International Relations and International politics

In most cases international relations and international politics are interchangeably found to have been used. The first Chair in International Relations was established at the University of Wales. (U.K) in 1919. The first two occupants of the chair were eminent historians, Professors Alfred Zin~merna nd C.K. Webster. At that time, International Relations as a subject was little more than diplomatic history. During the next seven decades thissubject has changed in nature and content. Today the analytical study of politics has replaced descriptive diplomatic history. The term International politics is now used for the new discipline that has been emerging since the Second World War. It is more scientific, yet narrow, as compared to International Relations the two terms are even now sometimes used as synonyms. But, they have two distinct areas, or content, of study. Hans Morgenthau believes that "the core of international relations is international politics", but a clear distinction between the two is to be made. International Relations, according to him, is much wider in scope than International Politics. Whereas politics among nations is, as Morgenthau says, struggle for power, international relations includes political, economic and cultural relations. Harold and Margaret Sprout opine that international relations include all human behaviour on one s~d eof a national boundary affecting the human behavior on the other side of the boundary. On the other hand, deals with conflicts and cooperation among nations essentially at political level. As Padelford and Lincoln define it, international politics is the interaction of state policies within the changing pattern of power relationship. Palmer and Perkins express similar views when they say that international politics is essentially concerned with the state system. Since international relations include all types of relationships between sovereignstates, it is wider, and international politics is narrower in scope. As students of IR, we shall indeed examine political conflicts and cooperation among states. But, we stiall also study other aspect of relations among nations as well including pconomic inter-action and role of the non-state actor.

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CHAPTER-1

International relation
1.1 Introduction
International relations (IR) is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered a branch of political science (especially after 1988 UNESCO nomenclature), but an important sector of academia prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of study. Aspects of international relations have been studied for thousands of years, since the time of Thucydides, but IR became a separate and definable discipline in the early 20th century. Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, international law, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, gender studies, and cultural studies / culturology. It involves a diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.

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1.2 Definition of International Relations

International Relations are the study of politics at the international, cross-national, transnational, regional and global level. Although a relatively modern discipline, it is one of increasing relevance in the contemporary world because of what can be broadly termed globalization. We are constantly reminded of the impact of international relations on everyday lives from climate change to agricultural trade, from terrorism to refugees. A major in International Relations is therefore at the cutting edge of current concerns. The solutions too many national problems are now intricately linked with regional and international treaties and conventions.

1.2.1 Trevor Taylor defines International Relations as

"a discipline, which tries to explain political activities across state boundaries"

1.2.2 According to Ola, Joseph

"International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system".

1.2.3 Seymon Brown thus defines international relations as

"the investigating and study of patterns of action and reactions among sovereign states as represented by their governing elites. Some scholars see power as the key to International politics. Thus, they define International relations as the subject that deals with those relations among nations, which involve power status.

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1.2.4 As Stanley Hoffman writes

the discipline of international relations is concerned with the factors and the activities which affect the external policies and power of the basic units into which the world is divided.

Thus, international relations is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contacts, flow of information and the resulting behavioral responses between and among separate organized societies. International relations could encompass many different activities social, economic, religious and so forth in so far as they have implications for international political relations.

1.2.5 In the words of Karl Wolfgang Deutsch,

An introduction to the study of international relations in our time is an introduction to the art and science of the survival of mankind. If civilization is killed in the nearest future, it will not be killed by famine or plague, but by foreign policy and international relations.

The point expressed here is that we can cope with hunger and pestilence, but we cannot deal with the power of our own weapons and our own behavior as nation states. It is important to note that since the end of World War 1, nation states have possessed unprecedented instruments for national action in the form of ideologies and weapons, and they have become even more dangerous vehicles of international conflict, carrying the potential for its escalation to mutual destruction and ultimate annihilation. The nation state holds the power to control most events within its borders, but few events beyond them. It is thus decisively important for the student of international relations to understand that the world of today is marked by two factors. One fact has to do with the nature of power in the age of the atom; the other concerns the interdependence of mankind in an age of the individual.

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1.3 Nature of International Relations

International Relations, like the world community itself are in transition. In a rapidly changing and increasingly complex world, it encompasses much more than relations among nation states and international organization and groups. It includes a variety of transitional relationships at various levels, above and below the level of the nation states. International relations are a multidisciplinary field gathering together the international aspects of politics, economics, geography, history, law, sociology, psychology, philosophy and cultural studies. It is a meta-discipline.

1.4 Scope of International Relations

It is known by now that international relations encompass a myriad of discipline. Attempts to structure and intellectualize it have often been thematically and analytically confined to boundaries determined by data. The core concepts of international relations are International Organization, International Law, Foreign Policy, International Conflict, International Economic Relations and Military Thought and Strategy. International or Regional Security, Strategic Studies, International Political Economy, Conflict/War and Peace Studies, Globalization, International Regimes. Moreover it covers , state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights. These have been grounded in various schools of thought (or traditions) notably Realism and Idealism.

Example:International relations are thus concerned with every form of interaction between and amongst nations. Such interactions can also occur between corporation and social groups. Examples are interactions between member states of the OPEC or the International Human Rights Commissions. The moment such interactions cross a state boundary it is of interest to the study of International Relations. International relations recognize and respond to the fact that the foreign policy goals that nations pursue can be a matter of permanent consequences to some or all of the others.

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CHAPTER-2

International Politics
2.1 Introduction
International Politics as an academic discipline is of a recent origin. This discipline is that so new that it can be called as the youngest of all the social sciences. It is dynamic in nature. The first chair of international Politics was founded in 1919 at the University College, Wales, and U.K. Since International Politics is concerned with the relations among different nations. In the present time, Environment protection, growing international terrorism, violation of Human Rights, Nuclear proliferation, unjust economic order, negative impacts of globalization etc are being undertaken by this subject for the study.

2.2 Definition of International Politics

2.2.1 According to H.J. Morgenthau,
International Politics include analysis of political relations and problems of peace among nations. Further he writes, It is struggle for and use of power among nations.

2.2.2 According to Charles Schleicher,

All inter-state relations are included in international politics, through all the inter-state relations are not political.

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2.3 Nature of International Politics

Sovereign States are not its chief Actors Protection of National Interest is the Objective International Politics is struggle for power Power is both, a means as well as an end in international Politics Conflicts are condition of international Politics International Politics is a process of conflict resolution among Nations. Behavioral Study Inter-disciplinary Study International Politics is a Continuous Process Analytical and Scientific

2.4 Scope of International Politics

In 1947, Grayson Kirk included the following four ingredients in the scope or subject matter of international politics:I. II. III. IV. The nature and operation of the state system Factors which influence the power of the state, The international position and foreign policies of great powers The building of more stable world order.

A report published by Vincent Baker in which the following subjects were included in the scope of International Politics.: The nature and principal forces of International Politics. The political, social and economic organization of international life. Elements of national Power Instruments used for the promotion of national Power Limitations on and control of national power Foreign Policies of major powers History of International Relation.

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3.1 Difference between international relation and international politics

We differentiate International Relation with International Politics mainly in three ways,

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3.1.1 DIFFERENT IN THEIR SUBJECT MATTER

International relations is a comprehensive concept and all type of political, non-political, social, economic, cultural, legal, governmental and non-governmental relations etc are its subject matter. In comparison to it the relation of international politics is with the power struggle going on among different nations as every state weak or strong wants to spread its influence over other nations.

3.1.2 DIFFERENCE IN THE METHOD OF STUDY

Explanatory method is used for the study of International Relations whereas analytical method is used for the study of International politics.

3.1.3 DIFFERENCE IN THEIR OBJECTIVE

The ultimate aim of International Relations is the establishment of International peace and for the fulfillment of this objective principles are laid down and mutual inter course are promoted among different nations. In comparison to it, International politics is struggle for power and for the fulfillment of this purpose different nations encourage conflicts and wars and keep on making political maneuvers.

The major difference between International Relation and International Politics are shown in the table:-

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3.2 TABLE

SL. 1

International Relation
International Relations are a branch of politics, concerning the theories which relate to states, especially with respect to global issues and foreign affairs. In addition to politics, IR relies heavily on history, economics, anthropology and sociology. International relationship is the agreement or treaty entered into by countries regarding trade, crimes and other issues. International relationship deals with what binds the countries to their agreements. International relationship would refer to the current, past, and future 'state' of relations, partnerships, experiences, and congenialities/ hostilities. International relationships are the tangible interaction between countries.

International Politics
Politics on the other hand relates (mainly) on domestic policies, and the study of both governments (Political science) and the study of theories upon which politics is based (Political philosophy).

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International politics deals with the act of a country to make look good to other countries in order to get their sympathy and side with them during conflicts or disputes. International politics is concerned with interests International politics would refer to the political actions, practices, or policies between nations.

International politics are the laws, policies, and ideals that govern the way countries relate to each other.

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