong to one and the same household. They are in fact father and son. The father you may imagine to be a Solon, a Pericles, or an Aristides, while the son will win your heart as soon as you see him, so tall is he and handsome with his manly grace and let him but speak and he will leave you with your ears enchained, such charm is there in the young man's tongue. Whenever he comes forward to speak in
;
"
public the entire city listen to him open-mouthed it is the story of the Athenians and the son of Clinias
over again with this difference the Athenians quite soon repented of their affection for Alcibiades, while here there is not only love for the young man but a ready reverence already and in short the well-being and happiness of our state are summed up in this one man. If he and his father were to take you in and make you their friend, then the whole city is yours. Let them but lift a finger and any doubts you may have will be no more." This by Zeus (if I must
:
255
'^^^
TJSrj
7rLpojfJLva)
lp7)KvaL eSo^av.^
opKov indyeLV rep Xoyo)), /cat TO TToXXoGTOv Tcov TTpoaovrcDv " ovx eSpa? roiwv ouS* dfi^o(fyrjaiv,
Xds epyov**
co?
o Kctds"
p,V KoXojv KLViv, TTOLVTa TTpOLTTeLv (Ls (f)lXoL rjjMV TOLOVTOL yCVOLVTO' TjV
VTrdp^T],
evSta
Tj
XeiOKvp^ajv
dXXd XPV '^dvra Kal Xeyew, ydp TOVTO nXovg ovpios Kal
ttXtjolov.
cSo^a
MSS.
256
what
all
told
me, and by
"
me
Bacchylides.
iii,
p. 123.
257
VOL. VI.
Although on the whole an interesting presentation of the Sceptic's skill at undermining the structure of philosophical idealism, the flow of the dialogue is marred for the modem reader by passages where the obvious is laboured at inordinate
length.
his
For Lucian's respect for the life of the ordinary Menippus {Loeb, vol. IV, pp. 71 fiF.).
"OdoVf
(X)
jSaStcr/Ltaros"
Tco
jStjSAtoj
KoXov
TTLyoyi.iv(xi eot/ca?.
TTpo'icjv
Koi ra X^^l St^aoAcue? rjpdfia vttotovSopV^COV Kal TOV X^^P^ ^^^ KOLKCtae p,T<f>pS 771 iaVTOV StaTt^C/Ltet'OS', WG7Tp TLVa pTJOlV
ipcoTTjfxa S'q
oocjyiariKov dva<f)povTLl^ajv,
axoXrjv
dyoig,
oAA*
ivcpyog
cti^?
CTOl
del
GTrovSaiov
oSoV
ylvOlT
dv S
TCt
fxadijixaTa.
EPMOTIMOL
AvKLve, TOLOVTO Ti' Trjv ydp x^''iw N17 At*, ovvovoiav kol d elrre npog rjjjLd?, dveTTefXTTa^ojirjv eiTicov rfj P'VTJfJL'l) c/cacrra. XPV ^^ /XT^SeVa Kaipov ctSdras' otjJLat rrapiivai dXrjdeg ov to vtto tov " ^pax^S fx^v 6 Vicpov larpov elpripiivoVy ojs dpa
c5
pLOS, [JLaKpTj Se
7TpL
rj
rix^-^*
eXeyev, 8e Kal fxaKpcp tco xpovw dvecfyiKTog, rjv TTaw TL9 iypiqyopcos aTevks del Kal yopyov fjLT} dTTOpXeTTTj e? avTi]v, Kal to KLvSvvcvfxa ov rrepl fiLKptov ^ dOXiov elvai iv Tip noXXco tcov lSlojtcjv
<f)LXo(JO(f>La
ravT
evfjLadearepov
Hippocrates.
260
To judge from your book, Hermotimus, and the speed of your walk, you seem to be hurrying to your teacher. You were certainly thinking something over as you went along; you were twitching your
and muttering quietly, waving your hand this way and that as though you were arranging a speech to yourself, composing one of your crooked problems or thinking out some sophistical question even when you are walking along you must not take it easy, but be always busy at some serious matter which is likely
lips
;
HERMOTIMUS
Yes, certainly, that is about it, Lycinus; I was going over yesterday's lecture and what he said to We us, running through the points in my mind. must, I think, never lose an opportunity, for we know " the truth of what the Coan Doctor ^ said: Life is He was speaking of medishort, but Art is long." cine of course, which is easier to learn philosophy is unattainable even over a long period, unless you are very much awake all the time and keep a stem eye on her. The venture is for no mere trifle whether to perish miserably in the vulgar rabble of
;
261
7TapcL7To\6yLVK)v
I]
cuSttt/xoi^aat ^lKooo-
(fyquavra.
ATKINOS
Ta
L
jJLev
a^Aa,
otfjual
<L
*Kpix6TLiJi,
davfiaGLa
'qXiKa
iprqKas.
ye
jxrjv
ye xp^ ^t/cciCcti^ rat re XP^^V ottogov ^lAocro^cr? Kal Trpoaeri rco ttovco olov fioL ov p.erpiov k
TToAAoi;
'^Srj
ex^Lv
SoKels.
el
yap
rt
/xc/xi^/xat,
axeSov eiKOGLv errj ravrd eariv d^* ov ae ovhev oAAo TTOiovvra ecLpaKa, i^ napa rovs StSaaKaXovs koL (hs ro ttoXv is ^i^Xiov 7TLKeKV<f>6Ta <j>oir(jL)vra
Kal VTTOfjLVTJfjLara rcov gvvovgiCjv aTToypacjyopievov, (hxpov del VTTO (l)povTL8a)v /cat ro awfia KareaKXrjKora. hoKels he pLoc dAA* ovSe ovap irore dvievai oeavrov, ovrcog oXos et ev rep TrpdypLari. ravr* ovv GKOTTovp,evcp pLOL (f)aLV7) ovK ? puaKpav eTTlXljtfjeGdai
Tris
cuSat/xovias",
el
ye
pLrj
XeXrjdag TjpLag
EPMOTIMOS
AuKtve, o? vvv dpxopiaL TrapaKvirreLv eg TTjv ohov; r) 8' ^Aperr] rrdw TTOppco Kara rov *HcrioSov OLKel Kal eoTLv 6 olpios ctt' avrr^v ptaKpos re Kal opOios Kal rp7]xvs, ISpajra ovk oXiyov excov
YloSev,
<x)
rots oSoLTTopoLS
ATKINOS
Ovx
<L
^lEippLoripLe,
Kal
whoLTToprjrai,
EPMOTIMOE
ovSev yap dv ^ eKwXve elvai errl haipiova rip aKpcp yevopevov
Ov,
(fyrjpLL'
pue
iravev-
ro 8c vvv
dpxdpeda
262
ert, c5
AvKue.
HERMOTIMUS
the
common herd
sophy.
LYCINUS
a very wonderful prize, Hermotimus, and I fancy you are near winning it, to judge by the time you spend on your philosophical studies and also the considerable energy you seem to have devoted for so
That
is
long.
If I remember, it must be nigh on twenty years that I have seen you doing nothing but going to the teachers, and usually bent over a book and writing notes on the lectures, always pale and wasted with studying. I suppose even your dreams give you no rest, you are so wrapped up in it. So, when I consider this, I feel that you will not be long in reaching happiness, unless it has been your com-
we have missed
seeing
it.
HERMOTIMUS
can that be, Lycinus? I am just beginning to get a glimpse of my way there. Virtue, says Hesiod,^ lives far away, and the path to her is long and steep and rough, with plenty of sweat for travellers.
LYCINUS
How
travelled
enough,
you.
happy
still
were at the
At
this
moment
am
av add. Belinus.
263
'AAAa Tijv ye apx^jv 6 avTOS ovros *Horto8o9 rod navrog <f>7j elvai, ware Kara /xccn^v TJfjLLcrv rrjv dvoSov rjSrj Xeyovres elvai ae ovk dv d^idproLjxev.
EPMOTIMOS
OvheiTO)
rjiwcrro.
ovhe
rovro.
TrdpLTToXv
yap
dv
r^plv
ATKINOL
*AAAa
ovra;
TTOv
yap ae ^cu/xev
rijs
oSov rvyxdveiv
EPMOTIMOE
'El' rfj VTTOjpela
Karco crt,
palvetv pLaCofMevov.
Set X^^P^ opeyovros.
ATKINOS:
OvKovv 6 hihdoKoKo's
dvcjdev
Zcj)?
K rov
XP^^^
vcj)*
(JOi rovro lkovos TTOiijaaL aKpov Kaddnep 6 rov '0/xr}pou riva aeLpdv Kadielg rovs avrov
Xoyovg,
rrpos
cov ue
dvaaira
Sr]Xa!8r}
Kal dvaKOV^il!,ei.
avrov re Kal
rrjv dperrjv
dvaPep7]K(x)S.
EPMOTIMOE
AvKLve, ro yiyvofievov ^ Kal yovv en eKeLVco TrdXai dveoTrdapL-qv dv ro 8' ifiov ert ivSel. aurots".
<^T7CT^a,
a>
.
Auto
ogov
crvvfjv
ATKINOi:
4
'^^^
dvfjLov
avco
MSS.
264
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
same Hesiod says that the beginning half-way there,^ so that we should not wrong you we said that you were half-way up.
this
But
is
if
HERMOTIMUS
No, not even that yet. achievement.
LYCINUS
may we
put you
HERMOTIMUS
in the foothills, Lycinus, though lately struggling on. It is slippery and rough and needs a hand to help.
Still
down
LYCINUS
Your teacher can do that he can let down his own teaching from the top like Zeus's golden rope in Homer,2 and clearly pull and lift you up to himself and Virtue. He made the climb long ago.
:
HERMOTIMUS
As far as he just what happens, Lycinus. is concerned I should have been pulled up long ago and been in their company. But my share still falls
That
is
short.
LYCINUS
cheerful. Look to the end of the journey and the happiness up there, especially
^
Homer,
265
Kal
oAAa
eoeaOai
cj,
;
olov
/xera
ra
jjLvarrjpLa
ra aAAa
rj
Ylavadijvaia
EPMOTIMOS
'OAtyov
(f)ri?,
a)
Av/ctvc.
ATKINOE
'AAA* is
TTjv i^rjs oAu/XTrtaSa;
EPMOTIMOE
Kat Tovro oXlyov
cdSaifiovlas kttjglv.
cos
ATKINOE
Mcra Svo
rj
ttoA-
t /xt^S* v Arjy y* dv Vficov paOvpiiav Karayvoir) ns TOOovTcp ^povo) SvvaGde, doov rpis cltto npaKXeicov
UT-qXcov els *Iv8ou? direXdelv ctr* eiTaveXdeiv pdSiov, el Kal fiTj evdeXav /xryS* del j3a8tCot tls, oAA' i/
TOtS"
8ta
TLvl
fiecrov
edveoL
TrepiTrXavojyievos.
Kairoi
^
TToacp
dcofjiev
jSouAet
vi/jr]Xorepav
Kal
XuGGorepav
''?
elvai
TTJs
OLKel,
rjfjLepcov
rrjv aKpav, c^' 9^^ ^A''''*' ^Aopvov eKeiv-qSy rjv evros ^AXe^avSpos Kara Kpdros elXeu ;
'Apcr?)
oXlycov
EPMOTIMOi;
Oi)8ey
ofjiOLOv,
w
(TV
AvKive,
oz58'
earc to TTpdypia
roLovTOv
cu? eLKdCets, oAtyoj XP^^^ ou8' dv fxvpioL 'AAeKal dXcovai, Karepyacrdrjvai favSpot TTpoor^dXXcoGLV. errel vroAAot av ot avtovTes'
olov
rjaav.
vvv
8e
evdpxovrai
/xev
oi)/<:
oAtyot
ixaXa
266
HERMOTIMUS
But when does he since he is as keen as you are. suggest you may hope to come up ? Did he suggest next year to reach the top after the other Mysteries, say, or the Panathenaea ?
HERMOTIMUS
Too
soon, Lycinus.
LYCINUS
and the
winning of happiness.
LYCINUS
After two Olympiads, surely ? Or shall we accuse you of excessive sloth, if you cannot succeed in all that time? You could easily make three journeys from Gibraltar to India and back in that time, even if you did not go straight without breaking your journey, but made excursions occasionally to visit the nations on the way. But this summit where your Virtue lives how much higher and smoother are we to put it than Aornos which Alexander stormed in a
few days
HERMOTIMUS
it
Nothing like, Lycinus, Your comparison is wrong cannot be won or captured in a short time, even if innumerable Alexanders attack it. Many would climb it, if it could. As it is, a fair number make a very strong beginning and travel part of the way,
;
^aaorepav
F^
Biaaorepav F^N.
267
ppa)fivojs Kai 7rpoGpxovTaL cttl iroaoVy ot /liV ctti TTaw oXiyoVy ol 8e ctti ttXIov' TTLhav 8e Kara
fjLearjv rrjv
686v yivcovrai ttoXXols tol9 airopois Kai iyrvyxo-vovres dTToSvanerovai re /cat avaarp(f>ovaiv aadpLaivovres Kai thpcbri peofJLei^OL, ov (f)povT9 rov Kaifxarov. ogoi 8* ai' tV rlXos SLaKaprcp-qacocrLV ovtol irpos to aKpov a^iKvovvrai Koi TO (itt' Klvov evSaLjxovovGLv davpidaiov TLva pLOV TOU XOLTTOV pL0VVT , oloV pLVpp,7]Kag dnO TOV vipovs TnaKOTTOvvT.9 rtva? tovs aXXovs.
hvo-)(pioLV
ATKINOE
IlaTrat,
c5
*E/3/xdrt/i,
ovhe Kara tovs Wvyp,aiovs Klvovs, oAAa ;^a/xat^ V XPV '^^ VV^ ^^/COTCO? 7TTi9 TTaVTOLTTaOlV dvcodev Kai r)p,ls Sr) 6 vifjrjXd yap rjBir] <f)poviS Gvp(j)T6s KOI OGOI xP-fxal ip^ofxevoi op,ev, p^CTa TU)V dccjv Kai vpids Trpooev^6p,9a VTrepv(f)iXovs yvopvovs Kai dveXdom-as ol TToAat crTreuSerc.
EPMOTIMOi:
Et yap yevoiTO Kai dveXBelVj rrdp,7roXv to Xolttov,
o)
AvKive.
oAAa
ATKINOE
G
"O/xcos"
ovK
ecfyqada
ottouov,
ws XP^^V
^^P*-"
Xa^elv.
EPMOTIMOE
yap olBa, a) Avklv, rdKpt^eg. eLKd^oj p,VTOL ov TrXeLOJ Tojv eiKOGLv ircov eo^odai, p^eO* a TTavTCOS ttov e-nl Tcp aKpcp a6p,eda.
268
Ou8*
avTOS
HERMOTIMUS
but when they get halfof difficulties and snags, they lose heart and turn back, gasping for breath and dripping with sweat ; the hardships are too much for them. But all who endure to the end arrive at the top, and from then on are happy having a wonderful time for the rest of their life, from their heights seeing the rest of mankind as ants.
some very
little,
some more
LYCINUS
Goodness, Hermotimus! How small you make Utter groundlings crawlus, not as big as pygmies
!
ing over the earth's surface. It's not surprising and we, the your mind is already away up above whole trashy lot of us ground-crawlers, will pray to you along with the gods, when you get above the clouds and reach the heights to which you have been hastening for so long.
;
HERMOTIMUS
get up there, Lycinus! great deal remains to be done.
LYCINUS
Oh, may
I really
But a
it
a date.
know myself
exactly, Lycinus.
Not more
I
After that
shall
XaixanTTLS
Tra^eiv
TtavraTTaai
X/^<^^
TravrdTraaiv
X/*"^
ndvra
other
MSS.
269
EPM0TIM02
Kat yap
TovTO
irojv
irepl /xcyoAcov, <L
AvKLVy ol
ttovoi,
ATKINOS
ixkv
LGC09
dXrjdeg.
vrrep
Se rcov eiKoonv
^Lworr) roaavra TTorepov 6 SlSolgkoXos gov Kadvireox^TO ou fjLovov ao<^6s, dAAa kol fxavriKos wv 7] )(pr)Gp,oX6yos ng 7) ocrot ras XoASatcov cVto-ravrat ; yovv ctScVat ra jjLedoSovg (fyaol
,
on
TOLavra.
el
ov yap
/xep^pt
Srj
ae ye lk6s
rrjv
7tI
tco d87JAa>,
^Lcocrrj aperrfv^ roorovrovs TTOvovg dvex^crdai /cat raXanrajpelv vvKTOjp /cat p,e6*
npog
el ae TrX-qoiov tJSt] rod aKpov eTnorav /caracTTrdcret Xa^opievov rov TToSos e^ dreXovs Trjs eA77tSos".
7]p.epav
ovK elbora
yevofjuevov to -x^pecov
EPM0TIM02
"Anaye.
etr]
Avklvc.
dAA'
evSaupovqao)
00^69 yevopevos
ATKINOi:
rj
rjpepa;
EPMOTIMO2
*E/xot
pev
/cat
ATKINOE
7
Td
Trdvra
St)
dvoj
oTt
evhaipova
St*
tto)
/cat
XPW
viropelvai
Srj
aurd
t8eVat;
ou yap
avros
dveXijXvdas
270
HEKMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
Good Heavens
As long
as that
HERMOTIMUS
Yes, Lycinus
;
my
LYCINUS
Perhaps so. But those twenty years has your teacher promised you that length of life ? If he has he must be more than a wise man a prophet, or an oracle-monger, or an expert in Chaldean lore, as
they say that they know this For, if it is not certain that you will Virtue, it is quite unreasonable to trouble and wear yourself out night
well
take
all
this
knowing whether Fate as you near the top will come and pull you down by the foot with your hopes unfulfilled.
HERMOTIMUS
Away with you! That, Lycinus, is blasphemy. May I live to enjoy happiness through wisdom for just one day! LYCINUS
Would
one day
?
all
your labours
just
For
me
can you know that up there there is a happiness and the like worth enduring everything to attain ? You yourself have not yet been up there,
I
How
suppose
271
'AAAo.
StSacr/caAoj
Tnarevco
rjSr]
Xeyovri,
8e
aKporaros
a>v.
ATKINOE
"EAcye 8e TTpog Oecov
rov
/cat
iroia
ra
Trepl
rj
avrcjv
t)
rlva
EPMOTIMOi:
Eu^ry/xt, J)
iraipe.
oi58ev
TTpos
Tov V
rij
dprfj ^iov.
ATKINOi;
'AAAa riva
TO reXos
rijs
(f>r)al
rdyadd
t jxr)
ravra
e^eLv
npos
dcrK'qoecas iXdovra? ;
EPM0TIM02
Hocfylav /cat dvhpelav /cat ro KaXov avro /cat ro SiKaiov /cat TO Trdvra eTrlaracrdai j3ej3atco? 7T7Tig-
fxevov
f)
e/cacrra cx^'^
TrXovrovs 8e
/cat
Sd^a?
/cat
r}Sovds Kal
atf>LKv
<f>aol
dvepx^rai,
Otrj)
a>a7rp
rov
*H/)a/cAea
/cat
KaraKavOivra
deov yeveoOai'
Kal dKTjparov (fyepcjv ro Oelov dviirraro is roifs deovs hiVKpiv7]dv VTTO rov TTUpos. Kal ovroL hrj
VTTO
<j)lXoCTO(f>LaS
a)07Tp
VTTO
ravra
TO
^
TrepiaipeOevres
lvai SoKL
d(f>7Kv
aKpov evSaipovovoL rrXovrov Kal So^rjs Kal Mras d(f>rjiKvl T d^is G d(j>r}K{v) other MSS.
:
272
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
believe what my teacher says. right at the top and knows very well.
I
He
is
already
LYCINUS
Heaven's name did he say about condiWhat did he say this happiness there tions there ? was ? Some sort of riches, I suppose, and glory, and
What
in
pleasures
beyond compare
HERMOTIMUS
Hush, friend
life
!
in Virtue.
who complete
HERMOTIMUS
get?
Wisdom, courage, beauty itself, justice itself, the sure certainty of knowing everything as it really is. Riches and glories and pleasures and bodily things are all stripped off the climber and left down below before he makes his ascent. Think of the story of Heracles when he was burned and deified on Mount Oeta he threw off the mortal part of him that came from his mother and flew up to heaven, taking the pure and unpolluted divine part with him, the part that the fire had separated off. So philosophy like a
:
fire strips
our climbers of
;
all
rest of
mankind wrongly admires they climb to the top and are happy they never even remember
273
en, KarayeXcovrcs
ATKINOL
8
N17 Tov 'Hpa/cAca, a> 'Ep/xdrt/xc, rov ev Otrrj avSpeXa /cat euSat/xova Aeyet? Trcpt avrojv. ttXtjv oAAa ToSc /xot L7r, Kal Karipxovrai irore k rijs
Kara) d (rjv c^cArJaoxjt^ XPV^^H'^^^^ '^^'-^ KaraXeXoLTraaLV ; dna^ dveXdovrag rj dvdyKr] avrovs ixiveiv koI cruvivai rij dpcrfj ttXovtov Kal
aKpas
EPMOTIMOL
Ov
fJLOVOV
TOVTO,
CO
reXeadfj Trpos dperrjv ovre opyfj ovre <f)6pa) ovr ^ ovhk XvttoIto eTTidvpLLais 6 roiovTOS dv hovXevoi
ATKINOE
TaXr)ds
elvat,
^
Kat
fJLTjv
ye
fxe
ciAA'
v<j)r]fiLV
XPV
olfxai
pLTjSe
oacov
^rd^LV
to, vtto
EPMOTIMOE
MrjSafxcjs, oAA*
t7rc
o tl Kal Xiyeis.
ATKINOL
"Opay
60
EPMOTIMOS
'AAAa
XiycDv.
1
117]
oKvei, <L
yewaU,
G
:
TTpos
ye
jjlovov
cfxe
SouAeuoi
Guyet
SouAeu'aot
SouAcvctt;
hovXevrj other
MSS.
274
HERMOTIMUS
wealth and glory and pleasures any more, and they laugh at those who believe them to be real.
LYCINUS
By Heracles on Oeta, Hermotimus, you tell a brave and happy tale about them But tell me this do they ever come down from their hill-top (if that is their wish), to make use of what they have left down here below? Or must they stay there once
!
they are up and live in Virtue's company, laughing at wealth and glory and pleasures ?
HERMOTIMUS
That
lusts
;
is
not
all,
Lycinus.
A man who is
perfected
in Virtue
can never be a slave to anger or fear or he will not know grief and in short he will not
HERMOTIMUS
Not
at
all.
LYCINUS
am
HERMOTIMUS
Don't be
to
afraid,
me
good Lycinus.
2
tJ
You
are speaking
alone.
elvai
N.
275
Ta
Karac^povelv
G<j)ds
80^17? /cat r^hovcjv /cat /ii^rc opyH^eudai pLTjre TTOLW ivravda (fxovco yap iGfiev) XvTTelodai,
i7TGrrjv
dvapLvrjadels
TTpayqv
/cat
efSov
TTOiovvra
jSouAct
<^(x)
TtVa;
ri
iKavov
EPMOTIMOS
MTySa/xcas",
oAAa
/cat
rovro
elire
oarts
"^u.
ATKINOE
AtSaa/coAos"
auro?
outos"
ao?
dv^p
ra t
oAAa atSou?
aftos" /cat
yipojv
rjSr)
is to vararov.
EPMOTIMOL
Tt o^v
St)
inoUi;
ATKINOL
Tov ^VOV
epLGTLKOV ;
olcrda rov
H paKXccorrjv
os K ttoXXov
EPMOTIMOE
OfSa ov
Xdyecs'
ATKINOE
'E/ctvov
avrov,
CTrct
rov
(jllgOov
olpi^ai
fxr]
arrehihov
evayxos
276
avrco
dolpLdrtov
irepl
rov
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
followed and believed most of what you Well, said, Hermotimus, that they become wise and brave and just and so on in a way your description held me in a sort of spell. But when you said they despised riches and glory and pleasures and were not angry or grieved, there (we are alone) I came to a stop. I remembered something I saw a certain person doing the other day shall I name him ? Or is it enough to leave him anonymous ?
I
;
HERMOTIMUS
Not
at
all.
Please
tell
me who
he was.
LYCINUS
in general
he deserves
HERMOTIMUS
What was he
You know
doing
LYCINUS
the stranger from Heraclea who has studied philosophy under him a long time, the one M ith yellow hair, a quarrelsome fellow ?
HERMOTIMUS
I
That is the man. Well it seems he didn't pay his fee on time, and the other day your teacher in a temper pulled the man's cloak round his neck and
!
277
rpdxr)Xov
dv d-nerpayev
Tjyava/cTct.
avrov
rrjv
plva
yepcov,
ovrcos
EPMOTIMOS
10
Ilovr]p6g
yap
Klvos
del
/cat
dyvcofjucov,
cu
rds dirohooeis' inel rovs ye dXXovs ots SavctCct TToAAou? orra? ovSev tolovto tto) hiarldeiKev. aTToStSoaort yap avro) Kara Kaipov rovs TOKOVS.
AvKLve,
Tiepl
ATKINOS
CO jxaKdpLC, fxeXcL ri fXTj dTTohihcoaLV, avrcp KadapQivTL rjSrj vtto ^iXoao^ias /cat {jlt^kctl rix)v v rfj OtTT7 /caToAcAet/x/LtcVcov Beofievu);
Tt
8,
dv
EPMOTIMOE
Otet
yap on
roiavra
voyvd
wv
V dnopia /carajStcoCTOKTt.
ATKIN02
Acov,
vovvres.
cS
7Tt
Ti7y
EPMOTIMO2
11
Ov
/cat
axoXrj
fjLOL,
AvkIvc,
17817
rrepl
rovrojv StaAeycfir]
o-^at aoL-
(TTTevScj
yap
dKpodaaodai avrov ^
.
278
HERMOTIMUS
shouted and dragged him off to the magistrate. If some friends of the young fellow had not come between them and pulled him from his grasp, the old man would certainly have taken hold of him and bitten his nose off, he was so angry.
HERMOTIMUS
That fellow has always been a senseless rogue when it comes to paying his debts, Lycinus. My
master has never yet treated any of the others to whom he lends money like that and there are many of them. But they pay the interest on time.
LYCINUS
And
it
if
they don't,
matter,
when he
?
my
is
dear Hermotimus
Does
now
behind on Oeta
HERMOTIMUS
this fuss?
for himself that he has made No, he has young children and he is concerned lest they spend their lives in want.
Do you
think
it is
LYCINUS
ought, Hermotimus, to lead them too up the path to Virtue, so that they can despise wealth and be happy with him.
He
HERMOTIMUS
haven't time, Lycinus, to talk with you about I'm in a hurry to hear his lecture, or I may be this left completely behind before I know it.
I
;
279
to
T^fjiepov
d<f>Lr]fjLl
iyw
EPMOTIMOi:
ATKINOE
"Oti v Ta> TrapovTL
ovk dv
tSot?
auToi',
ct
yc
ri
ttivolkiov
yap
eKpcfiaTO VTTep rov twXcovos /xcyaAots" ypdiMfiacrL ** Xeyov Tijfiepov ov ovp.(f>i\oao^lv .^^ iXiy^ro hk Trap* ^VKpdrL rep Trdw SctTn^cra? X^^^ yeviOXia dvyarpos iaricjvri TToXXd re orufKfiLXoaocfyfJGaL iv rep crvfiTTOcrla) /cat TTpos KvdvSrjpiov rov cV tou
YlcpLTrdrov Trapo^vvdrjvaL ri /cat diJ,(f>LG^r)rrjaaL avrcp 7Tpl (Lv KLvoL elwdaGLv dvriXeyeiv rols drro vtto re ovv r^? Kpavyrjs TTomjpojg rrjv rijs ^rodg. Ke(f)aXrjv SiareOrjvaL /cat ISpdjaai fidXa iroXXd c?
ixeaas vvKras dnoradeicrqg , cu? t^act, rrjg crvvovatag. dfia Se /cat neTTcoKeL olfiaL irXeov rov LKavov rojv TrapovrcDV wg eiKos (fyiXorrioias Trpom-
vovrayv
/cat ehehenrvriKei rrXeov -q Kara yepovrauiore dvaarpeipas rjp^eae re ws e^aoKov noXXd Kal
fjiovov
dpidfjicp
TTapaXa^cbv
rd
Kpea
onoaa rw
/cat
o-qfirj-
TratSt
KaroTTLV
earwri
vrapaSeSaj/cct
vdpevos emfJLeXcJS ro dn* eKeivov KaOevhei fMiqheva elahexeoBai napayy etXa?. ravra Se MtSa rJKOvcra rod olKerov avrov Stryyou/xeVou Tto^t rojv fjLadrjrojv, OL /cat auTot dveorpe^ov pidXa ttoXXol.
280
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
today.
Cheer up, old man A truce has been proclaimed I can save you what still remains of your
!
journey.
HERMOTIMUS
notice "
little
a party for his daughter's birthday. He talked a lot of philosophy during the party and grew cross with Euthydemus the Peripatetic, disputing their usual
arguments against the Stoics. The party, they say, stretched out till midnight and the din brought on a wretched headache and made him sweat a good deal. At the same time he had drunk too much, I fancy, in the general toasting and had dined too well for his age so when he got back home, it was said, he was very sick. He waited only to count carefully and lock up the pieces of meat he had given to the servant who had stood behind him at table, and has been sleeping ever since, having given orders to let no one in. I heard his servant Midas telling this to some of his pupils who were themselves just
;
c5
MtSaj.
ATKINOL
Ta
G<f)laL
fjbev
Vfids iyevero Kal irapd ttoXv 6 TTpea^vrrjs vnepecrx^. Tov yovv ^vdvSrjfjLOV ovSe dvaipuxiri (fyacrcv aTreXdelv, dXXd rpavfjia Trafifxeyede^ e^ovra v rfj K(f)aXfj.
CTTCt yap dXaCojv rjv Kal iXeyKruKos Kal TTeldeaOaL ovK rjdeXev ouSe Trapelx^ paSiov avrov iXdyx^crdau,
SiSacr/caAos"
crov
6 ^iXrioros
ov
cf^e
oKV(j>ov
avrov
TrXrjGLOv
Kara-
EPMOTIMOS
ye. ov yap dXXojs ^XPW ideXovras clkcw tols KpeirroGiv.
Eu
'^pos
rovs
pir)
ATKINOS
Tavrl
pueVy
o)
'Ep/xdrt/xe,
ttow evXoya.
t)
tl
yap TTadojv ^vdvSr)pLOS dvhpa yepovra Trapcj^vveu dopyqrov Kal dvpiov Kpeirrova, GKV<f)OV ovto) 13 ^apvv iv rfj x^'-P^ exovra ; aAAa, GXoXrjv yap
dyop,v, ri ov
ovri ov rpoTTOV SL'r]yfj pLOL iraipcp TO Kal avros, el ws TTpwrov (^iXoGO^elVy wppL'^drjg hvvarov eriy GVvohonTopoiiqv vpXv to diTO rovSe dp^dpuevos. ov yap diroKXeiGere pie Sr]XaBr] <f)iXoL
ovres.
282
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
the argument, Lycinus, my teacher or Euthydemus? Did Midas say anything to this
effect
?
Who won
LYCINUS
seems, they were level, but in the end was on the side of you Stoics, and the old man victory was well in front. At any rate they say that Euthydemus didn't get away unscathed: he was badly wounded in the head. You see he was pretentious and argumentative and wouldn't be convinced and didn't show himself ready to take criticism, so your excellent teacher hit him with a cup as big as Nestor's ^ which he had in his hand (he was lying quite near him), and so he won.
first, it
At
HERMOTIMUS
Well done!
won't give way
That's just how to treat those to their betters
!
who
LYCINUS
Very reasonable, Hermotimus. What possessed Euthydemus to irritate an old man so placid and a master of his temper, who had such a heavy cup in his hand ? But now we have time to spare why don't you tell a friend how you first took up philosophy ?
I
myself,
if it is still possible,
and join you all on the road. You are and of course won't shut me out.
1
my
636.
friends
see
Homer,
II. xi,
283
Et yap ideXqoeiaSy
avTos.
ATKINOS
*\Kav6vf t pira eiKoaiv errj ^ TOLOVrOS ofo? (TV VVV. L7)V
yeveaOaL otos re
EPMOTIMOL
A/xcAct.
<f>LXoao(f>LV
crv
/cat
avTOS Kara
arc
Toaavra yap,
dye Xa^ajv /cd/xc hiKaiov yap. /cat irpcjrov ye. rovTO t77' 8lSot dvTLXiyi.v TOt? fiavddvovaLV jjLOL TL jjLT) opdcos Xiyeadai SoKrj avrols, rj ovk (f>Ler rjv Tovro ToZs vcoTpoLs ;
'KppLOTifjLe.
ware
ttjv
avrr^v
EPMOTIMOE
Ov
/cat
irdw.
(TV
ipcora /xerafi)
dvTiXeye.
Ev
oSos"
ye
VT)
Tov
*Kpfi7Jv, (L
*KpiJL6TLiJLe,
avrov ov
puta rt?
'q
7tI
rcov
/cat
l!iT(x)LKa)v
dXXoL
^
tjkovov
cog
Mras
yivolu-qv
G C
yiviadai other
MSS.
284
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
wish you would, Lycinus You will soon see how much better you will be than the rest of mankind. Children you will think them all, mere children compared with you with your intellect so superior.
I
!
LYCINUS
Good enough,
you are now.
if after
twenty years
could be as
HERMOTIMUS
I
Don't worry. I myself was about your age when began to study philosophy, about forty as old as
you
are
now
imagine.
LYCINUS
Exactly that,
Hermotimus.
:
So
right.
this
HERMOTIMUS
it is not allowed at all. But you, if you like, ask questions and make criticisms as we go along. You will learn more easily that way.
No,
may
Good, Hermotimus by Hermes who gives you your name. Now tell me, is there one way only to philosophy, the one you Stoics follow ? I have heard
there are
LYCINUS
many
Is that right
285
EPMOTIMOL
ATKINOL
^AXrjOrj ravra'
'FipfJLOTLiJLe,
ttoAAoi
EPMOTIMOE
Kai irdw
hid<j>opa.
ATKIN02
To
rjv
avrwv,
oma.
EPMOTIMOS
Yidvv [xev ovv.
ATKINOi:
15
"I^t
hrj,
w
ro
<J>i\6t7]s
diTOKpLvai
jjlol'
rw
rorc
TTiorevaas
Trpcjrov
onore
rjcLs
<j>LXoao(f>'qacov
7ToXXa)V GO I Ovpcov dva7T7rTaiJiva)v irapels av rds oAAa? els T7]v Tcov Srcot/ccDi^ -^Kes Kal St' KLvr]s rj^LOVS 7tI Trjv dpeirrjv eiGiivai ws Srj fiovrjs
aXrjdovs ovGTjs Kal rrjv evdeZav eTnheiKvvovaiqs , TCOV 8* oAAcov els rv<f)Xd Kal dve^oSa <j)epovawv ;
rivi
hr)
ravT ereKpiaipov rore ; Kal p.ij pLOi rov vvv rovTOV aeavrov ewoet, rov etre rjpLcro<t>ov elre ao<j)6v 7]Sr) ra ^eXria) Kplvetv virep rovs ttoXXovs
Svvdp^evoVy
ISitorrjs
rjjjids
ottolos
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Peripatetics, Epicureans, those Plato as their patron, others also, the devotees of Diogenes and Antisthenes, Pythagoreans,
Very
many the
who take
Is
?
Hermotimus, or
different
HERMOTIMUS
Quite
different.
LYCINUS
At
true
?
all
events, one of their systems, I suppose, They can't all be true if they differ.
is
HERMOTIMUS
No, they
can't.
LYCINUS
Now
first
tell
me
this
when you
set out to study philosophy, many doors were open to you ; you passed by the others and came to the Stoic door; you deigned to enter through that
door on the way to Virtue, thinking it the only true one which revealed the straight path the rest led Now what was your reason for into blind alleys. this? What at that time made you certain? Please do not think of yourself as you are now, for, half-wise or wise, you can now make better judgments than most of us. Answer as the layman you then were and I am now.
;
287
Ov
Kat
ovTcov
avvLTjiJiL
cS
KvkIv.
ATKINOi:
/XT^v
ov
TTOLVU
dyKvXov
rjpofji'qv.
ttoXXcov
yap
olov IlXdrojvos Kal ^ApiaroTe* Xovs Kal AvTiodivovs kol tcov vfierepwv rrpoyovcov, rod XpUCTtTTTTOU Kal TLtJvCjJVOS Kal T(X)V dXXcOV OGOl
<f)LXoa6(f)OJV t
Gv 7naTvaa^ tovs fiev dXXovs etas, cf diTdvTOJV Se npoeXofjLevos direp TTporjprjoai,, d^totj
ctatv, TO)
avrw
^j>iXooo<j>ias
TTporpcncLv rrjv
eKdarip ctSort.
EPMOTIMOi;
*AAA* ovSev roLovrov, 7TpL y rovrojv rov deov.
co
AvkIv, ovSe
rjpofJLrjv
ATKINOE
Tlorepov ovK d^iov 0Las ovyL^ovXias rjyovfievog avro T] iKai'6? a>oi avrog elvai iXeodat ro ^cXriov Kard oavrov dvv rod deov ;
EPMOTIMOE
"Q.LfiTjv
yap.
ATKINOi:
16
OvKovv Kal
OTTCos
<f)iXooo<f)La
rffidg
8t8a(7/cot?
dv rovro irpwrov, evOvs iv dpxjj, TtV r) dpioTt) dX-qdeuovoa Kal rjv dv res
288
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
I don't see
My question was not very complicated really. There have been many philosophers Plato, Aristotle, Antisthenes, and your own predecessors, Chrysippus, Zeno, and the rest. Now, what persuaded you to leave the rest alone and choose to base your studies on the particular one you did? Did Apollo send you back from Delphi, like Chaerephon,^ with his word that the Stoic school was best of all and you should go there ? He has a habit of sending he knows different people to different philosophies the one that suits each person best, I suppose.
HERMOTIMUS
It wasn't like that, Lycinus. Apollo about it. LYCINUS
'
Did you think it not worth consulting the god about, or did you think you could make the better choice on your own without his help ?
HERMOTIMUS
I
did think
so.
LYCINUS
Well then, please teach me this first, how, right at the beginning, we can distinguish the best, the true philosophy, the one we must choose, leaving aside the others.
^
289
L
icopcov
avTTjv opfxcovras
ware etKa^ov
avTqv.
ATKINOL
Tlooo) TLvl nXcLOvg rcov ^KTTiKovpcicov
TOJVLKOJV
'q
IlAa-
yap avTovs
EPMOTIMOS
'AAA' ovK rjpldfirjGa eycoye, euKaCov Sc.
*Q.g
nepl
Twv
kol
ttXtJOcl
KplvaL
EPMOTIMOL
Ov
dvp,OL
pLOVOV
/cat
TOVTO,
O)
aS"
AvkIv
oAAct
KOL tJkOVOV
CLTTavTajv
XeyovTcov
<f)LX'qSovol
Kol ipLOTLKOL TLVS , OL llXaTCDVLKol Sc /cat Se rojv eloL, (f)LX6ho^OL TTCpl Htcolkcov ttoXXol <j)a(jKov OTL dvhpcoSeLS /cat Trdvra yLyvaxTKOVGLv /cat otl 6 ravrrjv Icbv rrjv ohov
(jilXoirXoVTOL
rrv<j>ix}vraL
GvvoXcJS diravTa.
ATKINOi:
17
"EAcyov he ravra npos Ge dXXoL SrjXaSrj Trepl avTiov. ov yap Srj Klvol dv avrols ivLGrevGag erraLvovGL rd avrchv.
290
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
I will tell
you.
this one, so I
guessed
a count of
HERMOTIMUS
I
didn't count.
made an
LYCINUS
estimate.
So you are not prepared to teach me. You are cheating when you tell me you decide such a matter by guesswork and weight of numbers. You're hiding the truth from me.
HERMOTIMUS
wasn't just that, Lycinus. I also heard everybody saying that the Epicureans were sensual and lovers of pleasure, that the Peripatetics loved riches and wrangling, and that the Platonists were puffed up and loved glory. But a lot of people said that the Stoics were manly and understood everything and that the man who went this way was the only king, the only rich man, the only wise man, and everything rolled into one.
It
LYCINUS
These were obviously other people's opinions on the schools. You wouldn't have simply believed the respective adherents when they praised their own
schools.
291
ATKINOS
Ol
fJLev Srj
EPMOTIMOE
Ov
Ot
yap.
ATKINOS
S*
dpa
tStcorat
ravra iXeyov.
EPMOTIMOE
Kat
jLtaAa.
ATKINOL
'Opas"
OTTOJ?
avdug i^anarag
fxe
Kal ov Aeyet?
raXr^des. oAA* otct Ma/^ytrT^ StaAcyeo-^at rti^t, cos" TTiorevoai on *Ep/LtoTtjLtos', dn7p crwcro?, eri] tot
ycyoi^cos"
Gocfycjov
TerrapaKovra,
rotS"
7Tpl (f>LXooo^ias
Kal ^tAo-
dvSpojv
tStcuratS"
rd
VTT* KLV(x}v
XeyofjLcva crrotetro
KpeiTTovojv. d^ujj
ra Xdyovri,
EPMOTIMOZ:
18
AvKtve, ov^l tols aXXoug jjlovov 7TLOTVov oXXcL Kal p,avT(h icopojv ydp avrovs
o)
.
'AAA' otada,
paSlCovras, dva^e^Xiqpievovs cvaraXws, v XP^ Kovptas (f>povri^ovTas del, dppcvconovs rovs TrXeicrrovs, ovSev d^pov ovh^ av Trdvv ig ro dSid(j)opov VTrepeKTrlnrov cog eKTrXrjKrov elvai Kal
KocrixLOJ?
,
After
<f>LXoao<f>ovvre
*
So
TO eiKos MSS. have ovroi 8e -^aav ol ra dXXa del. Solanus. Fritzsche KpciTTOvoiv d^icov. ov ydp Tnanvaai aoi
cos
: :
{marevaaL
ti
G) MSS.
292
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Certainly not; these were other people's opinions.
LYCINUS
Not
HERMOTIMUS
No.
LYCINUS
Laymen's opinions ?
HERMOTIMUS
Yes.
LYCINUS
again you are cheating me and not telling the truth. You think you are talking with some Margites ^ who is ready to beUeve that Hermotimus, an intelligent man forty years of age, on philosophy and philosophers believed the opinions of laymen and made his choice of the better creed I refuse to believe accordingly. you when you say
see things like that.
You
how once
HERMOTIMUS
I did rely on myself as used to see the Stoics walking with dignity, decently dressed, always thoughtful, manly
well as others.
in looks,
most of them close-cropped; there was nothing effeminate, none of that exaggerated indifference which stamps the genuine crazy Cynic.
^
Homer.
293
KVVLKOV drexi^c^s, aXX* inl rod fjueaov Karacmjixao Srj apiGTOV diTavTes elvai ^aaiv.
ATKINOi;
'^Ap*
fjLLKpo)
ovv
KaKCLva
SiSaGKoXov, 60 *EipiJL6rL[X, TTpdrrovra; olov SavLCovras xal djraLTOvvTas Tn/cpcos" Kal ^iXoveiKcos
/cat
ra oAAa
ocra
dv VGraXrjg rj v XP^ V Kovpd; /cat npos to Xolttov dpa c;]^a>/>tev TOVTOvl Kavova /cat arddfi-qv dKptprj rcvv tolovtojv, COS" 'Ep/ioTt/xo? <l>y)criy Kal XP^ ^^^ ax'^P'drcov Kal
^ahiGfxdrcjv /cat Kovpds 8taytyvcoo"/Ctv rous" dpiaTovs, 09 8* dv fir] XJ} ravra jJLrjhe aKvdpojiTOS 2J
/cat
rovrojv oXiyov croc fxcXei, d\pL rj dva^oXrj Kal 6 moyoov ^aOvs /cat
(jypovTLOTiKos
19
/cat
dTTopXrjreos
*E/5jLtoTt/x,
nalCeis irpos
c^avra-
TCOfJLCVOS aVVLTjfJLI,,
EPMOTIMOE
Ata
Tt TOUT* (f>r]Gda;
ATKINOS
"OTt, ojyade, dvSpLavrajv TavT7]v i^eraaiv Xiyets Trapd ttoXv yovv /ctvot TTjv dno ra>v ax^jfJidrcov. Kal rds dva^oXd? KOGpacorcpoL, VGXT]P'OVarpoL
OetStou
Ttvos"
"^
'AA/ca/xeVof?
el
7)
evpLop^orarov eiKaaavrog.
;^p')7
rw Stayvoi TV(f)X6s d)v iTTidvfioL'q cf)LXoGO(f)eLV ; TOi' TrpoalpcGLV Trporjprjfievov ovre dfiecvco TTjv
t
opdv Sum/xcro?;
294
HERMOTIMUS
They seemed
says that
is
in a state of
best.
LYCINUS
Did you see them behaving also as I said just now I saw your master behaving, Hermotimus ? I mean lending money and making bitter demands to be repaid, quarrelsome and most contentious in conversations and generally behaving themselves as they usually do ? Or is this of little importance to you, so long as the dress is decent, the beard long, and the hair close-cropped ? Then this is to be our strict rule and law for the future in these matters according to Hermotimus we are to distinguish the best men by their appearance, their walk, and their hair, and whosoever has not these signs and does not look sulky and meditative is to be spurned and rejected! You're surely making fun of me, Hermotimus you're trying
:
HERMOTIMUS
Why
Because, my dear friend, this test of yours from appearances is for statues. They at any rate are much more prepossessing and comely in their dress, if a Phidias or Alcamenes or Myron has made them But if these are the in the most handsome style. surest, critical tests, what would a blind man do if he wanted to take up philosophy? How does he recognise the one who has made the better choice he can see neither bearing nor gait ?
295
cS
AvKive,
fjLOi /LtcAct
ATKINOL
'E;^/>7jv
/xcV,
cS
etvai
Tcjv
ol
OVTO)
aTracrt
^^/ar^crt/xcoj^.
rjfJLlv
^L\oGO<t>iaS fJLCVeTO)-
aav
TV<f>\oiy
rjv
dvayKOLOV
WS
817
{XT)
TTaVV
iTTeiirep yirfik opcbai /catrot toZs tolovtois fJudXiara ^i\oao<j)LV OL dxdoLVTO 77t TtJ (TVfJL(f>0 pd
.
pXenovrcg
Kav Trdvu
rcov
o^vhcpKelg
^v)(rj?
coat
ri
dv
ttjs
hvvaivTO
avviheZv
ttjs
dno yc
20
^cjjdv TOtdi^Se
raimy? Trc/jtjSoArJ? ; o Se jSouAo/iat ctVctv iarlv ov^ on ttj? yvcoixrjs rcjv dvhpCjv
EPMOTIMOE
Kat
/LtoAa.
ATKINOX:
Twv
T^v d^* c5i/ <j)riada Kiva)v Siopdv rov opdcos ^iXoao^ovvra ou yap </>tAt ra roiavra ovtoj Sta^atVco-^at, r) /xtJ ; dAA* eoTLV dTTopprjra /cat ci' d^avet /cet/xva, Aoyots" /cat /cat crwoucrtats" dt'aSet/ci/u/xct'a epyoLs toZs
riois"
yvcjjpiop,dr(x)v
JiridoaTO rov *Y{<f)ai(jrov' el 8e /xi^, dAAct vw d/coi. ^T^crt ydp o fxvOos ipioai *A6r)vdv /cat IloorctSctiya /cat "H^atarov evrexvias Trepc, /cat roi/ IloorctSai ravpov dvaTrXdaav, ttjv *Ad7]vdv Sc /Ltev OLKLav iTTLVOTJaaiy 6 "H^atcTTOS" Sc dvdpcjTTOv dpa
dnva
296
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
My
argument
I
Lycinus, and
blind,
LYCINUS
But, my good sir, there should be some accepted criterion in matters so important and valuable to everyone. However, if you prefer, let the bhnd keep clear of philosophy since they cannot see yet they of all people really should take up philosophy then they would not be completely overwhelmed by their misfortune. Well then, those who can see however sharp-sighted they may be, what can they detect of the qualities of the soul from this outer covering? What I wish to say is this was it not love of the mind of these men that attracted you to them, and
didn't
in
your mental
powers
HERMOTIMUS
Most
certainly.
LYCINUS
distinguish the true philosopher from the false by the marks you mentioned ? Such things are not usually shown in that way they are secret and not visible, showing themselves in con;
versation and discussion and corresponding action, and then only with difficulty and after a long period. You have heard, I suppose, what faults Momus found in Hephaestus; if not I'll tell you. The story goes that Athena, Poseidon, and Hephaestus were quarrelling over which of them was the best artist. Poseidon modelled a bull, Athena designed a house, while
Hephaestus,
it
When
297
6v7Tp
SiKaGTrjv
"H^atcrrov Stdrt p/r) /cat dvpihas iTToirfoev avrcp Kara ro orepvov, (hs dvaTTeraadeLGoJv yvo}pip,a
yiyveodaL diraaiv a jSouAerat
/cat
ttivo1 /cat et ^
ijjevherai tj dXrjdevei. Kivos p,v ovv are dp^^Xvcorrcjv ovroj irepl rcjv dvOpcLiroiv hivolro, av Se vrrep rov AvyKea rjijuv SeSopKag /cat opag rd evSov d)S eoLK 8td rov aripvov /cat dvecoKral gol rd irdvra, (hs elSevau p^rj p,6vov d ^ovXerai /cat a
/cat
irorepos a/xetVcov
tj
EPMOTIMOi:
UalC^tS, <h AvKLve. iyoj 8e Kard deov elX6pL7)V 21 /cat ov p,rap,iXi pLOi rrjs alpiueojs. LKavov Sc
e/xe.
ATKINOS
"O/Lto)?
ovK dv
ctTTOts",
c5
oAAa
7TpL6l/jL
p,
7Tapa7ToX6p,VOV
(7vp<j)ra) ;
EPMOTIMOE
Ovhkv ydp GOL dpGKL
d)V
dv
eLTTO).
ATKINOE
OvKy cLyaOiy dXX ov^kv ideXeug elrrelv ottolov dv jLtot dpeGeiev. eirel 8* ovv gv K<hv dTTOKpvTrrrj
/cat
<f)9oVL9
TJpXv
(1)9
pLT]
LGOV yCVOLpeOd
ottojs
GOL
olds
(f>LXoGO(f)i]Gavr9 ,
iydj
TreipdGopiai
dv
298
HERMOTIMUS
they came to Momus, whom they had appointed judge, he examined the work of each. What faults he found in the other two we need not say, but his criticism of the man and his reproof of the craftsman, Hephaestus, was this he had not made windows in his chest which could be opened to let everyone see
:
his desires and thoughts and if he were lying or telling the truth. Momus, of course, being shortsighted, held such notions about men, but you have better sight than Lynceus and, it seems, see through the chest to what is inside, and everything is revealed to you, and you know not only what each man wants and thinks, but also who is better or worse.
HERMOTIMUS
are joking, Lycinus. I chose with God's help and I have no regrets. I at any rate am satisfied.
You
LYCINUS
But
will
you leave
me
you not
tell
me
too,
my
friend
Or
?
will
rotting
among the
vulgar rabble
HERMOTIMUS
Nothing
I
you refuse to say anything you are deliberately keeping me in the dark and you grudge me the chance of becoming as good a philosopher as you are, I shall
so,
Not
my
good
sir;
to please me.
So, since
^ other MSS.
299
EPMOTIMOL
'AAAd
jSouAo/xat, c5 AvKLve.
Lcrcos
yap
tl yvco-
pijjLOv epels.
ATKINOL
S/coTTet 817 Kal
ISlcjotlkcos
7Tel
1X7]
el TravTaTraaLV jXTj KarayeXdcrrjs , dvdyKT] yap ourcos", dva^7]rco avroGv edeXei? oa^eorepou elirelv elhojs
dfJLeivov.
22
"Ecrrco 817
jjLOL
tj
piev dperrj
e^ovaa rovs epLiroXirevopievovs ((h<s dv 6 hihdcjKaXos 6 aos eKeWev vodev d^ty/xe(fiairi V09), aocf)OVS is TO dKporaroVt dvSpelovs drravras, SiKalovs, ao}<f)povaSi oXiyov decjv 0,77-08 eovras". Ota 8e TToXXd yiyverai "nap r^plv dpTTat,6vT<jiiv Kal ^laCop^evajv Kal TrXeoi^eKTOvvrcov ovSev dv t8ot?,
Tt? evhaipuovas
(f)a(JLV,
ev eKelvr)
rfj
TToXeL
roXp^iopuevov ,
dXXd ev
Kal 6p,ovoia ^vpLTroXirevovrai, pidX elKorcos' elprjvT] d yap v rals dXXais TvoXecnv otpuaL rag ardaeis Kal <j)iXoveiKLas eyeipei Kal a>v eveKa eTTL^ovXevovGiv oAAtJAoi?, ravra Trdvra K7roSa)V eanv e/cetVotS". ov yap ovre ^pvcFLOV en ovre rjSovds ovre Solas'
opcocnv d)S huacjiepeaBai rrepl avrcov, dXXd TrdXai
rrjs
TToXecDS
i^eXrjXdKaaiv
avrd
ovk
dvayKala
/cat
rjyr)adpLevoL ^vpLTroXLTeveadai.
Kal TTavevhaipLOva ^lov ^lovctlv ^vv evvopaa laoTTjTL Kal eXevdepia Kal rois dXXois dyadoZso
300
HERMOTIMUS
try as well as
for these matters
Now
can to find out for myself the true test and the safest choice to make. please listen to me.
I
HERMOTIMUS
I
am willing,
Lycinus.
Perhaps you
will
say some-
thing important.
LYCINUS
Then
if
it
my
give your attention and don't mock me investigation is altogether that of a layman ; can't be helped when you will not explain more
me
precisely although
you know
better.
like a city
me
whose
in-
ing in their wisdom, all of them brave, just, prudent, almost gods. All those things that you find here
none of them ventured in that city; no, they live together in peace and harmony naturally enough for what, I suppose, in other cities produces strife and
and counter-plot, is entirely absent. do not any longer look on gold, pleasures, or They as glory things to quarrel about they drove them from the city long ago, thinking them unnecessary to their common life. So they live a calm and perfectly
discord, plot
equality, freedom,
301
Tt ovv,
TToXlras
KOLfxaTOV
TTpos
(L
yiyvodaL
fjL'^Kos
VTToXoyi^oiJLevovs
roLavrrjs Tov v
TroXccog
rfj
/xtJtc
JJLt^Te
68co
TO
TOV
XP^^^^
OLTTayopevovTag ,
/cat
fxeXXovGLv
avrol
ATKINOi:
Nt^ Ata, o) *KppL6ri,^f TTCLVTCJV /xoAtorra TOVTO) OTTOvhaariov y tcjv 8e aXXwv dfJLeX'qTeov ,
/xtJtc
CTrt
/cat
irarpihos
TTOLcladai
eiGLV
ttJ?
evravda
einXaji^avoixevjis
TToXvv oTip
Xoyov
7TLKare)(6vTajv
77t/cAdcr^at,
aAAa
/xoAtcrra
KaKeivovs irapa-
Tqv avrrjv oSov, ct 8c fxr) ideXoiev 7] SwatvTO, d'TTOGiodp,vov avTOVs xojpelv evBv fXT] ttJs" TTavevhaipiOvos iKLvr] noXecos /cat avro diroppLipavra to Ipbdnov et rovrov CTTCtATy/x/xeVot /careCTTL
KaXelv
pvKOLv, GGVfivov Kel(7 ov ydp 8eos" dTTOKXelcrr] /cat yvfxvov Kxg rJKovra,
firj
TtS"
24
*'HSt7 ya/o ttotc /cat oAAorc npea^vTov dvSpos TJKovcra Sie^LovTOS ottws rd KZ Trpdyfiara e;j^ot, /cat /i, 7TpOVTp7TV 7Ta6aL ol TTpOS TTjV TToXlV
7]yrjUodai
iyypdi/jeiv /cat
dAA' avrov, cos jJLerd irdvTwv evhaipLOVoi-qv ** tJtt* dvota? /cat tot, ya> ov Tndofirjv veorrjros 7TVTKaihKa ox^^ov irdjv tocjs ydp dv 7r/)o
.
"
avrd
TTuAats"
T^hif]
-i^i^.
jjLfjLV7]iJLaL,
rd TrpodareLa /cat Trpos rats' eAeye 8' ow Trept ttJ? TroAeo^S", et ye dXXa re 77oAAd /cat 817 /cat ^ rd8e, 069
dfjL(f)l
302
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Well then, Lycinus,
isn't it right for
everyone to
long for citizenship of a city like that, and neither to think of the toils of the journey nor give up because of the time it takes, if once they get there they too are going to be enrolled as citizens and share in the
city's life?
LYCINUS
Yes, indeed, Hermotimus, this we must strive for above everything, and all else we must ignore. If our native country here lays claim to us, we must take
scant notice, and if any children or parents we may have cling to us weeping, we shall not give way. No, first and foremost we shall urge them to follow the same road. If they will not, or cannot, we must shake them off and make straight for that all-happy city, throwing off our very cloak should they hold on to it to drag us back as we hurry there for there is no fear of being shut out, even if you come there naked. On another occasion before this I have heard an old man telling how things were there and urging me to follow him to the city he would guide me himself and enrol me on my arrival, make me a fellow-tribesman and let me share his clan, so that " I might be happy with all the others. But I would " ^ not listen at that time through folly and youth (it was about fifteen years ago) perhaps by now I should have been in the very suburbs, even by the He told me much about the city, if I rememgates. ber, and in particular this, that all the inhabitants
verse quotation.
Kal
tjSt] /cat
Koi
817 /cat
Schaefer
MSS.
hk ovhe
TToAAous"
/cat
ets",
Kal SovXov^
/cat
puKpovs
TTV7]Tas,
oAoj?
/xere;\;etp'
TidAeco? rov
^ovX6fjiVov'
TLfx-qixdrajv
o-)(r]ixdTU)v
ri
Tov yap
TTOieloOai
St)
vojjlov
Tr]v
7]
yypa<f>j)v
pieyedovs
koXXovs ou8'
yevovs
TOV
pLv
TUiv
XapLTTpcov
vopLiC^adai.
ovbe
oXXo.
TavTa
KdoTix}
eTTidvpLLav
/cat
TOtS"
TO
pLTj
ivSovvai
pLrjSe
pLaXaKLodTJuai
Svax^p^crt'
Kara
rrju
oSov ivrvyxdvovra,
avTLKa pidXa
")
ttoXlttjv
fj
rj
/cat
looripLOV airaaL'
ro
^ Kpelrrajv
evTrarpih-qs
rj
SovXos
dyewris rj Xeycadau Iv
T7J TToXev.
EPMOTIMOE
25
*Opas,
a>
Au/ctve,
co?
ov
pidnf^v
ovSe
ai
Trepl
/cat
pLLKpwv KdpLvoj 7toXlt7]S TnQvpi(x)v yvio9 avros ovTOJ KaXrjs /cat cuSat/xovos" noXecos ;
ATKINOS
Kat yap avros,
ipoj /cat
c5
*E/)jLtort/xe,
rcov avrcov
ooi
/cat
OVK GTiv 6
el
Tt
dv
pLOi irpo
rovrojv ev^aipuqv
"^v
t)
yeviaOai.
(f>avepd
puev
ovv ttXtjolov
TraAat
dv,
ttoXls
todt,
IheZv
aTracrt,
ev
p^rjSev
ivSoidaas aurog ^etv is avrrjv Kal eTToXLrevopLrjv dv /C TTOXXOV, CTTCt Si, <I)S VpLLS (f>aT, OV TC Kat
'HatoSos"
paijjcphos,
Tvdvv
TToppoj
aTTcpKLaraL,
304
HERMOTIMUS
were aliens and foreigners, not one was a native there were even many barbarians among the citizens, in a as well as slaves, cripples, dwarfs, and paupers word anyone who wanted to take part in the city;
;
for property, apparel, height, good looks, family, brilliant ancestry, were not required by law for enrolment ; on the contrary, they gave no place in their
customs to them
is
what
good, industry, perseverance, a refusal to give in or be weakened by the many hardships encountered on the way, were enough for a man to become a citizen whoever showed these qualities and kept on going all the way to the city was a citizen there and then equal inferior or superior, noble or common, to them all bond or free, simply did not exist and were not mentioned in the city.
; ;
HERMOTIMUS
see then, Lycinus, that my labour is not in vain or for trifles, if I desire to be myself a' citizen of a city so fair and happy.
You
LYCINUS
same things and there is nothing I would pray for more. If the city had been near at hand and visible
to everyone, you can be sure that long since, without a moment's hesitation, I myself should have entered in and been a citizen this long time, but, since, as you has been built at a very say, you and the poet Hesiod, it
^
Tov
rcjv
Xafiirpiov
Fritzsche
outcu
Xafinpov
ovBe
avayKTj ^rjreiu oSov re rrjv dyovaav en avrrju Kal rov apiOTOV. r^ ovk oiei ov ^(p'fjvaL ovroj
OvKOvv ooov
inl
rep
T)
(f)pLv
eoiKev,
r)
Se tl9
7tI
rds"
dpKTOVS, Kal oXXt] vdu TTJg fiedTjjJL^pLaS, Kal T) fiev Sid XeipLciivcov Kal (f)VTCov Kal OKids evvhpos Kal rjSela ovSev dyrirvirov tj hva^arov e^ovaa, rj Se TTerpcoSrjs Kal Tpa;^eta ttoXvv tJXlov Kal Sli/jos Kai KdfJLafov TTpo<f)aivovoa. Kal djicos avrai Trdoai TTpos TTjv 7r6XLV dycLv Xiyovrai filav ovaav is rd ivavTicjTara reXevrwaaL. "Kvda 87J jjLOL Kal rj Trdoa diropia iarlv. i(f)^ 26 Tjv ydp av eXdw avrwv, dvrjp Kard rrjv dpxrjv rrjs
drpaiTOV iKdarrjs
^
icfyeorrcbs
ev rfj
etcrdSo;
'^^''
fidXa
TTporpeireL
Kara
puTjTe
rrjv
avTOVs iXiqXvd6ras fJLtjre dXXoLs rjyrjaaoOaL Kav irrl top ttXtiglov dKoXovdinGavras a(pLKOjpLaL, KaKLVOs ra ojxoia VTncrp^veirat Tvepi
.
^ 2
So Fritzsche
aov
:
fiev eVt
to
FN
oaov
fikv eVi
iKaoTTjs Jensius
eKaoTos
MSS.
to Seager.
306
HERMOTIMUS
great distance, we must look for the path that leads there and the best guide to follow. Don't you agree that we must do this ?
HERMOTIMUS
How
else could
one go there
LYCINUS
Well, as regards making promises and saying that they know, there are plenty of would-be guides. Many are standing ready, each one saying he is a native of that city. But no one and the same road is to be seen. There are many different ones not at all like each other: one seems to lead to the west, another to the east, another to the north, a fourth one goes through straight towards the south;
a wellspots watered, pleasant road with nothing to block the way or make hard-going; another is rocky and rough, promising much sun and thirst and exNevertheless all these roads are said to haustion. lead to the city, although there is but one city, while they have their ends in the opposite parts of the
globe. All
them
For, whichever of difficulty lies here. approach, a man who stands at the beginning of each path at the entrance, a very trustworthy person, stretches out his hand, and urges me to go off along his road, and each one of them says that he alone knows the direct route and that the others are astray, since they have neither gone there themselves nor followed others able to lead them. If
my
go to
his neighbour,
avrov oSou
auTOi^
/cat
roifs
/cat
Trap'
o/xotcus"
to dvofjLoiov avrwv
aTTopeZv TTOLeX,
/cat
ov fMerpLCDS rapdrret
fidXiorra
jLt
/cat
VTrephiareLvofievoL /cat to, cavTOJV KaaroL eiraivovvTes . ov ydp otSa rjvriva TpaTrofJLCvos iq ro) pudiXXov avrwv dKoXovOrjaas
TjyefjLove^
ol
acjuKoipL'qv
dv irpos
rrfv ttoXlv,
EPMOTIMOE
27
'AAA* iyoi G dTToXvao) ttj? diropias. rots ydp TTpOOjSoLTTOprjKOOLV, (L AvKLV, TTlGTeVGaS OVK dv
a<f)aXLr)s.
ATKINOE
Ttcrt
'q
Acyets";
rot?
/caret
rroiav
ohov iXdovoLv ;
aunts'
dKoXovdrjaaaiv ;
diXXr)
p,op(f)fj
ydp
rjixXv
TO avTO dvopov iv
Tuyv TrpayfidTCuv
cttl
dva<j>aiveTai
dnd
EPMOTIMOi:
Hdjs TovTo
"Ort
o
(f>'qs ;
ATKINOE
YlXaTCovog TpaTro/jLCvo? /cat Tr)v GWoSoLTTopT^aa^ p,eT avTov Kelvrjv iTraivioeTai hrjXov OTL, 6 8e ty^v 'E7rt/coupou, Kiv7]v, /cat
fjLv
aAAos' aAAi^r,
'EipfjuoTLfxc
;
av 8e
ovx
^ ttws ydp,
EPM0TIM02
nco? ydp ov ;
ATKINOS
Ou
308
Toivvv direXvads
/xe
T-r]s
OfJLOLOjg
dyvoco
tco
{xaXXov
XPV
twv
HERMOTIMUS
about his own road and vilifies the others. next to him acts similarly, and so do they
The man
all in
turn.
The number of
roads,
then,
especially the way the guides over-strain themselves, each sect praising its own, worries me immoderately and makes me uncertain. I don't know which way to turn or which one to follow to reach the city.
HERMOTIMUS
I
will
free
those
Whom
do you mean
Plato's path
for travelling-companion will obviously praise Plato's route, and so with Epicurus 's and the rest and you
What
about
it,
Hermotimus?
Is
that
HERMOTIMUS
Of course.
LYCINUS
I
Then you have not freed me from my uncertainty. am just as much in the dark which of the travellers
309
opcb
/cat
avTov
iKLvr)v
Tov
/cat
rrjv TToXiv.
ov
aAA' ort
TToAtv
fjLV
Scjogcju
avrj] fiovr] ayec eVt exco etSeVat t dXi^drj (jyrjGLv. reXos /cat et8e rtt^a d(f)LKTaL rrpog avrw loojs, t 8e iKeivrjv elhev rfv
fjuevroL
^xprjv v fj 7TLdviJL0VfjLv iyo) re /cat av TToXirevoaa^ etV Kd/oti^^ov iXOelv, 6 S* ct? Ba^Sf Acuva 6aiy 7} 8eov
a<j)iK6ixvos
oierai
ou
l^opivdov ccopa/ceVat, ciSt^Aov ya/3 Travrcos" o rti^a TroAtv tScov et ye ou TroAt? cgtIv tj /xoi'Ty
87)
fjidXiora
eKelvo
(jtiv
to
dvayK-q p,iav efrat rT^v aXrfOrj oSov /cat yap t^ Kdptv^os" jLtta eVrtV, at 8' aAAat iravraxooe fiaXXov ^ etV Kd/Jtv^ov dyovoiv, ct /xtJ rts" ourcu a(f)68pa TrapaTratet co? oiadai /cat tt^v et? *Y7Tp^opeovg /cat
r)7v etV 'Ii^8ou?
EPMOTIMOS
Kat
ayet.
TTcDs" otdi'
re, cS Au/ctve;
olAAt;
yap
dAAa;^dcre
ATKIN02
28
OvKovv,
ovhe Tovro
TjiJidg
(L
KaXe
^EipfjbortiJLe,
ov
puKpds
8et
/cat
-qyepiovwVy
ol
TToSeg
Ai^aojLtev
7tI
Ba^vXdjvos
dv
rrjv
1
rj
ovS^
ovTOJS dvrl ttjs etV Kdptv^oi' dyova-qs rrjv ovSe yap Tq Ba/crpa>v aTrtdt'res' eKelvo KaXcos e;\;et ttj tvxJ] eTT-trpeVetv cos
dplarrjv
iXofievovs,
:
rdxa
310
et
/cat
dvV
hiov Solanus
^8ea>s
MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
For I see that each of them and the guide to trust. himself have tried only one way, and he praises that one and says that it alone leads to the city. But I cannot know whether he is speaking the truth. That he has reached some destination and has seen some city or other, I will perhaps grant him. But whether he has seen the one he should have seen (that in which you and I want to live) or whether, when he should have gone to Corinth, he has arrived at Babylon and thinks he has seen Corinth, I still do not know certainly not everyone who has seen a city has seen Corinth, if Corinth is not the only city. What particularly makes me uncertain is this my knowing that only one road can possibly be the right one. Only one road is the Corinth road, and the other roads lead anywhere except to Corinth, unless a man is so much out of his wits as to think that both the road to the Hyperboreans and the road to India lead
to Corinth.
HERMOTIMUS
Well then, my dear Hermotimus, no little deis needed when we choose roads and guides, and we shall not act according to the saying and go in that way we shall off wherever our feet take us be going off on the road to Babylon or Bactra in;
stead of the road to Corinth without realising it. It is by no means sound to trust to fortune and hope we shall perhaps take the best road, if we start out on
3"
rjfxd?
rov Alyalov 7} rov *16vlov StaTrAeu(fjrjGLy deXovraSy ore ovhk atrtacrat/xe^* av evXoyoiS L ro^evovaa /cat oLKovrL^ovaa jxr) TTjv rvx^Vy TrdvTCJS rvx rdXqdovs evos ovros ev p,vpioLs rols ipevSeauVy orrep ovSe rep *Op,r]pLKcp ro^orrj VTrrjp^cv, OS Seov TTjv TTcAetaSa /cararo^eucrat, o Se tt)v dAAa Trapa pufipivdov everefjiev 6 TevKpos olpLai.
TrapoLfxta
crat
TToXv /ctvo evXoycjrepov rcov ttoXXcov rpcodrjoeadai /cat 7TpL7TGLadaL rcp ro^vp,arL iXTvil^eiv r] Trdvrcos KLvo ro v ^ oLTTavrcov. 6 8e KLvSvvos on ov
piiKpos,
ct
dvrl
rrjs
ctt*
evdv
dyovcrqs
is
rcov
7T7TXav7]fj,vcov /xtav dyvoovvrs ip^TTeaotpLev, iXnlCovres dpLLvov acpijoreadaL rrjv rv)(rjv virkp rjpLWV,
LKa^LV
t^v imhcp ns rd aTToyeia XvGdp^evos, dXXd avayKT) iv rcp TreXdyet Sta^epea^at vavncovra cos ro TToXv /cat ScStora /cat Kaprj^apovvra vtto rod
dvaGcodijvaL
dvaarpiijjat,
en
/cat
dira^
avrov
rfj
rrveovcrr]
iKirXevGai dva^dvra i7TL(f>op6v iGri /cat ovpiov ro TTvevpa rols J^optvdovSe StaTrAcuaat idiXovGL, /cat VT] Ata Kv^epvqrrjv eva rov dpiGrov /cAe^aCT^at /cat vavv evirayq olav Stap/ceWt irpos r7]XiKovrov KXvhcova.
TTplv
irrl
GKe^aodai
TTveovoT)
Solanus
TrXeovcn}
MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
one or the other without enquiry. It is possible for even that to happen, and perhaps at some period of time's long history it has already happened; but in a matter of such importance I think we ought not to run such a reckless risk or confine hope entirely within narrow bounds, ready as the proverb says to sail the Aegean or Ionian seas on a mat; then we should have no right to accuse fortune, if with her arrows and spears she did not altogether hit the one
thing that
is true among the many that are not. Even Homer's archer did not succeed in that when
he should have shot the dove he cut the string; Teucer I think it was.^ No, there was much more reason to expect one of the many others to be wounded and fall foul of the arrow than that parThe risk is not slight, if ticular one out of them all. in ignorance we rush into one of the by-ways instead
of the straight route in the hope that fortune will make a better choice on our behalf I think you see
that.
round and come back again in safety is no easy matter once a man casts off his mooring lines and surrenders himself to the wind; he must be tossed about on the sea, usually sick and frightened and with a bad head from the swell, whereas he ought in the first place, before he sailed out, to have climbed up to some look-out and seen whether the wind was fair and favourable for those who wanted to sail over to Corinth, and indeed he ought to have selected the very best navigator and a sound ship able to withstand such a heavy sea.
For
still
to turn
Homer,
11. xxiii,
867.
Ovro) ye a/xetvov, w Au/ctvc, Trapa ttoXv. ttXtjv otSd ye on airavras iv kvkXco TrepLeXdwv ovk dXXovg av evpois ovre rjyefxovag apueivovs ovre
Kv^epvTjTas ipLTTeiporipovs
ideX'qGT]?
rcJov
UrojiKajVy /cat
ets"
'qv
ye
et/jT)
d(f)LKGdaL
TTore
rrjv
/Cttt
K.6pLvdov,
Zi'qVOJVOS
KLVOLS
KaTOL
TOL
\pV(JL7T7TOV
txyy] TTpoXcjv,
oXXois 8e ahvvarov.
ATKINOE
*Opas rovro cos" kolvov, eLTTOL yap dv avro kol 6 rw
Kol 6 ^KTTLKOVpCp
iXdelu pL
ttjv cocrre ^
r)
cj
Tr6fJLVO?
Kal ol oAAot,
el
pur)
/XI7
CIV
els
KopLvdov
Trdcn
pueO^
iavrov,
(oTrep
eKaaros.
TTtcrreuetv
XPV
puaKpcp
yeXoiorarov ) y
dTTiareiv
opLolws.
yap
evpcopuev rov
Kaddirep vvv e^oi, dyvoojv en earlv 6 dXrjdevwv, eXoLpurjv rd vpierepa aol TTiarevoaSy dvhpl ^t'Aoj, drdp p,6va ye rd rcov Titco'Ckcov elSon /cat pulav oSov oSoLTTopi^^epe,
6
dans e^ aTrdvrwv
uavn ravrrjv
HXdrcjJva
/cat
eireira
dewv ns dva^icovaL
*
Yivdayopav
ol
/cat
ApLcrroreXrjv
epcjjrcpev
TTOirjcreLe /cat
rovs Kal
dXXovs,
vTj
Se
TrepLcrravres
pie
7]
At'
is
dyayovres
v^pecus
Tt TTaOcjv
IL'qvixiva
rivi
TTore
TrpoerLpLTjaas
rjpicoVy
irpeo^vrepajv ovtojv
Treipadels
irapd
TToXvy
x^^^
:
'^^^
7rpa)r]v
pbTjre
Xoyov
^
pueraSovs
rjpuv
So Fritzsche
raX-qBil imi.axi'oviievov
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
the better way, Lycinus, by far. Yet I if you made a round tour of them all you would find no others who were better pilots or more experienced navigators than the Stoics and, if you want to reach Corinth some day, you will follow them, treading the tracks of Chrysippus and Zeno. No other way is possible.
That
is
know
that
LYCINUS
Hermotimus, how universal is that Plato's fellow-traveller, assertion you have made? 's follower, and the rest of them, would say Epicurus the same, every one of them, that I could not go to Corinth without his company. So I must either
see,
Do you
believe them all alike (which is ridiculous) or disbelieve them all alike. The latter is by far the safest course until we discover the true one. Come now, suppose that I, just as I am, still ignorant which of them all has the truth, should choose your way, putting my trust in you, a friend, but one who knows only the way of the Stoics and has travelled by this road alone ; then suppose one of the gods brought Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle, and the rest, back to life, and they stood round me and put questions to me, or even, by Zeus, brought me into court and sued me each and every one of them
My good Lycinus, what was the matter with you? Who persuaded you to give Chrysippus and Zeno preference over us, who are older by far than they? They were born only yesterday, or the day before, and you have given us no chance to speak, and you have put nothing of what we say to the test." Supposing they said this,
for maltreatment, saying
:
**
315
el
avTOLs ;
"^
ol Se ye vo/Jioderat, c5 AvKLve, KaravoTjcravn ovTCo ovx TTpoGrdrrovGL rots SiKaoraLS TroLelv ovSe rod erepov pcev OLKOveLv, rov 8e erepov ovk edv XeyeLv virep eavrov d olerai ^v/JLcfyepeiv, dAA' djLtotcos" dp.<j)OLV aKpodadai, cus" pdov dvre^erd^ovTes Tovs Xoyovg evpLGKOiev rdXyjOrj re Kal i/jevhrj, Kal rjv ye p,r) ovrco TTOicjaiv e(j)ievai SlSojulv 6 vopios
.
els
erepov hiKaorrjpiov
31
ns
epelv avrovs. -^ rax* dv avrcov Kal Trpoaepoiro /xe, EtVe jitot, Xeycjv, w AvKlve, et ns Aldioip p^rfheTTOJiTore dXXovs dvdpcx)7Tovs lS(x)Vy oloL TjfJLeLS eGfiev, Sid ro jxtj
etVos"
Toiavra drra
dTToSeBrjixr^KevaL ro Trapdirav, ev nvi cruAAdyoj rcjv AWlottcov Sua)(vpL^oLro Kal Xeyoi fjnqhapLoOi rrjs yijs dvdpa)7TOVs etvat XevKovs t) ^avdovs fJirjSe
^ fieXavas, dpa TTiorevoir dv vtt* avrcov; ns dv Trpos avrov rcov Trpeor^vrepojv AWlottwv, Hi) Se St) TTodev ravra, cS Opacrvrare,
rj
dXXo
1770 1
otada; ov yap dTTeSijiXTjoas Trap* rjp.cov owSa/xdcje ovhe elSes vr) Ata rd Trapd roXs dXXois orrold eon. <j>ai7]v dv eycoye hiKaia epajTrjaac rov Trpeo^vrrjv.
rj
TTCos
CO *Eipfi6nfjie, avfjLpovXeveLs ;
316
HERMOTIMUS
how
could I answer them ? Or will it be enough if I say that I was persuaded by Hermotimus, a friend " of mine? Their answer I know would be: We, he whoever not know this do Hermotimus, Lycinus, So you had no is, and he does not know us either. right to condemn us all and give a judgment in default against us through relying on a man who is acquainted with only one way in philosophy, and even that perhaps not fully. Lawgivers, Lycinus, do not instruct judges to adopt this procedure, or to give one party a hearing and not allow the other to speak on its own behalf what it thinks is to its own advantage. No, they say that both sides must be given an equal hearing, so that by comparing the
opposing arguments they may be assisted in discovering the true and the false, and if they do not adopt this procedure the law allows an appeal to another court." Such or something like it is the argument they would use. Or one of them perhaps would even put
"
: :
Tell me this, an additional question to me suppose an Ethiopian, a man who had Lycinus never seen other men like us, because he had never been abroad at all, should state and assert in some assembly of the Ethiopians that nowhere in the world were there any men white or yellow or of any other colour than black, would he be believed by them ? Or would one of the older Ethiopians say to him Come now, you are very bold. How do you know this ? You have never left us to go anywhere else, and indeed you have never seen what things are " I for my part would like among other peoples? man the old had asked a fair question. that say Or what do you advise, Hermotimus ?
* :
317
fioL.
ATKINOS
Kat yap
TOVTO ovkIt
fiev
epLoiye,
c5
'Ep/xort/xe.
ofJLOLOJS
aAAa ro
fJLera
ifJLol
yap
/cat
olha
EPMOTIMOL
To
32
7TOLOV ;
ATKINOE
'ETra^et SrjXaSrj 6 dvrjp Kal
TTOJS,
(jyTjcrei
r)puv
<f)iXos
ToiwVy
cS
AvKlve,
ctSco?,
'KpfjLOTLfJLOS, a77o8i7jLtrycras"
TTore fi'qre e?
fx-qre
HXdrcovos
fJbrjS*
pL'^re
vX6ya)9
Opaovg
dX7]ds rrapd rols ttoAAoI?, Kal d iKeivrj (fyrjalv, ovk dv So^eiev ooi nepl TravrcDV
dTTO^aLvofxevos , Kal ravra iv etSoj?, ovheTTCJirore ri ^ AWiOTTLag Tov erepov TroSa TrpoeXdwv ; avTO) ; ^ovXeL dTTOKplvcofjiaL
EPMOTIMOS
dXrjdeGrarov KeZvo STyAaSry, on r)jjLL? rd Kal rrdvv iKjjLavddvopiev cLs dv Kard ravra ^iXooo(f)Zv d^iovvres, ovk dyvoovjjLev Sc Kal rd VTTO rcov aAAcov Xeyofieva. 6 ydp SiSao/caAos' KdKLva fJLera^v SU^eLcn rrpos rjpids Kal dvarp7Ti
To
[xev ^rcoLKdjv
y avrd
318
tt
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
I
agree.
me
very just.
To me
as well,
Hermotimus.
But
do not know
that you will similarly agree with what follows. me this too seems to be very just.
To
HERMOTIMUS
What?
LYCINUS
The fellow will certainly go on and say to me some" Let us make a comparison, Lycinus, thing like this and posit a man who knows only the Stoic tenets, like this friend of yours, Hermotimus he has never gone abroad to Plato's country or stayed with Epicurus or in short with anyone else. Now, if he said that there was nothing in these many lands as beautiful or as true as the tenets and assertions of Stoicism, would you not with good reason think him bold in giving his opinion on all, and that when he knows only one, and has never put one foot outside " What answer do you think I should Ethiopia?
:
give
him ?
HERMOTIMUS
This very true one, of course that we do learn Stoicism very thoroughly indeed, since we think fit to pursue this branch of philosophy, but we are not unacquainted with what the others say. For our teacher explains all that to us as he goes along, and
:
knocks
it
down with
his
own comments.
319
ivravda GLcuTrqucaOaL rjfuv tovs koI ^YiTTiKovpov ajLK^t rov HXdrcova /cat Ilvdayopav /cat Tovs aXXovSy ovxl dvayeXdaavras dv eLTrelv irpos 6/xe, Ota Troiel, cL Avklvc, 6 iraipog gov 6
vo/xtCetS"
*H
TTiureveiv
^EipfJUOTLflOS ; /cat
rtva /cat rdJv ddXrjrojv daKovpievov 7Tp6 rod dycovos XaKTiCovra et? Tov depa tj ttv^ Kvr)v 7rXr]yi^v rtva Karacfyepovra rov dvrayojvLarTjv SijOev TTalovra, evdvs (x)S dvaKTjpv^eL avrov dycovodeTqs cov (Ls dpuaxdv riva
lSt]
ri
/cat docfxiXrj
rd
veavievpLara ovSevdg dvraipopiivov avro), Tr]v 8e VLKTiv nqvLKavra Kpiveodai onorav Karayajvla-qraL TOV dvTLTToXov avTov /Cat KpanjoT) 6 S* dTTayopevarj y dXXcjs 8e ov ; pur) roiwv pur^he 'FtppLonpLos d^*
Siv
dv
rjpudg
roiavra elvau cu? dvarpeneodaL paSiOJS. 7rct ro roLovrov dpuoiov dv etrj rolg ra>v irai^iajv otKoSopL'qpLaoLv d KaraoKevdaavres Kivoi daOevrj v9vs
dvarp7TOV(JLv, iq /cat vrj Ata rots' ro^eveiv /xcActojTLvd avvhijaavres , CTretra cttI oi Giv, Kdp(f>r]
/cat
r)V
dvKpayov evdvg wg
el Siei^eXrjXvdev avroZs ro jSeAo? 8ta rojv (fypvydvojv. oAA' ov IlepaaL ye ovroj ttolovglv ovSe HkvOcov oGOi ro^oraiy oAAa Trpcbrov puev avrol KLvovpuevoi LTTTTCOV ojg ro TToXv ro^evovGLV, 7TLra Se /cat d(j>*
320
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
Well, do you suppose that at this point the adherents of Plato and Pythagoras and Epicurus and the rest will keep quiet, and not laugh out loud and " What is your friend Hermotimus doing, say to me He thinks it right to believe what our Lycinus? opponents say about us, and supposes our views to be whatever they say they are, although they either are ignorant of the truth or conceal it. So, if he sees some athlete training before his match, kicking into the air, or punching at empty space as though he were striking his opponent, he will, if he
:
is
him
as unbeatable,
he consider these romps easy and devoid of risk when he has no antagonist, and adjudge him the winner only when he has overcome and beaten his opponent in the flesh and the latter gives in, and not othervdse ? So do not let Hermotimus suppose from the shadow-boxing his teachers
will
?
he
Or
will
practise against us in our absence that they are strong or that our tenets are such as can be easily overthrown. For such a fabrication would be like the houses which children make : they have built them weak in structure and knock them over at once ; or again indeed like men practising archery who make
bundles of twigs, then fix them up on a pole which they set up at no great distance in front of them, and taking aim let fly. If ever they score a hit and pierce the twigs, they at once give a shout as though they have done something great, because their shaft has gone right through their collection of sticks. But this is not what the Persians do nor the Scythian archers. No, in the first place they themselves are usually on moving horses when they shoot, and
321
VOL. VI.
yi rot
(h^
TO TToXv Kararo^evovcri,
vovoLV.
riv
/cat
he vore
/cat
rod rovov
(LfJLO^OLVTjV
rrjg TrX-qyfjs,
TTiarevovoiv
7Tpo6ipiVOl SieXaVVOVCTLV, /cat OVTCJS kolv 8t' ottXojv U(f>LGL ;)^6t)p7}o-at rovs
oIgtovs.
ctVe
ort
'Ep^ort/xo)
TTpodejjLevoL
Kararo^evovoLV,
/ce/cparTy/ceVat,
etrd
/cat
^acrti^
dvSpcjv
tjjjlojv
ajTrXiapiivcov
elKovas
ypaipapuevoL 7tvktvovgl Trpos /CtVa?, /cat Kpart]oavrs ct>? TO lk6s rjjJLCJV KpaTetv otovrat. dXXd
<f)aLr]iJLV
dv
e/cacrros' Trpos
/ctya,
^T^ct Trcpt
ipLTJg
ou yap
34
SLrjynjaaadai tl
roi
ctrat
K St/ccAta?
/cat
COS"
av etSco? ra TrAetara'
<^aat
8t>craj8e?
to
tovto
ttI
iXiyx^^v rvpawov dvSpa, p^^XP^ ^'^ TLva yvvoLKa ^evqv GVvevexd^iGav avTCo ToXp.ijoaL TOV Se TTapd TTjv ywttt/ca /cat L7TLV OTTCDS ^xoL. iXOovra ttjv iavTov 6pyit,o9ai otl ovk ipLijvvGe
ToAjLtcovTO?
Trpos
Se
TTapaiTelodai
^x^lv
avTTJ-
virep
yap
TOV
TreTreLpdadaL dXXov dvSpo? /X7^8e opLLXrjcraL ttXt^olov OLTjOrjvaL drraoi toIs dvhpdoL tolovto tl
diTOTTveZv
TOV GTopLaTos.
/cat
o ^EippLOTLpios Toiya-
322
HERMOTIMUS
secondly, they think that the targets should be too, not stationary and waiting for the impact of the shafts, but running about as fast as possible. They generally use wild animals as their targets, and some of them hit birds. If ever they want to test the impact of the shot on the target, they set up a hard- wood board or a raw-hide shield to pierce, and in that way they gain confidence that their arrows
moving
So
tell
Hermotimus from
have bested armed men and that they are sparring with painted dummies which look like us, and when, as is natural, they have had the better of them they think they have the better of us. To them each of us would quote the words of Achilles about Hector
;
: '
us, Lycinus, that his teachers are setting up collections of sticks to shoot at and then saying that they
My
"
This
is
what they
would add one of those stories from Gelo of Syracuse is Sicily (he knows most of them) said to have had bad breath and to have been for a long time ignorant of the fact as no one dared to criticise a tyrant, until a certain foreign woman with whom he had to do dared to tell him how it was. He went to his wife in a rage because she had not told him, although she of all people knew of the bad odour. She begged him to pardon her, for, never having had experience of another man or having been at close quarters with one, she supposed"that the mouths of all men had breath like that. So, Hermotimus,"
Plato, I fancy,
^
Homer,
II.
xvi, 70.
323
yipvonmos
eliroi
ri
rovrcvVy etnep Xlttojv avrov aKpirov eirl TO, YiXdrcovos opfitjaaLfiL TTLGrevcras rivl tCjv pLovcp ivi re \6ycp fuveAcov riAaroivt (hfjLLXrjKOTOJv.
TiAetct)
en
dxpf' oiv dSr]Xov fj ris dXrjd'qs icrn TTpoaipeuis v ^tAoCTo^ta, jxriheixiav alpeZaOai. v^pis yap eg rds aAAas" to tolovtov.
<f>r]iJLL,
EPMOTIMOS
35
AvKLve, TTpos rrjs 'Eortas", YiXdrcjjva jxkv /cat * ApLGTOTeXrjv /cat ^FiTTLKOvpov /cat Toifs dXXovs drpefxeZv idaojpiev' ov yap /car' CjLte dvraycovi^eodai avTols. vd) Se, ey<x> re /cat ov, ^* rjfxcov avrcjv et tolovtov ioTL to (f)iXooo<j>ias efcraocu/xev,
^Q.
(f)r][jiL
avTO
etvat.
tl
ehei
At^toTra? 8e KaXeZv k
ATKINOS
'AAA' eKeZvoL fiev dirLTOJoav iKnoScvv, SoKOUOt TTCpLTTol LVaL TTpOS TOV AoyOl^.
et
oot
OV Se
Xiye
tJSt).
EPMOTIMOL
/cat ndvv SvvaTov etvaL tcov Srcot/coiv ra iKfjiaOovTa elSevaL rdX-qOes pLova dvO TOVTiOV, KOV /Xt) TCt TiOV oXXcJV 7T^eXdrj TLS
Ao/ct
jLtot,
d)
AvkZv,
ourcoot 8e OKorreL' rjv tls oe tovto to? at Suo SuaSe? tov p.6vov Xeyrj irpos
Kpiavddvojv e/caora.
Be'qoeL
rrepL-
HERMOTIMUS
since he mixes only with Stoics, Plato might say, naturally does not know what other people's mouths are like." Chrysippus could say the same or go even further, if I were to leave him unexamined and go over to Platonism, relying on one of those who had conversed with Plato alone. In short, then, I say that, as long as it is uncertain which creed of philosophy is true, choose none. For choice of one would be misconduct towards the others.
**
HERMOTIMUS
In Hestia's name, Lycinus, let us leave Plato and Aristotle and Epicurus and the others undisturbed,
for I
am
no match
ourselves,
Let us, you and me, whether the pursuit of say it is. As for Ethiopians and did you have to call her from
for
them.
discussion?
LYCINUS
off, if they seem you to be superfluous to the discussion. You do the talking now. You look as though you are going
Why,
let
to
HERMOTIMUS
It
study of the Stoic doctrines alone, to know the truth from them, even if one does not pursue those of the others and make a thorough study of them in detail.
Look at it this way if someone tells you merely that two twos make the number four, will you have to go
:
about questioning
all
ATKINOE
AvrUa,
c5 'Ep/xdrt/xc.
EPMOTIMOE
Tt
TTor'
So/cet,
ivrvy-
Xdvovrd riva
TTeldeodaL
re avrols Kal firjKerL Seta^at rcov dXXojv ctSdra ws ovk dv ttotc rd rerrapa nevre ycVoiTO, ovS* dv fjLVpLOi. UXdrojves rj HvOayopai
Xiyoicriv
;
ATKINOS
36
TTpds TTos, c5 'Ep/xoTt/x-e. rd ydp ofjuoXoyovfJLeva rot? dpL^io^rirovpiivois ctVafet?, rrdfiTToXv avTCJV Siacfyepovra. rj ri dv ^airj? ; eoriv cLtlvl
Ovhkv
ivrervxrjKag Xeyovn rdg Svo SuaSa? avvreO^iaas rov eTrrd ^ evScKa dptdfiov dTToreXetv ;
EPMOTIMOi:
Ovk
eyojye.
rj
jxalvoiT
dv 6
[xrj
rerrapa
ff/x-
paCvLV Xeycjv.
ATKINOE
Tt
peto)
8e,
ivrervxrjKag
TTwrrore
reXovs ;
EPMOTIMOL
OvSafidjs
.
326
HERMOTIMUS
see
if
there
it five
may
is
who
makes
or seven
at once
that this
man
At
once, Hermotimus.
HERMOTIMUS
Why then does it seem to you to be impossible for a man when he meets only Stoics who speak the truth to believe them and have no further need of the others in his knowledge that four could never be five, even if thousands of Platos and Pythagorases say so ?
LYCINUS
That is not to the point at all, Hermotimus. You are comparing what is admitted to what is in dispute,
although they differ enormously. Or what would you say? Have you met anyone who says that by putting together two twos he makes the number seven or eleven ?
HERMOTIMUS
Not
mad who
said the
LYCINUS
Well then, have you ever met (and by the Graces try to be truthful) any Stoic and Epicurean who did not differ about principles and ends ?
HERMOTIMUS
In no way.
327
ttcLs /x TrapaXoylCrj , co
yewate,
ravra
<j)iXov
ovra.
^rjTOVvrcov
yap
rfp^ajv oltl-
veg dXrjdevovcjLv iv (^LXooo<f>ia, av rovro TrpoapTrdoag cScu/ca? <f)pcx)v Tols YiTCj'iKolg Xiyojv (hs ovtol L(JLV ol ra his hvo rerrapa rt^eWcs", oircp dSrjXov
ovTCos ^x^t'- <f>cuv yap av ol 'ETTt/coupetot rj YlXarcovLKol acfyds fxev ovtoj ^vvriBivai, vpuds 8e 7TVT rj krtTd Xeyeiv avrd. -^ ov SokovgI ool
t
Tovro
7roLLV
/coAov
dyadov rjyrjcrOe elvai, ol 'ETTt/coupetot he to rjSv ; /cat OTav VfJLels XeyrjTe crco/xara elvai aTravra, o riAarcov Sc vojjll^tj /cat dawpLaTov tl iv tols ovGLV etvai; oAA' direp ecfyrjv, TrXeoveKTiKOJS rrdw
TO
avTols ^X^^^* /catVot dvTLXap^avopbevojv rcot' dXXa)v /cat XeyovTCDV avT(x)V TOVTO etvai, evda Srj Kploecos /xaAtcrra av puev ovv 7Tp6hr]Xov yevrjTaL tovto of/xat Set. COS Srcot/coJv OTL povcjv TO, Sis hvo TCTTapa rjyeLodaLf cjpa oicoTrdv tols oAAots". dxpi' S* dv
Xoyojs
(1)S
dva/x(^t-
TTepL
EPMOTIMOi:
37
Ou
/XOt
SoKLS,
CO
AVKLV, ^VVLEVaL
TTCOS jSouAojLtat
^^
eTcpolov
t:
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
and that though I am your friend. are enquiring who has the truth in philosophy, you have prematurely seized on the answer and taken it and assigned it to the Stoics, when you say that they are the ones who make twice two equal four, although it is not clear that this is so. For the Epicureans and the Platonists would say that they get this result, while you Stoics call it five or seven. Or do you not think that this is what they are doing when you think that only the beautiful is good, while the Epicureans say it is pleasure ? And when you say that all things are corporeal, while Plato thinks that there is an incorporeal element in what
me,
my
good
sir,
For, while
we
exists ? No, as I said, you very arrogantly lay hold of the bone of contention as being the undisputed property of the Stoics, and give it to them to possess ; and yet, when the others are asserting rival claims and saying that it is theirs, then, I think, there is every need for a judgment. If it becomes quite clear then that it is the privilege of the Stoics alone to think that twice two are four, it is time for the rest to be quiet. But as long as they contest this very claim, we must give a hearing to all alike, or realise that we shall be thought to be giving a biased judg-
ment.
HERMOTIMUS seems to me, Lycinus, that you do not understand what I mean.
It
LYCINUS
Then you must speak more clearly, if your argument is to be different from what I say.
329
avTLKa olov
Svo iaeXrjXvdcvaL eg ro AaKXr^Tnelov ^ is rod Alovvgov to UpoVf elra [xevroL (f)LdXrjv nva r<x>v
lepcov
Xeyoj. *
dcofiev
yap rtvag
aTToXcoXevai.
Serjaet
StJ
pevvr]dr\vai
avrovs onorepog
^laXqv.
ATKINOE
Kat
/xaAa.
EPMOTIMOS
rli;^t
0 Travrojs o erepos.
ATKINOE
licks'
yap
ov, ct ye dnoXcoXev ;
EPMOTIMOE
OvKovv
OUK Xl.
dv
Trapd
rco
Trporepco
Vpr)s
auri^v,
aTToSucrets".
ATKINOL
II poSrjXov
ydp.
EPMOTIMOi:
Kat
koXtto)
et
ye
/jltj
ATKINOS
EPMOTIMOE
Kat
330
rjfjLeXs
roivvv
(fiidXriv,
el
evpoipLev
rjS-q
Trapd
tols
HtcdlkoIs TTjv
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS what I mean. Let us suppose that two persons have entered the Asclepieum or the sanctuary of Dionysus, and that subsequently one of the sacred chalices is missing. It will without doubt be necessary to search both of them to find out which one of the two has the chalice
You
will learn
at once
in his clothing.
LYCINUS
Very
true.
HERMOTIMUS
One
it.
LYCINUS
Of course,
if it
has disappeared.
HERMOTIMUS
It will
first, you will not strip be quite clear that he has not got
LYCINUS
Quite
clear.
HERMOTIMUS
And
if
we were not
to find
it
clothing, the second man surely has in this case too no need of a search.
and there
is
LYCINUS
Yes, he has
it.
HERMOTIMUS
Suppose we find the chalice already in the hands of the Stoics, we shall not bother to search the others, since we have what we have
So too
in our case.
331
i^rjrovixev.
rq
rivos
ATKINOL
OuScVOS", ye VpOLT Kal Vp6vT9 e^OLTC ctSeVat CO? EKetvo rjv ro aTToAcuAo?, rf oXcos yvaypipiov vpxv L7] TO dvddrjfjLa. vvv he, cS eralpe, TrpojTOV fiev ov Svo elalv ol TrapeXdovres is rov vewv, ws
L
dXXd
avayKolov elvai rov erepov avroZv rd cfxlypia XLV, fjLoXa TToXXoL TLV9, cfxtt Kal TO dTToXofxevov avTO dSr]Xov 6 tl ttotc cgtlv, etre <f)LdXr] rt? -^
OGOL yovv UpeiSy aXXos oAAo ovhe irepl ttJ? vXr)s avTrjs ofjLoXoyovacVy dXX* ol fiev ^P-Xkov, ol 8e dpyvpov, ol Se xp^^oVy ol 8e Kaaairepov etvat avTo cfydaKovGLv. dvdyK-q toLwv diravTas aTToSucrat Tovg elaeXOovTas, 6t jSouAct evpelv to dTToXcoXos. Kal yap dv TTapd Tip TTpcoTcp evdvs evprjs <f)LdXT]v xp^^^ TL /cat TOVS dXXoVS OOL d7ToSvTOV.
GKv<f)OS Tf OTcf)avos. elvai Xiyovoiv Kal
EPMOTIMOE
Ata
TL, (L
AvKLve;
ATKINOL
"Otl dSrjXov L ^idXrj to dvoXopievov rjv. el 8c Kal TOVTo VTTO iTavTCov opLoXoyTjOeLTj , aAA' ovTL ye Xpvarjv diravTes ^aGLv etvat ttjv (jyidX-qv. el he
yevoiTO c6? (jyidXr] aTToAotro Kal av rrapd Tcp irpcLTCo evpois <}>idXit)v ovhe ovtoj Travarj hiepevvcopevog rous" XpvG'rjv, ctAAous" ov ydp St^Aoj^ ttov el avTrj rjv r) tov deov.
XpvGTJ,
Tj
ovK
xP^^dg ;
332
HERMOTIMUS
been looking for for a long time. trouble further ?
LYCINUS
Why
should
we
There is no reason, if you really find it and once having found it you can know that that is what was missing, or if you can with certainty recognise the sacred object. But in this case, my friend, those
first
of all who go into the temple are not two, so that one of the two must have the loot, but very many and secondly just what the missing object is is not clear whether it is a chalice or a cup or a garland. All the priests give different accounts of it and do not agree even about the very stuff it is made of: some say it is of copper, others of silver, others of So you must strip all the gold, yet others of tin. visitors, if you want to find the missing article. For, if you find a golden chalice straightway on the first, you must nevertheless strip the others as well.
;
HERMOTIMUS
WTiy, Lycinus?
LYCINUS
not clear that it was a chalice that was missing. And even if this be admitted by everyone, then they do not all agree that the chalice is golden. And if it is well known that a gold cup is missing, and you find a gold cup on the first man, you would not even so refrain from searching the rest it would not be clear I suppose whether that was the one belonging to the god. Or do you not think that there are
Because
it is
many
chalices
made
of gold
3$3
ATKINOS
Aeijcret Srj Trap* c/cacrro)
39
Ka6 ydp av to
TOVrO
GTLVy
OTL
.KaGTOS
TCJV
d7roSv6r]GOp,VWV
pa(f)ov
<f)LdXrjv
(fyidX-qv
(dcofjiev
ydp
ye eTreyeypaiTTO rod deov TO 6vop,a t^ tov dvadevTOS "^Jttov dv eKapivopiev /cat eupovTes ttjv iinyeypapipLevrjv eireTTavpied* dv diTohvovTes /cat evo^XovvTes tovs dXXovs. olpLai
diroXajXevai) ,
co?
el
he Gf
CO
'Ep/xoTt/x,,
TroAAa/cts".
/cat
dywvas
rjhrj
yvpuvLKOvs
ecjpaKevai
EPM0TIM02
Kat dpdcjs
ott.
TToXXaKLs ydp
/cat
TroXXaxodi.
ATKINOL
'H ovv
eKade^ov ;
334
7TOT
/cat
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Y^s, of course.
of those whom you will strip has surely something one a cup, another a chalice, another a garland, and each of these may be of bronze, gold, or silver. And it is still not clear whether that which each man has is the holy object. So you have every reason to hesitate about whom to accuse of temple-robbery. In this case, even if all had similar objects, even so it would be uncertain who had stolen the property of the god for these articles may be private property too. The sole reason for our ignorance, I suppose, is that the missing chalice has no inscription (assuming that it is a chalice), since if it had been inscribed with the name of the god or the person who had made the dedication we should have had less difficulty, and when we had found the inscribed chalice we should stop stripping and troubling the others. I think, Hermotimus, that you have often watched
You will have to go to everyone in your search, put together all that you find on each, and guess which one is likely to be the property of the god. For this is where your great difficulty lies each
:
athletic contests
HERMOTIMUS
You
think rightly.
Many
a time, In
many
places.
LYCINUS
335
'EAAavoSt/cat? ytyvo/xva.
ATKINOi:
Otcj^a ovv Kal rovro, ttvjs KXiqpovaiv wrivL XPV T^ctActtcti^ "^ TrayKpaTid^eLV ;
ovriva
EPMOTIMOS
OrSa yap.
ATKINOE
OvKovv av
40
^
cos"
iyyvdev
IScov.
EPMOTIMOE
To
dycovoderovvrog
<l)vXXa hd<j>vqs
ATKINOi:
TToXai, Ml} /xot iyyvdev, cKctva Acyc.
ra
cS
*Ep/xort/i,
a 8e
cfSc?
EPMOTIMOS
KaATn? dpyvpd
raxrrqv
irpoKeirai
Upd rod
.
Oeov.
is
hrj p,^aXXovrai KXrjpOL fiLKpol, yypd(f)KvapLiaZoi rd pueyedos, CTrtyeypa/XjueVot rai he c? hvo pikv dX<f>a v iKarepo), e? Svo 8e to Kal i^rjs Kara jS^Jra, Kal is dXXovs hvo to ya/x/xa
oaov
rd avrd,
ol d6Xr]Tal cogl, Svo del iqv irXeiovs TO avro KXrjpoL ypdp,pLa e^ovres. TrpoaeXdwv 8rj Tojv dOXrjTCov eKaaros 7rpoGev^dp,evos rco Ad
^
av add. Jacobitz.
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Yes, indeed. Recently at Olympia I sat to the left of the National Judges. Euandridas of Elis reserved me a seat among his fellow-citizens, for I wanted to see everything that happened among the judges from near at hand.
LYCINUS
Well, do you know
this too
lots
HERMOTIMUS
Yes,
I
know.
LYCINUS
Then, since you have seen it from near at hand, you could give a better account of it than I.
HERMOTIMUS
In former times,
leaves
. . .
Don't tell me about former times, Hermotimus, but what you saw from near at hand.
HERMOTIMUS
urn dedicated to the god is placed before them. Into this are thrown small lots, the size of beans, with letters on them. Two are marked alpha, two beta, two gamma, and so on in the same way, if
silver
there are more competitors, two lots always having the same letter. Each of the competitors comes up, offers a prayer to Zeus, puts his hand into the urn,
337
X^^P^
^^
'^W
Kf^^'^^v
avaaira
tcjv
rrjv
X^^P^ ^
gtlv
o
ypd(Xjxa
ixovrojv 6 oXvavrcov els rcov 'EAAavoStAccov rdpxr)? ot/xat -^ (ovkItl yap rovro fxefxvrjfJLai) Trepuojv irnGKOTrel TOVS kXtjPOVS iv KVkXo) GTCl)TCOV Kal OVTCDS TOV
TO dX(f)a exovra to) to Tepov dX<f)a dvecTTTaKOTL TTaXaUiv rj TrayKpaTtd^eiv avvdnTeL, tov he to prJTa Tcp TO piJTa op^oiois /cat tovs aXXovs tovs 6p,oypdfjLp.ovs KaTOL ravra. ovro) pbeVy riv aprtot (Lglv ol dycjvLGTaiy olov ^ okto) ri TTTapS 7] ScuSe/ca, Tjv 8e TrepLTTol, irivTe iiTTa ivvea, ypa/x/xa rt
fxev
dv tovto dv Klvol dyioviGOJVTai' ov yap ex^i to avrtypa/x/xa. Kal eOTL tovto ov /JLLKpd Ti9 CVTUXLO- TOV ddXr]TOV, TO
dvTiypa(f)OV
dvacnrdcrr]
dXXo
ovk
^xov.
os
8'
i(f)SpVL
Trepipiivojv
Gt
ATKINOS
41
"^X
ovKovv
G.
OLTpe/JLas.
tovtov
yap
iSeopLrjv
juaAtcrra.
evvea
ovTes
dveoTrdKaoiv
TTpucov
St)
duavTes
Kal
dv ypdjJL/jLaTa, Kal ov irpOTepov olpiai p,ddois 6gtl9 6 ecfjeSpog gtiv, r^v purj inl rrdvTas eXdrj? Kal GvCev^r)9 avTovs.
ra
EPMOTIMOL
Ilajs", c5
AvKLve, tovto
*
(j)ris ;
olov
j3,
oAov y.
338
HERMOTIMUS
and picks up one of the
the same.
his
lots.
hand, not letting him read what the letter is which When all now have their own, the chief police officer, I think it is, or one of the National Judges themselves (I don't remember now) goes round the competitors, who are standing in a circle, and inspects their lots. In this way he matches one who has alpha to the one who has drawn the other alpha for the wrestling or the pancratium. Similarly he matches the two betas, and the others with the same letter in the same way. This is what he does if the contestants are even in number eight or four or twelve, for instance but if they are odd five or seven or nine he throws in with the rest a lot marked with an odd letter which has no duplicate. Whoever draws this is given a bye and stands out until the rest have competed, for he has no corresponding letter. This is no small boon to the competitor the opportunity to come fresh against tired
he has drawn.
opponents.
LYCINUS
This is just what I wanted. Now, suppose they are nine in number and they have all drawn and are holding their lots. You go round (I want to make you a National Judge instead of a I fancy you will spectator) and inspect the letters. not learn in advance who has been given a bye, unless you go to every one of them and pair them.
Stop there.
HERMOTIMUS
this,
Lycinus
339
TO SrjXovv Tov (f)ehpov, t) to fikv ypa/x/xa 'iGOis av vpoL9y ov fJLTjv LGr] y L eKelvos iarLV ov yap to 1 iorlv ro TTpoeiprjTat on ro K ^ ro rj X^Lporovovv rov (f)Spov. aAA' eTTechav ra> ivTUXJ}?, Carets rov ro erepov A exovra /cat
tJSt] Gvvel^v^as , evrvx<J^v hk avdvs rep pTJra ro erepov ^rjra ottov iarlv C^rei?, TO dvrLTTaXov ra> evpedevn, /cat 7tI Trdvrcov d-V KZv6s OOL 7Tepl\L(f)drj 6 TO OJJLOLOJS, d-Xpi'
jjLovov ypdjjLfJLa
ex^JV ro dvavrayajviarov ,
EPMOTIMOL
42
Tt
^ Sevrdpu) ivrvxoLS,^
ri
TTOiijorevs ;
ATKINOE
orv 6 *EAAavoSt/CT7? iOeXco fJiev etScVat o Tt /cat irpd^eis, TTorepov auTt/ca ipeXs drL ovros Griv 6 ecfyeSpog, 7] SeTjoret iirl ndvras iv
Ov
ovv,
oAAa
ct ttov
EPMOTIMOS
AvKLve, pabicjs dv pudBoLpiL. errl evvea ^v ro E evpoj irpcorov tj Sevrepov, yovv ot8a oTt e(f)e8pos 6 rovro exojv earl.
p^rjvy
Kat
o)
rcx)V
ATKINOL
Xlo)?, c5 '^ppLoripie
^
ivrvxoLs Belinus
evTvxj)?
MSS.
349
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
impossible immediately to find that letter which gives you the bye, or perhaps you could find the letter, but you will certainly not know if it is that one, for there is no prior declaration of kappa or mu or iota as the letter which chooses the bye. When you find alpha, you look for the competitor who has the other alpha, and, when you find him, you have already paired them. Then again, when you come on beta, you look for the other beta, the counterpart of the one you have found, and so with all of them, until you are left with the competitor who has the only letter that has no counterpart.
It
is
HERMOTIMUS
What
will
this
one
first
or second,
what
LYCINUS
It
Judge, and
want
to
you say at once that this man is given a bye, or will you have to go round them all, to see whether there is somewhere a corresponding letter ? If you did not look at the lots of everyone, you would not discover who had the bye.
HERMOTIMUS
should know quite easily, Lycinus. In the case of nine competitors, if I find epsilon first or second, I know that the one holding this lot is the one who has the bye.
Will
Oh,
LYCINUS
How, Hermotimus?
34r
TO
A
TWV
TTTdp(X}V OVTCOV ol TO r, OL 8e TO A TrdvTOjg dveoTraKaoiv Kal fjLev dvriXojTai rjhr] is tovs ddXrjTOLS oktoj ovTas ra TTTapa ypdfjLfJLaTa. hrjXov ovv otl fiovov dv ovTOJ TrepiTTOV etrj to c^tJ? ypa/x/xa to E, Kal 6
OflOLCOS SvO,
tovto
ATKINOE
UoTcpoi^
iiraiveoit)
ctc,
c5
dvTi7rco
ra
y*
ipuol
hoKovvTa
EPMOTIMOE
hiaTTopo) piivTOi o Nt7 dvrL7rLV exoLS irpos to tolovtov.
Ata.
tl
dv
evXoyov
ATKINOE
43
Trdvrajv ypacfyofxevcov fJLev efij? yap tov A, SevTcpov ypafjLfjidTOjv elp7]KaSy olov irpajTov
2u
ws
Se TOV
Kal KaTa ttjv Td^LV, dxpi dv is V avTCJV Kal 8t8a>/xt TcXevTrjar) 6 dpidfios tCjv ddXrjTcbv l OVTOJ (JOL Si, ylyveadaL. tl ^OXvfjLTTLaoiv 7rivT aTdKTOiS aTrdvTOJV, i^X6vTS ypdpLfxaTa i^ Kal TO 0, Ta Kal TO S Kal TO Z Kal TO TO dXXa TTTapa StTrAa inl to>v KXrjpcav tcjv jjLev OKTW ypd(f)OLixV, TO Se Z fiovov .ttI tov evaTOV, o Sr) Kal Sr)Xovv epueXXev rjfXLV tov (f)Spov, tl
7roLrj(jLS
(f)hpov
iXddjv
TO) SLayvwajj TTpcjTOV vpdjv TO Z dvTa TOV exovTa avTo, ^v pnq cttl iravTas ov yap vp7)S ovSev avTW GvpL<f)OJvovv ;
,*
TTJ
342
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
In this
have beta.
way two have alpha, and similarly two Of the remaining four, two have surely
:
have So it is clear that only the next letter, epsilon, could be odd, and he who has drawn this one gets the bye.
already been used up
delta, and four letters for eight competitors.
drawn
LYCINUS
Shall I praise you for your intelligence, or would you like me to explain the different view I have of
the matter?
HERMOTIMUS
Certainly.
But
fail
to
see
what reasonable
mean
alpha
first,
beta second,
and so on through the alphabet, until the number of competitors is completed at one of them. I grant that this is so at Olympia. But suppose we choose
five letters completely at random chi, sigma, zeta, kappa, and theta and we write four of these twice on eight lots, but the zeta only on the ninth, which is going to show us the bye. What will you do if you find the zeta first ? How can you pick out the competitor who holds it as the man for the bye, without going to all the others and finding no letter to corre-
spond to it ? You cannot, as you were just now, be sure from the alphabetical order.
343
ATKINOS
to avro iTTLGKOTrrjaov ri 44 Sr) Kal irepcos yap el jJu-qSe ypapipiaTa ypd(f)OLfiv iirl tojv KXijpojv dXXd TLva Gr]fjLLa /cat ')(apaKTi]pas y ola ttoAAodvTL rcjv ypapLpidrojv AlyvTTTLOL ypd(f)OV(TLV
*I8oi)
.
KvvoK^dXovs rivdg
TTOVs ;
Tj
/cat XeovroKe^dXovs dvOpo}KLva p,V idcTcop^cu, iTTeiTTep oAAo/cora rd {jLOVoeihij /cat ctTrAa eTnypdiftcopLev corrt. (f>^p Sc OLov re ct/cacravrcs' dvOpoiirovs eirl hvolv COS
KXripoLVy
Bvo
/cat
7tI
bvoLV
Kal
dXeKTpvovag
Xecov
rw
he
ro)
evdrco
earaj
TovirioTjixov.
roivvv
^utvxJ)?*
KXr^pcp
ev
dpxfj
on
ovrog
eorriv
Trapa-
decjpi^Grjg
dnavrag eTncbv
oAAo? Xeovra
EPMOTIMOi;
OvK
(L
AvKlve.
ATKINOi;
45
ovhe yap evTrpoaojirov ovSev. ware edeXajfiev ^ rov exovra rrjv lepdv (f)LdXr)v i^u evpeZv r^ rov e(f)eSpov rj rov dpiara rjyrjGOfievov
Et/coTO)?rjfjLLV
eg
ttjv
ttoXlv
eKetvrjv
rrjv
J^opLvdov,
/cat
eirl
Trdvras
/cat
e^erdoopiev
TrapadeojdftoTrtorro?
eKfjLddoip.ev.
povvreg.
/cat
ye
ns
GvpL^ovXos
Trepi
/xot
eGeoBai 344
<j>iXoGO<^Las
-qvTLva
(j^iXoGOi^riTeov ,
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
What you
ask
is difficult
to answer.
LYCINUS
look at the same question in another way. Suppose we wrote no letters on the lots, but signs and symbols, such as the many that the Egyptians use instead of letters ^dog- and lionheaded men. What then ? No, let us not use them, queer creatures that they are. No, let us write down simple, uniform symbols with as good a likeness as we can: human beings on two lots, two horses for another two, two cocks and two dogs, and for the ninth let the picture be a lion. Now, if at the beginning we find this lot with the picture of a lion, how will you be able to say that this is the one that gives the bye, unless you go to them all and compare whether another also has a lion ?
Come now,
HERMOTIMUS
I
is no plausible answer. So, either the man who has the sacred chalice or the bye or the man who will best lead us to that city of Corinth, we shall of necessity go to everyone and make our research, trying them care-
there
and stripping and comparing. And it will be with only difficulty that we shall find the truth by this means,' and if anyone is likely to give me trustworthy advice on which philosophy to pursue, only
fully,
345
rdxcL
yap dv
rj
dpiarrj eKeivr)
L TLS irapaoTqodjJLevos
rovTOV elvai koXXiotov dvOpwircov aTravrcov, ttl^ avrco, riv fjuT] ctStD/xcv on Trdvras arevoaLjjLev dv dvdpcjTTOVS a)paKV. LGOjg fxkv yap /cat ovros KoXos, et 8e Trdvrcov /caAAtcTros" ovk dv ;^ot elSevat fxr] lSojv dnavras. 'qfjuels Se ovk avro /cat fjLovov KaXov, dAAa rov KaXXlarov Seoficda' ovhev irXeov rovro TTenpaxdaL rjfXLV evpajfiev, ^v (XT] yap dyamjaofjiev oTTOicpS'qTTore iqyrjGOfieda. ov dXX Klvo rd aKporarov KaXat vrv)(dvrs ,
^-qrovpiev /caAAo?, direp dvdyKT] ev elvai^
EPMOTIMOE
46
'AXr]drj.
AYKINOi:
Tt ovv ;
7TTTeLpapLvov
ctVetv
/cat
*
aTrdcnqs
oSov
vtto
OS
rd re
ApicrroreXovs /cat /cttt rojv dXXojv /cttt Xeyo^FiTTLKovpov ^pvoLTTTTOV fieva elSws reXevrcbv filav etXero e^ diraowv 6hu)v dXrjOTJ re So/ct/xacras" /cat Trelpa [ladcov cos el ydp riva dyei evdv rrjs euSat/xorta? ; p,6v7)
Uvdayopov
/cat
IlXdrcovos
/cat
roLovrov
evpoifjuev,
EPMOTIMOE
Ov
pdSiOV,
cL
av add. Jacobitz.
HERMOTIMUS
they all say will be he would not put my trust in them, as long as they are unacquainted with even one philosophy that one might be the best. If someone were to produce a handsome man and say that he was the most handsome of all men, we should certainly not believe him, unless we knew that he had seen all men. This man may well be handsome, but whether the most handsome of all he could not know, since he has not seen them all. And we are looking, not just for something beautiful, but for the most beautiful and if we do not find it, we shall not think that we have made any progress. For we are not going to be content with any chance beauty.
that
;
and
No, we are looking for the supreme beauty, and of that there can only be one.
HERMOTIMUS
True.
LYCINUS
Well then, can you name me a man who has tried every path in philosophy, who knows what Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Chrysippus, Epicurus, and the rest, say, and, finally, has chosen one path out of them all, has proved it genuine, and has learnt by
experience that it alone leads straight to happiness? If we found such a person we should stop worrying.
HERMOTIMUS
It
ov yap ^ Sri ovv 7Tpd^oixVy a> 'Ep/xortjLte ; aTTayopevriov oljxai inel [irjSevos rjyeixovos tolovrov s y TO irapov eviropovp^ev, dpa roSe Trdvrcov Kpdriorov ian /cat dcr^aAecrTarov, avrov KaaTOV dp^dpuevov hid irda-qs 7TpoaLpGOJS x^PV^^'' /cat eiTiOKi^acrd ai d/cptjScus" rd vtto Trdvrajv Xeyopieva ;
Tt
EPMOTIMOS
TLOV
ttXtjv Klvo pur) ivavo pLLKpa> Trpoadev cAcycs", (Ls ov pdhiov iavrov Kal Trerdaavra ttjv odoi^rjv iTTuSovra dvaSpapLLV avdig. ttcos ydp otov re Trdoas eireX-
"EotAcei' diTo
fj
y tovtcov.
<t>i]5,
Karaax^Or)-
ATKINOi:
AtVov Trapa ttJ? rpayLKTJg ^Apidhvrjg Xa^ovres elaip^ev is tov Xa^vpivdov eKaoroVy <l)s
/cat Tt
'Eyco aopLeOa
(Jot
(jipdacj.
puLpirj-
EPM0TIM02
ts"
av ovv
rjpiv
ApLaOvrj yevoir
av
i]
irooev
tov
XlVOV V7TOpiJGOpLV ;
ATKIN02
Sokco ydp OVTLVOS XppiVOL i^eXdoipLV dv
Qdppet,
(L
iraXpe.
pLOi
evprjKevai
EPMOTIMOL
Tt ovv rovro eoriv ;
^
ov yap
a.TT.
Seager
ovk av an.
MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
Then what shall we do, Hermotimus ? I do not think that we ought to give up because we have no such guide at the moment. Is it not the best and safest plan for everyone at the beginning to make his own way through every system and examine carefully the doctrines of
each
HERMOTIMUS
That seems to
meet
this stumbling-block in
before.
When
But we must watch lest we what you said a little we have once committed ourselves
follow.
we
How can sail, it is not easy to return. travel all the paths, if we are to be held fast in the first, as you say ?
and spread the
LYCINUS
will copy that stratagem of you. Theseus and take a thread from Ariadne in the play, and then enter every labyrinth. So, by winding it up we shall have no difficulty in getting out.
I will tell
We
HERMOTIMUS
our Ariadne
And where
shall
LYCINUS
Never fear, my friend. I think I have discovered what to hold on to, if we are to get out.
HERMOTIMUS
Well, what?
349
OvK
cofxev
ifjiov
ipaj
GO(f)a)v,
jjltj
ro
"
V7J(f>
/cat fiefJLVTjGO
aTnoreiv
r]v
yap
pablcos Tnarev-
OLKOvovres
aAAa
St/cacjTtAcaJ?
auro
oiv
770ta)/xv
evpLapoJs
TOVS Xa^VpLvdoVS
K(f)VyOLfXV.
EPMOTIMOE
Eu
Aeyets", /cat
tovto
TTOLajfiev.
ATKINOL
48
TtVa 817 avrcoj/ Trpcorov eXdoLfiev av ; TOVTO fjLev ovSev Stotact; ap^apiVOL Se a^* Tj OTovovv olov OLTTO Yivdayopov r^v ovtcj tvxJ],
Efcp'.
CTTt
770(70)
dv
TO,
-x^povix}
Uvdayopov
irivTe eTrj
rots'
diravTa;
/cetva
/cat
/xtJ
cfatpet
/cat
ra
tt}?
iKava TpLOLKOVTa
LK0GL.
GicoTrrjs' otfULL, t
gvv
8'
/xtJ,
ow
ttcWc
dAAo, TTavTOJ? ye
EPMOTIMOS
0a)/xcy ovTOJS.
ATKINOS
Efra
c^tJs"
TOoavTa
Tepa, TL
{JLTJV
EPMOTIMOL
Ov
ydp,
ATKINOS
ye ov/cert ipT^GOfial g rroGa. olha yap TTapa gov aKovoas ort TCTTapaKOVTa fioyig
XpuCTtTTTTOi Se
iKavd.
1
/xt;
HERMOTIMUS
I will tell
the sages
Keep sober, and remember to disbelieve." For, if we are not prepared to believe everything we hear, but rather to act like judges and let the next man have his say, perhaps we may escape
:
you "
LYCINUS
it is
not mine,
it
HERMOTIMUS
Good,
let us
do
this.
LYCINUS
Well then, which path should we travel first ? Or Let us begin anywill this make no difference? where with Pythagoras, for instance. If we do this, how long do we suppose we shall spend in learning all the doctrines of Pythagoras ? Please do
not leave out those five years of silence. Including the five years I suppose thirty years will be enough, or certainly a minimum of twenty.
HERMOTIMUS
Let us assume
so.
LYCINUS
Following that,
we must
and not
number
to Plato,
less to Aristotle.
HERMOTIMUS
No, not
less.
LYCINUS
For Chrysippus, I shall not ask you how many. I know from what I have heard you say that forty will
hardly
suffice.
351
ATKINOE
(hs Se i^TJ? ^FiTTLKOvpcp Kal rols oAAot?. ov TToAAd ravra ridiq^i, eKeWev yiddois av, r]V elal Srcol'/cot rj evvoriGrfs oaoc oySor^Kovrovreis
Etra
TTCLvra
COS"
^^TTLKOvpeiOL ctSeVat
fJLrjSev
T]
IIAaTCoi't/cot
t^S"
ofioXoyovvTes
l^y]
ra
iavrov alpeaeajs
cAcacTTOS",
firj,
ivhelv a(f>iGLV is ra fiadrniara. el Se dAAd XyavcrtTTTrds' y /cat ^ApcGToreXrjg /cat HXdrcov cf)aiv dv, /cat 7rp6 tovtojv 6 Sco/cpdrrys'
(fyavXorepos
ovSev
diravTas
tScVat Tt
o? KKpdyL TTpos avrcov, ovx ottcjjs fir} Trdvra, dAAd /xt^S' oAco? TOVTO fiovov OTt ou/c ofSev. XoyLcrcofjieda -^
ovv cf ^PXV^' ^t/co(Tt to) Hu^ayd/^a ridep,v, etra XlXdrojvi roGavd* erepa, elra e^rjs rots' dAAot?. ^ avvredevra ev K<f>aXaia) oui^ ravra TToora 817 yivoir dvy el 8e/ca fJLovas delfxev rds alpeoeis ev
(f)iXooo(f)ia ;
EPMOTIMOi:
*Y7Tp Sta/cd(7ta, (5 Af/ctvc.
ATKINOE
BouAct
ow
/cat
d^aipwixev ro
reraprov,
-^
djs
irevTJfXLoru
n^KOvra
oXov ;
rd
EPMOTIMOS
49
Avrog dv
elSelrjs
d[xeLVov
on
877
Bekker
8'
MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
Just
so.
LYCINUS
and the rest. You can do not put these figures too high, when you consider the number of Stoics, Epicureans, and
Then Epicurus
in his turn,
realise that I
who are octogenarians, but who admit, each and every one, that they do not know all the teachings of their own sect, so as to have a thorough knowledge of its doctrines. If they did not admit it, then Chrysippus and Aristotle and Plato would, and even more would Socrates, a man not one whit their inferior he used to shout out to the whole world not only that he did not know everything, but that he knew absolutely nothing, or only this one thing that he did not know. Let us count them up from the beginning: we gave twenty to Pythagoras, the same to What would Plato, and to all the others the same. the total be if we assume only ten philosophical sects ?
Platonists,
:
HERMOTIMUS
years, Lycinus.
LYCINUS
Shall
we take
and
fifty
HERMOTIMUS
better than I. I see this few would get through them all even on this reckoning, if they began right from the day they were born.
:
353
VOL. VI.
ovv Trddoi
tls, c5 'Ep/xori/xe, el
roiovrov
eon TO
TTpdyfjua;
cbfjLoXoyr]fjLva
cos"
peXnarov
dTrdvTCOv ; ws rov ye fjurj ovxl Tretpadels dvev TTeipas alpovjjLevov jxavreia jxdXXov rj Kpiaei ToXrjdes dvaCrjTOVvra ovx ovtojs iXeyojxev ;
.
EPMOTIMOL
Nat'.
ATKINOL
jStcovat rjfid?, el fxeXXoLixev ev re alpTJaeadai drrdvrcjov Trecpadevreg /cat eXofxevoL (jyiXoGo^rjoeLv /cat ^iXocTo^riaavTeg
he ovtoj TTOirjaaL, ev UKorcp dv dv rv^oJiJiev TrpocrTTTaLovres ols (j>aoLV opxpipied^ /cat o Tt dv TTpwTOv is ras" ;\;etpa? eXOr), tovto etvai TO CrjTOVfjLevov VTroXapu^dvovTeg Sta to jJLrj elSevai roAr^^eV. et 8e /cat evpoLfiev oAAcos" /cara
evSaLfxovqcreLv.
irplv
rtva
aural, dyadrjv Tv^rji^ TTepnreoovTes ov^ e^ofiev jSejSatco? elSevau el eKeZvo eoTLV o ^rjTOVfiev ,
etvai TdXrjdeaTaTOV
.
avTO
EPMOTIMOE
50
otSa ottojs evXoya fxev So/cct? /xot ov ^erptco? Xeyecv, drdp elpi^aeraL ydp TdXr)des di^tas" fie Sie^Lchv aura /cat dKpi^oXoyovpievos ovhev heov. lacjjs Se /cat eot/ca ovk eir* dyaOco e^eXr^XvOevai TTjixepov k ttjs ot/ctas" /cat e^eX9<j)v evTeTV)(y]-
*Q AvKLve, OVK
av add. Bekker.
354
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
what we
Yes.
that no one can choose the best out of so many without trying them all ? agreed that to choose without putting to the test was to seek the truth more by divination than by judgment. Is that not
We
said
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
Then there is every necessity for us to live all that time, if we are going first to make a good choice when we have made trial of them all, then to practise philosophy after we have made our choice, and finally to be happy after we have practised our philosophy. Until we do this we shall be dancing in the dark, as they say, and whatever we happen to stumble on, and whatever comes first into our hands, we shall assume to be what we are after because of our ignorance of the truth. In any case even if by some good fortune we happen to fall over the truth, we shall not be able to know for sure if it is what we are after. There are many things much alike, each
claiming to be the real truth.
HERMOTIMUS
Lycinus, that what you say is reasonable, but and I shall be honest you annoy me a great deal by this detailed examination and your unnecessary precision. It may be that it has done me
I feel,
fji^^Xr]Kas
ttjv
dXrjOeLas
heojxevrjv,
ATKINOi:
OvKovv, (L iralpey ttoXv StKaiorepov fiefxcfyoLO av ^ irore Tip TTarpt GOV MVKpdrL Kal rfj firjrpl tJtls c/caActro (oif yap olSa), ^ /cat ttoXv Trporepov ttj
(f)vai r)p,ajv
on
oe
fxr]
Kal
ovra.
piaKpopLov
edeGav,
TrXela) ^LcovaL
PMOTIMOS
olB*
6 ri
(f>iXoao(f>ovv-
ATKINOL
^^ppLOTLpLey Tjrts" fJiev rj dXijOeid iariv vpLLS av dp,Lvov elTTOire ol GO<j)oi, crv re Kal 6 BcSdaKoXos.
'^Q.
iyd) 8e TO y rooovrov otSa, (hs ov Trdvu rjSeld GTiv avTT] TOLS dKovovGLV, oAAa TTapevSoKLfjLeLraL
VTTO
TOV
ifjevSovs
Trapd
ttoXv.
evTrpoacoTroTepov
yap Kivo Kal hid tovto tJSlov, tj Se are pu-qSeu KipSrjXov iavTjj GwecSvla jxerd TTappiqGias StoAeycrat TOLS dvdpcoTTOLS Kal Sta tovto dxdovrat avrfj. Ihov yi TOL, Kal gv vvv dxOj} /xot TdXrjdes i^evpovri. TOVTOJV p,Td GOV Kal hrjXoJGaVTL oloJV 7Tpl ipajjxv iyo) re Kal gv, cos" ov ndvu paSlojv.
^
yjri.s
t Tis y.
35<^
HERMOTIMUS
was already near the fulfilment of my hopes, but you have thrown me into difficulties with your
I
since
demonstration that the search for truth it needs all those years.
LYCINUS
is
impossible
would be much fairer, my friend, to blame Surely your father, Menecrates, and your mother, whatever her name was (I do not know) or before them our
it
natures for having made you (unlike Tiof few years and short life, and for decreeing thonus) a hundred years as the longest life for man All I did was with your help to consider and discover the conclusions of the argument.
human
HERMOTIMUS
That is not so. You always lord it over us. I don't know what makes you hate philosophy and mock
philosophers.
LYCINUS
What
I
truth
I
better than
listen to
is,
Hermotimus, you wise men can say you and your master I mean. For
:
truth
is
is
not
all
pleasant to
outfamed by falsehood. Falsehood presents a fairer face, and is therefore more pleasant, while truth knows no deceit and speaks with freedom to men, and for this they take
in estimation it
far
offence.
Look
at us
me
for discovering the truth of these matters with your help and showing that what you and I are in love with
is
not easy at
all.
KariSojv
wg
cvvolag
on dSwdrcDV
EPMOTIMOE
52
OvKOVV TOVTOf cS AvKLVe, <^7JS", COS" OV ^lXoGO<f)7)Tov rjp.LV, oAAa XPV dpyia Trapabihovras avrovs
IBiajTas Kara^LcovaL
;
ATKINOE
rovTO rJKovcTag ipov Xeyovrog ; cya> yap ovx CO? ov ^iXoao<j)7]reov <f)r]p,L, aAA' iireLTrep
TTOV
<f)iXoao<f>r]Teov
Kat
eirl (j>iXoao(f>iav
KdaT7] Kal dperrjv dyeiv (f)dGKOvoaiy rj 8' dX-qdrjg v avraXs dSrjXog, dKpi^rj TTOirjoaadai rrjv hiaipeoiv
.
dhvvarov hi ye rjpXv e<f)aiveTO ttoXXujv Trporedevrcov eXeadai ro dpLarov el pr} enl Trdvra tot ris Treipwpievog- elrd Tvcog p.aKpd j) Trelpa w(l)9r]. av he TTwg d^iOLS ; aunts' yap epTJaopai otco dv Trpcjrcp
Kal
(jvyb(f)LXoGO(f>riaeLs
KdKelvos
EPMOTIMOi;
53
Kat
nva
ri gol dnoKpLvaLp-qv dv en, os ovre avrov Kpiveiv olov re elvai <f>'qs, 'qv prj (f>OLVLKOS errj
ovre rols TTpOTreTreLpapevoig TTiGreveiv d^iols ovre TOIS TToXXoiS 7TaiVOVGLV Kal piapTvpoxjGiv ;
3S8
HERMOTIMUS
in love with a statue and, thinking it to be human, hoped to win it, and suppose I saw it was stone or bronze and told you out of friendship that your love was impossible, you would in that case too think that I
was an enemy, because I had not let you be deceived for what was monstrous and beyond
HERMOTIMUS
say, Lycinus, that we must not study philosophy, but give ourselves up to idleness and live out our lives as laymen ?
Then
this is
what you
LYCINUS
me say that ? What I say not that we must not study philosophy, but that since we must, and as there are many paths to philosophy and each one claims that it leads to virtue, and the true one is not clear, we must be But with so many before us careful in our choice. we saw it was impossible to choose the best unless we were to visit and test every path. Then the trial was seen to be somewhat lengthy. Now what do you think? I will ask you again will you follow the first guide you light on and join him in his study while he takes you for a lucky gift from
When
have you heard
is
heaven ?
HERMOTIMUS
when you say that no one can judge for himself, unless he lives as long as a phoenix and goes the full round testing all the philosophers, and when you do not see fit to trust those who have made the test before you or the
could I give you now,
What answer
many who
359
rovs
ttoXXovs
elBoros
/cat
7T7Tl-
pajxevovs airdvrcxiv ; el yap rts" tolovtos icrnv, LKavog jJLOLy /cat ets", /cat ovKerc ttoXXwv Sei^cret. ovSev tl to ttXtjQos 'qv Se Tovs ovK elSoras AeyT^S", avTiov TTpocrd^eral fie 7tlgtVlv dxpi' olv 'q fxrjSev rj v elSores irepl diTdvrcjv dnocjialvojVTai.
EPMOTIMOE
rdXr)ds /caretScs", dvoTjTOL aTTavres oaoi (j)iXooo<j)ovoiv.
Mouo? 8e
cru
ol
Se
oAAot
ATKINOS
TTpoTidrjfjLL
c5
*E/3/>toTt/x,
Xeywv
r^
cus"
iyoj
Twv dX\oiv
rdrTO) oXcos
V Tols CtSoOrt, /cat OX) fJLVr]lJ,OVVLS (Lv (f)r]Vy OVK avTOS ctSeVat rdXrjdes virep tovs oAAou? Stareti^o/xc-
EPMOTIMOi:
54
'AAA',
Xp'fjvai,
(x>
AvKive,
TO
/cat
TreipadijvaL
eXdelv
firj
dv
ovtojs, evXoyov tcrcos', TO he TTJ TTelpa eKdoTj] ToaavTa eTTj aTToStSovat, TTayyeXoLOVy oyairep ovx oTov re ov citt-' oXiycuu
oAAcos-
eXeadai to jSeArtov
KaTapiadelv Ta TrdvTO.. ifiol Se /cat Trdw pdSiov etvai SoKeZ to toiovtov /cat ov ttoXXtjs SLaTpLprjs heofxevov. ^acrt ye toi tojv TrXacrTcov rtva, OetStav owx^ fJLOvov XeovTOS ISovTa dir^ eKeivov otfJLai, dvaXeXoylodai, tjXlkos dv 6 ttols Xecov yevoiTO /car
360
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
many who know and have tested any such person really exists, one is quite enough for me, and there will be no need of many. But if you mean those who do not know, the number of them will in no way induce me to trust them, as long as they make declarations about all
are these
If
Who
them
all ?
the systems
or only one.
You
all
the others
who
LYCINUS
say that
somehow put myself before other people or in general rank myself in some way with those who know. You do not remember what I said. I did not maintain that I knew the truth more than other people. No, I
admitted that like
all
men
was ignorant of
it.
HERMOTIMUS
Well, Lycinus, the obligation to go round them all, making trial of what they say, and the superiority of this method of choosing are perhaps reasonable, but it is quite ridiculous to spend so many years on each test, as if it were not possible to get a thorough knowledge of the whole from a scrutiny of a small This sort of thing seems to me to be quite part. easy, needing little time. At least, they say that some sculptor (Phidias, I think) saw only the claw of a lion and from it estimated the size of the whole animal on the assumption that it was modelled on the
361
ow^os
OLvaTrXaaOcLg.
Kal
crv
Se,
-fjv
rig
aoc X^^P^ iJLOVTjv avBpcjTTOV Sel^rj to aAAo crcD/xa KaTaKaXvijjag y clgt), olfxaL, aurt/ca on dvOpcoiTos
ion TO
/cat
KeKaXyfJUfievov ,
kov
firj
ro rrdv
crcD/za lStjs.
Toiwv ra
paSiov Karafiadelv iv oXiyo) fjuopicp -qpuepag, to he V7TpaKpLp9 TOVTO Kal fjbaKpds TTJg i^TdaU)S ^ Trdw dvayKalov is rrjv atpecrtv tov SeofjLCVOV ov cart Kplvai Kal an iKelvojv. oAA' ^cXtIovos,
ATKINOS
55
IlaTrat, (L ^FtpfJuoTLfxe, ca? Icrxvpo. raura ipr]Kas KaiToi iyoj OLTTO Ta)V fJipcov ciftcDv ra oXa elSevau.
TO,
ivavTia aKOvoag pLefivrjfjLaL cog 6 /xev to oXov dv Kal to fxipos, 6 8e p,6vov to [lipog ovKTV Kal TO oXov. ovTCOs Kal fxoi Tohe dnoKpLvai' 6 OctStas" dv 7roT ISojv owxcl Xeovtos eyvcu dv
elSojg elSelrj
OTi
XeovTos ioTTLV, el pLJ] icjpaKei iroTe XeovTa oXov ; t) oi) dvdpwTTOV X^^P^ I8d)v eax^g dv cIttclv
on
dvdp(x)7Tov
icTl
pLrj
TrpoTCpov
elScbg
/xr^Se
aiyas ; tj jSouAct iyd) diTOKplvixypiai virep oov ra ye dvayKala otl ovk dv etx^g ; cuare KLvSvvevet 6 OctSta? dirpaKTog aTTeXrjXvdevai pidTr^v dvanXdaas tov XeovTa' ovhev ^ yap TTpos TOV Alowgov wTTTai Xeycov. ^ ncog ra) TavTa iKelvoig ojLtota; piev yap Oet8ta /cat aol ovhev dXXo tov yvcjopl^etv ra p^epr] atrtov rjv t] to elSevai, to oXov dvOpojirov Xeycj Kal XeovTa- iv
iwpaKcbg
dvOpcDvov ;
tl
1
2
ov edd.
oStttoi
Kal
MSS.
:
anon, conjecture
co irat
MSS.
I.e., irrelevant.
Epigenes of Sicyon, a tragic poet, is said by his audience for introducing into
3^2
HERMOTIMUS
You too, if you were shown scale as the claw. only the hand of a man, the rest of the body being hidden, would, I suppose, know at once that the hidden figure was a human being, even though you did not see the whole body. So in a fraction of a day it is easy to acquire a good knowledge of the essential points of all the systems, and this precise enquiry which calls for lengthy research is quite unnecessary for choosing that which is preferable. No, you can make a judgment from samples.
same
LYCINUS
Goodness, Hermotimus, how sure you sound when you affirm that you can know the whole from the parts! And yet I remember hearing just the opposite, that if you know the whole you know the part as well, while if you know only the part, you cannot then know the whole as well. Tell me this would Phidias when he saw the lion's claw ever have known that it belonged to a lion, if he had never seen a whole lion ? If you saw a human hand, could you have said that it belonged to a man if you had not previously knowTi or seen a man ? Why do you not I to give the only possible answer for answer ? you, that you could not have said it? It looks as though Phidias has retired unsuccessful and has modelled his lion in vain clearly he is saying what has nothing to do with Dionysus ^ Or what comparison is there? Both Phidias and you yourself had no other means of recognising the parts than your knowledge of the whole I mean the whole man
:
Am
the worship of Dionysus themes which had nothing to do with the god.
3^3
jjLepovs
(I)S
OLOV TTJ Htcolkojv, ttcos dv aiTO rod Kal ra Xolttol tSois ; 'q ttcos ov aTTO(j>aivoio KoXd; ov yap olada to oXov ov fieprj iKclvd
iarvv.
^"
**0 8c <f>ijs, ore rd K<j)a\aia paSiov aKovaai dTrddrfS <f)iXooo(f)ia9 iv oXiyco pLOpico rjpiepas (olov dp^ds avrojv Kal riXi] /cat rt deovs otovraL cfvat,
Tt i/wx^jv, Kal TLves fxev acofxara Trdvra <^acrt, rtVes" he Kal dcrajpLara ctvat a^toucrt, Kal on. ol pukv KaXov dyadov Kal vSaip,ov rihovrjVy ol Se ro
ridevrai Kal rd roiavra) ovrojorl p.v dKovaavrag ovSev etSeVat Se dTTO<j>rivaoB ai paSuov Kal epyov
oorns 6 rdXrjd-fj Xeycuv iarlv, opa fxr] ovxl p^opuov iarlv rjfjLepas dXXd ttoXXojv 7]p.pa)v SerjraL, rj ri ydp eKcXvoL TraBovres vnep avrcov rovroav iKarovrdhas Kal ;j^tAta8as" pipXlcov eKacrroL avyyeypd<j)a-'
GLV,
COS"
7TLaaiV
ot/xat
dX-qdij
elvai
rd
oXlya
Keiva Kal a ooi So/cet pdhia Kal evfiadrj ; vvv 8e pudvreojs ot/xat Se-qaci gol KdvravOa irpos rrjv
ws
atpeaiv rtov Kpcurrovajv, el p,T] dvexi) rr)v SiarpiPijv dKpi^cJJS eXeaOai, avros diravra Kal oXov
eKaarov Karavo-qoas. eTTiropLOS ydp avrr) yevoir ovK exovaa TrepnrXoKds oz)S' dva^oXds, el pieraareiXdp,evos rov pidvriv dKovoas rdv Ke^a"
dv, Xalojv dirdvrcov G<f)ayLdIl,oLo c^* eKdarois'^ diraXXd^ei ydp ae 6 Beos pivpioiv irpayp^drcuv Sel^as ev
rep
57
rod lepeiov TJirari driva aoi aipereov, Et 8e ^ovXei, Kal oAAo ri dirpaypioveGrepov
p,r)
BvaidCr)? rep
TrapaKoXfiSy
1
jLt')78e
lepea
:
nvd rwv
eKaanrrjs
pieyaXopiLaBcov
ypapipidri.a
MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
and lion
;
and
in a philosophy (the Stoic, for instance) a part see the rest as well ?
? You see, you do not know the whole of which they are parts. As to your contention that it is easy in a small part of a day to hear the essentials of all philosophies (I suppose you mean their principles and ends, their views of the gods and the soul, who say that every-
thing
is
**
corporeal,
who
others
the beautiful
and so
on), after a hearing of this sort it is easy and no trouble to state the facts ; but to know which is the
is telling the truth will surely require not part of a day but many days. If not, why on earth have they all written books by the hundreds and thousands on these very subjects, to prove the truth, I suppose, of these very parts, those few parts, which you think easy and soon learnt ? Here too, I fancy, you will have need of a prophet to help you choose the best, unless you spend time on accurate selection and make a personal and detailed study of all and everything. It would certainly be a short cut with no complications or delays if you sent for a prophet, listened to the essentials of them all, and sacrificed for each one the god will save you a great deal of trouble if he reveals in the victim's liver the choice
:
one that
you must make. I will, if you like, suggest another, less troublesome way, without this slaughter of victims or sacrifice to
priests
*
anybody or calling in one of these expensive put some tablets into a pitcher with the name
Lehmann
:
dvaid^ris Tcp
dvoLd^rj to)
dvaias
tprjTOiv
V.
(f)LXoa6(f)a>v
fj (f>iXoa6<f)L.
EPMOTIMOE
58
TavTL jiivy (1> AvKivy j3co/xoAo;^tK'a kol ov Kara a. av tW piOL' tJSt] 7tot olvov iTTpLOj avTos ;
ATKINOE
Kat fidXa
TToXXaKis,
EPMOTIMOE
^A/3* ovv 7TpLi^Ls aiTavTas v kvkXo) tovs iv rij TToXet KaTT'qXovs dnoyevopievos /cat TrapapdXXojv
ATKINOE
OuSa/xcDs".
EPMOTIMOE
p^/ai^arai
kol d^tto
ATKINOL
Ni)
Ma,
EPM0TIM02
diTo
ye.
Kat
av
ATKINOS
Efj^ov yap.
EPMOTIMOE
cAeyes"
Et
366
Se
'EttciSi^
HERMOTIMUS
of each of the philosophers on them, and tell a boy a young lad with both parents living to go to the pitcher and pick out whichever tablet he first touches with his hand then all you have to do is to study the philosophy of the one whose lot he has
picked.
This
tell
is
:
me
HERMOTIMUS mere burlesque and not like you. Now you have you ever bought wine yourself.''
LYCINUS
Of course, many
a time.
HERMOTIMUS
all the wine-merchants of the city in turn, tasting and comparing and judging the wines ? LYCINUS
Not
I
at
all.
HERMOTIMUS
think that you must take away the come to that is good and satisfactory.
LYCINUS
Certainly.
first
wine you
HERMOTIMUS
Could you have said from that brief tasting what was the quality of the whole ?
LYCINUS
Yes.
HERMOTIMUS had approached the wine-merchants and you " said: I wish to buy half a pint of wine; each of
If
367
ovK dv
OLL
KarayeXdaaL gov
rod vharos ;
ATKINOE
Of/xat
ycLy /cat 8t/cata y'
av
TrdOoufiL.
EPMOTIMOi;
Kara
TTtctP'
rai^ra
St)
/cat
cV
<f>LXoGo<j>ia.
ri Set c/c-
TOV ttlOov 8vvafivovs ye (itt* oXtyov rod yevfJLaros etScVat OTTOtoi' to ndv iariv ;
ATKINOL
59
oXlgOi^pos ?, 6t> hpd(JKis K TUiv ;^etpav.
olofxevos
ifl7T7rTCt)KaS .
*Cls
'Ep/xdrt/xe,
/cat
StaSt-
Hojs TOVTO
"Ort
<f)r] ;
ATKINOE
TTpdyfjLa Xa^wv /cat avOofjioXoyovfievov aura) ra otvov tov (XTraort ct/caCcts" yvwpipLOV
dvo/xotdrara
/cat
7T/)t
cut'
d/x<^t(TjST7T0Ucrtv
dnavTes
a)GT eycvye ovk ex^J L7Tlv /ca^' d(j)av(x)V ovTOJV. o Tt crot ofjLOLOs ^iXooo^ia /cat ofvos", t jLtT] ^ dpa
/card TOVTO [xovov, otl /cat ot <j>LX6ao<j)Oi aTTohihovrat rd p,a9riiiaTa oiGirep ol /caTTT^Aot /ccpacrd/xet^ot ye ot TToAAot /cat SoAcocravre? /cat KaKO[iTpovin-es
t ^17
Lehmann
117
MSS.
etr),
ei
/Lti7
Solanus.
368
HERMOTIMUS
please, the whole jar to drink, so that have drained it all I may learn who has the " if better wine and who is to receive my custom had said do not think that would this, you they you have laughed at you, and if you troubled them further, you might have had a jug of water poured on you ?
when
LYCINUS
I
do think
so,
and
should deserve
it.
HERMOTIMUS
Apply the same consideration to philosophy. Why drain a butt when the tasting of a little can indicate the quality of the whole ?
LYCINUS
How
you
us
:
And how slippery you are, Hermotimus But you have helped glide through my fingers
! !
you thought you had got away, but you have same net.
HERMOTIMUS
take an object which is quite self-evident and which is known to everyone, wine, and you compare to it things that are unlike and the object of universal I certainly cannot dispute, they are so uncertain.
say how in your view philosophy and wdne are comparable, except perhaps at this one point that philosophers sell their lessons as wine-merchants their wines most of them adulterating and cheating and
You
369
TOVTOf
avriKa OTTolos diras 6 iridog iarcv, olkoXovOov /cat /cat ovhev dv eycoye n dvreiTTOV. opa Brj ol ^tAo/cat rovro' /cat ro <j)iXo(TO(f)ia iJLrd
ao(j)ovvrs olov 6 StSacr/caAo? o cro?, dpa ravrd TTpos v/xas" Xeyei oarjiiipai /cat Trepl rojv avrcbv 7]
TToXXd yap ccrrt, TTpoSrjXov, cL dXXore; ovK dv eLKoaiv errj ^ Trapefxeves avrcp T^ Kara rov *08icrcra irepivoarcov /cat TrepLTrXavcJoixeV09, t TO, aura cAcycv, oAAa dTvey^pr] dv ool /cat aTTaf dKovoavri.
ratp.
dXXa
EPMOTIMOE
60
YicL>9
yap ov ;
AYKINOS:
/catva
iirl
ojGTTep 6 otvos 6 avrog rjv. wore, at iralpe, t^v oXov K7TLr)s Tov TTidov, dXXoJS fiedvoiv irepUi' ^ jXT) So/ct /Ltot o d^os dre)(y<jjs ydp iv rw 7Tvdp,vi KaraKpvipai rd ^iXooo^ias dyaOov vtto rrjv rpvya avrriv. Sci^aet ovv dXov i^avrXijoaL ig reXos, t] ovTTor dv evpoL? ro vKrdp0V eKelvo 7rd/xa, ov TrdXat SnjjTJv fioL So/cet?. ov Se otet to roiovrov
avro
yevoaio avrov
ere
/cat
oTrdoaLS
fjLLKpov
auTt/ca
T7j
7Tdvoo(f)ov
:
yevrjoopievov
tKomv
Solanus
eiKos
en MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
giving false measure. Now let us examine your logic. You say that all the wine in a butt is the same, the whole measure that is certainly not unreasonable. Now if you care to draw ever so little of it and take a taste, you say you would know at once the quality of the whole butt; this too follows and I would not deny it. Look at what comes next: do philosophy and these who, like your teacher, study philosophy say the same things to you on the same topics every day, or different things on different days? It is quite clear, my friend, that there are many different topics you would not have stayed
; ;
with him twenty years like an Odysseus in your wanderings and journeying, if he had said the same things all the time, but you would have been satisfied with one hearing.
HERMOTIMUS
Of course.
LYCINUS
/cat
dXXojs usOvwv
rrepi-neLS
MSS.
3V
waTTp <j>acnv iv AeA^ots" Trjv irpo^avTiv, e-neihav tov Upov vdfjLarog, evOeov evdvs yiyveadaL kol
'^Ols
XP^^
OLK'
TTpOOLOVOlV.
VTTCp
aAA'
aV y' OVP
TJfJLLCrU
61 ivdpx^f^dcLi' ert eAcye?. opa roivvv /xt) toISc /xctAAov ^LXoao<^ia eoiKev 6 fiev yap iridos ert fxevero) gol KOL 6 KGLTT'qXog, ivCGTOJ pLT) otvO? , oAAo, TTaVCTTTC/)jila Tt?, TTvpo? vnepdvcj Kal jXTd rovrov KvafjLOi, elra Kpidal kol vtto ravrat^ (f)aKol, etra epe^Lvdoi Kal oAAa TTOiKiXa. irpoaei hi] ov (LvrjaaoOaL iOeXojv tG}v OTrepixdrojVf Kal o? d(f)X(hv rod TTvpoVf ov7Tp TjV , dvlhcjKe GOL SetyjLta e? rrjv x^^P^> (l)<s tSotS", dpa ovv XOL dv elTrelv els CKelvo diropXiiTiDv 1 Kal ol ipe^LvdoL Kadapol Kal ol <f>aKol vraKL9 Kal ol Kvafjuoi ov SidKevot ;
EPMOTIMOE
OvSapiOJS.
ATKINOE
roivvv ovhk <j>iXoGo^iav d(j)* ivog ojv (J)t]Gi TiS TOV TTpWTOV, fJidOoL dv dlTaGaV OTTO la ioTLV ov yap V TL "^v wGncp 6 olvog, wnep gv avTrjv dTTiKdt,is d^LOJV o/xotav elvai tco yevfxaTiy to he eTCpolov
heofjuevov.
Ov
Tt
a>(f)9rj
ov
Trapepyov
olvov
fxev
yap
cf)avXov
hvolv opoXoLV 6 KivhvvoSi avTov Gvp<j)eTcp TTapaiToXelGd ai, ws /cat avTos ev dpxfj etvai KaKov. oXXcjds re o /xcv ecjiTjGda, ov fjLLKpov
dXov d^LOJV eKTTielv tov ttlOov, cos kotvXtjv TrpiaiTO, dv tov Kd7n)Xov ovrcos diriOava yevopie^T^jLttoScrat voSf <f)LXoGO<f)La he ovhev dv tolovto ndOoL, dXXd
372
HERMOTIMUS
wise, as, they sa,y, the prophetess at Delphi becomes inspired as soon as she drinks of the sacred spring and gives her answers to those who consult the oracle. But it seems it is not so you had drunk over half the butt, and you said that you were still at the beginning.
:
Perhaps philosophy is more Uke this still keep your butt and your dealer, but no wine rather take an assortment of cereals wheat on top, then beans, then barley, and, beneath the barley, lentils, then chickpeas, and other kinds of seeds as well. You come in wishing to buy some of the cereals. He has taken out a pinch of the wheat from where the wheat was and has given you a sample in your hand to examine. Now could you say by looking at that sample whether the peas were pure, the lentils tender, and the beans not completely empty ?
:
HERMOTIMUS
Not
at
all.
LYCINUS
neither could you learn the nature of all philosophy from the first thing someone says. For it is not really one substance like the wine to which you compare it, claiming that it is like the sample. No, we have seen that there is variation in it, for which a cursory examination will not do. If you buy bad wine you risk a couple of pence, but to rot in the common herd oneself, as you said in the beginning, is very serious. Besides, to insist on drinking the whole butt in order to buy half a pint is to cause loss to the wine-merchant with your unbelieving tasting. But in philosophy there would be
Then
no such
loss.
Kav
on
yLyverai ovSe
62 ytyvcrat. 'E^cAcu Se
Tvepl
(70t /cat
oAAo
fxij
yevfiaTOS,
Kal
vojiiarjs
^Xaa(f)7]p,Lv
7Tpl avTTJs
^v etno} otl
-q
Oiov KCjjveio)
d/covtVoj
t)
yap TavTa, 7TL7rp 6avaTr](f>6pa ccrrtV, aTro/cretVctev dVf L Tcg oXiyov oaov aKapialov diro^vaas avTCJov aKpcp TCp ovvx'' diToyevGaiTO* dXXd r^v fjurj tootovtov ooov XPV' '^^^ OTTOJS /cat ^vv ot?, ovk av dnoOdvoL 6 TrpooeveyKdfJievos' ov 8e rj^lovg TOvXdxi'Crrov ^apKLUy COS" drroTeXeaaL ttjv tov oXov yvcooLv.
63
"Eo-Tco
TavTa
^'^V
7]
tl
oZv ;
c/carov
'x.P'h
npdyfxaTa;
ATKINOi:
Kat oetvov ovoev, t ye tjpfioTLp,' dXrjdrj eXeyes v dpxfj, d)s 6 jxev ^iog ^paxv9, rj Se Tex^T) jxaKpij. vvv Se ovk ot8' o rt iradtov
V yap,
CO
dyavaKTiS,
el
firj
avdrjijuepov ripXv
7]
^pvaiTTTTOs ^ HXdTOJV
Ilvdayopas yevoio.
Kal
EPMOTIMOL
liepiepxr)
fxe,
AvKtve,
GvveXavveig
eg
GTevov ovhev
v-n
vno
(f>d6vov
374
HERMOTIMUS
is
loss.
just as full and the wine-merchant will not suffer For, in the words of the proverb, the more you
draw the
The case is the reverse fuller it becomes. of the butt of the Danaidae that would not hold what was put into it but let it run away at once. Take
some away from philosophy, however, and what
left increases.
is
But I want to tell you another, similar thing, about sampling philosophy, and do not think that I am being blasphemous about it if I say that it is like a deadly poison hemlock, for example, or aconite, or some other such. Not even they, deadly though they are, will kill, if you scrape off a tiny piece with the tip of your nail and taste that. No, if the quantity, method of consumption, and mixture are wrong, you can take it and not die. You claimed, however, that the tiniest piece was quite enough to give you a complete knowledge of what the whole was like.
HERMOTIMUS
Granted, Lycinus. What next? Must we live a hundred years and have all that trouble ? Is there no other way of studying philosophy ?
LYCINUS
No, Hermotimus. Nor need we complain if what you said at first is true that life is short and art is long. And now I don't understand why you are distressed if you cannot become a Chrysippus or a
:
HERMOTIMUS
You hedge me
a corner, although
me
into
Clearly 375
cov.
ATKINOS
Olad* ovv o SpdaeLs; ifjiol ixkv cuctttc/) Kopv^avTicJjVTi fjLrj rrpooex^ tov vovVy dAA* la Xrjpelv, Gu Se COS" XLs 7rpoxcopi is TO TTpoade Trjs oSov Kal 7Tpaiv Kara ra c^ ^PXV^ ^^'' ScSoy/xcVa
7TpL TOVTCOV.
EPMOTIMOS
*AAA* ovK ids (TV ^iaios cjv alp^lcidai 7TLpad(x> aTrdvrwv.
rt, riv
(jltj
ATKINOS
v ctSeVat XPV ^^ ^^'^ ^^ Trore dXXo firjv eLTTOLjjLL. jStatov Se Xiyojv ipuk dvairiov hoKis fioi Kara rov TroLrjrrjv alridacidai,^ avrov, ecrr* dv irepos ool Xoyos avfjLfiax'qcfOLS d<f)iXr]Tai rrjs firj
jStas",
Kat
'qhrj
jStatdrepa
dy6p,vov ISov yi roi koX raSe ttoAAo) gv Si iKelvov ^air] dv gol 6 Xoyos
'
EPMOTIMOE
TTOia; OavfxdCoj ydp, ct rt dpprjrov XiXeiTTrai avrw.
Ta
Kara-
ATKINOL
64
Oux
Ikovov
8t*
elvai
(jyrjGL
to
ix^^^
irdvTa
ISeXv
Sce^eXdelv
avTcjv,
chs
V^V
iXiodai,
Kal to
alrkdaadat Jacobitz
amaa^ot MSS.
HERMOTIMUS
you are doing this from spite, because I have made progress in my studies while you have neglected yourself at your age too.
LYCINUS
Do you know what? Take no notice of my ravings, but leave me to my silly chatter, and you
go on your way as you are and finish what you decided to do in the first place.
HERMOTIMUS
me make
try
them
LYCINUS
be blaming the innocent, as the poet says ^ no other argument comes to your aid to release you from the compulsion, am at present a helpless captive. But look, the argument is going to bring much greater pressure to bear on you, but perhaps you will ignore that and blame me.
to
;
me
may be sure that I shall never say anyWhen you call me compulsive you seem
HERMOTIMUS
How ?
to say.
should be surprised
LYCINUS
if it
had anything
left
It says that to inspect and to investigate everything is not sufficient to give you the power to choose
the best.
lacking.
is
still
Homer, 11,
11, 654.
377
ATKINOE
KpLTLKTJg
Ttvo?,
CO
davfidaie,
/cat
^^^'Ctt
r^
tcov
aTravra dTToSoreov ovv (fyrjcri Kal tco Cx)pap,va L7j. ToiovTcp )(p6vov ovK oXiyov Kal npodcfievov aTravra els fidaov alpeZoOaL hiapuiXKovra /cat ppaSvvovra Kal 7ro)^dKLS emcTKOTTOVvra, jjL'qTC 'qXiKiav rod XeyovTOS eKdarov /xrjre axrjP'Ct ^ So^av inl (jo(f>la
hiKaaovaaVf
iidrrjv
dv
alSovficvov, dXXd Kara rovs ApeoTTaylrag avro TTOLovvra, ot iv vvktI Kal gkotco St/caCouatv, 6t>? ciAA' is rd Xeyofieva diro^Xip,rj ig rovs Xeyovra?,
TTOLCV.
Kal TOT
tJBtj
cfeWat
crot jSejSatco?
iXofxevco
(f)LXoao<f)iv.
EPMOTIMOi;
Merd
rdv ^lov
^-qs'
dvdpwTTCDV ^ios ^apKea(,V dv (hs inl ndvra iXdeZv Kal eKaorov dKpi^aJs iinSeLv Kal 7nS6vra Kplvai Kal Kplvavra iXeodai Kal iX6p,VOV (fnXoaocfyfjoaiy jjLovcJS ydp dXXojs Se ou.
(f)r)s
rdXrjdeg,
ATKINOE
65
*Okvco ydp gol
ctTTCtv,
c5
'Ep/xort/xc,
ort ovBe
rovro
rjiids
TTO)
avrovs
tl
vpr]KvaL jSejSatov,
vp6vTs Se ovhev, cjoirep ol dXievovres iroXXdKis Kadivres rd hiKrva Kal ^dpovs rivos alcrdofxevoi
1
av L. A. Post
8r]
MSS.
378
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
What
is
that
LYCINUS
dear sir, a critical, examining faculty, a quick and a keen and impartial intellect. You must have this to make a judgment on matters of this kind, or you will have looked at everything in vain. The argument says that not a little time is to be allowed in a matter like this and everything put before you you are not to rush ahead, but go slowly and make frequent inspections before you choose, having no regard for the age of each speaker, nor for his dress, nor for his reputation for wisdom. No, you must imitate the court of the Areopagus, which sits in judgment at night in the dark, so that it has no regard for who is speaking, but only for what is said. Then it is that you will be able to make a sound choice and practise philosophy.
wit,
;
My
HERMOTIMUS
You mean after death. From what you have said no man would live long enough to study everything and observe accurately every detail, and then, after observation, judge, and, after judging, choose, and
after choosing practise philosophy; for this is the only way, you say, in which the truth could be
discovered.
LYCINUS
is
Hermotimus, that even this No, I think we deceived ourselves when we thought we had found safety: we have found no safety at all. We are like fishermen who often when they have let down their nets feel someI
not enough.
379
EPMOTIMOi:
fiavOdvat rt gol tu. BtKrva ravra povXerai' drexvcos ydp fxe TrepL^aSXeis avrols.
Ov
ATKINOE
7TLpaj Stc/cSwat* VLV, t /cat Tt? oAAos" iyd)
OvKovv
eXdcjpL^v 7TLpa)ixvoL /cttt ouScTTCo ovSe Tovro hijXov ecrecr^at vo/xt^o;, ct rt?
dech yap otaOa Kav yap <f>* aTravras TOVTO ipyaGoj/jLedd ttotc,
crifv
cf avTCuv
dyvooucrtv.
;(t
to Cv^ovp,vov
T]
irdmes
o/xotoi?
EPMOTIMOi:
Tt
^ris
;
ATKINOS
"ASrjXov,
T]
dXXo
aVTCJV
TTO)
VpT]p,VOV ;
EPMOTIMOE
66
ATKINOS
OuTCO?*
Aaj8a>v,
coTCo
yap 6
fiev dXTjOrjs
LKOGLV, oToV,
KvdfJLOVS
Tt?
iTTLKXeiGdfXCVos ipwrdTO) 8e/<:a Tivdg, OTTOGOL tOtV Ot KVajJLOL V TTJ ;^t/3t aVTOV y ol hk
HERMOTIMUS
thing heavy, and so haul in expecting a huge catch of fish then when they are tired with their pulling they see a stone or a jar packed with sand. I am
;
afraid
like that.
don't
know what
mean
me
you
in
them.
LYCINUS
If anybody try to get out. swim, you do thanks to god's help.
Then
we go round
all the sects eventually complete our enquiry, I don't think it will even yet be certain whether any one of them has what we are looking for, or whether all alike are ignorant of it.
HERMOTIMUS
of
them ?
debatable.
Do you
think
it
impossible that
may be something
different,
found ?
HERMOTIMUS
How
LYCINUS
In this way. Suppose our true number to be twenty. Now let someone take twenty beans in his hand, and then close it and ask any ten people how many beans he has in his hand. Suppose one man
381
eLKa^ovreg 6 fxev eVra, 6 8e ireure, 6 Se rpiaKOvra 6 8e tls SeVa t) TrevreKaiheKa, /cat oAcos" aAAo? aXXov riva apidyLOV i^8e;^CTat fidvroL /cat /caret rv')(y]v riva dXrjdevcraL, rj yap;
EPMOTIMOE
Nat.
ATKINOi:
Ov
ovras,
ixTjv
dXXovs
jJLTjSeva
on
ovk
dvqp
KvdpLOVS Xt.
TL
(f>rjs ;
EPMOTIMOL
Ovk
dhvvarov.
XiyovGLV dXXos oAAo avTrjv etvai, 6 pikv Se 6 to 6 Se ocra KaXov, ercpd ^act Trepl rfiovriVf etvai to avTTJg. t/co? jxev ovv /cat rovrojv ev evSaifioVy OVK direiKog 8e /cat aAAo tl Trap* avTo.
/cat
TrdvTa.
/cat
ioLKafxev
rj/JLeis
dvaTraXtv
'q
ixpyji',
TTplv TTjV dpXTjV VpLV, i7Tiy(jdai TTpOS TO TcAoS'. cSet 8* of/xat TTpoTepov ^avepov yeviadai otl eyvoj-
GTai TaXrjdes
CrjTTJaai, u)
(f)LXoGo<f)OvvTa)v
EPMOTIMOS
*'QaT,
CO
AvKLve, TOVTO
<f)rj9,
OTL ovS*
Trdaris (^iXooo^ias
x^PV^^H'^^*
oz5Se
382
HERMOTIMUS
guesses seven, another five, another thirty, some other ten or fifteen, in short every one differently nevertheless it is possible for someone by some chance to guess the truth, isn't it ?
;
HERMOTIMUS
Yes.
LYCINUS
Yet
it is
not at
all
numbers and for all these numbers to be wrong and untrue, and for not one of them to say that the man has twenty beans. Do you agree ?
different
HERMOTIMUS
It is
not impossible.
LYCINUS
In the same way, then, all those who study philosophy are trying to find out what happiness is, and each one says it is something different pleasure, beauty, and all the other things they say about it. Very likely one of these things is happiness, but it is not unlikely that it is something quite different from every one of them. We seem to have gone in the wrong direction, hastening to the end before we have found the beginning. We should first, I think, have ascertained that the truth has been discovered, and that one or other of the philosophers really has knowledge of it. Then the next step would be to find out whom to believe.
This
is
HERMOTIMUS what you are saying, then, Lycinus, that we go through all philosophy, we shall not
383
M17
ijxiy /cat
Xeyovatv.
EPMOTIM02
cfyrjg
67
evpTJaofjiev
IhiiOTiqv
.
ouSc
TLVa.
oXXoL
^
ScTjcTct
rjfJLas
plov
i^rjv
oLTroGravTas
yap
rov
fieXXovra eXeadai Trpcorov <f)iXoGoSc OLpeGLS OVTOJS CTOt cSo/CCl TTjV dpLGTTjV^ 7] <f)laV p,6v(x)9 OLKpLprjg dv yeveadai, el 8ta TraGrjg <f)iXoGO' eXoLp,e9a dXrjdeGraTrjv. xcoprjGavres rrjv <f)ias elra Xoyil^ofjievo^ erojv dpLdfiov, onoGog eKaGrr) LKavos, VTrepe^eTTiTTres d7Topi7]Kvva)v to Trpdy^a eV yeveds oAAa?, (hs VTTeprjfjiepov yiyveGd ai rdXyjOes reXevrcov he Koi rovro avro rod eKaorov ^iov.
<f>iXooo<j>riGeiv
ovK dvevSoLaorov
eire
a7ro<^atVets",
rcbv
<f)iXooo^ovvro)V
ATKINOE
2u
Se
TTcDs",
CO
^Kpfjionixet
adp,evos elirelv
on
evpr^rai
erropio-
EPMOTIMOE
'Eya>
jjLev
ovk dv opLOGaipn.
ATKINOL
KatVot TTOGa aAAa napeZhov eKcLv gov e^erdaecas
piaKpds Kal avrd SeofjLeva;
*
ii add. edd.
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
Don't ask me, my good sir. Again, ask the argument. Perhaps it would answer you that we cannot
as yet discover the truth, as long as
it is
uncertain
it is.
whether truth
is
HERMOTIMUS
shall never find it or be have to give up philosophy philosophers. and live a layman's life. At least it follows from what you say that philosophy for a human being is impossible and unattainable. For you say that who-
We
shall
ever is going to practise philosophy must first choose the best philosophy, and the choice Avould be correct in your view only if the truest were chosen after going through the whole field. Then you calculated the number of years required for each and went beyond all bounds, stretching it to cover several generations, so that the search for truth exceeded any man's lifetime. Finally you show that even this is not beyond doubt when you say it is not certain whether any of the old philosophers found the truth or not.
LYCINUS
HERMOTIMUS
No,
I
could not.
LYCINUS
I
!
purposely
385
O
long examination
Ta
TTola;
ATKIN02
OvK
OLKOVeiS
rCOV TiTCD'CkOJV
7]
*Ei7nKOVpLaJV
7}
YlXarcovLKWv elvai (fyaoKovrcov tovs fi^v elSevat Tovs Xoyovs eKOLGTOV?, Tous" 8e /X7y, KaLroi rd ye aAAa Trdvv d^iOTriaTOVs ovras ;
EPMOTIMOL
^AXrjdrj
ravra.
ATKINOS
To Toiwv
CLTTO
T(X)V
hiaKpZvai roifs clSoras koI Siayvcovai OVK elhoTOJV fJLeV, (f>a(JK6vTOJV 8e, ov aoL
EPMOTIMOi:
Kat
jjidXa.
ATKINOE
el /xeAAec? TirajcKoju rov dpLGTOV L(TGdaL, L Kal flTj 7TL TrdvTaS , ClAA' OVV 771 TOVS TrXelarovs aurcot' iXdelv Kal TreLpadrjvaL Kal Tov djJLeLVO) TTpoarTJaaadai StSacr/caAov, yvjjLvaadfievov yc irporepov koL KpcriKrjV rcov tolovtojv SvvafXLV TTopLGdpievov y (hs pLTj G XdOj] 6 ^(^eipcjjv irpoKpiOeis. Kal av Kal Trpos tovto opa oaov Set TOV ;^povoi;, ov K(x>v TraprJKa SeSiojg jjlt] gv dyavaKTT^GTjg, KaiToi TO y fieyLGTOv t dfjLa Kal
Aetycrct
roLwv
ac,
dvayKaiOTaTOV iv toIs tolovtols, Xeyoj hrj rots' dSl^AotS" T Kal dfX(j)Lp6XoL9, V TOVTO GTLV Ot/Xttt.
Kal
T'Y]V
iJLovTj
GOL avT-q TTLGTr] Kal pi^aios eXirls inl dXl]6ldv T Kal VpGLV ttUTT/?, ClAAt^ Se OvS*
;^a>pt(!^etv
dno
386
HERMOTIMUS
HERMOTIMUS
What
sort of things
LYCINUS
Don't you hear some of the Stoics or Epicureans or Platonists say that, while some of them know all the doctrines, others do not, although in other respects they are quite reliable ?
HERMOTIMUS
True enough.
LYCINUS
it
and differentiate those who know from those who do not know but say they know ?
HERMOTIMUS
Very.
LYCINUS
Then if you are going to know the best Stoic you must go and make trial of most of them if not all,
and take the best as your teacher, first training yourself and acquiring the power of criticism in such matters, to prevent your preferring inadvertently an inferior one. Just think how much time it needs
!
out on purpose not to annoy you, and yet in matters of this sort I think it is the one most important requirement in such matters I mean where there is uncertainty and doubt. And this is the only sure and firm hope you have for truth and its discovery. There is no hope whatsoever apart from the ability to judge and separate the false from the true, and like assayers of silver to distinguish the
I left this
387
ra ifjevSij VTrdpxciv gol /cat Kara rovs apyvpoyvwyiovas hiayiyvcooKeiv a re hoKipLa koI
/cat
TOLavrrjv
rjeig
tlvol
ttI rrjv e^eVacrtv rcov Xeyo [xevojv el Se jjltj, ev lgOl (hs ovSev KcoXvGei Ge ttjs pLvo? eA/cccr^at eKOLGTCOv 7) daXXcp TrpoSeLxdevTL OLKoXovdeiV v(f)' ojGTTep TO, Trpo^ara' fidXXov Se rep ertLrpa7Tet,icp av piepos eXKVGT] Ge ng vSari eoLKOJS eGj), ecf)^ 6
t)
rrapaTTorapLLa
KapLirropLevcpy
^
TTOV ro
TTveov
TrecfyvKon
69
'Q?
ei
ye riva evpois
hihaGKoXov , os
(XTroSet-
^C09 TTepL /cat rrjs rcjv dpL(j)LGpr]rovpievcx)v Sta/cptGecos re')(yr]v rivd elhojs 8t8a^ete ct, navGr) SrjXaSr) TTpdypuara ex^ov, aurt/ca ydp gol ro ^eXriorov
(jyaveXraL
/cat
rdXr]des
/cat
VTraxOev
ifjevSos
/cat
rfj
aTToSet/crt/c^
/cat
ravrr]
rex^J)
to
eXeyxOTJcr^rai ,
Gv
jSejSata;?
eAo/xevos"
Kpivas
^LXoGoejirjoeis
/cat evSaipLovlav rpLTTodrjrov Krir^odpievos r7]V ^LiVGrj pier* avrrjs diravra GvXXrj^Sr]v ex^iv ray add.
EPMOTIMOi;
y, 60 AvKLve. TTapd ttoXv ydp ravra dpLelvo) /cat eXTTiSos ov puKpds exdpieva Xeyecs, /cat C'^rrjreog, COS" eoiKeVy rjpuv dv^p ns roiovroSy SiayvcoGriKovs re /cat hiaKpiriKovs TToirjGOJV rjpids /cat ro pLeyiGrov
cog rd ye pierd ravra /oaSta t^St; drrpdypLova /cat ov TToXXrjg hiarpi^-rjs heopieva. /cat eycoye yjSrj xdp^v olSd gol e^evpovrL Gvvrop,6v rLva ravrr^v rjpLLV /cat dpiGrrjv oSov.
Eu
dTToSevKruKovs'
/cat
388
HERMOTIMUS
sound and genuine metal from the counterfeit. Were you to come to your examination of the doctrines with some such power and skill, all would be well if not, you can be sure that nothing will save you from being dragged by the nose by them all or from following a leafy branch in front of you as sheep do you will be like water spilt on a table, running whithersoever someone pulls you by the tip of his finger, or indeed like a reed growing on a river bank, bending to every breath of wind, however slight the breeze that blows and shakes it. So find a competent teacher to give you instruction in demonstration and the art of distinguishing matters in dispute, and you will certainly find an end to your difficulties. At once the best will be clear to you, truth and falsehood will be proved under the scrutiny of this art of demonstration, and you will make a sound choice, and having made your judgment you will practise philosophy, and you will have won your thrice-desired happiness and live with her, possessing all good things in one package.
;
;
HERMOTIMUS
Well done, Lycinus What you say and full of great hopes. We must look
!
is
far better
for a
man,
it
us able to judge and to distinguish and able in the highest degree to prove a What follows will be easy now and no trouble, case. and it will not need much time. Now I am indeed grateful to you for finding this excellent short-cut
seems,
who
will
make
for us.
^
evpoLS Belinus
evprjs
MSS.
{evpeis T).
Kat
ovSenco x^P''^ ^^
yeyovafxev
/
TTporepov "^jxev /cat /caret rov^ " TroAAd fjLoxOvcravTcs oaolcos TTapoLfMiaCofxevovs
7]
(JjXV.
EPMOTIMOi:
Ilws Tovro
<f>r)S ;
irdvu
yap
XvTrrjpov
tl
/cat
ATKINOS
70
"Ort, iralpe, Kav evpcojjLev vmaxvovpLevov TLva ctScVat T aTToSetftv /cat dXXov SiSd^CLV, ovk avTLKa, ot/xat, Trtorreucro/xev avrcp, dAAa rtva ^TfTT^aofiev Tov KpZvai hvvdpievoVy el dXrjdrj 6 dvrjp
CO
XdycL.
rjjjuv
Kav rovrov evrropr^acofjiev , dSrjXov crt o 7TLyv(x}fia)v ovrog otSe Staytyi^axr/cctv tov 6p9(x)s KpLvovvra tj /atJ, /cat ctt* avrov avBis rovrov
et
dXXov CTnyvayfiovos olpuai, Set. rjfxets yap nodev dv etSetT^jLtcv Sta/cptVetv top' dpiara Kplvai Svvdfievov ; opag ottol rovro diroreiverai /cat cos" aTre,
pavrov ytyvcrat,
fXT]
aTroSet^ets" ai^rcts", SvvdpLevov; oTrdcra? otdv re evpiGKeiVy d/x^tajSr^rou/ieVas' o0t at yow TrXeXarat, /cat fjurjSev exovoas ^e^aiov. avrcov 8t* dAAcuv dfx<f)La^r]rovixev(x)v Treldeiv rjijuds jStdCovrat elhevai, at he rols Trdvv TTpoStjXoLg rd d(f)aveorara Gwdirrovoai ovhev avrols KOivcuvovvra
/cat
KaraXr](f)6rjvaL
dnoSei^eLg ofxajs avrojv elvai (f)daKovaLV, wanep t Tt? ototro dnohei^eLV elvaL OeovSt Stort jScojLtot avrcbv ovres <f)aivovraL. ctyore, c5 'Ep/xdrt/xc, ovk
390
HERMOTIMUS
LYCINUS
No, you certainly have no reason to be grateful to me yet. I have discovered and told you nothing to bring you nearer to your hope. In fact we are much farther away than we were before, and as the " a deal of toil and we're where we proverb has it were."
HERMOTIMUS
me
a hurtful
Because,
who
tion
else
my
professes
if
we
find
someone
art of demonstra-
and the ability to teach it to another, not, I fancy, believe him at once, but look for
truth.
we
shall
someone
who can determine if the first man is speaking the And even if we find this one, we are still not clear whether our arbiter knows how to distinguish
the
is
correct or not,
and
for
him too
For how could we ourselves know how to choose the one able to judge best ? Do you see how this goes on to For you infinity and cannot stop and be arrested ?
fancy
shall
we
need another
arbiter.
you can find are disputable and have no certainty. Most of them try to compel our belief on a basis of assumptions equally open to dispute, while the rest tack the most obscure and quite unrelated speculations on to self-evident truths and then say that the latter prove the former, as if
a
man
we
thought to prove the existence of gods because see their altars. So, Hermotimus, we seem to
391
ttI
rrjv
avrrjv
EPMOTIMOL
71
tov fxe elpydacOy <L Avklvc, dvOpaKas [iol Q-qoavpov dTro(f)T]vag , Kal cos" olkV dTToXelrai /xot rd Tocravra err] koX 6 /ca/xaros" o ttoXvs.
Ofa
ATKINOE
'AAA',
evvorjoris
cS
*Ep/xoTt/x, TToXi)
eXarrov dvtdar), ^u
on
ov jxovos e^co
ris dpa oKids ixdxovrau ol ^iXooo<f>ovvr r] hvvaiTO hi iKLVO)v aTrdvrcjv ')(Oipr\Gai a)V <f>7]v ; o7Tp dSvvarov Kal avros Aeyct? etvat. vvv Sc
opbOLov
fJiOL
So/cets" TTOieZv
on
purj
ovpavov,
drro
^vdios vnoSvs ets" rqv ddXarrav KuTrpov dvahvaerai, r] on jxtj dpdelg TTTTjvcs avdr^piepov dird rrjs 'EAAaSos" ets" 'IvSous" reXeX. rd S' ainov ttJs" Auttt^s", on rjXTTLKet, of/xat, 'q dvap rrork Ihojv roiovrov t) avrds avrcp dvarrXdaas, ov rrporepov i^erdaas et (j)iKrd eu^erat Kal Kard rrjv dvdpcjTTOV (j)vaLV. Kal Srj Kal ere, cL cratpe, TroXXd Kal 9avp,a(jrd oveipoiroXovvra vv^as d Xoyos drrd rov vttvov eKOopelv eiroi-qoev etra dpyi^r] avrw en jjloXls rovs d(f)6aX[jLovs dvoLyojv Kal rov vttvov ov pahlojs diTOGeiopievos v<f)* TrdaxovGi Se avrd kqI ol rrjv rjhovfjs (Lv icjpas.
r)
on
fxr)
St/ceAta?
is
Kvr)v jjLaKapiav iavrolg dvarrXdrrovreg , rjv [jLera^v TrXovrovGiv avroZs Kal drjoavpovs dvopvrrovcrtv Kal ^aatXevovGLV Kal rd dXXa evSaip^ovovGLV ola
392
HERMOTIMUS
have run round in a circle and come back to our starting-point and the self-same difficulty.
HERMOTIMUS
Look at what you have done to me, Lycinus. You have shown my treasure to be nothing more than ashes, and all these years and heavy toil are lost in
all likelihood.
LYCINUS
Well, Hermotimus, you will not be nearly so hurt you remember that you are not the only one left outside the hoped-for blessings. No, all those who study philosophy are, as it were, wrangling over the shadow of an ass. Who could go through all that process I described ? Even you yourself say that it is
if
And now you seem to me to be acting like a man who wept and blamed fortune because he could not go up to heaven or dive deep into the sea off Sicily and come up at Cyprus, or fly like a bird from Greece to India in one day. His disappointment was due, I fancy, to expectations follovdng a dream on some such subject or an invention of his imagination without prior enquiry whether his wishes could be
impossible.
friend,
and were humanly possible. You too, my have had many wonderful dreams, and the argument has poked you in the ribs and made you
fulfilled
jump up out
of your sleep. Then while your eyes are scarcely open you are angry with it, and you cannot easily shake off sleep for delight in what you have seen. Those who fabricate an unreal blessedness for themselves have just the same experience,
surrounded by wealth, digging up treasure, kings, heaven-blest for some other reason all this the
393
rrepipilvovra,
ovrojg
dyavaKrovGLV
cos
vtto
rod
ipofievov /cat TTOpevoxXijaavTOS d(f)aipdevTS dnavra KLva rdyaOd /cat oXiyov Seovat ttjv plva rod
Traihos OLTTOTpayeXv.
72
cru, (L (f>LX6Trj, firj 7rd9r]s avro irpos /x, a O-qaavpovg dvopvrrovra /cat Trerofievov /cat iwoovvra. /cat rivas TLvas iwoias virepc^vels iXnlSag dve^iKrovs y^XirlCovra cfyiXog wv ov TTcpietSov Sta TTavros rov ^lov oveipco lySet /xcv tcrcus", drdp ovelpcp ye avvovra, hiavaardvra 8e aftco TTpdrreiv ri rojv dvayKalcuv /cat o ae TrapaTrefJupcL is ro XoLTTOV rov ^iov rd Koivd ravra (jypovovvra. CTTel o ye vvv eirparres /cat eirevoeiSt ovhev rwv
*AAAa
el
*\TnTOKevravpo)v
Sta^cpet,
/cat
/cat
Xt/xat/)6uv
/cat /cat
Topyovuiv
rroLrjral
/cat
ypa(f>eis eXevSepoi ovres dvarrXdrrovoLV ovre yevo/cat o/xcus" fjueva TTcoTTOTe ovre yeveoOai hvvdjxeva. o TToXvs Xeojs TTLorevovGiv avrols /cat KrjXovvrai. 6pa)vres r] dKovovres rd roiavra 8ta to ^eva /cat oAAo/cora elvai. Kat (TV hj] fivdoTTOLov nvog d/coucra? ws eariv 73 Tts" yvvTj vnepcfyvTjs ro /coAAos", vnep rds Xaptras"
at5Ta?
el rj rrjv Ovpaviav,^ [irj Trporepov e^erdoas dXrjdij Xeyei /cat el eon ttov rrjs yrjs rj dvdpcoTTOS ^ After Oupavt'av MSS. have elvai del. Jacob! tz.
:
394
HERMOTIMUS
goddess Wishing easily manages, great in her gifts " and never saying no," whether you want to fly, to be as big as a Colossus, to discover whole mountains of gold and if a slave interrupts their reverie with a question on day-to-day necessities with what he is to buy bread, what he is to say to the landlord who has been waiting ever so long with a demand for the rent they are so angry with him for taking all those good things away with his troublesome questions that they come near to biting off his
;
nose.
dear friend, do not feel like that towards a friend, did not let you spend all your life in a dream, albeit a sweet one, digging up treasure,
But,
my
me,
if I,
flying, inventing extravagant visions, and for what was beyond reach, or if again I tell
hoping
you to
get up and carry out your daily tasks and adopt a course that will keep your mind in future on the trivalities of the common life. For what you have
is no different from Hippocentaurs and Chimaeras and Gorgons and all the other images that belong to dreams and to poets and painters with their artistic licence fancies that have never existed and can never exist.
Nevertheless the vast majority of mankind believe are enchanted when they see or hear things of this sort, because they are strange and monstrous. You too have heard from some storyteller of a woman of surpassing beauty, beyond the Graces themselves or Heavenly Aphrodite and, although you had not first asked whether he was telling the truth and whether this woman existed anywhere
395
rjpas
evdvg,
wGTiep ^aal
ttjv
oveiparos
fjidXicrrd
ipaGdrjvaL
rov
'Idaovos.
Mi^Sctav ef o 8e Sr)
ere TTpos rov epcjra CTrqydyero /cat rovg aAAovs" Se, OTTOoroL rod avrov gol elScoXov ipwai,
rovro Tjv, ws yi jjlol etVaCovrt ^atVerat, to rov Xeyovra Klvov rrepl ttJs" yvvaiKos, 7TL7rp iiriarevdr] ro TTpwrov on dXyjOij Aeyet, aKoXovda LS TOVTO ydp Cx)pdr pLOVOVf Kal Stct 7TdyLV' rovro IXkV vp,ds rrjg pivos, i7TL7Tp aira^ rrjV
TTpwrrjv Xa^Tjv eveSujKare aura), Kal '^yev ttI rrjv dyaTTOJfievrjv 8t* '^g eXeyev evdelas oSov. pdSia
ydp,
of/xat,
vficov
ert
7narp(f)6p,vog els rrjv eloohov i^TJraCev el dXrjdijs eariv Kal el jjirj eXaOev KaO* rjv ovk e)(prjv elaeXdcov,
oAA*
rjKoXovdei
rols
rwv
TrpoojSevKorojv
tx^eoL,
Kaddirep rd irpo^ara Trpds rov rqyovjJLevov, Seov ttI rfj elaoScp Kal Kard rrjv dp)(rjv evOvs OKexfjaaOaL,
e'iTTep
eloirrireov.
74
"0
he
<t>'r]iJLL,
aacjyearepov dv p,ddoLS,
rjv
ri,
roLovrov
Xeyovros ydp rivos rwv fjLeyaXoroXfjLOJV rovrojv TTOLrjrojv, cus" yevoiro TTore rpiKe(f>aXos Kal e^d^eip dvdpojTTOS, dv ro TTpwrov ravra dirpaypLovajs dTToSe^j] [jltj e^erdoos el hvvarov, aAAct iriarevGas, evdvs dKoXovdoJS dv indyoL rd Xoirrd, ojs Kal 6(j>daXp,ovs 6 avros ^^X^^ e^ Kal (Lra e^ /cat <f>ojvds rpels a/xa T^^tet /cat Tjadiev 8ta rpicov crropbdrajv Kal SaKrvXovs rpidKovra el)(ev, ov\ cjorrep e/cacrros' r)[JLcov Se/ca iv
ojjiOLOv
TTapadecopijar^s avrcp'
dpi^oripaL? rals X^P^^' '^^^ ^^ rroXepelv heoi, at rpels piev X^^P^^ eKdarrf TreXrrjv t) yeppov t) aGTrlSa etxov, at rpels he tj pev TreXeKW Kare(f>epev, tj Se Xoyx^jv rj(f)Lec, rj be rep $L(f>eL exprjro. Kal res en
396
HERMOTIMUS
in the world,
say
about the woman and his first sketch had won your You looked belief, he proceeded to fill in the details. at nothing else, and so, when once you had let him get the first grip, he dragged you all by the nose and led you to the beloved by what he said was a straight not one of you path. The rest, I fancy, was easy turned back to the entrance and enquired whether it was the true one and whether he had made a mistake and should not have entered; no, you followed in the steps of those who had made the
:
love with her at once, as they Jason from a dream. But what above all brought you to this love and has brought all who are in love with the same vision as you was, I should guess, this when he had told you
you
fell in
Medea
fell
in love with
journey before you, like sheep following their leader, although you should have considered at the entrance right at the beginning whether you ought to enter
in there.
You
this
Avill
see better
:
what
mean
if
you consider
analogy suppose one of these daring poets were to say that there was once a man with three heads and six hands, and suppose that you facilely accepted this without asking if it were possible, just believing, he would at once follow it up by filling in the details
appropriately six eyes, six ears, three voices coming from three mouths, each taking food, and thirty and, fingers, unlike us with our ten on two hands if he had to go to war, three hands held three shields and three brandlight, oblong, or round ished axe, spear, and sword. Who would disbelieve these details now details which are consistent with
;
397
apxfj,
rrepl
^
fcat t avyxoiprjrea ovrcos ex^'^TrapaSeKrea CKelva 8cps, 7nppL ra Xolttol Kal riv he drra^ ovTTore GT'qaeTaL kol to aTnorelv avrolg ovktl pahiov, eTTeirrep aKoXovda Kal ofioid iariv rfj
GvyxojprjdeLGrj
V7t6
oLp^fj'
airep
/cat
Vfjuels
Tracrx^re.
yap 8r) epojros Kal TrpoOvpLLag ovk i^erdaavTes TO. Kara ttjv lgoSov iKaorrjv ottcos vpXv e^ei, 7TpO-XiJ^peir VTTO TTJ? OLKoXovdlaS eXKOfieVOl, OVK iwoovvrcg l tl yevoiro du aKoXovOov avrcp Kal
i/;evBo
ov
ra
p/r]
elvau Kal
ov TTiarevGeias avrcp
eTTa^ei
hrjXahrj
dpidpufiGas errl
Kal rerpaKis rrevre rerrapeoKaiheKa Travrois eorl Kal p^expi- dv orov ola Kal t} OavfiaGrr] yecopLerpla TTOiel eOeXi^Gr]. KaKeivT) yap rovs ev dpxfj dXXoKord riva alrijpLara alrT^GOGa Kal GvyxojprjdijvaL avrfj d^iajGaoa ovhe GVGrrjvai hvvdpieva crr^jLteta riva dp,eprj Kal ypafiKal ra rocavra, eirl oadpols rols /xas" aTrXarels depieXioLS rovrois oiKohopiel ra rocavra Kal d^Lol
Gavrov,
on
roivvv Kal vpLels hovres rag dpxds TTpoaipeoews eKaarr]? TTvarevere roZs e^rjs Kal yvcjpiopia rrjs aXrjOeias avrojv rrjV aKoXovdiav elra ol pikv vpucov rjyelcrOe elvai ijjevhrj ovoav.
rr\s
Kara ravra
evaTTodvqoKovoLV raZs eXTTiOL, nplv Ihelv rdXrjOes Kal Karayvcnvai rcov e^ ajrarrjodvr ojv eKeivajv, ol he Kdv atodcjjvrai ^7j7Tarr)pLevoi oipe nore yepovres oKvovaiv dvaorpe^eiv alhovpLevoi jjhT] yev6p,evoL,
el heijGev
398
HERMOTIMUS
the first outline? It was there that you ought to have seen whether it was credible or acceptable thus. Once you admit the premises the rest comes flooding in you will never stay its course, and disbelief is difficult now, for what follows is consistent This has in the way it follows the agreed premises. happened to you all. Because of your love and enthusiasm you made no enquiry into the conditions at each entrance. You go forward led by the con;
sistency of what came after, not considering that things may be consistent and false. Suppose for instance you were to believe someone who said that
seven and did not count for yourself, he go on to say that four times five is cerThis tainly fourteen, and so on, as long as he likes. in the is what that marvellous geometry does beginning it presents certain monstrous postulates and demands that we consent to them though they cannot exist for instance points without parts, lines without breadth, and so on and on these rotten foundations it erects its structure and claims to demonstrate truths, in spite of the fact that it starts from a false beginning.
twice five
is
will clearly
Draw the comparison you philosophers grant the premises of the various systems and then believe everything that follows, supposing that the consistency you find, false though it is, is a proof of its essential truth. Then some of you die in your hopes before they perceive the truth and condemn their deceivers, while others, even if they see too late that they have been deceived, are old men already, and hesitate to turn back out of shame, for
:
TTapaB^KTea Cobet
SeKTca
MSS.
399
on
TTaiSwv TrpdyfjLara
exovres ov
GvvUaav
efxiilvovoiv roZs avrols vn alcrxvvrjs Kal eTTaivovGL ra Trapovra Kal ottogovs civ SvvwvraL
ware
TTporpeTTOVGiv
7tI
tol
avTO.,
e;)^a>c7t
COS"
ai^
fJirf
/xdvot
yap av
KOLKeivo opaJGLV,
on
iqv
raXrjdes
ctTTCUcrtv
OVKCTL GjXVol CJGTTp VVV Kal VTTep TOVS TToXkoVS ho^ovGiv ovhk TLixrjGOVTai ofxoiios. ovk dv ovv
eKovres
OjJLOLOL
L7tolv
ctSores",
d(f>*
olojv
ivrvxoLS
vn
avSpeias toXjxwgl
Xeyeiv
on
i^rj-
dXXovs aTTorpiiTeiv tcjv ofioLCov el 8' ovv nvi rotovrcp ivrvxots, Treipajfjieuovg, Kal (fyLXaXTJOr] re /caAet rov roLovrov Kal xP^^'^^v SiKaLov /cat, 66 j8o uAet, (f>LX6GO(f)Ov ov yap dv ol 8* aAAot (fiOovTjGaipbL rovrco fJLovco rov ovofiaros. ovSev dXrjdes loaGLV olofievoi elhivai r] etSorcs" 7] aTTOKpvTTrovrai vtto heiXias Kal aLGXvvrjs Kal rov
76
TTponfxaGdat ^ovXeoOai. KaiTOt TTpog rrjg ^Adrjvds dnavra jjuev a idacojjiev avrov Kara^aXovres Kal Xrjdrj ng
avrctjv
e<f)7]v,
ecrrcu
a)G7Tp
ra)v
rrpo
Ei)K:Aet8ou
dpxovros
TTpaxQivroiv.
8e ravrr]v ^iXoGO(j)iav VTToOejjLevot opdrjv elvai rrjv ra>v Uroj'iKwv, dXXiqv 8e [JbrjS^ r^vtha>jXv el (f)LKrrj avrrj
nvaovVy
^
Kal Svvari^ ionv, KapLvovGLv ottogol e^ievrai avrrjs. rds fxev yap VTroGxeoeis aKovoj davfjiaGrdg nvas, rjXiKa evSaLjjLovtJGovGLv ol eg ro aKporarov eXdovpidrrjv
reg, fjLovovs
ra
400
rep
av add. Jacobitz.
HERMOTIMUS
fear that in their old age they have to acknowledge that they did not know that they were playing children's games so they stick to it out of shame, and praise their lot and turn as many as they can into the same course so that they may not be the only ones who are swindled, but that a multitude of others in the same state as themselves may be a consolation to them. They realise moreover this, that if they speak the truth they will no longer be revered above the many as now, nor receive the same honour. No, they would not be ready to speak the truth, knowing as they do the heights from which they will fall to the state of ordinary mortals. You will certainly find very few brave enough to admit that they have been deceived and to turn away others from a similar attempt. If, then, you meet such a one, call him a lover of truth, honest, and just, and, if you like, a philosopher; for to him alone I would not begrudge the name. As for the rest, either they have no knowledge of the truth, though they think they have, or they know it and hide it from cowardice and shame and the wish to be highly honoured. However, in Athena's name let us forget all that
;
like all history before Euclid's archonship.^ assume that this philosophy of the Stoics
other is right, and see whether it is possible, or if those who desire it labour in vain.
For I hear that it makes wonderful promises of the happiness in store for those who attain its height, for they alone will take and possess every true good. You may know the answer to the next question better ^ The year 403-402 b.c. when the democracy was reestablished in Athens and an amnesty went into eflfect.
401
nvt
olco
YiTOJiKw
z50'
rcov
aKpcov,^
rjSovrjs
KaraaiTdadaL
jjLTJre
Se
OTTOLOV )(p'r] Tov Kavova elvai Koi yvoijxova rod Kara rrjv aperrjv ^lov o yap KOL Kara puKporarov iv^eojv dreXijs, kolv iravra TrXeLO) exj] t Se rovro o?5;^t, ovheiroj evhaipujov.
ttXovtov
EPMOTIMOE
77
OuSeVa tolovtov
clSov.
Eu
8'
ye,
cS ^EipixoTLfjie,
ATKINOE on ov
ipevbrj eKOiv.
els ri
ovv aTTO^XiiTCDV (f)iXo(TO<f)els y orav opag fji-qre rov hihdaKoXov rov gov [xrJTe rov Klvov fJLrjrc rov irpo avTOV /xr^S* dv tV SeKayovlav dvaydyrjs pL-qhiva avTCJV ao(j)6v dKpi^ios koi Sta rovro cvhalpiova yyvrjp,evov ; ovhe yap dv Klvo 6p9u)S elrrois ws
diToxpy]
xdv
ttXtjolov
6p,OLOJS
yevrj
rrjg
evSatp^ovLas , inel
ovSev o^cAo?'
yap
e^o)
/cat
v rd) VTraiBptp d re irapd rj]v dvpav e^co iard)? Kal 6 TToppcj' hiaXXdrroLev 8* dv, on p,dXXov ovros dvidcrerai opdjv iyyvdev olcov iareprjrai. elra Iva
ttXtjglov yevT)
rrjs
evhaipLovias (Sdxjo)
gol)
roGavra
iroveis
TrapaheSpdfJirjKe
g d jStos' o roGovros iv dKr^Sta Kal Kapidrcp Kal dypvnviaLS /caret) vevevKora' Kal eloavdis TTOvriGeis, d)s (f>TJs, oAAa clkoglv errj
Iva
rovXd^i'Orov y
6ySo7]Kovrovrr]g
yevopuevo?
(et
ns
402
on
^lajGrj
rooavra) opiws
HERMOTIMUS
^have you ever met a Stoic, one of the top men, of a type that feels no pain, one who is not dragged down by pleasure, who is never angry, but rises above envy, despises wealth, and is perfectly happy ? Our canon and measure of the virtuous life must be like that for if he fall short in the least thing he is imperfect, even if he has more of everything and if he is not like that, he is not yet happy.
than
HERMOTIMUS
I
Good
for
you, Hermotimus
You do
not
tell
deliberate
lies.
philosopher, his teacher nor his predecessor even back to the tenth generation truly wise and therefore happy ? For it would not be right for you to say that it is enough if you come near to happiness that is of no use a man standing by the door is as much outside the threshold and in the open as one a long way off, the difference being that the former will be more annoyed because he has a near view of what he cannot have. Then just to get near happiness (this I will grant you) you take all that trouble, wearing yourself out, and so much of
Then what have you in view as a when you see neither your teacher nor
your life has slipped away in torpor and weariness, slumped in sleeplessness; and you will labour on, as you say, for at least another twenty years, so that
when you
so long
?)
are eighty (have you a guarantee of living you may be one of those who are not yet
:
^ TotovTO) Htco'Ckw tcov aKpoiv Fritzsche (or Kal) TO) aKpat (or to dnpov) MSS.
STtolVa) toiovto) is
TOLS [JLrjSeTTW evSaLfJiOVOVGLV L firj fJLOVOg rev^ecrdai tovtov Kal alp-qaeiv Slwkcov o irpo GOV jLtaAa TToXkoi Kal dyadol Kal WKvrepoL irapa TToXv Sicx) Kovreg ov KareXa^ov.
oi-'et
78
*AAAa Kal KardXape, et 8o/cet, Kal ex^ oXov ovXXa^iov TO jJLev 817 Trpcorov ovx opco 6 tl ttot' dv Lr] rdyadoVy at? avrd^Lov Soklv tcov ttovojv tcov rOGOVTCOV. 7TLTa ? TTOGOV TL TOV XoLTTOV XROVOV dTToXavaeLS avrov yipojv tJSt] Kal iravros rjheog
e^ojpos d)V Kal Tov erepov 7708a (fyaorlv iv rfj Gopo) xo}v ; el jxij tl is dXXov, d> yevvale, j8tov Trpoyvp,vd^eis eavTOVy (hs is iKelvov iXOdiv dp,ivov
hiaydyoiSy elhcjs ovriva rpoirov XPV P^ovv ojjlolov COS" et TLS is TooovTov GKevd^OL T Kal evrpeTTL^oL
d)s
SeLTTV-jjawv
dfietvov
SLa(f)dapLs.
79
'AAAa
d)S
17
jjLTjv
ovS^ iKLv6
KaravevoTjKas of/xat
fJiiv
SiKaia TTpdrreiv Kal aocfyd Kal dvSpela, vpuels 8 (to 8e vixels OTav ecTTCO, tovs aKpovs rcov ^lAocro(f)OVVTOJV (t>''^lJ^i) d<f)evTes raura (^T^reti' Kal TTOieZv prijidTia hvGTTjva ^eAcrare Kal ovXXoyiGjjLOVs Kal diropias Kal to ttXclgtov tov ^lov inl tovtols
8iaTptj8eT, Acat os dv KpaTjj iv avTols KaXXtvLKos
VfjLiv
8oKL.
d<j)'
(x>v
of/xat
Kal
TOV
hihdGKaXo\>
otl tovs dvSpa, 9avpidCT yipovTa TTpoGOfjuXovvTas is dTTopiav KaOlGTrjGiV Kal otSev ws XPV pG9aL Kal GO(f)iGaGdaL Kal Travovpyrjoai Kal is d(f)VKTa ipi^aXelv, Kal tov Kapirov dTexv^S ovTOS Se rjv nepl ra epya nepl tov d(f)VTs
TOVTOvl
(fyXoLov
doxoXeiGde
ret <f)vXXa
KaTax^ovTcs dXX'^Xcov
404
HERMOTIMUS
happy unless you think that you alone will reach and grasp in your pursuit that w^hieh very many good and far swifter men have pursued before you and failed to catch. Well, catch it then, if you wish grasp and hold all of it but in the first place I do not see what good could ever be supposed to compensate for all these efforts. Then what time will you have left to enjoy it, old man as you will be, too far gone for pleasure, and
:
;
with one foot in the grave, as they say? Unless, my noble friend, you are putting in training for a
future
life,
so that
you can
live it better
when you
get there, knowing how to live like a man preparing and training himself for a better dinner for such a
long time that before he knows it he is dead of hunger. Moreover, you have never realised, I suppose, that
virtue lies in action, in acting justly and wisely and " " I mean the bravely. While all of you (by you these at the philosophers top) neglect things, and
are studying
how
to find
texts and syllogisms and problems. You spend most of your lives on this, and whoever wins in this race is
your Conquering Hero. That, I fancy, is why you admire this teacher of yours, the old man, because he reduces his pupils to perplexity and knows how to question and quibble and cheat and throw into inextricable confusion. So you just throw away the fruit which has to do with works and busy yourselves with the husk, in your discussions throwing
405
c5
EPMOTIMOi:
OvK, dAAa ravra.
ATKINOS
oSv OVxl Kol OpBcJS TLS <f)aL7) TTJV GKIOLV VfJids Orjpeveiv idaavras to CTcojLta ^ rod 6(f}OJ? to orv(f>ap fxdXXov he to ofxoLov d/xeArjoravra? tov oXkov;
TTOielv Ui07Tp t Tt? 6? oXfJLOV vhojp K-)(iaS V7TpCp
*H
OlSrjpO)
7TTLTTOL ^
7TpdTTLV
dvayKOLOV
Tt
KOL
TTpovpyov ol6pLvos OVK ctScus" OTL dv drro^dXr] ^aol TOVS OiflOVS TTTLTTOJVy^ vBojp OfJLOiCOS TO vSwp
80
Kat iJLOi S69 ivTavda tJSt] ipeadai ere dv e^io TOJV Xoywv to. dXXa eoiKevai
el
tw
edeXocg 8iSa-
OKoXcp, ovTOJ jiev opylXos, ovtco Se fiiKpoXoyos, ovTCD Sc ^iXoveiKos d)v Koi <f)iXrihovos vrj At", t
/cat fiTj
TtjLte;
Tt
CTtycts',^
CO
*E/3/xd-
(f>LXoGO(j)ia9
TOS, U) TrdjLtTToAAot TCOV vlcOV 77t GO(f)La TrXr^GLd^ovOLv ; diraiTCiyv yap Tvapd tlvos tcjv pLadrjTOJV tov
TjyavdKTei, Xeywv virepr^piepov elvai Kal eKTTpodeafiov tov o^AT^/xaros', ov cSet 7Tp6 eKKalSeKa Kal vea' ovtoj yap rjfjLepcov eKreTLKevai Tjj evrj
pLiadov
81
ovvdeadai. Kat enel raura rjyavdKTet, vapeaTajg 6 Oelog tov veavLGKov, dypoiKos dvdpcoTTOs Kal tStcori]? co? TTpos Ta vjjieTepa, UeTravao, etTTev, at OavpLaGLe, tol
^
TTTLTTOL
. .
TTtItTWV
C,
TTTl^rTOt
TTJlfrTCOV
'.
ttXtjttoi
TrX-qrrcov
N.
406
HERMOTIMUS
the leaves over each other.
do,
Isn't that
till
what you
all
dusk ?
HERMOTIMUS
Yes, just that.
LYCINUS
Then wouldn't it be right to say that you forget the substance and hunt the shadow, or ignore the crawling serpent and hunt the slough? Yes, and that you are like a man pouring water into a mortar and braying it with an iron pestle who thinks that he is doing essential and productive work, not knowing that although you bray your arms off, as they say, water is still water? Now here let me ask you if, leaving aside his talk, you would care to be like your teacher. Would you care to be so irritable, so mean, so quarrelsome, yes, and so fond of pleasure, even if people don't think it ? Why don't you speak, Hermotimus ? Shall I tell you what I heard the other day from a very old man who spoke in defence of some philosophy or other? Quite a number of young men keep him company to learn his wisdom, and he was in a temper as he demanded payment from one of his pupils, saying that it was overdue and that the day had gone by the debt ought to have been paid sixteen days before on the last day of the month, according to the agree:
ment.
this show of temper, the young man's came up to him. He was a countryman a " mere layman to you philosophers. Good heavens
During
uncle
Tt
aiyag Graevius
rt at
ye
MSS.
407
Xeycjv,
el
p-qiidria
uapa gov
Kairoi
TTpidiievoL
iKTeriKayiev hid^opov.
^X^^^ ^'"'' '^^^ avros koL ovhkv eXarrov yiyovi ooi rcJov jxadrjijudrajv. ret S* aAAa wv ef dp^ijs iTTiOvficov Gvvearrjcrd aoi rov
[xev
rjijuv
TreirpaKas,
veavLGKoVy 6 8* ovhkv dpieiviov yeyeviqrai 8ta ere, OS" TOVfJLOv yeirovos ^EtX^Kpdrovs Tr]v Bvyaripa cruvapTrdaas napdevov ovaav SLe(f)6Lpv Koi oXiyov
^
Slktjv <f)vye
udfjLTjv
jStatcov',
{jlt)
iycj
raXdvrov
<hvrj~
TO
irXrifjbp.eX'qfxa
*E;!^e/cparois".
rrjv
yap is opyrjv /cat dvpLov /cat di^ato^urrtav /cat is roXfiav /cat i/jevSos jJLaKpat tlvl dp,Lvov t)^ irepVGLV 7] vvv. KalroL i^ovX6pi7]v dv avTov is ravra
ilxjieXrjodai
vtto
aov
fJidXXov
rjirep
c/ceti^a
et8eVat,
iKd(JTr]v 'qpLepav irpos ripids ovhkv heopiivovs iirl TO heliTvov Sie^ipxeraL, cos KpoKoSciXos TJpirade
TTaihiov, /cat VTTeax'f]'TO.L dirohojaeiv auro, dv diroKplvTjraL 6 TTarrjp ovk olS* 6 rt, ?) ws dvayKoZov
a Kad*
ioTLv
/cat
rjixipas
ovarjs
Kepara
r^pXv 6
TTepLTrXiKOJV
rov
TOVTOLs,
/xeAera
/cat
rrpos
/cat
crp^eoets-
/cat
roiavra iroXXd KaraX'qipeis <f)avTaaLas ovofjiaTa hie^iajv. dKovofxev 8e avrov Xiyovros ojs /cat o deos OVK iv ovpavco ianv dXXd 8ta Trdvrojv
7T(f)OLrr]KVj olov ^vXojv /cat XidcjDV /cat ^c^ujv dxpi/cat rwv drip,ordrojv . /cat rrjs yc fxrjrpos ipo-
fiivTjs
avrov rt ravra
X-qpel,
KarayeXdaas
avrrjs,
408
HERMOTIMUS
we bought some pretty talk from you and haven't paid you the balance yet. In any case you still have what you sold to us your capital of knowledge is not reduced. And what about my hopes in sending the young man to you in the first place ? You've made him no better he carried off my neighbour Echecrates' daughter, a virgin, and raped her. He only just missed a summons for assault, but I paid a talent to Echecrates, who is a poor man, in recompense for his crime. The other day he thrashed his mother because she caught him carrying off the wine jar under his coat his contribution, I suppose, to the As for passion and anger and shamelesswine-feast. ness and recklessness and lying, he was far better last
:
year than he is now. Yet I would have liked him to be helped by you in this sort of thing, rather than have all that knowledge which every day at dinner he parades at us, though we've no need of it how a crocodile carried off a young lad, and promised to give him back if his father answered some question or other; or how when it's day it can't be night. Sometimes our fine gentleman even makes horns grow out of our heads, he t^dsts our words so.^ We laugh at all this, especially when he stops up his ears and does his practice and says over to himself his states
: *
'
conditions and and comprehensions images,' and a string of other names like these. hear him say that God is not in heaven but pervades everything sticks and stones and beasts And when his mother right down to the meanest. asks him why he talks such nonsense, he laughs at
'
and
'
'
'
We
"
Have you stopped beating your wife ? " is the modern " Have you lost your horns ? "
(f>vy
Reitz
<j>vyov
MSS.
409
/cat
Kaddpjxara
82
elTTOvro?, 6 (j)LX6oo<f>os
(L
'EpjLtdrtjLte,
opa
cLs
dTTKpivaTOy
ydp,
otct
'AAA'
iTTXrjorla^ev ovros,
ovk
el
Kal vrj Ata taco? rev SrjpLLa) TTapahehooOaL ; ws vvv ye ;)(aAti'or riva ep.pepX7]KV auTo) 7) <f)LXoGo<f)La Kal r) npos ravrrjv atSat?, Kal 8ta rovro pLerpicvrepos eanv vpXv Kal (f)opr)r6 en. <f)epei ydp riva alaxvvrjv auroi, el dvd^Los ^atVotro TOV ox'^lP'O.TOs Kal rod ovo/xaroj, a hrj irapaKoXovdovvra TTaihayojyel avrov. wcrre St/catos" dv etrjv, el Kal jJiTj (Lv peXrlcx) dTrecfyrjva, jxiadov Trap* vpucov Xa^elvy oAA' ovv eKeivcjv ye a /jlt] heSpaKev eirel /cat at rirdai roidhe alSovfievos <f)LXoGO(j)iav
e^epydaaadai
XeyovGL TTepl rcov Traihiajv, (hs dTTLrrjreov ? 8i8acr/caAoi>* /cat ydp dv pnqherro} fiadelv
avrols
dyadov
hvvojvrai, oAA' ovv <j>avXov ovhev TTOirjOOVGiv eKel pievovres. iyd) fxev ovv rd dXXa ndvra dTTOTrXrJGaL /xot 8o/coj, /cat ovnva dv edeXrjg ru)V
rd rjpierepa, rjKe pLOi es" avpiov TrapaAajScov re ottojs epcora Kal ttcjs dTTOKpiverai Kal ocra lxep,dOrjKev Kal ocra tJSt] dveyvcoKe j3tj3Ata irepl
elSorojv
oijjei
TTepl
d^iOjpLdrojv, TTepl GvXXoyiGpidjv, irepl KaraXijifjecos , KaOrjKovrojv Kal dXXa TTOiKiXa. el he ri rrjv
7}
pLTjrepa ervTrrev
TTpos efie
ov ydp TTatSayajyov
83
Totaura yepojv dvdpcjTTog vrrep (jyiXoGocfyiag eXeye. Gv he Kal avros dv <f)aLrjSi to 'Ep)LtoTt/xe, uKavov
410
HERMOTIMUS
her and says If I learn this nonsense properly, there will be nothing to stop me being the only rich man, the only king, and the rest slaves and scum " compared with me.' This is what the man said. Now hear the philosopher's reply, Hermotimus, the answer of experi" ence If he had not come to me, don't you think he would have done much worse, and even perhaps have faced the public executioner? As it is, philosophy and his regard for philosophy have put a bit in his
: :
*
"
"
mouth, and so he is more moderate and still tolerable. For it brings some shame on him if he shows himself unworthy of that dress and name, things which accompany him and serve as a tutor. So I deserve my pay from you, if not for any improvement I have
at any rate for what out of respect for philosophy he has not done. Nurses too say as much, that little children must go to school if they are still too young to learn anything good, at any rate they will be out of mischief while they are there. No, in general I think I have done what I had to do. Come tomorrow and bring along anyone you like who knows our teaching, and you Avill see how he asks questions and gives answers, how much he has learnt and how many books he has read already on axioms, syllogisms,
made,
comprehensions, properties, and all sorts of things. If he has beaten his mother or carried off girls, what is that to me ? You didn't make me his
chaperon." This was the defence of philosophy that the old man gave. Would you too agree, Hermotimus, that
411
rovro
(j)LXoGO(f>OLr]^ev ,
ctt'
oAAatS" iXTrioLv i^ ^ (fyavXorepojv OLpx'rjs <f)LXoGO(f)LV r)^LOviJLv, ovx <^S rwv Ihicorcov
ttparrot fiev ;
KOGfJLLCVrepOL
oLTTOKplvrj
L7][JLV
7TpLVOarOVVrS
ri OVV
OVK
Kal rovro;
EPMOTIMOE
Tt 8e aAAo t) on /cat haKpvaai oXiyov 8eco; c? roaovro jjiov KadcKcro 6 Xoyog dXrjdrjs <x>v, Kal
fjLLdOovs
oSvpofiai, oaov adXios ;)(/)ovov dvdXojKa /cat TTpoaen OVK oXlyovg reXojv dvrl ru)v ttovidv. wvl
yap
(x)G7Tp
jjiedrjg
ravra.
ATKINOS
84
haKpvwv, cL XRV^"^^ i '^^ Y^P "^^u eKCLvo irdw crvverov, olp,ai, ov Algcottos SltjfJLvdov yeiro' yap dvBpwTTOv riva ivl rfj rjXovL (f)r)
Kat
Tt
8t
KaOeCoficvov inl rrjv KVfxarcjyrjv dpiOixelv rd KVfxaray o^aXevra hk Kal axOeodai Kal dvtaa^at, dxpi' 8t^ rrjv /cepSco napaGrdGav etVetP* avrw, Tt, cS yevvale, dvta rcbv TrapeXOovrwv eVc/ca, hiov rd ivrevdev dp^dfjLvov dpidfieLV dp,eXrjGavra eKecvajv ; Kat GV rOLWVy TTL7Tp OVrCO GOL So/CCt, ? TO XoiTTOV dv dfxeLvov TTOirJGaLs ^iov re kolvov diTaGL pLovv d^LciJv Kal GVfiTToXLrevGrj rols ttoXXols ovhev dXXoKorov Kal rrv(j)Cx)pbevov iXTTL^ojVy Kal ovk aLGxvvfjy rjvTTep v cfypovfj?, el yepojv dvdpcoTTOS fxeraixadTJorr) Kal /LtTa;^6op7jcret? npos ro ^eXriov. 85 ravra vavra, cS ^iXoriqs, oiroGa elirov, fjurj fie
Kard rrjs ^rods TrapeoKevaGfievov iq rivd ex^poiv e^aiperov rrpds STCot/cou? eTravrjp-qpievojjLLGrjs
412
HERMOTIMUS
enough that we study philosophy in order to keep Or was it with other hopes that we thought it worth while to study philosophy in the first place, not so that in our goings and comings we
it is
out of mischief ?
should present a fairer face than the layman do you not answer this as well ?
Why
HERMOTIMUS
Only because I could almost weep. Your argument is true, and I'm driven to this I'm in anguish at the time I've wasted like a fool, and at all the money I've paid for my labours, too. I was drunk and now I am sober and am seeing just what it was that I loved and what I have gone through for it.
:
LYCINUS
When
There's a deal of sense, tears, honest friend ? think, in that fable of Aesop's where a man sits on the shore by the water's edge to count the waves.
Why
he fails he is hurt and takes it badly, until " the Fox comes up to him and says Why are you worrying about those that have gone, my noble sir ? Let them go and begin your count from here." And so with you since that is your view, you will do better in the future to make up your mind to join in the common life. Share in the city life of everyday, and give up your hopes of the strange and pufFedup. You will not be ashamed, if you are wise, to learn afresh in your old age and make a change for the better. In all that I have said, my dear friend, do not think that I have directed my argument against the Stoa, or that I have some special hatred for the Stoics. No, it applied to all alike. I should
:
413
EPMOTIMOE
86
d7TLp,L yovv p,TapaXoLfJir]v /cat avro hrj
Eu
Acycts"
ctt*
avro rovro, wg
6ipL
to
oxrjfJLa.
yovv
ovK
ets"
^a6vv ndvra
fxaKpdv ovt TTcoycova a>G7rep vvv Xdoriov Kal ovre Statrav KeKoXacrfievrjv, dAA' dvera /cat iXevOepa. rdx^. 8c /cat rrop^uptSa
^era/x^taoro/xat, cos" etSetcv diravres on jjLrjKen jjlol Tcov Xijpcov eKelvojv jxereaTLv. cos" et^e ye /cat
i^epLeaai Bvvarov rjv diravra c/cetva, OTrdora rJKovoa avTiov, /cat cu tcj^t, ovk dv wKvrjGa /cat iXXe^opov TTielv hid rovro is ro epLiraXiv ri 6
Trap*
yipVOLTTTTOS y
OTTOjg
jJLTjSeV
rL
VOT^CTatjLtt
<Lv
(fyaGLV.
GOV 8* OVV OV fXLKpdv X^P^^ olSa, c5 AvkIvC, OTt jLt 7Tapa(f>ep6ixvov vtto doXepov rivog x^^l^^PP^^ f^^^^
rpax^os, Tnhih6vra ipavrov /cat /caret povv avppeovra rep vhan, dvcGTraaas eTnords, ro rcov rpaycpScov rovro, deog c/c ^T];^ai^s" iinijyaveLs. hoKCj he fjLOL OVK oAoycos" dv /cat ^vp-qoacrOaL r7)v
Ke(f)aXriv
atanep ol
/cat
c/c
eXevdepoi, are
axXvv
cts"
ro
Kav
dKcov
TTore
o8aj
^ahii^wv
ivrvxoj,
ovrojs
/cat
Trepian^croixai
414
HERMOTIMUS
have said the same to you if you had chosen the school of Plato or Aristotle and condemned the rest without a trial. As it is, you have given pride of place to the Stoics, and so the argument has seemed to be directed against the Stoa, although it had no
particular
grudge against
it.
HERMOTIMUS
see me without this big, shaggy beard. I shall not punish my daily life, but all will be liberty and freedom. Perhaps I shall even put on purple, to show everybody that I've no part in that nonsense now. Could I but spew out all that I have heard from them! I can tell you that I would not flinch from drinking hellebore, for the opposite reason to Chrysippus to remember their doctrines no more. So it is no small favour that I owe you, Lycinus you came and pulled me out when I was being carried to it away by a rough, turbid torrent, giving myself " and going with the stream. You were a God from the machine," as in the play. I think I might well shave my head like free men who are saved from shipwreck, to give thanks for salvation today now that I have had so heavy a mist shaken off my eyes. If in the future I ever meet a philosopher while I am walking on the road, even by chance, I will turn round and get out of his way as if he were a mad dog.
You are right. I am going away to do just that to make a change of dress as well. You will soon
d^wv N;
d.^iv
r.
:
oScD Fritzsche
ev 68a>
MSS.
415
WORDS"
short piece on the blending of dialogue and comedy into genre, with a hint of pride at Lucian's achievement iu effecting the marriage.
new
VOL. VI.
OvKovv
rovTO,
(L
IlpofjL7]dea /xe
elvai ^tJ?;
Kajjiol
fiev
Kara
apiGT,
COS"
TrqXivojv
rcov epyojv
ovTcov, yvcopi^o) rrjv CLKova /cat ^i^/x-t opioios lvai auTo), ouS* dvalvofiaL TTrjXoTrXdOos d/couetv, el Kal
<f>avX6TpOS ifJLol 6 TTTjXoS OtO? cV TpLoSoV, ^Op^OpOS TLS irapd fjLLKpov. el he VTrepevaivcov rovs Xoyovs ws Srjdcv evfirj^dvov^ ovras rov GO<j>d>TaTOV rcbv
TiTOLViov
<f)7J
7TL<jyr]pLiiI,is
7raivo),
ttoOcv
yap
vpirixo.vov rovfiov ;
rig 8 c
Kal TTpopL'qdeLa iv rols ypdfjLp,aij TTcpLTTrj oo<f)La GLV ; CO? /xotye iKavov el fxr] irdw ooi yrJlVa eho^ev iJL7]he KOfiihfj d^ia rov KavKdcrov. KairoL 770(70) ScKaiorepov vp^eis dv elKd^oiade rep Ylpopi'qdel,
OTTocroL ev hiKais evhoKLp,elre
vpuv rd epya, koI vrj Ata Kal ro deppuov avrcjjv GrL SLdTTVpov Kal rovro eK rod Ilpop,7]9eajs dv
etr],
TrXrjv
7T7]Xov
el p,7] evl ^ SiaXXdrroire, on p^rj ^ eK nXdrrere dXXd p^puaa vpxv rols TToAAot? rd
7rXdap,ara.
^
/X17
fiv
\iy\
kvX
Fritzsche.
418
So you say
friend,
am
a Prometheus
If
by
this,
works like his are of clay, I accept the comparison and agree that I am like him. I don't object to being called a clay-worker, even if my mud is rather dirty stuff from a roadjunction, little better than filth. But if you are over-
my
my
praising
wrought and graciously assigning the name of the wisest of the Titans to them, you may find that people will detect irony and an Attic sniff in your In what way is my work well wrought? praise. What superlative wisdom and Promethean foresight
is
my
there in my writings ? I am quite content if you thought them not too earthy, not quite worthy of the Caucasus. Yet how much more just would it be to compare to Prometheus all you people who win fame What you do by fighting real battles in the courts is truly alive and breathing and, yes, its heat is that of fire.^ This too is from Prometheus with the sole difference that what you fashion is not clay but in
!
many
Prometheus
stole fire
and gave
it
to mortals.
2
fjLijBe
MSS.
{lij
Reitz.
419
ol is
rcov
TO.
ttXtJOt]
TrapLovres
kol ras"
TOLavras
aKpodoecjjv
/cat
arra
eTTtSet/ci/u/xe^a,
Kaddnep cf)'qv jxiKpov ^jxirpoodevy tj TrXaarLKT) Kara ravrd toZs KopoirXadoLS' ra S' aAAa ovre KLirqois ofJLola TTpoGeoTLV ovre ^XV^ Selyixd tl, aXXd
repi/jLS
^
dXXojs
cti'at
/cat
TratSta to TTpdyfia.
fjLT]
a)ar
jjlol
vdv[jLL(j6aL
7rLGL
cos"
dpa
ovTOJ
fie
Upoiirjdea
(f>'r]aLV
Aeyets"
/coj/xt/cos"
tov I^ccoi^a*
inel
/cat
evdpvTrra
tjjjuv
ra
epya
XiOov
ns
dv Trdvra^ Katrot, ^atT^ ns dv TrapaixvOovfievos y ov ravra ^ ro) O/oo/xT^^et, oAAd ro Kaivovpyov t/ca<7e G
iiraivibv
/cat pLJ) rrpos dXXo dp^irvirov vjGTTep iKeluos ovk ovrcov dvOpwTTOJV
rovro
riois
/xe/xt/iT^jLteVov,
ivvoTJoas
/cat
avrovs
dveTrXaoev,
d)s
/cat
rotavra
foia
etrj
fiopc/icoGas
ScaKOGfjirJGas
evKLvrjrd re
/cat
fxev he ri
to
oXov dpxi-reKrcov
rj *A6r)vd rroiovoa elvai
ep^ifrvxa
:
Ac'yciy
Schaefer
Ac'yoty
MSS.
420
'
We
offer
our lectures, such as they are, show you a few figurines, and our modelhng is entirely in mud as I said just now, like that of doll-makers. In general there is no movement in them that corresponds to life nor any indication of breathing. No, the whole
business
is
occurring to
metheus.
**
me Prometheus as the comic poet called Cleon He says of him, you remember,
Cleon's a Prometheus after the event."
empty enjoyment and play. So it's me to wonder whether you are calling
Pro-
to call potters and oven" workers and all workers in clay Prometheuses," in burn jest at the clay or even perhaps the way they " If your their products in the furnace. Prome" theus means that, you have hit the mark well with an Attic pungency of wit, since our works too are as throw a little stone and you fragile as their pots
would smash the lot. Yet someone might console me by saying "It was not in these respects that he compared you to Prometheus. No, he was praising your originality in following no exemplar, just as Prometheus at a time when no men existed fashioned them from his imagination, when he gave shape and form to such living creatures that they might move easily and be He was the master-craftsman, graceful to see. though Athena helped by breathing into the mud and
Se add. Dindorf.
: : kol TrqXov etvat rj TnjXov elvai * av irdvra Jacobs : aTravra MSS.
'
fcai
Lehmann.
eiKoad a Dindorf
eiKoiaai
MSS.
421
6 [xev ravra av
lttol, irpos
ye
to
etxjyrjjjLorarov ^r]yovfjLvos
to
lpr][j,vov,
.
/cat
tcrcos'
ovTOS 6 vovs
LKavov,
el
rjv TO)
XeXeyixevo)
ifJLol
Se ov ttolw
;(06
Kai.voTTOLelv
XeyeLv ap^o^iorepov
Sokoltjv,
el
/xi^Se
rt?
dnoyovov eariv.
dv
a0avtcrat/xt.
ifjLOL,
rj
aXXd
ouS'
ct
dv
(IxjieXTjoeiev
firj
yovv
Kaivorrjs,
/cat
ot);^t
dfjLopcfyov
ov.
^
ye
[jltj
ovtoj
(f)povoLT]v,
dv elvai
[jlol
Sokoj
vtto
e/c/catSe/ca
yvTTOJV
Kel-
peadaif ov Gvviels cus" ttoXv diJLop(f)6repa rd jjuerd rod ^evov avro ^ Treirovdora. * 4 6 Adyov hvo Kaivd e? YiroXepiaios yovv
AlyvTTTOV
jjueXaLvav
BaKrpuavrjv Trafx^ cos rd [xev rd he erepov ripLLTOfiov avrov dKpL^oJS fxeXav elvai, is VTreppoXrjv XevKoVy err* lg7]s Se ixepiepiapievovt is rd Oearpov Gvvayayojv rods Alyvirrlovs ineSecKwro avroLS dXXa re TToXXd dedjiara /cat rd reXevralov /cat ravra, rrjv KafirjXov /cat rdv
dyojv,
Kafxr^Xov
/cat
SL)(pcD[Jiov
re
dvdpojTTOv,
rjfjLiXevKov
loero eKirXij^eLV rw dvdpojTTOV, /cat ol Se irpds /xev rj]v KdfxrjXov i(f)oPijdrjaav /cat dXlyov Selv e<f>vyov dvadopovres, Kalroi ^^pvaw
dedfjLarL.
/cat
TTaoa iKeKOGjxrjro
aXovpylSi iirearpcoro
/cat
Aapelov nvds
rj
aov
ri
Y^vpov
avrov
KeLp/qXiov.
irpds
KafjL^v8e rdv
dvOpcjTTOv ol pLev TToXXol iy eXojVy ol Se rives d)S ware d YiroXep^alos repan epLVodrrovro i-rrl Gvveis on ovk euSo/ct/xct ctt* avrols ovSe davpid^erai vird rd)v hlyvnriojv rj Kaivdrrjs, dXXd rrpd avrijs
.
ye Reitz
re
MSS.
422
'
'
putting at least a gracious interpretation on your words, and perhaps that was what you meant. Yet I am not at all satisfied to be thought an innovator with no older model to father this work of mine. No, if it were not thought graceful as well, I should certainly be ashamed of it, believe me, and trample it
under foot and destroy it. The originality would be no help, as far as I am concerned, to prevent the ugly
If I didn't think this, I thing's being obliterated. should consider it right to have sixteen vultures tear
me
for not
understanding
how much uglier are the when they are combined with
Ptolemy the son of Lagus two novelties to brought Egypt a completely black Bactrian camel and a man of two colours, half jetblack and half dazzlingly white, the colours equally He assembled the Egyptians in the theatre, divided. where he put on a lot of other shows for them and lastly this, the black camel and the half-white man, thinking to amaze them by the spectacle. The spectators however took fright at the camel and all but jumped up and ran away and that though the camel was adorned all over with gold and draped in sea-purple and the bridle was set with gems, the treasure of some Darius or Cambyses or Cyrus himAs for the man, most of them laughed, but self. some were disgusted as at a monstrosity. So when Ptolemy realised that he got no credit in their eyes and the Egyptians did not admire the novelty but
Take an example.
2
^
avro Marcilius.
So Seager
ow MSS.
423
ye
rcov
efjLcov
e^cu
fjirj
hiareiveGdai
ws
roLovrcov
r)
ovrojv,
dXXd SeSia
.
ro eKarepov
/cat
/coAAos"
/xtfts"
Gvve<f)deLpev
Ov Trdw yovv
StoAoyos' Kat
r)
crvvrjOr]
c^tAa e^ dpx^]?
^v 6
Kad* eavrov /cat vrj Ala ev rols TrepiTrdrois /xer* oXiyoiv rds StarptjSa? cVotctro, 7) he irapahovoa rep Alovvgo) eavrrjv dedrpcp cLfilXeL /cat ^vvenaL^e /cat
Kcxjp^cohia,
el
ye 6
p,ev olkol
irpos
eyeXojroTTolei koi eTTeaKOJirre /cat ev pvOficp e^aLve auAov evlore /cat to dXov dvajralaroLS p^erpois
7TOXovp,evr)
rd rroXXd.
rovs
Se
rov SiaXoyov
fierecopoXeaxcLS
/cat
'
set more store on beauty of form and line, he sent them away and esteemed them no longer as before. The camel died through neglect, and the half-and-
half
man he presented to Thespis the pipe-player for playing prettily at a carousal. I am afraid that my work too is a camel in Egypt
and people admire its bridle and its sea-purple, since even the combination of those two very fine creations, dialogue and comedy, is not enough for beauty of form if the blending lacks harmony and symmetry. The synthesis of two fine things can be a freak the hippocentaur is an obvious example you would not
call
this creature
go by the paintings of their drunken orgies and murders. Well then, can nothing beautiful come from the synthesis of two things of high quaUty, as the mixture of wine and honey is exceedingly pleasant? Yes, certainly. But I cannot maintain that this is the case \vith my two: I'm afraid that the beauty of each has been lost in the blending. Dialogue and comedy were not entirely friendly and compatible from the beginning. Dialogue used to sit at home by himself and indeed spend his time in the public walks with a few companions Comedy gave herself to Dionysus and joined him in the theatre, had fun with him, jested and joked, sometimes stepping in time to the pipe and generally riding on anapaests. Dialogue's companions she
to
;
^
~
top-
dvdpatnov
seel.
Lehmann.
'
MSS.
/cat /xtav
ravTqv
KOL
TTpoaLpeaiV
TTjv
7TTTOLr)TO
.KlVOVS
771(1 Ka)7TTLV
ALOvvGLaKTjv iXevOeplav Karax^lv avrwv, dpri p,kv dcpoparovvrag SeLKVvovaa Kal ve(f)eXais ^vvov ras", dpTL Se ifwXXcov nrjh'qixaTa SLajxerpovvra? , d)9 6 SidXoyos Sc hrjdev rd dipia XeTrroXoyovfievovs iTTOLelro rds avvovGias (jivaecos re Trept, aeiivordras Kal dperrjs (f)LXooo<f)djv ware, to tcjv pbovcnKcov TOVTO, his hid Traactjv etvat ttjv dppioviav, diro rod o^vrdrov is rd papvTarov. koI dpucjs iroXfii]'. .
ovrcos expvra npos dXXr^Xa ^vvap[x6aai ov ndvu Treidopieva ^vvayayelv ovSe evfxapdJs dve^^ojxeva ttjv KOLvojviav AeSta Toiwv firj avdis ofjLOCov rt rep UpOfirjdeZ r<p GO) 7T7TOl7)KiOS ^atVojjLtat TO ^TJAu TOi dppVl p,dXXov cy/caTajLtt^as" /cat 8t auTO hlKrjv vttogxoj. /cat Kar oAAo Tt tolovtos dv <f>avir]v ,^ i^aTrarcov LGO)s rovs dKovovrag /cat oard napaOels avrolg
crajjuev
r)p.LS
rd
/cat
yeXcora KcopiKov vtto /cat to ydp rijs kX7ttlk7Js aep,v6ry]ri (f)iXoa6<f)tp ydp KXeTTTLKTJs 6 deos diraye. rovro fiovov ovk dv eliTOis VLvai rots Tjp^erepoLS. rj irapd rod yap dv iKXenropLev ; el imtj dpa Tt? /xe hUXadcv tolov^ Kal TpayeXd(f)ovs /cat avTos" Tovs LTTTTOKafJLTTOVs cruvTedeLKOJS. ttXtjv dXXd ri dv Trddoip.i; e^/xcvcriov ydp ols dira^ 7rpo(,X6p,rjV' inel to ye /xrapovXeveodai ^Et7nixT]6eaJS epyov, ov II pop^rjOecjos
KKaXvfjLp.va
TTJ
TTt/xeAf^,
.
earlv.
^
So some late MSS. TrpoeXevaiv j3y. So Mras after Bekker, Fritzsche, Reitz
:
fi^
koI aAAo
TotovTo
'
some MSS.
:
Kal
i^anariov
(sic)
T.
So Solanus
TnTvoKd^irras
MSS.
426
'
mocked
"
''
suchlike.
and
drown them in Dionysiac liberties. She showed them now walking on air and mixing with the clouds, now measuring sandals for fleas ^ her notion of
heavenly subtleties, I suppose! Dialogue however took his conversations very seriously, philosophising about nature and virtue. So, in musical terms, there were two octaves between them, from highest to lowest. Nevertheless I have dared to combine them as they are into a harmony, though they are not in the least docile and do not easily tolerate partnership.
Well,
am
afraid that I in
my
turn
may seem
;
to
have acted something like your Prometheus in mixing female with male and may be charged with that or rather that I may seem a Prometheus in another
respect
this alone you could theft), away Avith that charge not say was in my works. Whom could I steal from ? Unless someone has invented such fish-horses and
goat-stags independently without my knowing. But what could I do ? I must abide by what I chose
once and for all. To change one's plan of Epimetheus, not Prometheus.^
^
is
the work
'
In the Clouds of Aristophanes. See Hesiod, Theogony 537 fiF. I.e., Afterthought, not Forethought.
427
THE
SHIP
OR THE WISHES
A satire on the folly of human wishes. As in Plato's Republic, a visit to Piraeus leads to general discussion, with on the Lycinus, unlike Socrates, confining himself to an attack " " views of his companions. For a discussion on the Isis and her trip see L. Casson's article in Transactions of the American
Philological Association, vol. 81 (1950), and B. S. J. Isserlin's note, T.A.P.A., vol. 86 (1955), with Casson's reply, ibid. 87 (1956).
nAOION H EYXAI
ATKINOE
1
iyoj eXeyov ori ddrrov rovs yvTrag ecjXos VKp6s V <l>aVpa> KLfJLVOS t} ^cajLtCt Tt TCJV TTapaho^ojv TtjLtoAaov StoAa^ot, Kav et? Y^opivdov hioL aTTVVOTL dlovTa ainevai hia rovro ; ovro)
<l>LXoddiJLOjv
OvK
ov yc
/cat
aoKvos
ra.
roLavra.
TIMOAAOE
6t> AvKLve, GXoXrjv dyovra ovTCDS VTTepfJLeyedrj vavv kol nepa rov 7Tv96pLVOV fjuerpov is rov HeLpaid KaraneTrXcvKevaL /xtW rojv 6m AlyvTTTOV 9 ^IraXiav airaycuyajv ; of/xat Se
Tt yap
cSct 7TOLiv,
/cat
G<f>(x)y
ere
re
/cat
aAAo
Tt i^
acneos
t]Klv
ATKINOS
^AScLfxavrog 6 MvppLvovatos ^iTrero fied* rjfjLwv, dAA' ovk ofS' ottou rui^ c/cctrds" corrti/ dTTOTrXavqdelg v rep TrArj^et rcDv dearcov. d-xpt'
Nt] Ata,
/cat
fjLev
ydp
rrJ9
vewg a/xa
-qXOofJiev
/cat
avtoi^re?
sr
awTT^i^,
8e d
jxev, olfMaL, SajLttTTTTC, TTporjeLg, /xera or 'ASei/xai^os" "^^i^, ctr' cyco /xcr' Keivov ixop^evos
au
diro^ddpas oX-qs x^Lpaywycov VTTohe.hep.ivov dvvnoh'qros avTOS coi', TO diTO rovTov he ovKin avrov elhov ovre evhov ovre iirel KareX7]Xv9apev.
TTapeTrcpufje
avrov
430
THE
Didn't
I
SHIP
OR THE WISHES
LYCINUS
say that it was easier for vultures to miss a stinking corpse in the open than for Timolaus to miss an odd sight, even if he had to run off to Corinth You are so fond for it without a pause for breath ? of shows, and so determined in such matters.
TIMOLAUS
have done, then, Lycinus, having nothing to do, and hearing that such a huge boat, exceptionally large, had put into Piraeus, one of the Egyptian grain ships on its way to Italy ? I fancy that you two, you and Samippus here, have come from Athens for exactly the same reason, to see the
should
I
What
ship.
LYCINUS
^ came is so, and Adimantus of Myrrinous he is now he where know with I don't but us, along has wandered off in the crowd of spectators. Until we reached the ship and went aboard, you, I think, Samippus, were in front, and then came Adimantus, and next I myself, holding on to him with both hands; he led me by the hand all the way up the gangway I had shoes on, he was barefoot but then I didn't see him again either on board or when we came back to the shore.
That
A deme
in Attica.
Olada
ovu,
cS
Avklv,
ottov
rjfjLds
dTreXnrev ;
to
tt]v
Kadapdv
odovrjv ivhebv-
Kos,
dvaSehefjidvov
diJb<f)6Tepa
Tov
ig
rovTTiaa}
^ASeL/xavTOV otSa, ot/xat, yXa<f)Vp6v ovtcd deafxa KLvos IBcjv pLaKpd ^aipeiv <f>pd(jas rep Klyvmicp
vavTTTjyo)
7TpL7jyovp,v<x)
rd ipojTLKd.
ATKINOE
pLTjv ov Trdvv KaXos, co ^diJLLinre, 6 jXipaKlGKOS cSo^C piOL, (1)S dv KOI ^ASetpLavTOV iKTrXyj^ai, lo togovtol ^Ad-qvrjGt kolXoI eTTOvrai, TTdvTS iXevdepoL, GrcopLvXoL TO (f)9eyp,ay TraXaiGrpa^ drTOTTveovres , 0I9 Kal TrapaSaKpvGai ovk dyewes, ovTos Se TTpos TO) pLeXdyxpovg elvat Kal TTpox^iXos iGTL Kal AcTTTos" dyav toIv GKeXolv, Kal (j>9iyyTO 7nGGVppLVOV TL Kol GVVX9 Kal 7rtTpo;(OV, *KXXrjviGTl /xcV, ? TO Trdrpiov 8e rco tpocfxp kol rep rijs (fxjovrjs rovtp, r) Kopbrj 8c Kal is rovTTLGO) 6 ^ TrXoKapLog GweGireipapLevog ovk iXevOepov cj^riGLv avTov Lvai.
Kat
TIMOAAOS
3
ToUTO
p,V
^
AlyvTTTLOLS
poL TratSe? dvanXeKovraL GT rrpos ro i^iq^iKov, epLTToXiv ri ol TTpoyovoL rjpLcov, ots iSoKci KaXov
etvat,
VTTO TCTTtyt
XP^^^
dveiXrjppLevov.
432
Do you know
it
think
when Cupid's
about.
LYCINUS
Well, Samippus, the young lad didn't seem to me very pretty, not enough to excite Adimantus at any He has a crowd of beauties following him in rate. Athens, all of them free-born, full of chatter, and breathing wrestling-schools; it wouldn't be ignoble even to weep in their presence. This fellow is not only dark-skinned, but thick-lipped and too thin in the leg. He spoke in a slovenly manner, one long, continuous prattle he spoke Greek, but his accent and intonation pointed to his native-land. His hair coiled in a plait behind shows he is not freeborn.
;
TIMOLAUS
This is a sign of high birth in Egypt, Lycinus. All the free-born boys plait it until they come of age it's just the opposite to our ancestors, who thought it comely for old men to fasten up their hair in a knot, vnth a golden cicada-brooch to hold it.
;
^ 2
433
sAMinnoL on rjjjids
SovkvSlSov
GvyypaiJLfjidrajv,
a iv
7Tpl TTJS dpXO-id'S rjfJbOJV TpV<f>'f] L7TV "loxTtv, oTT-dre ol rore ovvaTTcpKLoav .
Tols
ATKINOL
4
'Arap,
r)pL(x)v
a)
HdfiLTrne ,
d7TXL(f)dr)
7TL
rwv
LAMinnos
Eu
ravOa
Xeyeig.
tl
8*
ovv XPV
t]
7tollv
-qpuds
V-
ideXeus
iyd)
avBis
TIMOAAOE
ecKos yap rjhr] iraTTpotajfJuev. MT^Sa/xcD?, peXrjXvdevaL Klvov dTToao^ovvra ig to dcrrv, 7Tl el be (jlt], aAA* otSe li7]Kd* rjfjbd? VpLV ihvvaTO
.
oAAa
rrjv
pLrj
ciTroAct^-
del?
dTTOpovKoXrjdfj.
ATKINOL
*0pdT6,
diTLevaL.
fJiT]
aKaiov
tj
<J)lXov
^ahi^coiJiev
8'
rovTO SoKeX.
EAMinnoL
Kat /xoAa
5 TTaXaiarpav
SoKely
rjv
ttojs
KaraXd^ajfiev.
434
Good, Timolaus you remind me of Thucydides, where he writes in the introduction to his work about
;
our ancient luxury among the lonians, when the people of that time went away to found colonies
together.^
LYCINUS
remember where Adimantus left us, Oh, now Samippus when we stood a long time by the mast, looking up and counting the layers of hide, and marvelling at the sailor going up among the shrouds and then running quite safely along the yardarm up there holding on to the ropes.
I
:
SAMIPPUS
Good! Then what must we do now? Wait for him here ? Or would you like me to go back again
to the ship
?
TIMOLAUS
He has probably already Oh, go passed us, rushing off to the city, when he couldn't find us again. In any case Adimantus knows the road, and there is no danger of his going astray if we desert him. LYCINUS
no, let us
on.
Isn't it rather churlish to
go
off
But
let us
walk on
all
the same,
if
SAMIPPUS
Certainly Incidentally,
;
we may
^
find the
gymnasium
still
what a huge
ship!
I, vi.
open.
hundred and
435
Thucydides
vavs,
LKOGL
Kttt
vavTTTiyos TO
fjLTJKog,
KaravriKpv
8e dvdXoyov
r)
6 pLev yap dXXos rrjv ^Iglv iKaripcoBev. KOGpios, at ypa(f)al kou tov lgtlov to irapoiGeiov TTvpavyis, Kal irpo tovtojv at dyKvpai /cat GTpo<f>La
e^ovGa
/cat
7TpLayojyLS
ot/crjorcts
vavrcjv
etvat,
ttjv irpvp^vav davpLOLGLa iravra /xot cSo^cj^. /cat to ru)v GrparoTreSo) dv tls t/caatev. ttXtjOos
/cat
Kal
at
Kara
iXiyero 8c
TTCtat
cos
LKavov
irpos
TOt?
^ArriKfj
iviavGiov
Tpo<f)'qv.
yipcov
TJSrj
Ta TrjXLKavTa
TrrjSdXca irepLGTpicjxjjv iSelxdr] yap puoL dva(f)aXavrias TLSt ovXos, "Hpcov, of/xat, Tovvopta.
TIMOAAOE
OaUjLtaortO? TTJV TCXVrjV, (Ls <j>aGKOV 7rXeovTS, /cat to, daXaTTia GO(f>6s virep tov
ol
ip,'
HpcoTca.
7 rfKOVGOTe 8e ottcos Sevpo KOT^yaye to ttXolov, ola erradov rrXeovTes r] (hs 6 aGTTjp avTOvs Gojgv ;
ATKINOE
Ou/c,
oratjLtCl'.
CO
TipuoXae,
dXXd vvv
rjSiojs
dv
a/coi;-
436
How gently the poop curves up, stay to hold it up with a little golden goose below And correspondingly at the opposite end, the prow juts right out in
!
front, with figures of the goddess, Isis, after the ship is named, on either side. And the other
like fire, anchors in front of
whom
and the topsail blazing them, and capstans, and windlasses, and the cabins on the poop all very wonderful to me. You could put the number of She was said to carry sailors at an army of soldiers.
decorations, the paintings
corn enough to feed all Attica for a year. And all this a little old man, a wee fellow, has kept from harm
me a man
Heron was
his
name,
I believe.
TIMOLAUS
wonderful at his job, those aboard said: wiser than Proteus at things to do with the sea. Did you hear how he brought the ship here, what
He was
much
ixera
like to.
Kara Seager
MSS.
437
fieydXo) TrepiTTeoovras SeKarrj iirl XcAtSoveas Sid rod AuAcovos" iXdelv, evda St) irapd 8 fJLLKpov VTTO^pvx^ovs hvvai aTTavras. otha 8e ttotc TTaparrXevoas Kal avros XeAtSovea? rjXlKov iv rep roTTCp dviararai ro Kvp,a, Kal /xaAtara irepl rov At)3a, OTTorav 7nXd^r] Kal rov vorov Kar eKelvo yap Srj Gvp,^aLVL puepi^eadai rd X{api,(j>vXiov 0,77-0 T-^? AvKiaK-r\ daXdTT7]Sy Kal 6 kXvSojv are dno
XeifJLWVL
TToXXcjv
vat
Tcp
KXv(jp,aTi
Kal
rd Kvpua KvpLarcjyrjV 9 TToXXaKLs avrcp iGopiiyedes rep GKoneXw. roiavra KoX G<f)ds KaraXapeXv ecjyaoKev d vavKXripos en Kal vvKrdg ovg7]s Kal t,d<l>ov aKpi^ovs. dXXd TTpds rrjv olpcoyrjv avrcov eTTiKXaadevras rovs deovs rrvp
Kal
rjxov
rov
pueyav,
koI
re dvaSei^ai dnd rrjg AvKtas, (hs yvwpiaai rov rdrrov eKelvov, Kal riva Xapurpdv darepa Alogkovpcov rdv erepov eiriKadioai rep /capp^i^ctoj Kal Karevdvvai rrjV vavv eirl rd Aata es rd rreXayog rovvrevBev Se rep Kpr]p,vcp irpooejiepopLevriv TJSrj aTTof Tr]s dpdrjs eKireoovras hid rod Alyaiov
.
irXevaavras e^SopLrjKOcrrfj an AlyvTrrov rqpiepa Trpdg avriovg rovs erTjalas TrXaytdCovras is UeLpaid X^^S KadoppLiaaadav roaovrov aTToavpevras is rd
43^
gale with a touch of south this, you see, happens to be where the Pamphylian and Lycian seas divide.
;
The
driven by numerous currents and is split the rocks are knife-edged, razorsharp at the sea's edge. So the breakers are terrifying and make a great din, and the wave is often as
swell
is
on the headland
high as the cliff itself. This is what the captain said they found when it was still night and pitch dark. But the gods were moved by their lamentations, and showed fire from Lycia, so that they knew the place. One of the Dioscuri ^ put a bright star ^ on the masthead, and guided the ship in a turn to port into the open sea, just as it was driving on to the cliff. Then, having now lost their course, they sailed across the Aegean beating up with the trade winds against
them, and yesterday, seventy days after leaving Egypt, they anchored in Piraeus, after being driven
^
Elmo's Fire.
43^
TTjv
MoAeav TrXevaavras
N17
Ata,
rj
"Hpcova
10
TIMOAAOS
Yidw
ovv.
fjiV
iixPo-qawfJiev
*A8et/xavT,
TiTpOfM^LXOV.
ATKINOi;
AvLV
ecrrt.
ddrepovy
rjSr]
KKKa)(f)a)TaL.
Haw
7)
rt's"
avrov
Kal TO ^dhiajjba Klvov, /cat ev X/^4^ V f<ovpd. 7TLriV(xjp,v 8e oficDS rov TT^piirarov y ojs /caraAajScu11 piV avrov. rov Ipuarlov Xa^opievoL G r^v jjut)
7narpei/jcjoixv,
<L
^Ahelfxavre,
/cat
ovx
vnaKovaet,
TjpXv
dXXd
ov
(f)povrL^ovri
eoiKas
iirl
evKara<j)p6vrirov
AAEIMANTOS
AvKive, x^^'^ov, dXXd p, Kvri ris evvoia /xera^u ^aSu^ovra vrreXOovoa TrapaKovaai vpicov TToirjoev dreves irpos avrrjv drravrL rw Xo-
OvSeVy
CO
yiopiO) dno^XeTTOvra.
^
Trjv
*
Reitz
rov
MSS.
:
VTTaKovai Jacobitz
vrraKOvaeis
MSS.
449
downwind.
to
in
by now.
that's an amazing pilot you speak Heron, as old as Nereus,^ who went so far
Upon my word,
of, this
astray.
But what's
this
Is that
not Adimantus
TIMOLAUS
bichus's son
LYCINUS
Well, either he's annoyed with us or he's gone deaf. It's certainly Adimantus and no other. I see
We
plainly his cloak, his walk, his closeLet's put on speed, anyhow, and catch him up. crop. shall have to pull you back by your cloak, Adi-
mantus you take no notice when we shout. You seem thoughtful, as though you're turning over something serious and important in your mind.
;
ADIMANTUS
Nothing bothersome, Lycinus an empty notion came into my head as I was walking along and made me deaf to your shouting, I was so wrapped up in my
;
thoughts.
^
The
old
man
of the sea.
441
fir)
yap
^
OKvrfarjS
etVeti^,
el
firj
tLs
rwv
TTOivv
aTTOpprjTOjv.
KairoL
ireXecrdrnjiev,
aiydv
/xe/xa^rj/ca/Acy.
AAEIMANTOE
'AAA'
ovTOJ
alaxvvopLaL
eycuye
ctVetv
TTpos
vpudg,
<f>p6vrLoyLa.
ATKINOE
Moiv ipojTLKov TL OTLV ; ovhk yap ovhe rovro dfjLvqTOLs rjfjblv ^ayopeva eis dAAa vtto XapLirpa ttj
SoBl
/cat
avTOLS rereXcGfjuevoLS.
AAEIMANTOS
OifSev, CO davp,daiy tolovtov,
ijjiavTcp
TToAAot
dv7rXaTr6ixr)v , t^v Kcvrjv jjuaKaplav ot KaXovcjLVy /cttt fiOL v aKfjufj T^? TTepLovoLas
ATKIN02
12
'Ep/xcty
/cat es"
fxeaov /carart^et
(j)epojv
rov irXovrov.
<f)iXovs
ovras
ty\s
AAEIMANTOE
vjjlojv evOvg iv rfj npcorr) ? vavv iTn^dcrei, CTret ae, (L Avklvc, Karearrjoa c? TO dorcfyaXes. Trepifxerpovvros ydp fxov rijs dyKvpa? ro Trdxos ovk ot8* ottou zJ/xct? dTrearrjre. 13 'I8ct>v 8c ofjLcos rd TTavra rjpopLrjv nvd rcov vavrijjv, OTToarjv diroi^epei rj vavs rep SeoTTOTry cl>s"
*AnXL<l)drjv
jxev
r7)v
aiyav Solanus
ad y'dv
MSS.
44
What was it ?
forbidden to
tell
Don't be shy, unless it's completely We've been initiated, as you it.
you.
You
will
think
it
such a
LYCINUS
Nothing to do with love, is it? You certainly won't be telling it to the unenlightened too have been initiated, under a torch which was blazing
!
We
ADIMANTUS
was just Nothing of that kind, my dear fellow. It " a dream of wealth what everybody calls empty bliss ", and you caught me at the height of my fortune and luxury.
LYCINUS
Well, that's very simple. Share your luck, as they say; bring your wealth and pool it. His friends should enjoy their part of Adimantus's luxury.
ADIMANTUS
as soon as we were on board, Lycinus, after bringing you there safely. I was measuring the width of the anchors when you went off somewhere. All the same I looked at everything and then asked one of the sailors what
I
TToAAoi
TNO
naXaiol other
MSS.
443
to ttoXv Kar
fxoiy
AcoSeAca, ^17, 'Arrt/ca raAavra, el rrpo? TOvXdxi'CFTOv Tis Xoyl^oiTO. rovvrevdev ovv iiravLcbv iXoycCofxrjv, el rig decjv rr]v olov dv, ojs elvai,
6 Se
vavv
Kal
d<f)vcx)
eixrjv
TToirjueiev
evSalfjLOva
^lov
7re^la)(Ta
ev
ttoicjv
tovs
<f>LXovs
iTTiTrXecov
iKTrefjUTTCJV.
ivLore
fjuev
auros",
ivlore
8e
OLKeras
ctra K
TJSrj
Twv ScoSeKa
TTjV
coKoSoixT]GdiJirjv iv iiriKaipcp
yuKpov vnep
ttjv
TTapd Tov ^IXlggov Keiv7)V Tr)V Trarpayav d(f)is, Kal OLKeras (hvovfxrjv /cat iodrjrag Kal C^vyr] Kal Ittttovs. wvl he iqS-q Kal errXeov V(f>*
UoLKiX'qv,
diravTUiv evhaipLoviI^opievos
twv ein^arwv
<f)o^ep6s
rots vavrais Kal ptovovovxl ^acriXevs vofiL^ofxevog. en he jxol rd /caret ttjv vavv evderll^ovrL Kal eg
Xifxeva TToppwdev aTTO^XeirovrL eTTiordg, o) AvKlve^
Karehvaas rov ttXovtov Kal dverpeijjas ev TO oKd<f>os ovpLO) T^s" ev)(7Js TTvevpuarL.
<f)ep6p,evov
ATKINOi:
14
OvKovv, CO yevvale, Xa^ofievos /xou dnaye Trpds rov orparriydv ws riva TreLparrjv iq KaraTTOvrLanjv, o rrjXiKovrov vavdyiov ctpyacr/xat, /cat ravra ev rd dorv. dXXd opa yfj Kara rr]v e/c WeipaLcas es OTTWS TTapajJLvdrjGOfJLai gov rd 7Tralop,a' Trevre yap, el jSouAet, KaXXiU) Kal fiel^oj rov Alyvrrrlov ttXoLov Kal rd fjueyiarov ovhe KaraSvvai Svvdpieva, 'qhrj e)(e, Kal rdxcL ool irevraKis e^ Alyvnrov Kar eros
eKacrrov OLraycDyeiroioav aLraycoylav,
.
el
Kal,
vavKXiqpojv dpiare, hrjXos el dcfydprjrog rjfjuv rore o? ydp en evds rrXoiov rovrovl yevr]o6fjievog
SecTTTorrjs cov
napi^Koves ^ocjvrojv,
el rrevre
Kr'^aaio
444
owner
in
of twelve Attic talents," he Then I went back on shore and mused on replied. what a happy life I should have had if of a sudden some god had made the ship mine I would have
:
A minimum
an average
and sailed in her myself sometimes, and sometimes sent my servants. Then with some of the twelve talents I had already built myself a house in a good spot just above the Painted Arcade,^ giving up the family house by the Ilissus and I was buying servants and clothes and carriages and horses. Just now I was at sea, the envy of the passengers and the terror of the crew they thought me almost a king. I was still settling her affairs and gazing at the harbour in the distance when you turned up, Lycinus. You sank my wealth and capsized my bark just when she was sailing well before the fair wind of my wish.
helped
my
friends,
LYCINUS
Well, my noble sir, arrest me and take me off to the general as a pirate or a rogue who tipped you overboard and made such a wreck of her and that on shore on the road from Piraeus to town. But look, I'll make amends for my mistake take here and now, if you will, five ships better and bigger than the Egyptian and, best of all, unsinkable. Let them bring perhaps five times the cargo of corn from Egypt every year, even if, most glorious of shipovniers, you then become unbearable to us, as you clearly will. When you still owned this one ship you couldn't hear our shouts, and if you get five more, all three-masters
In Athens.
445
oi/jeL
hr]Xahr)
TovTcp rpidpixeva Trdvra Kal dvcoXedpa, ovSe rovs (J)lXovs. gv /xev ovv euT^Adet, c5
^ peXriare, rjfJLels 8e iv HeipaLel Kadehovpieda rovs cf AlyvTrrov t] 'IraAta? KaraTrXeovras dvaKpivovTs, t 7TOV ro /xcya ^ASeipAvrov ttXolov T7]v ^Iglv
AAEIMANTOE
15
Sta rovro wkvovv eLTretv d ivcvoovv, *0/)a?; elSojs on v yeXojTL /cat GKwfjLfiart, TroL-qaeode jiov
TTjv
evx^lV'
dv
vp^els
7rpox(^pT]cr7]T
TToXv
vpLOJV
yap
v(f>
KarayeXdadaL.
ATKIN02
MrjSapLcvs,
77t
GvvepLPrjGopLedd
aoi
Kal
avrol
TnardvTs.^
AAEIMANTOi:
'AAAct
V(j)aipri(TOJ Tr]v
diro^dBpav TTpoeiaeXdojv.
ATKINOi:
OvKovv r)pLLS ye rrpoGmj^op^eOa vpuv. pirj yap otov Gol p>V clvai paSiov TqXLKavra rrXola KraGdai Se pLTJre vavir-qyir^GapLeva) , rfpLCis fjLTjTC TTpiapLevcp
ovK alrrjGopiev irapd tcjv deojv ttI ttoXXovs Gra^ /cat hiovs dKpLrJTCS hvvaGOaL velv ; Kairoi TTpip-qv iv iirl ? Atytvav rrjv rijg ^KvoSlas reXerrjv, oluda,
rfXiKO)
GKa(j)LSlci) navreg a/xa ol (f)iXoi rerrdpcuv eKaGTos opoXdJv SieTrXevGapiev, /cat ovSev iSvGX^'
paives r)p,ds GvpuTrXeovras, vvv 8c dyava/crct?, 1 So Dindorf koX rovs MSS. * viroaravrts MSS. iTTiaravres Guyet * rrpwrov MSS. TTpwTjv Jacobs and Lobeck
: : :
et
446
ship the
"
Isis
"
anywhere.
ADIMANTUS
why I hesitated to tell you what I was thinking. I knew that you would laugh and make fun of my wish. So I'll stay with you a little until you go on, and then sail away again on
You
see?
That's
my
ship.
It's
much
laughed at by you.
LYCINUS
ADIMANTUS
Then
I shall
go on board
LYCINUS
first
and
pull
up the
gangway.
Well,
we
shall
swim
to you.
imagine that it's easy for you to get ships of that size without buying or building them, while we will not ask the gods to grant us the power to swim many miles without getting tired ? Besides, two days ago
we sailed over to Aegina to the rites of Our Lady of the Crossroads ,1 you know, in a little boat, all friends
together at four obols each. You didn't object at all to our sailing with you. But now do you resent our going on board with you, and are you embarking
^
Enodia, Hecate.
447
dwv
is
d(f>aLpLS
virepyia^as yap,
TTTveis,
*A8et)LtavT, /cat
<jl)V
Tov koXttov ov
vavKXrjpels. ovrcog iTrrjpe ere rj OLKLa iu kolXo) ttjs TToXeujs OLKobofjLrjdeLaa Kal tojv aKoXovdcov to
TrXrjOos.
oAA' (Lyadiy irpos rrjs "IcrtSos" Kav ra ravra rapix^ ra Xeirrd /xe/xi^cro 7]pX,v dyeiv an AlyvTrrov rj jjivpov dno rod KavcoTrou rj
NetAoia
LpLV K Me/Lt^tSos", el Se
rj
vavs iSvvaro,
/cat
Ta)V
TTvpafMcSajv iilav.
TIMOAAOE
16
AvKLve. opag, wg ipvdpidv 'ASet/xayrov inoirjGas ttoXXo) tco yeXiori 7nKXvaa9 TO ttXoIov, a>? virepavrXov elvai /cat [jl7]Ktl
"AXis
TTtttSta?,
CO
Kat
TO
SieXofJievoL rerpax'^ tt^v oSov Kara rovs ^ araSiovs alrcj/jiev dnep 7n^dXXovTas eKdaro) dv SoKTJ Trapd rojv Oecov. ovtoj yap dv rjfjids 6 t /ca/xaTO? XdOoL /cat a/xa v<j)pavovpLeda ayoirep rfhiarcp oveipari KovcrLcp TrepLTreaovre?, i<f)* doov
TO duTU,
^ovXopLeOa, V TTOLrjaovri rjpLas' Trap' avrcp yap iKdarcx) earoj ^ to fjuerpov tt}? V)(7JSy /cat ot ^eot irdvra VTroKeiaOojaav Trapd^ovreg, et /cat rfj c/iVGeL diridava eorai. ro 8e fxeyiorov, evriSet^ts' earat
TO TrpdypLa ootls dv dpiGTa ;)^y07^o'atTO to/ ttAouto) Kat TY] evxfj, B7]Xa)GL yap olos dv /cat TrXovTiJGas
iyevcTo
^
.
by F tVaorto
(sic)
Kaaros
other MSS.
448
and taking the gangplank away? You're too of beans, Adimantus, and you don't spit in your bosom,^ and you don't remember who you are, you
first
shipowner. You're so elated with your house, well situated as regards the city, and your crowd of
retainers.
remember
from
carry
But, good friend, in the name of Isis to bring us those delicate pickled Nile fish Egypt, perfume from Canopus, or an ibis from
my
if
TIMOLAUS
made Adimantus
can't
That's enough joking, Lycinus. Look how you've blush and overwhelmed his ship in a flood of laughter so that she's waterlogged and
keep the sea out any more. we've still some way to go to the city, so let us divide the journey into four, and each of us in his allotted furlongs ask the gods for whatever he wants. In this way we shan't notice the journey and at the same time we shall enjoy ourselves with a pleasant
Now
dream of our own choosing to bless us as long as we desire. Each one may decide the measure of his
wish, and the gods may be supposed to grant even if it is in essence improbable. Best of all
it all,
it
will
it
show who would use his wealth and wish best, for will show what sort of a man he would have been he had been rich.
^
if
449
VOL. VI.
KaXcbs,
o)
orav
o Kaipo? KoXij, v^ofiai direp dv et fxev yap Soktj. ^ KheijjiavTos povXeraL, ovSe ipojrdv oi)aat, 6s ye ^^ '^^^ hrj v rfj vrjt rov erepov noSa
^1.
XPV
AVKLVO) 8oKLV.
ATKINOE
AAAa
TrXovrcjiiev,
rats'
ct
tovto
dixeivov,
llt)
Kal
paoKaiveiv v
KOLvaLs
UTi';^tats"
ookco.
AAEIMANTOE
Tls yovv TTptoTOs apteral ;
ATKINOE
'ASet/xarrc, cira /Ltcra ak ovtogI 2actra TtjLtoAaos", eyd) he oXiyov oaov TjIXLaraOLov to irpo rod AlttvXov iTnX-qtJ/ofjLaL rfj cvxfj, Kal TOVTO COS" olov T TTapaSpapLcov.
2u,
cS
/xtTTTTo?,
AAEIMANTOL
18
OvKovv iyoj iJLev ovSe vvv aTToarijaoiiaL Trjg VecOS, dXX\ 7TL7Tp ^OTLV, 7TLlieTpT]aa) TT] VV7}.
o o
EjpfjLTjs
yap TO
ttXoIov Kal
aAAo
LAMinnos
AeXrjdas Geavrov excov iv
tjj mrft.
AAEIMANTOE
lov
TratSa
(^t^s",
a>
]Sa/xt777r6,
rov
8e
Kopu'^Tr^v.
KaKCLVOS
OVV
eOTW
[Jl6s.
OTTOaOS
TTVpOS
450
Good, Timolaus. I agree. When the time comes I don't think we need I shall wish for what I want. even ask Adimantus if he is willing he has one foot in the ship as it is. But Lycinus must agree.
LYCINUS
Well, if it's better so let us be rich. I'm not going to be envious amid your universal good-fortune.
ADIMANTUS
Well, who'll be
first?
LYCINUS
then, after you, Samippus here ; then Timolaus. I'll take about the last half-furlong before the Dipylon for my wish, even though I run
You, Adimantus
through
it
as quickly as I can.
ADIMANTUS
Indeed shan't desert my ship even now. Well, I'll add to my prayer since I'm allowed. May Hermes Lord of Profit give his consent to all May the ship and all in her be mine cargo, merchants, women, sailors, and every sweetest treasure in the
I
world
SAMIPPUS
ADIMANTUS
You mean
hair.
May
the boy, Samippus, the one with long he be mine too! And let her cargo of
451
^^/avatov
ATKINOE
19
Tt TOVTO, CO A^eifJuavTC ; KaraSvaeral aoi to nXoLOVy ov yap laov pdpos irvpov Koi rov laaplOfMov
Xpvaiov.
AAEIMANTOE
M17
oXr)v
<f)d6vL,
7)
(L
AVKLVC,
oAA'
eTTCihaV
19
TTapiXOrj
xp^^^
TTOL'qaas ex^,
ATKINOL
'AAA*
vTrkp
aa^aAcia? tovto
fjirj
7roLr](7dp,r]v,
(Ls
XPVCTLOV.
Kal
TCL pLV
8e
TO
(hpalov
7r LcrrdpLevov .
TIMOAAOE
ol 8X(f>LVg yap avro vttoSdppL, Svvres i^oLOOVGLV iirl Tr)v yrjv. rj vopii^eis Kidapo)Sov p,iv TLva GwOijvaL Trap* avraJv Kal aTToXa^elv Tov fJLLcrdov dvTL rrjg coSrj^ Kal vcKpov tl aXXo inl hX(f)LV09 op^oLCug TTaihCov ? rov ^ladjiov ^ rov TTpooKopnodrjvai, rov 8e Kheipidvrov oiKerrjv
J)
AvKLve.
AAEIMANTOS
Kat
petS"
ydpy Tt/xoAac, /xt/xg AvkZvov Kal ctti/xctra)v GKcop^pbdrajv, Kal ravra clarjyrjrrj? avros
OX)
yevofievo? ;
452
entirely
to
minted gold,
all
LYCINUS
Adimantus? Your ship will sink. The weight of wheat and an equivalent volume of
What's
is
this,
gold
ADIMANTUS
Don't grudge it, Lycinus. When you come to your wish, make Parnes there, if you want, all of gold and have it so. I shan't say a word.
LYCINUS
was thinking of your own safety, to avoid the loss of all hands with the gold. Indeed your prayer is moderate, but your pretty boy, poor wretch, will drown, not knowing how to swim.
I
TIMOLAUS
Cheer up, Lycinus. The dolphins will swim up under him and carry him to shore. A lyre-player ^ was saved by them and received the reward of his ^ song, and the body of another boy was taken in the same way to the Isthmus on a dolphin's back, so do you think Adimantus 's newly-bought servant will be
in -want of a loving dolphin
?
ADIMANTUS
You're copying Lycinus, Timolaus. You're piling up the quips. It was your idea, you know.
^
Arion.
Melicertes.
453
AAEIMANTOS
kol dvopojpvxdco d-qoavpog vtto tov TOV 6s idTLV rjfjuv v TTJ avXfj, XlOlvov, 'EpjLt'jJv evdvs ovv /caret /xeSt/xi^ot ;)(tAtot 7norjpLOV xp^^^ov. TOV *]\GiohoV oIkOS to TTpCJTOV, (hs dv 77107] [XOTaTa rrdvTa wvr^GdfxrjV OLKOL-qv, /cat ra Trepl to daTV
rjSr]
ttXtjv
doa
/cat
iv 'EAcutrtvt
oora 7tI daXaTTT) /cat Trepl tov ^ladfiov oXiya tcov dyojvcjv VKa, et ttot hrj ra "laOfXia TTLBr]iJ,'q~
crat/xt,
/cat
to Hlkvcovlov
t)
VKapTTOV V Tjj Tj 'EAAaSt, TrdvTa iv oXiycp 'ASet/xavrou ecrrat. o Xpvaos Se kolXos rjfjuv c/x^ayctv, ra 8e c/CTTcu/xara ov Kov(f)a (1)9 TO, 'E;^e/cparous", oAAd SiTdXavTOv
TL
Tj
GVVT]p(f)S
wSpOV
ATKINOS
21
Efra
TTcos
t)
/C77CU/xa;
6 olvoxoos dpe^et TrXrjpeg ovtco ^apv gv Se^rj Trap* avTov dfjioy-qrl ov gkv;
AAEIMANTOS
"AvdpojTre,
Kat Tas
/cAtVa?
dvdiXve ttjv evx^^v- iyd) Se /cat ras' TpaTTeL,as oXag xP'^^ds TroirjGOfjLaL
[IT]
jJiOL
p^puaa?,
et
8e
/xt^
GLCoTnJGr),
/cat
rou?
Sta/coi'ous' aiJrous'.
^ * 3
So
/xoi
om.
dvfxov
:
oaa
MSS.
454
ADIMANTUS
You're quite right. Let treasure be dug up under the stone Hermes that's in my court, a thousand bushels of minted gold. Then immediately a house, as Hesiod says,^ first, that I may be housed most I have splendidly. already bought up all the land round the Acropolis, except for the thyme and stones, and the sea-front at Eleusis, and a few acres round
the Isthmtis for the games, in case I want to see them In short every there, and the plain of Sicyon.
well-watered, or fruitful spot in soon belong to Adimantus. Let us have gold plate to eat from, and goblets not light-weight pieces like those of Echecrates, but two talents each
thickly-shaded,
Greece
will
in weight.
LYCINUS
the cup-bearer serve a full goblet as heavy as that? And how will you take it from him without an effort ? It won't be a cup he offers, but a weight as heavy as Sisyphus 's rock ^
will
!
Then how
ADIMANTUS
don't pick my wish to pieces. I'll make my tables of solid gold too and my couches of gold and, if you don't keep quiet, my servants as well.
Man,
^
2
roll
hill,
eternally rolls
back again.
455
"Opa
AAEIMANTOE
22
To.
aa
oXiyov,
pvOp^ielg Tndavcorepov, lo Af/ctv, jLter' 7ret8av avrog alrfjs. eadrj^ iirl tovtols
aXovpyls Koi 6 ^ios olos a^poraros , vttvos i(f)* oaov T^Storros", <f>iXa)v irpooohoL /cat ScTJcct? /cat to dnavras VTroTTTrjoroetv /cat TrpoaKwelv, /cat ot /acv eojOev irpos rais dvpais dvco /cat Kara) TrepiTTar'qGovaiv, iv avTols Se /cat KAeatVcTOS" /cat At^jjLOKpLTOS ol Trdw, /cat TTpoGeXdovcnv ye avrol^ /cdt 77/30 tcSj' dXXcDV elaSexd'TJvaL d^touat dvpwpol irTrd (j>Gr<jjTes", evfxeyedeLs pdp^apoi, TTpooapa^drcxJcrav ig ro pLerwTTOV vdv TTjv dvpav, Ota vvv avrol ttolovglv. iyd) Se, OTTOTav So^rj, TrpoKviJjag wanep 6 'qXios ^ KLV(i)v pikv ouS' cTTtjSAe^o/xat viovs, t Se TtS"
iyd) rrpo rod B7]oavpov, <j)iXo"^v TOVTOV /cat Xovcrdfievov TJKeiv KcXevaw ol 8e dTTOTTviyriaovrai ot rrjv ojpav eirl ro helTTVov. TrAouotot opcovres o^^/xaTa, lttttovs koL iralhas (vpalovg OGOV 8lgx(^Xlov9, i^ dTrdarjg lyAt/cta? o Tt 23 Trep ro dvOrjporarov. etra SetTTva inl "x^pvoov , rdpLXOS evreXrjs yap 6 dpyvpos /cat ov Kar ip^e
rrevrjs,
olos
<f)povri(JoiJiai
p,V
i^ ^ip-qpias, olvos Se i^ 'iToAtas", eXatov he e^ ^l^ripias /cat rovro, p^eXi 8e rqp^erepov ro dTTVpov,
/cat
oves
/cat
/cat
OaotSo?
raws e^
456
Take care you don't become a Midas and have your bread and drink turned to gold, and wretched in your riches perish, destroyed by a famine of superabundance.
ADIMANTUS
more convincingly, requests in a moment. To go on, my dress will be of purple and my life the height of luxury, my sleep the sweetest possible. Friends will come and ask for favours and they'll all bow down and grovel. Some of them will be walking up and down by my doors from dawn, among them Cleaenetus and Democritus, those great men, and,
You'll
arrange your
affairs
Lycinus,
when they come and demand to be let in first, seven porters will stand there, tall barbarians, who will slam the door right in their faces, as they now do themselves. When I think fit I shall look out, like the rising Some of them I shall not even look at, but if sun. there is a poor man there, as I was before my treasure, I shall show him favour and bid him bathe and come back to dinner at the right time. But the others, the rich, will choke with envy when they see my carriages and horses and pretty slave-boys, two thousand of them, the flower of every age. Then dinners on gold silver is cheap and unworthy of me
a pickled fish from Spain, wine from Italy, oil from Spain, as well, our own fresh Attic honey, meat from all parts boar, and hare, and a variety of game-birds a pheasant from Phasis, a peacock from India, and a guinea cock and my several cooks will be experts in sweetmeats and sauces. If I demand a cup or a bowl
CTTijSAti/rofiai
Pflugk
eVi^SAc^oi/xi
MSS.
457
8e TLVL
TTpOTTLOiyii
GKv^ov
Kal
T]
<f)LdX7]v
24
iKTTicbv
d7TO(f)peTco
TO
e/CTTCujLta.
ttXovgiol
TTpos
e/xe
^\poi
h-qXahi]
ovKeri TO dpyupovv ttlvolklov ^ rov gkv(I)ov eTrtSctf erat Alovlkos V rfj TTOjJLTrfj, Kal ju-aAtcrra CTretSav ^ togovto) opa TOV9 oiKiras rovg e/xous" dpyvpcu 77oAet 8e ravra i^aipera Trap* rfj Xpci)ixevovg.
ifxov
VTTTJp^ev
dvy
at
rep
jxkv puev
hiavoyial
Kara
ixrjva
aGTCp eKarov, rcJo hk ^ pLTOLKCp rJlJLLGV TOVTCJV , StJIXOGLO. Sc OGa S KoXXoS Kal Kal ddXarrav dxpi- Trpos Tr)v Oiarpa fiaXavela, TO AlttvXov 7]Klv KOLVTavda 7TOV Xifjucva elvai
SpaxP'O.l
KaGTOV
7raxOevro9 opvypLari fxeydXcp rod vSarog, ttXolov pu)V ttXt^gIov 6pp,iv Kara<j)aves ov
a>S"
c/c
to rod
25 Kcpa/xet/cou.
rots' <f>iXois Se vpZvy Sa/xtTTTroi pikv LKOGL p^ehipLvovs iniGi^pLOV xp^^^ov TTapaperprJGaL rov oLKovopiov cKeXevGa dv, TipioXdcp 8e irivre
XoiviKaSy
AvKLVw he
;^otVt/ca,
d7ropLep,aypLev7jv Acat
ravTTjv, OTt XdXos eorl Kal einGKCjjTTrei p,ov rrjv evx^jv. rovrov e^ovXopL'qv jStoivat rov jStov TrXovrcov
Kal TrdoaLS rjSovals d^Q6vcx)S p^pco/xej^o?. etprjKa, Kal px)i 6 *Yipp,ris reXeGLOvpyrJGeiev avrd.
is
VTTep^oXrjv
Kal
rpv(f)djv
ATKINOL
26
*ASelpavre, chs ndw gol dno XeTrrrjg KpoKTjg 6 Trds ovrool irXovros drrripTiqraiy Kal r^v eKelvT) dTToppayfj, Trdvra oixerai Kal dvdpaKes gol 6 Orjoavpog eorai ;
Ofcr^a
ovv,
(L
AAEIMANTOS
Wws
4^^
Xeyei,
co
AvKLve ;
For you, my friends, I'd full view of the Ceramicus. have told the steward to make an allotment of minted
gold: twenty bushels for Samippus, five quarts for Timolaus, and one quart for Lycinus levelled off with a strickle at that, because he's a babbler and makes fun of my prayer. This is the life I wish to live, extravagant in wealth and luxury, enjoying every pleasure in fullest measure. I have spoken, and
may Hermes
bring
it
to fulfilment
LYCINUS
exceedingly
If
it
wealth
is
hanging ?
will
snaps,
then
all is
be ashes. ^
MSS:
xP^ato
Warmington
:
8i7/.ioaia
oaa Fritzsche
(om. oaa)
MSS.
459
^povov
^ jStcocret
ttXovtcjv.
tLs
yap
olhev el
en
irapaKeipuivris ooi
irplv cTnjSoAetv rrjv X^^P^ aTToyevGaadaL rod raoj r] rov No/xaSos" dXeKTpvovos, a7TO(j)VGijaa9 ro 0u;)(t8tov dircL yvif/l Kal Kopa^L Trdvra c/cetva KaraXiTTcov ; ^ ideXecs d-noXavKaTapLdp.riGop.ai gol rovs p^ev avriKa irplv Gai Tov ttXovtov diTodavovraSy iviovs 8e Kal Il,iovTas
XP^^V^
TpaTreCrjg,
rd Totaura haipMvos ;
yvop,vovg
d/couet?
GOV Kal TOV UoXvKpdTrjV TToXv GOV TrXovGicoTepovs KTTG6vTas v ^pax^L Twv dyaOcjv 27 aTrdvTOJV. Iva Se gol Kal tovtovs d<f>dj, to ye ^ Kal jScjSatov; vyLaiveLV ex^yyvov oll gol yevT^GCGdaL tcov ttXovglcov ttoXXovs KaKohaLp,6va>9 "q ovx dpas ^LayovTas vtto rojt' dXyrjBovojv, tovs p,ev ovhe
^aSl^cLv hvvapievovs, iviovs 8e TVijiXovs rj tcov otl p,v yap ovk dv evTOGBLhiuiv TL oXyovvTas eXoLO ttXovtwv Sis togovtov ttXovtov 6p,OLa TraGx^LV ^avopAxcp TO) ttXovglo) Kal drjXvvcGdaL cos Klvos
',
V otSa, Kav pur] LTTr)s. ico XdyeLV oGas CTTL^ovXas ^ XrjGTds koI cfydovov Kal p,Td TOV ttXovtov Kal TToXXcJV TWV Opds oloJV GOL TTpay/xttpLLGOS TTapd
.
AAEIMANTOE
'Act GV
TTjV
* AvKLVe, VTTVaVTLOS' WGTC OvSe XOLVLKa TL Xrjl/jrj is TeXoS p^OV TTJS eVXV^ iTTT)60 jLtOt,
1
ped^cDV.
jSioiaa
Dindorf
jSttuaeis
MSS.
460
you
you don't know how long with your wealth. Who knows that when your golden table is beside you, before you can put out your hand and sample the peacock or your guinea cock, you will not breathe out your little bit of soul and be gone, leaving all that for vultures and ravens ? Would you like me to run through for you those who died at once before they had a chance to
That,
my
fine friend,
will live
who even though they on were robbed of what they had by some spirit malignant in such matters? You have heard, I suppose, of Croesus and Polycrates who became much richer than you and lost all their good things in a moment. But, to let them go, do you think that you will have sure and certain good health ? Don't you see
enjoy their wealth, or some
lived
lives through some unable even to walk, some blind, some with internal trouble ? You would not accept twice the wealth if the effeminacy of the wealthy Phanomachus went with it, I'm sure, even if you deny it. I say nothing of the plots and robberies and envy and hatred by the mob that go with riches. Do you see how much trouble your treasure causes ?
that
many
affliction
some
rich
ADIMANTUS
You're always against me, Lycinus. Very well, you won't get even a quart, as you've abused my wish to the end.
*
3
totc MSS. TO ye Guyet Kal edd. MSS. tj ovSe Fritzsche ; ovre (or ov)
:
:
MSS
461
ttXovglcov
dAAct
Kal
dra/coActs"
gv
6 Sd/xtTTTTOs ev^ov.
28
elyHy 'Eyco Se rjTTCLpcorrjs yap MavrLVias, co? tcrre vavv fiev ovk
LAMinnos
^ApKas
atTTJo-cu
k
^
jLtot
yevioOai, rjv ye rots" rroXirais imhei^aodai dSwaTOVy ovhk fxiKpoXoynjooixat irpos rovs deovs dr^aavpov alrctjv Kal pip,Tpr]p,vov )(pvGLov. dAAd Sijvavrat yap rravra ol deol, Kal ra fxeyiara etvat SoKovvra, Kal 6 vopios rrj^ eifxrjs ov Tt/xdAaos"
edrjKc ^TJcras" /xi^Sev oKvelv alrelv, cos" Klvojv irpos ovtkv avavv6vTCov. alro) hr] ^aoiXevs yeviodai
oi>x olos
^AXe^avSpos 6 ^lXlttttov
rj
YlroXeixalos
rq
Mt^ptSdn^S" rj L Tts" dAAo? CKSefd/xevo? -7^71' paGLXelav irapa narpos rip^v, dAAd /AOt to Trpcorov dno XrjareLag dp^a/xcVoj iralpOL Kal avvajpLorai oaov rpiaKovra, ttlgtoI fJudXa Kal rrpodvp.oi,
yVGdojGav, elra /car' oXiyov TpiaKOGioL TrpoGiovres rjfuv dXXos ctt' dAAoj, ctra ;)(4Atot Kal /xer* ov TToXv [MVpLOL, Kal TO TTOV ClV 7TVr (JLVpLOiSaS ottXltlkov, LTTTTeZs Se api<f>l rovs TrevraKiGx^Xiovs .
29 yd>
Sd^a? avdpcjTTOJV rjyetGdaL apXOiVy Kal TTpdypLaGL XPV^^^'" ^^ rovro ye avro rjh-u, ^ cWt rcjv dXXojv paGtXecov are dperij /xetC^ TTpox^LpLGdevra vno rrjs orparids apx^Lv, ov
KXrjpovopLOV
yevofjievov
7Tl
v(f)*
aTravrcov
TTpoKptdels
aiXXov
TTOvqGavro'S
rrjv
paGiXclav
^
napa-
atrriau) /xot
atT^ao/zat
MSS.
462
There you are. Just like most out and calling off your promises.
wish, Samippus.
rich
Now give
men, backing
us your
SAMIPPUS
I'm from the mainland, an Arcadian from Mantinea you know, so I shan't ask for a ship. I could not show it oiF to my fellow-citizens, and I shan't be niggardly with the gods and ask for treasure and measured gold. The gods can do anything, even what seems to be quite stupendous, and the rule of wish which Timolaus laid down was not to hesitate to ask for anything, on the assumption that they will not say no. Well, I ask to be made a king, but not
as
a king like Alexander, Philip's son, or Ptolemy or Mithridates or any of those who inherited their kinga father. No, let me begin as a brigand with about thirty sworn companions, men absolutely trustworthy and full of spirit. Then let them growby degrees to three hundred, a thousand, and soon ten thousand, until the total is some fifty thousand heavy I shall be infantry and about five thousand horse. elected chief by all, because they think me the most able leader and administrator. This very fact is sweet to be greater than other kings, because I've been elected commander by the army on merit, and not inherited the kingdom after someone else has
dom from
that
would be
:
like
Adimantus's
MSS.
463
^gj^ fiei^o)
Sommerbrodt
ijBtj
fieiCov
TO TOLOVTO, Kol TO TTpay/Xtt OVX woTTep orav thr) tls avros St* avrov adfJLVos Tr]v Svvaarelav.
OfJLOLOV
^
ktt]-
ATKINOS
IlaTrat,
K.<f)6XaLov
cu
Sa/xtTTTre,
ovhev
fjuLKpov,
aAAd
ro
dyaOcav drrdvrojv tru y dpxiv doirihos roGavTTjs dpiaros St) rjrrjaa?, roiovrov irpoKpidels VTTO tcjv TT^vraKiopAjpiajv kol arpanf)TjiMv r) MavTLveca davpLaarov jSacrtAea
tojv
.
avro
TrXrjV
oAAa
/SacrtAcve
Kal Tjyov Tcov GrpaTLCorojv Kal hiaKoopiei to t Ittttlkov Kal Tovs dvipas rovs duTnhnx)ras' ideXo) yap etSeVat of jSaSteto^e togovtol ovreg ^ *ApKaSlas 7] 7tI rivas dOXlovs Trpcorovs d(jii^od.
EAMinnoE
30
"Afcouc, OLKoXovdeL
(L
et
gol
^iXoVy
pLcd*
LTTTTapxov
ydp
(7
rwv
TTCvra/ctap^tAtcov d7ro<j>av(h.
ATKINOS
*AAAa
KoX
ttJ? p.kv TLpLrjs, a>
HepoLKov rrpocrKwcb oe vTroKviftas is to rrepiayayajv ctV TOVTrtaoj tw X^^P^ TLpbOJv ttiv Tidpav 6pdr]V ovaav Kal to StaSi^/xa. ov 8e tojv
ydp
TOVTOJV Tivd TTOLTjcrov LTTTTapxov. cyoj heivws d^nriTos ct/xt Kal ovhk oXcog ScSttt ToLwV 7T^r)V LTTTTOV V TO) 7T/30 TOV XPOVW. TOV uaXTnyKTOV eiroTp-uvovTos KaTaTTCcrajv cyujye puT] avpi77aT7]da) iv ttj Tvpfy vtto ToaavTats OTrAat?, Kal OvpLoeiSrjs cjv 6 lttttos i^eveyKj] pi tov T]
ippcopilvixjv
aoi
XaXt'Vov
ivSaKwv
is
p,(Jovs
tovs
TToXepulovs,
tq
4^4
LYCINUS
This is no small demand. Goodness, Samippus You've asked for the essence of every good there is, to have fifty thousand men choose you as most able to command a force like that. What a wonderful king and general Mantinea had bred and didn't know
!
it!
Never mind! Be king and lead your soldiers and muster your cavalry and your heroic shieldbearers. I want to know where you are going with an army of that size from Arcadia and who will be
your
first
unhappy
victims.
SAMIPPUS
Listen, Lycinus, or better
like.
I'll
make you
thousand.
LYCINUS
I
Well, I'm grateful for the honour, your majesty. bow my head in Persian style and do obeisance
sweeping my hands behind me, honouring your upright turban and your diadem. But make one of these mighty men your cavalry officer. I'm dreadfully bad at horses and never sat on a horse in my life before. I'm afraid that when the trumpet blows for action I'll fall off and be trampled on by all those hooves in the throng or the horse may be spirited
;
bit
between
its
me right
avrov Reitz
MSS.
465
fxeveiv
el /xeAAco
AAEIMANTOE
31
'Eyco
cjot,
CO
SajatTTTTC,
rjyr^aoixaL tcjv
LTrnecov,
AvKLVos Se TO Se^Lov Kepas ix^'^^- St/cato? 8* av 197^ Tu;^etv 77apa <tou roii^ /xeytWojv rocrourot?
CTC
fjueSifjivoLg
Sajprjordixevos iTnaijpLov
;)(/3t>o'tou.
ZAMinnoE
Kat
el
d)
auTOUs" ipajfJLeOa,
o)
hi^ovrai ap^ovra oe
liTTTels,
acfxjijv
Xipa.
nai^cs",
cus"
AAEIMANTOS
opag,
Sa/xtTTTre, ixeiporovrjaav.
SAMinnoE
*AAAa av
TO Se^Lov. rera^erat.
p,v
fJLV
dpxe
rrjg lttttov,
Avklvos Sc ixero)
ovroorl Se TtjU-oAaos" 7tI tov evcDvvfjbOV ya> 8e /cara fiecrov, cos" vofjios /SacrtAeucrt
CTrctSctv
32 TcDy Hcpcrajv,
he
rjSr)
awrot
crufjiTTapaJaL.^
rrpotoi-
rrjv
eirl
Koplvdov Sid
Att*
7Tev^d[xevoi
to) jSacrtAeto)
'qSr]
*EAAa8t Trdvra
;\;et/)a)cr66jLC^a
evavTLOjd'qcropLevos rjjjuv
dAA' dKovirl KparovfjLev eTn^dvres errl Td<^ rpLrfpeis Kol TOV9 ITTTTOVS els rds LTTTrayajyovs ifi^L^daavres
TTapeGKevaaraL 8* cv KeyxpeaX? Kal gltos uKavos Kal rd TrXola SiapKrj Kal rd oAAa Trdvra ^ rov AlyaXov es tt^v 'IcuvtW, elra Sia^dXajfjuev
*
yievitv
Lehmann
/icVeiv
MSS.
466
the enemy or I shall have to be tied to the I'm going to stay up and hold the reins.
;
ADIMANTUS
lead your cavalry, Samippus. Let Lycinus have the right wing. I deserve the best from you in return for all those bushels of minted gold I gave
I'll
you.
SAMIPPUS
Let us ask the cavalry personally, Adimantus, if they will have you as commander. Gentlemen of
the cavalry, those in favour of Adimantus as cavalry officer, raise your hands.
ADIMANTUS
numbers and have an easy victory we shall embark on triremes, putting the cavalry on horse-transports enough corn and sufficient boats and everything else is ready at Cenchreae let us cross the Aegean to
avrol avfinap-
Siaj3aAa>/Ltev
SiaAajSto/xev
MSS.
467
KL
ATKINOS
33
'E/xc, a) ^aCTtAeu, t 8o/ct, oarpaTrqv rij? *EAAa809 /caroAtTre. SctAos" yap et/xt /cat roiv ot/cot ttoAu
aTTcA^etv
7Tt
ovK dv
TT^v
rjSdojg U770jLtetVat/xt.
/Cat
ot)
8e
eot/cas"
/xa;)(t/xa
^ApfiVLOV
/cat
Ilap^uatous^
cAacrctv
^uAa
7TL
ro^LKTjv
ifxe
/x
TrapaSovs ro Se^iov
T^? 'EAAaSos",
/xtJ
hiaiTeipr] tls
olgtw
Souaa ^ Ba/crpa
'A7ro8t8/5aa/cts', oi
coi^.
/caroAoyov SetAos"
o Se vofios dTToreTpLTJaSaL rrjv /ce^aAi^v, et rt? Xlttcov (f>aLvoLro rrjv rd^LV. oAA* cVet /caret roi/
Eu^parryv
KaroTTLV
-^817
oTTocra
dacfxxXdjs
vtt*
;^t
/cat
Trdvra
Karexovoiv
34 AtyvTrrov vpoaa^ofievoiy
iv rovTcp Kal rrjv HaXaLGTivrjv etra /cat n^i' crv irpwros, a) AvKtvc, 8taj3atv ro 8c^tov ayo^v, etra iyw /cat /iter* e/xe o CTTt 77aCTt 8e ro Ittttikov Tt/xdAaos"" dye ov, c5
rjfjuv
*
AheifjiavTe
/cat
dvdpojTroL
ivex^ipiGav,
/cat
468
There
let us sacrifice to
the
cities easily
Artemis and
behind, and press on to Syria through Caria first, then Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cilicia (both coast and hill areas), until we reach the Euphrates.
LYCINUS
behind as satrap couldn't bear to go You seem to be far away from things at home. pushing on to the Armenians and Parthians, warlike nations, good shots with the bow. So give the right wing to someone else and leave me in Greece like an Antipater.i I don't want anyone to stick me with an arrow hitting some exposed part of my poor body when I'm leading your phalanx near Susa or Bactra.
Please, your Majesty, leave of Greece. I'm a coward and
I
me
SAMIPPUS
You're deserting the levy, Lycinus, you coward. the law to cut the head off anyone seen leaving the ranks. But now that we a:re at the Euphrates, the river has been bridged and all is safe in the rear and I've put prefects over each tribe to keep control of everything. Others meanwhile will go off for us to win over Phoenicia and Palestine and afterwards Egypt too. You cross first, Lycinus, with the right wing, then I, and Timolaus after me; last of all, Adimantus, bring the cavalry. Throughout Mesopotamia not an enemy has met us. They surrendered themselves and their strongholds quite voluntarily.
It's
^
Alexander
left
him
dxpts
:
in
Macedon.
dxpt Jacobitz
dvdpuiiTOL
MSS.
dvdpwnoi MSS.
Fritzsche
469
tV
TO etaco
rrjs
dpxrjs'
TTOLCLV.
ovro)
paSlcvs
rooavras
GKOTreXv
KareXe^e.^
Xp'TJ
Kcupos
ovv
rjSrj
rjjjLds
pLVpidhas o ti
AAEIMANTOE
<f)7]p,L
35
to
lttttlkov
avrov
rqv BajSuAoiva
8ta(/)i;AafoKra9.
SAMinnos
'ATToSctAtas" /cat gv, a> *A8et/x,avT, ttXtjglov tov KLvbvvov yv6pLvos ; ool 8 Tt 8o/cet, Tt/xoAae;
TIMOAApS
^AndGT]
fjLTjSe
TTJ
TrepLfidveiv
Travraxodev rwv GVjipidxoJV TrpoGyevopLevajv , oAA* a>9 Tt Kad* obov CLGLv ol TroXejJLLOif iTnx^LpdJiJLev
aVTOLS.
LAMinnos
Eu
470
Aeycts".
1
GV Sc
Tt, cS
:
Avklvc, SoKLpACcis ;
/carcase
KaTA^ Pellet
MSS.
and
is
the cavalry he can and bowmen and slingers. The scouts report about a million already mustered under arms, including two hundred thousand mounted archers. Yet the Armenians are not yet here nor those
from the Caspian Sea nor the men from Bactra, only those from near at hand and the suburbs of the empire. See how easily he mustered all those thousands. Now it's time for us to consider what to do next.
ADIMANTUS
I say you infantry must be off on the road to Ctesiphon while we cavalry stay here to guard Babylon.
SAMIPPUS
you're
Are you playing the coward too, Adimantus, now What do you think, close to danger?
?
Timolaus
TIMOLAUS
entire
army
and don't wait until the arrival of allies from all around makes them better prepared. No, let us attack the enemy while they are still on the march.
SAMIPPUS
Good
Eyco aoL
<j>pdaoj.
TTpoKexcop'q-
Kara
irrl
p,or]p,ppiav
yap
rds iXaias 7tI rijs ^ Kadiaavras dvairavavaTTpapLp,ivr]s cttJAt^s' aaadaL, elra ovtojs dvaardvras avveiv to Xolttov 9 TO doTV.
/xoAtcrra,
ivravdd ttov
sAMinnoE
"Ert yap ^AOrjvrjuLV,
a/ji(f)L
cS /xa/capte,
eWt
So/eels',
os
Ba^vXojva V
rod TToXepuov
ATKINOS
Eu ye
2
vneixirqcras.
^
iyd) Se
vrj(f)iv
tppi-qv
koX
virap d7TO<f>avLGdaL
rrjv yvcuixrjv.
LAMinnoL
36
ITpocrt/xcv
S-q,
et
ooi
hoKel.
/cat
ottoj?
dvSpes
ayadol v rots KLvhvvoLS eaeaOe firjSe TrpoScoaere TO irdTpLov (f)p6vr]fia. tJSt] ydp ttov Kal ol TroAe/Lttot wcttc to fxev ovvdrnxa eoToy CTnXapu^dvovGLv EvuoAtos". v/xets" he ineLSdv orjpidvrj 6 aaXTnyKT^g,
.
aXoAa^avres Kal
to.
hopara KpovoavTes
Trpos rds"
TrXr^yds XapipdvoipLev aKpoPoXL^ecrdaL avrolg ScSovTes. Kal es X^^P^^ V^V avveXiqXvdapbev , to pLev eTTeiSr)
doTTihas enelyeode avfjLjju^ai ^ tols evavTiois Kal emos yeveoOai tCjv TO^evpATCov, ws fju-qSe
evojvvpiov
^
Kai o
Tip^oXaos
Gesner
eTpeipavTO
p,e
rous"
Kad*
laoiraXov
dvayeypafififirqs
MSS.
472
We
ling to
SAMIPPUS
Bless
you
Do you
still
at
Athens ?
You're stationed on the plain near Babylon outside the walls, one of a mighty army, in a council of war.
LYCINUS
Thanks for the reminder. I thought I was sober and that the idea I was expressing was wideawake.
SAMIPPUS
if you don't mind. Be good danger and don't betray our native spirit The enemy are coining on now, I fancy. So let ^ When the trumpeter Enyalius be our watchword
We'll go on then,
soldiers in
gives the signal, raise the battle-cry, crash your spears against your shields, charge and get to grips with 'em Get under their arrows Don't let them shoot us down at long range Now we're at
!
! !
close quarters and Timolaus and the left have routed those against them Medes they are. There's no
^ ^
So Bekker
avfifil^ai
MSS.
473
Jacobitz
avfiixi^ai
MSS.
8e
ATKINOi:
61
\l TTjg rv)(T]s.
/cat
7T
iJL
yap
ol
iTTTTCtS"
cLTravres
fjLovos
/cat pLOL
hoKU),
avTopLoXrjGeLv irpoa-
en
TToXep.ovvras vp,ds
EAMinnoE
Kparels yap avrayv /cat av rjSr) to fiepos. iyw 8e, ws opas, /cat p,ovop,a)(TJorco irpos rov jSacrtAea- TrpoKaXetrat yap /xe /cat dvo^wat TrdvTajs alaxpov.
M7^8a/Ltc5s".
ATKINOi:
Nt^
Ata
/cat
rerpcoar]
/cat
avrUa
^aaiXiKov yap
fiaxop-evov.
ro rpcodrjuai nepl
dpx'^9
LAMinnoE
einiToXaLov /xeVrot
<j>avepd
^
Eu
ou/c
Xeyeis.
ets"
to rpavfia
/xr^Sc
/cat
TO,
rod acop^aro^, ws
rrjv
dixop(f>ov yeveodai. ttXtjv dXXd e-neXdoas /xta 7rXif]yfj avrov re /cat rov Ittttov StcVetpa rrjv Xoyx'fjv d<j>eLs, elra rrjv /cat Ke(f>aX'Y)v dnorepLajv d^cAcuv to SidSrjp^a
ovXrjv
vorepov
opag
OTTOJS
jSao-tAeus" 97817
yeyova npooKWovpievos
.
V(f>*
aTrdvrojv
^ 38 ot pdp^apoi ITpoo Kvveir ojaav Kara rov vp,a>v elg vopov dp^oj 'KXXijvajv arparrjyos 6vop,a^6p,evos.
^
fievToi
Bekker
MSS.
474
LYCINUS
me
Well,
if
they press
me
hard,
fancy I
and run away to the gymnasium and leave you behind still fighting your war.
SAMIPPUS
Don't do that
You
as
on your
side.
Now,
the king in single combat. He is challenging me, and to refuse would be absolutely disgraceful.
LYCINUS
you
Yes, and
It's
you'll be wounded by him in a moment. a royal privilege to be wounded fighting for your
empire.
SAMIPPUS
Still, it's only a sUght wound and not in an exposed place, so the scar won't disfigure me afterwards. But did you see how I charged him and ran him through and his horse too with one throw of my spear, and then cut off his head and stripped him of his diadem and now I am the Great King with everyone doing obeisance? Let the barbarians do obeisance You I'll rule in Greek manner under the
You
are right.
'
vficov
Solanus
17/Mtv
MSS.
475
/xereAei;-
i^ecoae
etcroj
rov
dypov
Kar oXiyov S to
tJSt], c5
rcjv opcjv.
ATKINOE
39
XliTTavao
jjLev
Sa/xtTTTrc.
Kaipos yap ae
tJSt)
vevLKTjKora
nqXiKavrrjv
iiriviKLa
VOJ')(Lodai
r)
dpx^j
Tt/xoAaoy
rd
eKardSios
p^XH^
^^
ydp
dv idcXr).
LAMinnoE
AvkIv ; old gol
fjTfjodaL hoKCj
;
Tt
8* ovVy CO
ATKINOE
Ilapd TToXv,^ CO OavpaGLwrare jSacrtAecuv, iinTTOvwrepa /cat ^Laiorepa rwv ^AhLp,dvrov, Trap* OGOV eKivos p^V rpv<f)a SirdiXavra ^vGea c/cttco^ rots GvpLTTorais, ov hk /cat /xara irpOTTLvwv
irirpwGKov p,ovop,axdjv /cat cScStet? /cat <j)p6vrL^s vvKrwp /cat /x^* rjpbepav ov p,6vov ydp gol rd TTapd rcjv TToXepiojv <f)0^pd rjv, dXXd /cat 7rtj3ouAat
pLVpiai /cat
/cat
/cat
pXoog
/coAa/ceta, (f>iXos Se ouSets" aATy^T^s", ciAAa tt/dos" TC) Sees' diravres r^ Trpos rrjv cAxrtSa cuvot So/couvres" cfvox. aTroAauo-ts" jLteV yc ouSe ovap rcjv rfSewv,
dXXd So^a
raivia
TTpoLovreg ,
1
pbovT]
XevKT)
nepl
S'
rd
aAAa Kaparos
:
After ofjiopos MSS. have 1787; del. Fritzsche. So Jacobitz -napaTroXv MSS.
476
of sole commander.
I
cities I shall
solent to my empire! Of all men I'll punish that rich Cydias in particular: he used to be neigh-
many
found and name after myself, and how shall storm and destroy that have been in-
my
little
by
little
LYCINUS
That's enough, Samippus. Now you've won your big fight it's time for your victory-feast in Babylon I think your empire is six stades long. It is the turn of Timolaus now to wish for whatever he wants.
SAMIPPUS
Well, but, Lycinus, what do you think of
LYCINUS
my wish }
Much more
laborious
and
violent,
Majesty, than Adimantus's. He lived in luxury and bestowed on his fellow-drinkers golden cups of two
talents weight each. You were wounded in single combat and were afraid and anxious night and day you had not only your enemies to fear, but thousands
:
most glorious
of plots and envy from those around you and hatred and flattery not one true friend did you have, but all feigned goodwill for fear or hope. You had not even a phantom enjoyment of your pleasures, only the appearance, purple embroidered with gold, a white ribbon on your brow, and bodyguards to go before you, but otherwise intolerable hardship and
'
TrpoTrivctiv
MSS.
477
;(/y)7/x,aTtCtv
8ct
rolg
irapa
rcov
TToXefiLOJV TJKOvaiv rq iq KaraTrefMnetv tols vtt7]k6ols tTTtray/xara, /cat "j^'rot acfyeorrrjKe tl edvos 7TXavvovaL TLveg Tojv efoj rijg dpx'fjs. ScSteVat T]
SlkolCclv
ovv
Set
Trdvra
/cat
v(f>opdodaL,
/cat
oAco?
tJtto
aeavrov evSaLjjiovL^eadai. 40 /cat yap ttcjs ov raTreivov, on /cat vo(JLS rd ojxoia rocs tStcorats" /cat o Twperos ov 8taytyvdjcr/Ct ct jSacrtAca ovra oi58* o ddvaros 8e8t rous" hcpv^opovs oAA* inLGrds, ovorav avrco SoKTJy dyei olfJiwCovra ovk alSovpicvos to SidBr^p^a; av he 6 OVTWS viff7]X6^ Kararreowv dvdoTraoros c/c Tou ^aaiXetov Opovov ttjv avrrjv oSov direi rols
TravTCov
TToXXoLS,
laoTipos iXavvofjLevos iv
ttj
dycXrj
/cat
rwv
vKpa)Vy
TTCJVy
x^l^^
vi/jrjXov
virkp
yij?
ctttJAt^v
yojvias diroXi-
et/cdv?
/cetvat
/cat
TToAet?
/car'
depaTTevovuaiy /cat ro /xcya ovopa Trdvra oAtyov vnoppcl /cat diTeLcrLV dp,Xovpva. ^v
ort
Sc
Tt
/cat
pdXicna
iirl
TrXelcrTOV TTapapelvrjy
ris
dvaiadt^rco avrco yevopbivco ; opas Ota ^ev ert ^cuv e^et? irpdyixara SeStcus" /cat (fypovrtCcDV /cat Kdpvwv, ola Se /cat /Ltcrd 7^7^
a77oAavcrt?
d7raJ\AayT7v carat;
41
*AAA*
/cat
-^Sr^
ordv
alreZvy
Tt/xdAac,
ct/cd?
/cat
ottco?
VTTcpPaXfj
rovrovg^
ojairep
dv8pa
orup'CTdv
TTpdypaoiv
;^/37}a^at
ctSdra.
TIMOAAOE
S/COTTCt
fojLtat
/cat
yOW,
c5
At;/CtV,
Tt
TTLXrnJjLpOV
V-
XP^^^^
478
much
must
one
fear
will
fine everyself.
Besides, it is humiliating that sickness will come to you as to ordinary folk and fever will not set you Death has no fear of your bodyapart as a king guard, but comes when he will and takes you moan:
ing with no respect for your diadem. From what a height you will fall when, jerked from your royal throne, you depart by the same road as the common crowd, all equal as you are driven in the herd of the dead. Above ground you will leave behind a high mound and a lofty tombstone or a pyramid with inscribed corners, honours too late for you to see. Those statues and temples which cities erect to
you, and your great name, all will soon disappear unnoticed and be gone, neglected. But if all remains as long as may be, what enjoyment will now come to one who is beyond feeling? Do you see what further troubles you will have in life from fear, anxiety, and labour, and what will remain with
flatter
you after you depart ? But now it's your turn to make your request, Timolaus, See that you outdo them as we expect from an intelligent man of the world.
TIMOLAUS
Well, Lycinus, see if my wish will be open to censure or possible correction. Gold, treasures and
^
va>
Guyet
vccjs
MSS.
479
jSao-tAeta?
dpx'rj?,
StejSoAe?,
/cat
ovk
alrrjaoyiai.
djSc-
TroAAa?
rd?
eTTtjSouAds-
42
rjheog to dviapov iv avrol? Se -^i^. cyo) j3ouAo/xat rdv *Ep/:x7ji' ctTUXOt^Ta /i-ot Sowat Sa/CTfAtous" rti^ds" tolovtovs ttjv SwafiLV, va [JLV cjcrrc del ippcoadat /cat vyiaiveiv ro /cat drpajrov elvai /cat dTradijy erepov 8e actjfJLa
opdcdai Tov 7rpLdepivoVy oto? "^v 6 rod TvyoVy rov 8e rtva ws to-;^u6tv VTrep avSpa? fjLvpLovs /cat o Tt di' dxOos d/xa p,vpioL KLvrjuaL dvarldefioXis Svvaivro, rovro ifie paStcus" jjlovov
CO?
/X17
adai,
ert
Se
/cat
Trireadai
ttoXv
dno
tt}?
y>}9
dpdivra,
Ovpav TTpooiovri /xot dvoiyeoOai rou KXeiQpov /cat tou /xo;^Aou d(f>aipovixivoVy ravra duSorepa 6t? Sa/cruAto? Suma^cu. 43 TO oe pLeyiarov oAAos Tt? edTCu 7rt iracriv o rjOLGros,
;^aAct)/LteVot>
ipdGp,i.ov elvai /xe Trepidepievov Tratcrt TOt? copatot? /cat ywaift /cat Si^/xot? oAot? /cat fxrjSeva elvai dvepacrrov /cat otoj ^,17 TToOavorarog eyoj /cat
0)9
rov epwra
Ttva
c5ot TroAAd? ywat/ca? ou (fyepovoag dvapTat' eai^Td? Kat Td /xetpd/cta iiTLLLeinnvevaL iioi /cat evhaiiiova elvai 80/cetr, t
di^d
aropuay
/cat
/cat fjiovov
7TpoapAilfaLp,L avrojv,
Xvtttjs
et
vnep-
opcjprjVy
/cat
jLtT^Se
"TAay rj Odcova rov Xtov rj ravra irdvra ex^f-^ p-"^ oXiyoxpoviov /caTd yerpov Cwvra rrj? dvdpcoTTLViqs
err]
;)^tAta
pLorijs,
dAA'
veov
/c
reou yiyvopievov
They
than pleasure.
are insecure, full of plots and give more grief I want Hermes to meet me and give
:
me
one
is
to
keep
the body always strong and healthy, invulnerable and free from disease, another to make the wearer invisible like the ring of Gyges,^ a third to make me stronger
than thousands of
men and
by
myself a weight that thousands together could hardly move, and another to lift me flying far above the earth let me have a ring for this as well. Then a
to sleep and open every approach, releasing bolts and bars let one ring do both. But in particular let me have one
want
door as
all, one that when I wear it will make the pretty boys and women and whole peoples fall in love with me no one will fail to love me and think me desirable I shall be on every
tongue.
blessed
Many women \vill hang themselves in despair, boys will be mad for me and think themselves
but glance at one of them, and pine away them. Just let me be better than or Hyacinthus Hylas or Phaon the Chian.^ All these let me have and not for a short time for I shall not Uve the measure of human life but for a thousand
if I
:
years, renewing
my youth and always casting off The story is told in Plato, Republic II, 359d f. Handsome young men of ancient myth.
^
a eiKOTws MSS.
a del. Bekker.
481
ra
vov TO yfjpas wcrTrep ol 6<f>Ls. ovSev yap Seiyact Trdvra yap e/xa rjv dv rd rwv fxe ravra exovradXXcvVy ? OGOV dvoiyeiv t ret? Ovpas ehwdpiriv Kal Koipiii^eiv Tovs (f>vXaKas Kal ddiaros elvai elcjicjv. t 8c Tt v 'IvSot? Tj *Y7TpPopOLs diapLa TTapdSo^ov
'q
KTTJpLa TLfJLLOV
T^
OOa
pb(j>ayLV
T]
TTLelv TjSda,
ov
/xcTacrretAa/xeyos", cLAA*
avros
CTrtTrero/xcvo? direXav-
OV aTTaVTCOV S KOpOV. Kal 7761 ypVlJj VTTOTTTCpOV diqpiov 7] (f)olvL^ opveov iv ^IvSols ddearov rols aAAots", iyd) /cat rovro icopcjv dv, Kal rds TTTiyds Se ra? NetAou p,6vos dv rjTnardpLTjv Kal daov ^rqs yrj docKrjroVy Kal et nves dvTLTToSeg Tjpuv OLKOVOL TO VOTLOV TTJS yfj^ T^pLLTOpiOV -)(OVTeS Tt he Kal doTepcov <f)vcnv Kal aeX'qvrjs Kal avTov rjXCov paStcos" eyvojv dv dTraSr^s cov tu) irvpi, Kal TO TrdvTOJV rjStGTOv, avdrjpLepov dyyelXai is BajSuAcuva, TtV ivLKrjaev *0Xvp,7Ti,a, Kal dpiOTriGavTa, el TV^oi,^ ev 2)u/>ta henrvrjoai ev *lTaAta. el Se rts" e-)(Bp6s etrj, dpLvvaaOai, Kal tovtov k tov d(f)avovs
.
TreTpov epL^aXovTa
ttj
to
KpavLov, TOV9 T av (f>L\ov9 ev TTOieiv eTn^eavTa KOLpLwpievoLs avrols to )(pv(Jiov. Kal pbrjv ei Tt?
Lrj TVpOWOS TtXoVGLOS V^pLOTT^S, t) dpdpuevos avTOV daov eirl UTahiovs eiKoaiv d(f)7JKa toIs TraihiKolg Se <j)epeGd ai /cara tCjv Kp-qpLvcov. dv e^rjv ^ elcriovTa dOeaTOV opLiXetv dKcoXvTcos KoipbiaavTa diravTas dvev eKeivcjv puovaiv. olov he
VTTepOTTTTjS
^eXov9
tov9 TToXepLovvTas emoKOTreiv e^co rjv, Kal el ho^eie /xot, vnepaLcopovpevov ; dv toZs TTpoadepievos rjTTTjpievoLS Koipblaas tovs KpaTOvvras viKav Trapelxov toZs <f)evyovoLV dvaKdKelvo
482
sloughs its skin. While I have all this I shall want for nothing: all that others own would be mine as long as I could open doors, put watchmen to sleep, and pass in myself unseen. Whatever remarkable sight there were in India or beyond the North Wind,
whatever precious possession, whatever dainty morsel or pleasant drink, I should not send for them, but fly there myself and enjoy them all to satiety. That winged beast the griffin or the Phoenix bird in India may be unseen by othei*s, but I should see it I alone would know the source of the Nile and how much of the earth is uninhabited and if people live head-downwards in the southern half of the world. Again I should know the nature of the stars and the moon and the sun itself without trouble, being insensitive to fire; sweetest pleasure of all, on the self-same day I should give Babylon the name of the
:
Olympic
victor,
and
after
breakfast
perhaps
in
had an enemy I could pay him out by dropping a stone on his head unseen and cracking his skull my friends I could help by pouring gold on them as they slept. Then if there was a haughty person or a rich and bullying tyrant, I could pick him up and throw him down the cHfFs twenty I could meet my darlings without furlongs off. let or hindrance I'd go in unseen and put everyone
Syria dine in Italy.
:
If I
to sleep but
aloft
them
alone.
What
a wonderful thing,
armies and, if I wished, to support the vanquished and send the victors to sleep and to give victory to
^
2
rvxoi av i^TJv
ND
TvxoLfiL
:
other
MSS.
:
Guyet
dv4^(,v
dv l^eiv
dv
e^ij
AH. 483
aKpa
koI to oAov, TratStav TCOV avOpCJTTCOV ^toV KoL TTOLVra iSoKovv rolg aAAots". rovro rj evhaiybovia iarl /XT^re CLTToXeadaL ixi^rc imttjs rpoTiijs.
amo
^ povXevdrjvaL SwafjievT], Kal /xaAtcrra jxeO* vyiCLas 45 iv jxaKpo) ro) picp. ri dv alrLdaaio, cS AvKlvy ttjs
evxfjs
AYKINOE
Ovhivy TLOvodai
ttXtjv
ovSe yap dor^aAe? ivavKal virep puvpiovs rrjv lox^v, dAAd KLvo cpijaop.ai ae, el riva aXXov cfSe?
(L
TtjLtdAae.
a.vhpL Trnqvcp
V TooovTOis edveoiv, oaa VTrcpeTrrr]^, yepovra avhpa ovroj TrapaKeKti^Kora rrjv yvayfjurjv^
rjhrj
enl
SaKTuXloV fXLKpOV 6xOVfJLVOVy Opt] oAtt KIVLV OLKpCp rep SaKTvXcp Svvdpevov, iirepaorov Tracrt, Kal ravra ^aXaKpov ovra Kal rrjv piva aip^ov ; drdp ctTre /xot Kal roSe, ri hrj nore ovx ls SaKTuXios diravra ravra Svvarat crot, dAAd roaovrovs TTepirjjjL'
fxivos
paSifj
rrjv
dpiarepdv
7T<f>opriGpLivos
Kara
SaKrvXov eva;
fxaXXov Se VTrepTraUi 6 dpiOp^os, Kal ScT^cjet Kal rrjv Seftdv ovveTTtXa^eLV Kalroi ivos rod dvayKaiordrov TTpoaSel, os ^ nepiOcpicvov G 7TavoL fjuopalvovra rrjv ttoXXt^v ravrrjv Kopv^av
.
diTO^Tjaas,
TTOLTJoai
tj
rovro
fxev
^coporepos TToOeis ;
46
7]hrj
avros ^v^Xl '^^ dv p,ddajp.v ola alrrjoeis dveTrLX-qTrra Kal dveyKXrjra 6 avKo<j)avrcov rovg dXXovs.
rravrcDS,
TTore, d)s
^
*AAAd
vyieias Jacobitz
vycias
MSS,
flight.
In a word
all
should
make human
I
my
plaything,
things
would be thought by all others a god. This is the supreme bliss which cannot be destroyed or schemed against, being particularly
accompanied by health in a long can you find in my wish, Lycinus ?
LYCINUS
life.
What
fault
man
you
None, Timolaus. It isn't safe to oppose a winged stronger than ten thousand. But I will ask
:
this did you see in all those tribes you flew over any other old man so out of his mind, carried by a little ring and able to move whole mountains with his finger-tip, loved by everyone, even though
he was bald and snub-nosed ? But tell me this why cannot just one ring do all this for you ? Why must you go about weighed down by such a load of rings on one finger of your left hand? There are too many, and your right hand must take its share. Yet there is one more ring you most certainly need to put on, one which will stop your fooling and wipe away all this drivel. Or perhaps a stronger dose of hellebore than usual will be adequate ?
:
TIMOLAUS
Well now it's your turn to wish, Lycinus. Let us see what you who cavil against everybody else can find to ask that no one can censure or pull to pieces.
'
irpoaSei os edd.
rrpos Slos
MSS.
485
VOL. VI.
BapvXcova /xovo ju,a;)^a>y, /cat ov, w Tt/xdAae, dpiGTCJV fxev v SujOta, henrvcbv he iv 'IraAta Kal TOLS iyiol iTTL^aXXovGL araStot? Kare^p-qGaade KoXcos 7TOiovvTS. dXXcos T ovK dv he^aipiriv TrXovT'qGas 7r' oXlyov VTTiqvep^Lov riva ttXovtov
dfjicj)!
dvidadai pier oXiyov iJjlXtjv ttjv pdl^av iodicjDV, ola vp,L9 TTelaeade /xer' oAtyov, 7rt8ay tj ei)8at/xovta
IJiv
StaSi^jLtarcuv woirep e^ r)SiaTov oveiparos dveypopevoi dvopioia rd eirl ttJs" olklcls evpiaKr^re ojGTTep ol Tov? ^aGiXeZs VTroKpLVOfievoL rpaycoSol e^eXdovres diro rod dedrpov Xipuxyrrovres ol ttoXXol, ^ Kal ravra npo oXiyov Ayajxep^voves ovres '^ Kpeovres. XviT'qoeode ovv, ws to etfco?, Kal SvodpeoTOi eoeode rd eirl ttjs OLKtag, Kal pdXiora oVy (X) Tt/xoAae, oirorav Serj ae ro avro Tradeiv rep ^iKdpcp rijs TTrepcoaeojg SiaXvOeLor]? Karaireoovra K rov ovpavov ^ap^al ^ahil^eLv diroXeoavra rovs SaKrvXlovs eKeivovs diravras diroppvevras rdv 'haKrvXoiv. epol he Kal rovro iKavov dvrl TrdvrcDV 6r]oavpd)V Kal Ba^vXcvvos avrijs ro yeXdoat pudXa r)Se(i)s 0' ols v/xet? r^rrjoare roiovroig ovgl, Kal
Kal
ravra
<j)iXoGo^iav eTraivovvres .
486
fasting in Syria
and dining in
Italy,
Besides while with dream-treasure, and then be cross when there was soon but plain barley-cake to eat. That's what you'll find soon when your happiness and your great wealth take wings and are gone and you have to come back from your treasures and your diadems just as you are, like sleepers awaking after a pleasant dream, and you find how different things are at home, like tragic actors who play the part of kings and for the most part starve when off the stage, although just now they were Agamemnons or Creons. So you'll be sorry, in all probability, and displeased with things at home, especially you, Timolaus, when you suffer the fate of Icarus and your wings dissolve, and falling from heaven you must walk on earth, having lost all those Instead of rings which have slipped off your fingers. all your treasures and Babylon itself I have what is enough for me a good laugh at the sort of thing that you have asked for, for all that you praise
up
I
philosophy.
487
INDEX
Abdera, city in Thrace,
Abderite, 5
3,
outskirts of
Acanias, westernmost promontory of Cyprus, 439 Achaeans, the Greeks before Troy,
235
Achaeus, tragic poet, 179 Achaia, province of Greece, 21 Achilles, hero of the Iliad, 21 sq., 57, 175, 323; a page's name, 123 Acinaces, Persian sword, in a Scythian oath, 247 Acragas, city in Sicily, 145 Acropolis, of Athens, 455 Actaeon, who saw Artemis batliing, was turned into a stag and torn to pieces by his own dogs, 101 Adimautus, character in The Ship, 431 sqq. Adrasteia (Nemesis), 201 Aeacus, judge of the underworld, 193 Aegean Sea, 313, 439, 467 Aegina, island in the Saronic Gulf, 447 Aerope, mother of Agamemnon, 13 Aeschines, orator, 201 a7id note Aeschylus, dramatist, 223 note Aesop, teller of fables, 413 Aetion, painter, 145 sqq. Afranius Silo, centurion, 37 sq. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, 13,
Ajax, fought in the Trojan War and committed suicide, 39 Alcaeus of Miletus, wrestler, 15 Alcamenes, sculptor, 65, 295 Alcibiades, Athenian general and statesman, 55, 255 Alexander (the Great), 19, 53, 55 sg., 181 S7., 267, 463, 469 note; his marriage to Roxana, 147 sq.
199, 487
Anacharsis, a Scythian, 241 sqq. Anaxiraenes, of Chios, sopliist, 145 Andromeda, Euripides' tragedy, 3 sq., 9 Antiochianus, petty historian, 45 Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, 49, 163 sqq, Antipater, general, later king of Macedonia, 181, 469 Antisthenes, founder of the Cynic
sect, 287,
289
Aornos,
267 Aphrodite, goddess of love, 135, 395 Apollo, father of Asclepius and god of culture, 27 god of Delphi, 45, 289; ofthe Great Gifts, 109; ode by Dionysius, 177; angered by the Achaeans, 235 Arcadia, 465 Arcadian, 463
;
Archytas, mathematician and Pythagorean philosopher, 177 Areopagite, a member of the court of Areopagus, 241 Areopagus, court of, 379 Ares, god of war, 13 Argives, 65 Argos, city in the Peloponnese, 143, 205 Argus, many-eyed monster, guard of lo, 17 Ariadne, daughter of Minos, who helped Theseus escape from the labyrinth, 349 Arion, lyric poet, who was thrown overboard from a Corinthian ship and carried ashore by a dolphin, 453 note
489
INDEX
Ariphron, poet, 181 note
technician
and
historian, 19
Aristodemus, actor, 199 Aristophanes, comic poet, 57 note, 427 note Aristotle, founder of Peripatetic
School, 289, 315, 325, 347, 351, 353, 415
Bactrians, 9 Bellerophon, falsely accused by Proteus' wife, was sent to the king of Lycia, who set him various tasks, which he accomplished successfully, 197 and note Boeotia, 217
Athena, patron goddess of arts and crafts, 297, 421; judge in the Oresteia, 223 and note; goddess of wisdom, 401 Athenian, 23 note, 25, 53, 55, 65, 177, 241 sqq., 421 Athens, 143, 157, 159, 241 sqq., 431, 433, 455 Athos, Mt., headland of Chalcidice,
19 Atreus, father of Agamemnon, 13 Atropus, one of the Fates, 55 and note Atthis, chronological history of Attica, 47 Attic honey, 457; language, 25; orators, 255; people, 245; philosophy, 251; sniff, 419; talents, 445; thyme, 23; wit, 421 Attica, 431 note, 437 Atticist, 31 Augustus, first Roman emperor, 187
237
Castor, see Dioscuri.
Caucasus, Mts. where Prometheus was chained, 419 Ceian, 257 Celtic, 29 Celts, 9, 47, 211 Cenchreae, town near Corinth, 43, 467 Ceos, 145 Ceramicus, a quarter of Athens, 245,
459 Chaerephon, disciple of Socrates, 289 atid note Chaldean, of the Chaldeans, ancient wizards and astrologers, 271 Chaos, personified by Hesiod, 229 Charybdis, whirlpool, 7 note
Chelidonenses,
islands
off
Lycia,
Cilicia
and
Babylon, 311, 471, 473, 477, 483, 487 Bacchylides, lyric poet, 257 note
Bactra, capital of Bactria, 469, 471 Bactria, northern Afghanistan and part of Russian Turkestan, 311,
423
439 Chian, 481 Chimaera, a monster, part lion, part she-goat, part serpent, 395 Chios, 145 Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher, 289, 315-375 passim, 415 Cilicia, district of southern Asia Minor, 469 Cleaenetus, an Athenian, 457 Cleon, Athenian demagogue, 53, 421
490
INDEX
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 199 Clinias, father of Alcibiades, 255 Macedonian noble, who Clitus, saved Alexander the Great's life but was killed by him in a
father
of
Delphic tripod, on which the priestess sat to prophesy, 237 Demetrius of Sagalessus, petty historian, 47 Democritus, an Athenian, 457
by his mother Rhea); later he was forced to disgorge them and was ejected from his throne, 89 sqq.
stituted for Zeus
Croton city in Italy, 197 Ctesias, of Cnidus, 55 note Ctesiphon, city on the Tigris, 471 Cupid, god of love, 433; Loves, 147 sq.; slave-boys, 35 Cybele, see Great Mother. Cydias, an Athenian, 477 Cyllarabis, in Argos, 205 Cynic, follower of Antisthenes,
293 Cyprus, 393 Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, 423
Danaids, maidens who murdered their husbands and as a punishment in Hades were set to fill a leaky jar with water, 83, 375
Darius, king of Persia, father of Xerxes, 423 Darius, king of Persia, father of Cyrus and Artaxerxes, 35
Echecrates, mentioned in Hermotimus, 409; mentioned in The Ship, 455 Edessa, town in Osroene, 33, 37 Egypt, 25, 81, 209, 247, 423 sq., 433, 439, 445, 449, 469 Egyptian, 345, 423, 431 sq., 445 Eleans, 65 Eleusis, city of Attica, 455 Elis, in the Peloponnese, 337 Empedocles, philosopher, 175 note Enodia, see Hecate. Enyalius, god of havoc, 39, 473 Epicurean, 287, 291, 327 sq., 353,
387 Epicurus, philosopher, 179, 309353 passim Epigenes of Sicyon, tragic poet, 362
note
Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus, 427 and note Epipolae, flat ridge behind Syracuse, 53, 69
Epu-us. 183
491
INDEX
Ethiopia, 25, 319 Ethiopian, 317, 325 Euandridas, an Elean, 337 Euclid, Athenian archon, 401 and
note Eucrates, mentioned in Hermotimus, 281 Eumenes of Cardia, principal secretary and keeper of the Royal Journal to Alexander the Great, 181
Euphorion, poet and prose-writer, 69 Euphrates, B,., 35, 37 7iote Euripides, dramatist, 3, 175, 205
and note
Europus, city on the middle Eu-
Euthydemus,
Minor, 163
sqq.,
183
tribe,
Garamantes, Libyan
77 sqq.
Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, 323 sq. Georgia, 63 note Getans, Thracian tribe, 9, 241 note Gibraltar (" Pillars of Hercules "),
Hephaestion, Macedonian noble and friend of Alexander the Great, 147 Hephaestus, god of fire and the smithy, 297 Hera, Queen of Heaven, 139 Heraclea, one of several Greek towns, 277 Heracles, demigod, 17, 35, 199, 273 "successor of Heracles", sq.; 15 and note " Bestower ", 109; of the Hermes, " Lord of underworld, 197; Profit", 451; figure of, 455 Hermocrates, Syracusan statesman and general, 53 Hermotimus, a Stoic, 261 sqq. Herodicus, trainer, 49 Herodotus, historian, 5, 29, 57, 67, 143 sq., 149 sq., 213 note, 241 note " Isis ", Heron, helmsman of the 437, 441 Hesiod, didactic poet, 33 note, 95, 229 sqq., 263, 265, 305, 427 note, 455 and note Hestia, goddess of the hearth, 325 Hippias, sophist, 145 Hippocentaur, mythical creature, half-horse, half-man, 157 sqq., 395 Hippoclides, Athenian who danced away his marriage, 213 and note Hippocrates, physician, 260 note
Homer,
235 note God of Havoc, see Enyalius. Gorgon (Medusa), monster, 29, 395 Graces, goddesses of charm, 21, 39, 135, 327, 395 Great King of Persia, see Persian King. Great Mother (Cybele), 107 Greece, 143, 145, 157, 241, 245-251, 393, 455, 467, 469 Gyges, king of Lydia, 481 and note Gylippus, Spartan general, 53
7, 13, 23, 33, 57, 61, 63, 69, 95, 97, 121, 131, 157, 167, 179, 197, 200, 203, 211, 231, 233, 253, 265, 283, 293 note, 313, 323, 377
by Apollo, accidentally killed by a discus, 481 a page's name, 123 Hydaspes R., tributary of the Indus,
;
481
sqq.
metheus and others, 99 Iberia, modern Georgia, 43, 63, 457 Iccus, trainer, 49
Hissus R., near Athens, 445
492
INDEX
India, 47, 123, 267, 311, 393, 457,
483
47 Indian, Indus R., 47 Ionia, 21, 469 Ionian, 435; mode, in music, 217; Sea, 313 Ionic, dialect, 27, 29, 145 Irus, beggar in the Odyssey, 459 Isis, goddess and name of the vessel in The Ship, 437, 447, 449 Isodotus, father of Nicostratus, 15 Issus, town in Cilicia, where Alexander defeated the Persians, 181 Ister, the Lower Danube, 81 Isthmus of Corinth, 453, 455 Italic words, 25
9,
Malchion, a Syrian, 41 Malea, Cape on S, Eastern tip of Greece, 159, 441 Mantinea, city in Arcadia, 463, 465 Marathon, scene of Athenian victory over Persian army, 177 Margites, a fool, 293 Marsyas, satyr or silenus, beaten by Apollo in a musical contest, 219 Mauretania, area in N. Africa, 41 Mausacas, a Moor, 41
off by Jason and killed their children, 205, 397 Medes, 473 Media, 45, 63 Medusa, the Gorgon, 4 Melicertes, son of Athamas and Ino who leaped into the sea with him to prevent his murder at the hands of his father; mother and son became sea-deities, 453 Memphis, city in Egypt, 449 Menecrates, father of Hermotimus, 357 Menelaus, king of Sparta, 253 Mesopotamia, country between the Tigris and Euphrates, 35 sq., 45, 469 Micio, pupil of Zeuxis, 163 Midas, legendary Phrygian king, 193, 457; a servant's name, 281
Medea, carried
Italy, 55, 63, 147, 159, 441, 447, 457, 483, 487 Ixion, attached to a revolving wheel for attempting the chastity
^jonios, for
"
Saturninus ",31
See also Sparti-
Lacedaemon, 143.
ates, Sparta.
Lagos, father of Ptolemy I Soter, 183 Latin, 25, 31, 185 Leotrophides, a little man, 49 Lerna, town near Argos, 43 Lethe, river of forgetfulness, 197 Leucanian, 177 Libya, 77 S7Q. Long Walls, from Athens to Piraeus, 25 Love, 229. See also Cupid, Lycia, district of S. Asia Minor, 439, 469 Lycian, 439 Lycinus, i.e. Lucian, 229 sqq., 261 SQQ., 431 sqq. Lydia, area in W. Asia Minor, 17 Lydian mode, in music, 217 Lynceus, Argonaut of exceptionally keen sight, 299 Lysimachus, king of Thrace, 3
sq.
Miletus, 23 Milo, a strong man, 49, 151 Minos, father of Glaucus, 235 and note Mithridates, king of Pontus, 463 Momus, fault-finding personified,
297 sq. Moorish, 41 Muses, 13, 21, 27, 57, 145, 229 sqq. Muziris, port on W. coast of India, 47
Myrrinous, deme in Attica, 431, 441 Mysians, tribe living on the Danube, 63 Mysteries, secret cult, 267
Narcissus, a page's name, 123 Nereus, old sea god, 441 Nestor, aged Greek chieftain
Macedonia, 149, 251, 469 note Macedonian, 167 Maenads, frenzied devotees Dionysus, 101
at
of
493
INDEX
Nicias, Athenian general, 53, 177 Nicostratus, athlete, 15 and note Nile R., 81, 449, 483 Nisaean, of the plain in N. Media, famous for its horses, 55 Nisibis, city of Mesopotamia, 23 sq. Numidian, of Numidia, country in N. Africa, 457, 461
Parthian, 23, 27, 37, 43, 47, 469 Parthonicica, title of Demetrius's history, 47 Parysatis, wife of Darius Ochus, 35 Pausanias, traveller, 15 note Pelasgicum, space in Athens under the Acropolis, 25
177 Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey, 175, 371; his companions, 131
Oeta Mt., in S. Thessaly, 273, 275, 279 Olympia, in Elis, 145, 147, 151, 225, 337, 343 Olympiad, space of four years between successive Olympic Games, 267 Olympic Games. 145, 149; honour, 145; victor, 51, 483 Olympus, a bard, 219 Olynthus, city in Chalcidice, 53 Omphale, mythical Lydian queen
Peloponnesian War, 37, 177 note] great plague in, 241 Pentagram, Pythagorean symbol, 179 Pentheus, king of Thebes, torn to pieces by Maenads, 101 Perdiccas, Macedonian noble, 49 Pericles, Athenian statesman, 37, 255 Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle in philosophy, 281, 287, 291 Perseus, son of Danae, cut of Medusa's head and rescued Andromeda from a sea-monster*
3,
whom
Heracles served, 17
Persia, 43, 55 note Persian, 29, 63, 145, 321, 465, 467, 475; Persian king, 21, 25, 471, 475. See also s. Artaxerxes,
note
Phaon of
Orpheus, famous singer of myth; he was killed and torn to pieces by Thracian Bacchantes; 101 Osroes, Parthian commander-inchief, 29, 33, 45 Our Lady of the Crossroads, see Hecate. Oxydraci, Indian people, 47 Oxyrhoes, i.e. Osroes, 29
Pactolus, river of Lydia famous for
193 Painted Arcade, in Athens, 445 Palestine, 469 Pamphylia, district of S. Asia Minor, 439, 469 two festivals at Panathenaea, Athens, the lesser celebrated the every greater annually, fourth year, 267 Paraetonia, rocky coast of Libya, 73 Parnes, mountain north of Athens, 453 Parthenius, elegiac poet, 69
its gold,
note, 3, 7, 33, 43
Philolaus, a Pythagorean, 179 Phineus, king of Salmydessus, l famous soothsayer, 229 Phoenicia, coastal district of Syria 469 Phoenix, mythical Indian bir< which lived for five hundred* years and then cremated itself, another bird arising from the ashes, 483 Phrontis, i.e. Fronto, 31
494
INDEX
Phrygian mode, in music, 217
Piraeus, port of Atliens, 243, 431, 439, 445, 447, 473 Pisa, town of Elis, situated near
Roman, 23
159
sq.,
29
sq.,
Olympia, 151
Pisidia, district of S. Asia Minor,
469
Plato, the philosopher, 85, 177, 181, 287, 289, 309, 315, 319 sqq., 347, 351 sq., 375, 415, 481 note
Platonism, 325
Platonists, 291, 329, 353, 387 Pleiades, the constellation, 229 Pollux, see Dioscuri. Polus, tragic rhetorician, 145; actor, 199 Polycrates, rich tyrant of Samos, 461
Polydamas, Olympic victor, 51, 151 Polyidus, Corinthian seer, 229 Polynices, son of Oedipus, 175 Pompeiopolis, city of Bithynia or Cilicia, 23 Porus, Indian king, a man of gigantic stature, defeated by Alexander the Great, 19 Poseidon, god of the sea and earthquakes, 13, 297 Praxiteles, Athenian sculptor, 65 Priscus, Roman general, 31 Prodicus, soplust of Ceos, 145 who the Titan, Prometheus, fashioned man from clay and gave fire to mortals, 419 sqq. Proteus, a sea-god, 437 Proxenides, chief judge at Olympia, 147, 149
Ptolemy, son of Lagus, companion of Alexander the Great, and later King of Egypt, 183, 423; any successor of the above, 463
Pylos, place in Messenia, 63
353
Solon, Athenian sage
and
states-
man, 249
sqq.
Sostratus, architect of Cnidus, 73 Sparta, 223 Spartiates, 177 Sphacteria, island off Messenia, 177 Stesichorus, lyric poet, 195 note Stoa, porch in Athens where Zeno taught, 413 sq. of Zeno, Stoicism, philosophy Chrysippus, and their followers, 319 Stoics, 281 sqq., 315, 319, 325 sqq., 353, 365, 387, 401 sq., 413 sq. Strombichus, father of Adimantus, 441
Sulla,
Roman
general
and
dictator,
159
Siu-a,
495
INDEX
Syracuse, city of Sicily, 69, 323
sq.
Syria, 43, 45, 483, 487 Syrian, 33, 41, 253 Syrtis, the Greater, part of the great
Tantalus, father of Pelops, eternally deprived of water and food, which are kept out of his reach,
69, 81 sq.
Timolaus, character in The Ship, 431 sqq. Timotheus, teacher of Harmonides, 217 sqq. Tirynthian, of Tiryns, town of Argos, birthplace of Heracles, 175 Titan, a pre-Olympian god, 35, 93, 419
Titanios, i.e. Titianus, 31 Titianus, general of Verus, 31
condemned
punishment
69
Telemus, a prophet, 229 Teucer, the Greek archer, 313 Thasian, of Thasos, island in the N. Aegean, 51 Theagenes, Olympic victor, 51
Thebes 219 Theodotus, of Rhodes, 165 Theognis, elegiac poet, 205 Theon, trainer, 49 Theopompus, historian, 71 Theoxenus, writer, 251 Thersites, impudent, ugly Greek before Troy, 21 sq. Theseus, slayer of the Minotaur,
349
Thespis, a pipe- player, 425 Thessalian, 161 Thracians, 61, 101, 241 note
father
of
29,45
Western Ocean,
211
i.e.
the Atlantic,
Xenophon,
Zamolxis,
historian, 5, 33, 55
Thucydides, historian, 5, 9, 23, 25, 29, 37, 53, 55, 57, 63 noU, 67, 69, 435 and note Thyestes, brother of Atreus, who
killed Thyestes's children and served them up to him, 97 Tigris R., 29, 45 Timarchus, opponent of Aeschines, 201 and note
Zalmoxis, a Thracian god, 241, 247 Zeno, founder of the Stoic school, 289, 315 Zeus, 13, 37, 61, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99,
123, 125, 129, 131, 137, 255, 265, 315, 337, 467; Giver of Wealth, God of Friendship, 149; 109; God of Strangers, 249; statue of,
39
Zeuxis, painter, 157 sqq.
Ltd.,
Translated by J. C. Rolfe.
3 Vols.
W.
Adling.
Revised by S. Gaselee. {8th Imp.) 1566). 7 Vols. Vol. I. G. E. Augustine: City of God. McCracken. W, Watts (1631). 2 Vols. St. Augustine, Confessions op.
(Vol. I. llh Imp., Vol. II. eth Imp.) J. H. Baxter. St. Augustine, Select Leiters. (2nd Imp.) AusONius. H. G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Bede. J. E. King. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
BoETHius: Tracts and De Consolatione Philosophiab. Rev. H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand. {Gth Imp.) Caesar: Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars, A. G.
Caesar: Civil Wars. A. G. Peskett. {6th Imp Caesar: Gallic War. H.J.Edwards, {llth Imp.) Cato: De Re Rustica; Varro: De Rb Rustica. H. B. Ash and W. D. Hooper. (3rd Imp.) Catullus. F. W. Comish; Tibullus. J. B. Postgate; Pervigilium Veneris. J. W. Mackail. {\'3th Imp.) Celsus: De Medicina. W. G. Spencer. 3 Vols. (Vol. I. 3rd Imp. revised. Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.) Cicero: Brutus, and Orator. G. L. Hendrickson and H. M.
)
Way.
H. Caplan. Cicero de Fato; Paradox a Stoicorum; De Partitionb Oratoria. H. Rackham (With De Oratore. Vol. II.)
:
(2nd Imp.)
De Finibus. H. Rackham. {Ath Imp. De Inventione, etc. H. M. Hubbeli. De Natura Deorum and Academica.
revised.)
H. Rackham.
(3rd Imp.) Cicero: De Officiis. Walter Miller. (7^ Imp.) Cicero: De Oratore. 2 Vols. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham. (2nd Imp.) Cicero De Republica and De Legibus Somnium Scipionis. Clinton W. Keyes. {Uh Imp.) Cicero: De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione. W. A. Falconer, {dth Imp.) Cicero In Catilinam, Pro Placco, Pro Murena, Pro Suixa. Louis E. Lord, (ord Imp. revised.)
: ; :
CiCEBO:
(Vol.
I. lih
Cicero:
Vols.
Cicero: Philippics. W. C. A. Ker. (4th Imp. revised.) CicERO: Pro Archia, Post Reditum, De Domo, De HarusPICUM Responsis, Pro Plancio. N. H. Watts. (3rd Imp.) Cicero: Pro Caecina, Pro Lege Manilia, Pro Cluentio. Pro Rabirio. H. Grose Hodge. (3rd Imp.) Cicero: Pro Caelio, De Provinciis Consularibus. Pro Balbo. R. Gardner. Cicero: Pro Milone, In Pisonem, Pro Scaubo, Pro Fonteio. Pro Rabirio Postumo, Pro Marcello, Pro Lioario, Pro Reoe Deiotaro. N. H. Watts. (3rd Imp.) Pro Quinctio, Pro Roscio Amebino, Pro Roscio Cicero CoMOEDO, Contra Rullum. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.) Cicero: Pro Sestio, In Vatinium. R. Gardner. Cicero: Tusculan Disputations. J. E. King. {4th Imp.) Cicero: Verrink Orations. L. H. G. Greenwood. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 3rd Imp., Vol. 11. 2nd Imp.) Claudian. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Columella: De Re Rustica. De Arboribus. H. B. Ash, 3 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp.) E. S. Forster and E. Heffner. CuBTius, Q.: History of Alexander. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Florus. E. S. Forster and Cornelius Nefos. J. C. Rolfe. (2nd Imp.) Frontinus: Stratagems and Aqueducts. C. E. Bennett and M. B. McElwain. (2nd Imp.) C. R. Haines. 2 Vols. (3rd Fronto: Correspondence. Imp.) Gellius, J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols. (Vol. 1. 3rd Imp., Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.t Horace: Odes and Epodes. C. E. Bennett. (I4th Imp.
:
Letters to Atticus. E. O. Winstedt. 3 VoU. Imp., Vols. II. and III. 4th Imp.) Letters to His Friends. W. Glynn Williams. 3 (Vols. I. and II. 4th Imp., Vol. III. 2nd Imp. revised.)
revised.
H. R. Fairclough.
Imp.
revised.)
Jerome: Selected Letters. F. A. Wright. (2nd Imp.) Juvenal and Persius. G. G. Ranasay. (8^ Imp.) Livy. B. O. Foster, F. G. Moore, Evan T. Sage, and A. C. 14 Vols. (Vol. Schlesinger and R. M. Geer (General Index). I. 5^ Imp., Vol. V. 4th Imp., Vols. II.-IV., VI. and VII.,
IX.-XII. 3rd Imp., Vol. Vlll., 2nd Imp. revised.) Lucan. J. D. Duff. {4th Imp.) Lucretius. W. H. D. Rouse. {1th Imp. revised.) Martial. W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 6th Imp., Vol. II. 4th Imp. revised.) Minor Latin Poets: from Publiltus Syrus to Rutilius Namatianus, including Grattius, Calpubnius Siculus, " Aetna " and the Nemesianus, Avianus, and others with "Phoenix." J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff. (3rd
Imp.)
Ovid:
J.
H. Mozley.
{^h Imp.)
Ovid: Fasti. Sir James G. Frazer. {2nd Imp,) Ovid: Heroides and Amores. Grant Showerman. (1th Imp.) Ovid: Metamorphoses. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I, llth
Ovid: Tristia and Ex Ponto. A. L. Wheeler. (4^ Imp.) Persius. Of. Juvenal. M. Apocolocyntosi'.. Petkonius. Seneoa Heseltine, W. H. D. Rouse, (dth Imp. revised.) Plautus. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols. ( Vol. I. 6th Imp., II. 6th Imp., III. Ath Imp., IV. and V. 2nd Imp.) Pliny: Letteiis. Molmoth's Translation revised by W. M. L. Hutchinson. 2 Vols. (1th Imp.) Pliny: Natural History. H. Rackham and W. H. S. Jones. H. Rackham. Vols. VI. and Vols. I.-V. and IX. 10 Vols. VII. W. H. S. Jones. (Vol. 1. ith Imp., Vols. II. and III. 3rd Imp., Vol. IV. 2nd Imp.) H. E. Butler, (luh Imp.) Proi'ERTIus. Prudentius. H. J. Thomson. 2 Vols. Quintilian. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols. (Vols. I. and IV. ith Imp., Vols. II. and III. 3rd Imp.) Remains of Old Latin. E. H, Warmington. 4 vols. Vol. I. (Enntus and Caecilius.) Vol. II. (Livius, Naevius, Pacuvius, Accius.) Vol. III. (LuciLius and Laws of XII Tables.) (2nd Imp.) (Archaic Inscpipiions.) Sallust. J. C. Rolfe. (4th Imp. revised.) ScRiPTORES Historiae Auqustae. D. Magio. 3 Vols. (Vol. I. 3rd Imp. revised. Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.) Seneca: Apocolocyntosis. Cf. Petronius. Seneca: Epistulae Moraxes. R. M. Gummere. 3 Vols.
(Vol.
I.
Imp., Vol.
11.
lOth Imp.)
and
J.
III. 3rd
Seneca:
Moral Essays.
W.
(Vol.
II.
Ath Imp., Vols. I. and III. 2nd Imp. revised.) Seneca: Tragedies. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. Vol. II. 3rd Imp. revised.)
Uh Imp.
2 Vols.
SiDONius:
(Vol.
I.
W.
B. Anderson.
I.
2nd Imp.)
2 Vols. SiLius Italicus. J. D. Duff. (Vol. Vol. II. 3rd Imp.) 2 Vols. Statius. J. H. Mozley. (2nd Imp.)
2nd Imp.
Suetonius. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 1th Imp., Vol. II. 6ih Imp. revised.) Tacitus: Dialogues. Sir Wm. Peterson. Aoricola and Gekmania. Maurice Hutton. (1th Imp.) Tacitus: Histories and Annals. C. H. Moore and J. Jackson. 4 Vols.. (Vols. I. and II. Uh Imp. Vols. III. and IV. 3rd Imp.)
Terence.
II. 1th
John Sargeaunt.
:
2 Vols.
(Vol.
I.
8A Imp.,
Vol.
'J'ertullian
Apologia and De Spectacx^js. T. R. Glovor. MiNUCius Felix. G. H. RendekU. (2nd Imp.) Valerius Flaccus. J. H. Mozley. (3rd Imp. revised.)
Imp.)
Vabko:
De Lingua
Latin a.
R. G. Kent.
2 Vols.
{3rd Imp. F.
revised.)
W.
De
Architectitba.
F. Granger.
(Vol.
Greek Authors
AcnrLLES Tatius.
S. Gaselee.
Aelian
{2nd Imp.)
3 Vols. Vols.
I.
and 11.
A. F. Scholfield.
Tacticus, Asctlepiodotus and Onasandbb. The Illinois Greek Club. {2nd Imp,) Aeschines. C. D. Adams. (3rd Imp.) Aescuylus. H. Woir Smyth. 2 Vob. (Vol. L 7th Imp., Vol. II. ath Imp. revised.) Alciphbon, Aelian, Philosthatus Letters. A. R. Bennor and F. H. Fobes. Andocides. Antiphon, Cf. Minor Attio Orators. Apoixodorus. Sir James G. Frazer. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Apollonius Rhodius. R. C. Seaton. {blh Imp.) The Apostolic Fathers. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols. (Vol. I.
^ih Imp., Vol. II.
Aeneas
Appian:
Roman History.
Benjamin
6^ Imp.)
Horace White.
4 Vols.
(Vol.
I.
Aristophanes.
trans,
Bickley
Rogers.
Vols.
Verse
Abistotle: Abt of Rhetobio. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.) Athenian Constitution, Eudemian Ethics, Abistotle: Vices and Virtues. H. Rackhara. {3rd Imp.) Abistotle: Generation ob- Animals. A. L. Peck. {2n2 Imp.) Abistotle: Metaphysics. H. Tredennick. 2 Vols. [Uh Imp.) Abistotle: Meteobolooica. H. D. P. Lee. Abistotle: Minoe Works. W. S. Hett. On Colours, On Things Heard, On Physiognomies, On Plants, On Meurvellous Things Heard, Mechanical Problems, On indivisible Lines, On Situations and Names of Winds, On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias. (2nd Imp.) Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. H. Rackham. {6th Imp.
revised.)
{bth Imp.)
Abistotle: Abistotle:
revised.)
G. C.
Arm-
On the Heavens.
II.).
{4:th
W. K.
Imp.)
(3rd Imp.
C. Guthrie.
Aristotle:
On the
On 6&bath.
W.
S.
Hett.
On Coming to be and Passing Away, On the Cosmos. E. S. Forsi/er and D. J. Furley. Aristotle: Parts of Animals. A. L. Peck; Motion and Progression of Animals. E. S. Forster. (Uh Imp. revised.) Aristotle: Physics. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M. Comford. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp., Vol. II. 3rd Imp.) Aristotle: Poetics and Longinus. W. Hamilton Fyfe; Demetbixts ON Style. W. Rhys Roberts. {5th Imp. revised.) Aristotle: Politics. H. Rackham. (4fA Imp. revised.) Aristotle: Problems. W.S.Hott. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp. revised.) Aristotle: Rhetorica Ad Alexandrum (with Problems.
Categories, On Interpretation, Prior (3rd Imp.) Akistotle: Obgakon Posterior Analytics, Topics. H. Tredennick and E. Forstor. Aristotle Organon On Sophistical Refutations.
Abistotle:
Organon
S.
Analytics.
Vol. II.). H. Rackham. Arbian: History of Alexander and Indica. Rev. E. Iliffe Robson. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Athenaeus: Deipnosophistae. C. B. Gulick. 7 Vols. (Vols. I.-IV., VI. and VII. 2nd Imp., Vol. V. 3rd Imp.) R. J. Doferrari. 4 Vols. (2nd Imp.) St. Basil: Letters. Callimachtjs Fragments. C. A. Trypanis. Callimaciius, Hymns and Epigrams, and Lycophron. A. W.
:
(2nd. Imp.) (3rd Imp.) OpPIAN. Daphnis and Chloe, Thomley'a Translation revised by S. Gaselee. J. M. Edmonds; and Parthenius. (4fA Imp.) Demosthenes I.: Olynthiacs, Philippics and Minor OraI.-XVII. AND XX. J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp.) tions. Demosthenes II.: De Corona and De Falsa Legatione. C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince. (3rd Imp. revised.) Demosthenes III.: Meidias, Androtion, Aristocrates, TiMOCRATEs and Abistogeiton, I. and II. J. H. Vince (2nd Imp.) Demosthenes IV .-VI.: Private Orations and In Neaeram. A. T. Murray. (Vol. IV. 3rd Imp., Vols. V. and VI. 2nd Imp.) Demosthenes VII. Funeral Speech, Erotic Essay, Exordia and Letters. N. W. and N. J. DeWitt. Dio Cassitjs: Roman Histoky. E. Cary. 9 Vols. (Vols. L and II. 3rd Imp., Vols. III.-IX. 2nd Imp.)
Mair; Arattjs.
Cf.
G. R. Mair.
Dio Chbysostom.
DiODOBUS
J. W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. 6 Vols. (Vols. I.-IV. 2nd Imp.) SicxjLUS. 12 Vols. Vols. I.-VI. C. H. Oldfather. Vols. IX. and X. Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. R. M. Geer. Vol. XI. F. Walton. (Vol. 1. 3rd Imp., Vols. II.-IV. 2nd Imp.) Diogenes Laeetius. R. D. Hicka. 2 Vols. (5th Imp.).
DiONYsrus OF Haucabnassus Roman Antiquities. man's translation revised by E. Cary. 7 Vols. (Vols. 2nd Imp.)
:
SpelI.V.
Epictetus. W. a. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) EimiPiDEs. A. S.Way. 4 Vols. (Vols. I. and IV. 7^ 7mp., Vol. II. 8th Imp., Vol. III. 6/^ Imp.) Verse trans. EusEBius: EccLKSiASTicAX HisTOEY. Kirsopp Lake and J. E. L. Oulton. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 3rd Imp., Vol. II. Bth Imp.) Galen On the Natural Faculties. A. J. Brock. {4ih Imp.) The Greek Anthology. W. R. Paton. 5 Vols. (Vols. I.-IV. 5th Imp., Vol. V. 3rd Imp.) Greek Elegy and Iambus with the Anacreontea. J. M. Edmonds. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. 3rd Imp., Vol. II. 2nd Imp.) The Greek Bucolic Poets (Theocritus, Bion, Moschus).
:
J.
M. Edmonds.
(1th
Imp.
revised.)
Ivor Thomas.
2 Vols.
(Sri
Herodes. Cf. Theophrastus Characters. Herodotus. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4th Imp., Vela. II. and III. Bth Imp., Vol. IV. 3rd Imp.) Hesiod and The Homeric Hymns, li. G. Evelyn White.
(1th Imp. revised and enlarged.) Hippocrates and the Fragments of Hn acleitus. Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. (Vol. I.
W. H.
S.
4th Imp.,
Vols. II.-IV. 3rd Imp.) Homer: Iliad. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (1th Imp.) Homer: Odyssey. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (&^ Imp.) IsAEUS. E. W. Forster. (3rd Imp.) IsocRATES. George Norlin and LaKue Van Hook. 3 Vols.
St.
John Damascene: Barlaam and Ioasaph. Rev. Woodward and Harold Mattingly. (3rd Imp. revised.)
H.
St. J.
(2nd Imp.)
G. R.
Josephus.
Vols. I.-VII.
9 Vols, (Vol. V. 4th Imp., Vol. VI. 3rd Imp., Vols. l.-IV.
and VII. 2nd Imp.) Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols. (Vols. I. and 11. Julian 3rd Imp., Vol. III. 2nd Imp.) LuciAN. A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. I.-V. (Vols. I. and II. Uh Imp., Vol. III. 3rd Imp., Vols. IV. and V. 2nd Imp.) Lycophron. Cf. Callimachus. Lyra Graeca. J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I. bth Imp. Vol. II revised and enlarged, and III. 4ih Imp.) Lysias. W. R. M. Lamb. (3rd Imp.) Manetho. W. G. Waddell: Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos. F. E.
Robbing.
Marcus Aurelius. C. R. Hainos. (4th Imp. revised.) Menander. F. G. Allinson. (3rd Imp. revised.) Minor Attic Orators (Antiphon, Andocides, Lyoubous, Demades, Dinarchus, Hypereides). K. J. Maidment and
2 Vols. (Vol. I. 2nd Imp.) DiONYsiACA. W. H. D. Rouse. 3 Vols. (2nd Imp.) Oppian, Colluthus, Tryphiodorus. a. W. Mair. (2nd Imp.) Papyri. Non-Literary Selections. A. S. Hunt and C. C. 2 Vols. Literary Selections. (2nd Imp.) Edgar. (3rd Imp.) (Poetry).* D. L. Page.
J. O. Burrt.
:
(3rd Imp.)
NoNNOs
Cf. Daphnis and Chxob. Pausanias: Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones. 5 Vols, and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley. (Vols. I. and III. 3rd Imp., Vols. II., IV. and V. 2nd Imp.) 10 Vols. Vols. I.-V.; F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H. Philo. Vols. VI.-IX.; F. H. Colson. Whitaker (Vols. I-II., V.Vol. IV. ith Imp., Vols. III., VIII., and IX. 3rd VII., Imp., 2nd Imp.) PniLO: two supplementary Vols. {Translation only.) Ralph
Pabthenitts.
Marcus.
Pim-osTBATUs
F. C.
Conybeare. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. ith Imp., Vol. II. 3rd Imp.) Descriptions. Callistratus Philostratits: Imagines; A. Fairbanks. {2nd Imp.) Lives of the Sophists. Philostratus and Eunapitts: Wilmer Cave Wright. {2nd Imp.) E. Pindar. Sir J. Sandys. {%th Imp. revised.) Plato: Charmides, Alcibiades, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos and Epinomis. W. R. M. Lamb. {2nd Imp.) Plato: Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser HiPPiAS. H. N. Fowler. {Uh Imp.) Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedbus. H. N. Fowler. ( 1 \th Imp.) Plato: Laches, Protagoras, Mbno, Euthydbmus. W. R. M,
Lamb. {3rd Imp. revised.) Plato: Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.) Plato: Lysis, Symposium Gorgias. W. R. M. Lamb. {5th Imp. revised.) Plato: Republic. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. &th Imp.,
Vol. II.
Uh
Plato: Statesman, Philebus. H. N. Fowler; Ion. W. R. M. Lamb. {Uh Imp.) Plato Theaetetus and Sophist. H. N. Fowler, {^th Imp.) Plato: Timaeus, Critias, Clitopho, Menexenus, Epistulab. Rev. R. G. Bury. (3rd Imp.) Plutarch: Moralia. 14 Vols. Vols. I.-V. F. C. Babbitt. W. C. Helmbold. Vol. VII. P. H. De Lacy and Vol. VI. B. Einarson. Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. Vol. XII. H. Chemiss and W. C Helmbold. (Vols. I.-VI. and X. 2nd Imp.) 11 Vols. B. Perrin. Plutarch: The Parallel Lives. (Vols. I., II., VI., VII., and XI. 3rd Imp., Vols. III.-V. and VIII.-X. 2nd Imp.) PoLYBius. W. R. Paton. 6 Vols. {2nd Imp.) Pbocopius: History of the Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols. (Vol. L 3rd Imp., Vols. II.-VII. 2nd Imp.) Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos. Cf. Manetho, QuiNTUS Smyrnaeus. a. S. Way. Verse trans. (3rd Imp.) Sbxtus Empibicus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 4fc Imp., Vols. II. and III. 2nd Imp.) Sophocles. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I. \Oth Imp. Vol. n. 6iA
:
Imp.)
Imp.)
Verse trans.
7
Stkabo: Geography. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols. (Vols. I., V., and VIII. 3rd Imp., Vols. II., III., IV., VI., and Vn. 2nd Imp.) Chabacters. J. M. Edmonds. Herod bs, Theophbastus A. D. Knox. (3rd Imp.) etc. Theophbastus: Enquiry into Plants. Sir Arthur Hort,
:
Bart.
2 Vols.
{2nd Imp.)
Thucydides. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I. 6th Imp., Vols. II. and IV. ^th Imp., Vol. III., 3rd Imp. revised.) Tbyphiodorus. Cf. Oppian. Xenophon: Cybopaedia. Walter Miller. 2 Vols, (Vol. I.
^th Imp., Vol. II. 3rd Imp.)
Brownson and O.
II. 4dh
:
J.
Todd.
3 Vols.
(Vols.
I.
and
HE
Xenophon
Imp.. Vol.
Imp.)
E. C. Marohant.
K C. Marchantj
(3rd Imp.)
(3rd Imp.)
IN
PREPARATION
Greek Authors
Abistotle: Histoby of Animals. Plotinus: a. H. Armstrong.
A. L. Peck.
Latin Authors
Babrius and Phabdbus.
Bon E.
Perry.
LUCIAN
K.
PA
4230
.A2
Kilburn, ed.
H3-
/ol.VI