ANTI ANV

5 n/4PS)N-"CA/'1P+Nf M4N

Q-? Conpo,rat''.u-"e,,^,,,

rhc) co!ld uol bc so rutlrlcss. !url\,clch pcrsutrdrd {l)cnr rh:rr pcot)lc . nrust bc r,u8ht to'corlrol thcir orvD dcstiny',.rnd thcy lillorvcd his slsrcrrr ol nrrlirr6 rrlJrrrlcr:, rssc:,s rhcir !cc15. 'At ii|st I tlroL'6lu ir n:rs bullslrit,'ruid McKcrn,'bul il rcrlly \vurli. Yor.d, tciclr pcot)lq

th.nr ro rcrirc c.rly \lidr Ur,rcc, xud rcurai|cd r!liliyrly pulcrDulisrir. 'l'hci. rop rcoplc vkircd J:lck Wclch, lhc bosr of Ccncfil l-lccrric (rc( Clrpr.r r,r), vlro lrid lircd hundrcdr uf r'!Ucr$, rrrd dlci(lcl

\rirJr Io du."'Uuci|6 crscd tllcsc ruxnrfcN our Snrdrtrlly, rllulvinU

^,^-

atr (t:/<F(/?//7c LiF't'

1: tL

,rrtc RisE 4tL //,tLt

O

N1.l

Il(

Ct.l.\.

l|JtlANIStNO f ltLt Ntcltosortllrs

(rr-r:rcl,i,ru cl,.,ru* N(,t c, eru;tru r,onr rtrorlrcr plr ul Sc.,rll(, fronr.tl,c hclltu.urcrs ot rhc Microso[t coqrorrLlor. A,lierosorr hxd Ko\vn rrp nDr. tiu,r Ilrrssi\c cIlgitrccrins proiccr!, bur lionr iruidc thc brlirr ul'.r ]ruu Scxtrlc conl)urur-trcrk, llill Clrs, rh! sol ul I luc,rl (urt)ur:,tc I-\vJCr \vhu ;rr r ferv Icars hrd LunrcLl ir irrtrr orc rrfLhc triggcsL cr[t)ornlior)J j11 !]rc viirld. 1'hc llocing pcoplc, (lc\t)itc thcir crpcricncc *itlr corupLrLcrs, rvcrc brrf0cd by fic younB iIrruLlcl'J. "l'itcy'r'c r Ior oforuballs, rhorc lvlicrojoft pcoplc,, jlid l,xnl.Mrltcrn; lrc thoLljhl llis clliill n lltl(l l]lycr l)ropcrly uluL lJill Orrcri..O,rc !oci,ru I'r ,r, l\,likc Ihl!trt'll, hird Jcfccrcd ro IUicrosuti u b,:cornc tlluir Ircsidi:,'l ijr r r9o, xnd llrLl (r icd ro bro:r(lcl Micro. sull',, h,r'izons xr(l rcl ,i(,rNh;lx; rhcl ltrtl found hiut roo hid-blci: Ir\l un rurcssjyi, xDd jir(d lrjot unL xlicr.tvo ycrrs. lJrii r\,ticrosult hrrl tn0rc tJrrillil]6 1:rr.,spccts thru lJoiir)g;.rrd ;[ \exs ;uirirrir)B rrr0r'c rc!ohrtiorr:rl,chilrrtjci in thc rrltti0r)shil) bctrvccn pcoplc:rnrl
Ah,L1, ;,,u,c

'l hc clfinccrs $crc lhc lurdciit of trll t{) corrvin,ic. Al Ii,iL 'lhcJ !jcs rrd hopcrl iL rvoultl rll 1o:rrlry'.'Wc lrrLl :tlrvuys rill:cd ;rtJout brcil:itr6 doslr thc bdr c$,' siid Mcliflr,'bur lhc crsinccrs $crc vcq. slccirlirrd n|d cut oll;. cvrl lronr othcr cruinccrs: drcir l)ruu6cIs rcrlly nr:r$ruc,l th;'rU!, rroL pu,rplc. Onc
rollctJ rl,cir

ro cotrlrol thcir o\rn dcstin).'

scrior c|xirrtcr lrrtl s,orkcd lbr thirtyJivc yciur \vidruut fioirii or lhc ficroD lloor.'l'hcrc $'rs :r UcdiI] \Vrll bct\r!cr) lhcflr irrd rhc otlcts:
rl,e)

ju\l tl,r{\v slufl ovcr'll'c lot). r,kl crp!r(r,l rl,t ,trnrlcrc* ro scll ir. \\'c hrd ro Lrrinr drc cnfi'rcc$ closcr lo pclplu. l.jt'r \vc co{lih\ r',r'r uocing upsidc do'vl urvcrlight; uc hrrtl to cnrprrscr pcoplc, trr
r(.,th thcnr hs\v (., rlir)k.'

r)u! rccntr !o {bioui: lhrL l,c!,pl!- lrurh bc.!r{ L\vlr!jtr thc) nrc !onsultud i!hl !(.t!!d tD i{ulrr: Alorost ifr))'cxrs r[o [dvrrds Dcn)ir8, $c Anrcricrr t)rothcr of rtuxlity, hiJ lccNrcd ir Sc!(tlc rboul ho$-rvor'kcLs tU!!bqlj]Ig!l!!to.!!!r!r]D lor thlir !!D pro,I'cr5i bur hc h.t!ruiEa iSu0rcd ir An)crig:r, rnd his idcus Ncrc only ccc|tcd irrJnpirr. Why hid Uoci'rg bccu 50 slo\, I lstcd'Mciic,rl llc prusc,J rttrl srirl )x,llt, "!'rus(. \\'c oruriiorcd rhcur,:upqrisc,l thcn),'ti)l(l lhc \vhc|l ru ro rhc l.:.rthroorrr, \\'c tlidr)'l lrust our rlvn peuplc.' 9 1:o Ltu.ir'; i, oflly r-rnc.lrurrrtie uri,rnrl)lc ol rhc r!illi:,rlioir tllrl r\rct)r rlrr'ough ruuul Wcstcnr conqrrrius towl|rls tht cutl ul thc trvu|Licth ccntury: t|rt tllc) h:rJ rut juit slilDcd brcl irr cllicir:uclirrttd productirity, br.rt hrrd fxilcd tu conncct \rilh tltc hLrrrrnn Icirrgs otr vltr;tit rhcy dclicnrJul. 'l hc.unchirrcs lu,J crtrsltclururl thc nrurr.
so lonu to rcc(pr sunr{thitrt \rhiLh

lVhI l,rii it li[cr]

rrrrchincs.

'll,urc i\ lloll,iIU ir.lrsrri,,l .,Luur luuelrinU rr lvlicrusoti. AluIg ri Wry, inrorr rt,c lbrcrrs oLrlridc Sc ltlc, r_hcrc is no lo1ycr blucli, ro rrir) [ilc, n(. r;igu ot :iccurity ljurdsr tltcr.c rrr ouly groups of llrilrrrnly lov v[ilr buildir]Bs, cich lridr \yidc rrccn-shsscd $nr!l vs, $urloundcd t,y i:incs rud rz:rlcrs [rorviur clorc ro drc \vi j, fl'd by crr{irrks full ot io(iun crrs. lr looJi! jitc r priv c univcrj;r}
l\licru:

or'rn cxpclsivc srnrru. iuln. I \vtls dircclcil, to onc.of tJrc buildings, rvhuLc I trrppcd uut u,y u"ru" untu My yu,rn6 hr.,sr soon " "rrniprrtcr. :r!pc.rl'crJ, :rutl rlruvc rnc in his urliJy lirdc crr rcrois drc campus lo

f]llc tr r} rcross rIc couurrc,,,oiii*Ivlicrosufi'r ur:rirr uchir:viririrrrs uvifrl l,rir tricnwldrrsl FcsIii*uli- . Ni[-]lisiu', ihc I,i,,;1:,,,i vi-itillijrsl.p"n,t i]rc p.;,;;l ;: "p rI,(cr. j',:,rhci sl1]l h,1 rhc.L,xrrr: 'uirrLr rrr,ru a-itooucr slllrs lr'1,!Kr;.s u5 0Nlt 5.r.r'l, cLosllt ld,rllI vlJtoN: A cilr'rlu r:lli-or.r rvr:1.- rir:sr ,rru nr cvrrrfrto,rtu.' - 1rl'\iorr,tIc. clrctlut'c,, riGiilrs rili ofuglxg12l.o1|9s_roq{aL
rc
5

lhc biu ccirlr',rl bLril,l;

I co.)rIilr.rI rlc

tx

urJ nl.

ItL\yI \\.rs cnrbcJdcJ NilL rucl.rlrlxLs Iil.ic ronrbslor)cs

Ii :e .r ll,rthurir6 ,rl co.rr'r P.rlir:ur 6r.rd[.rtc sturlu]ts trrnsphrrLcd irrru_

^l^N r vrcJrion frojcct, 'l'hcy lrrl c\ cry !::IJ llf i:rcu i,.rir :r.c(. r _ (jhiIuru, Jrp:ncsc, lndirrr, ind scvcrul \vho vcn tttnri,,lili:rbly llririnr.'l.lcy rvcrc Iinirrg up for i rrn6c ofch^:rp crhli : rJishcs, incirr,ling crccllcr:r 'lI):i clticlcn rDd ricc; drirc vcrc icc .i,[r rh.i.rr:s, jrr rlrc-Mierorot.r lr:1dilion, bul :10 ilcohol. i'hc M;crosofdcs rll hrd rIc .rrIc c:u:.,1 tool. M:rrry ofrlrrru rv,:rc T-siirlr, pullovars, jc.rns lid rrrjrrcrs, 'iicy wcrc nc:rrly ,rll jouri[ tltc rvcngc lgc oldtc conrt)rny'g cnrplojl.:::\ iq rtrirly-iw; -x,id xt,r0;r hrlhvcrc,rvorncn, loolJr:g,rs conlidciill[t rclirrir]is ic nrcl. lcrv of drc mcn corrfornrcd ro rllc stocl, ,):cl.rc of thi ii,ua,r,r"r-".,rt pcbblc-Shsscs,rrvllii,rrdffi ucnrrirrirr'.r,Jpi.nsin-rfu irdrrrsiilc pbClicts - but tlcy rll sicmiil rddiircd to rJrcir rvorl, irrrJ ru:rnl,rvcrc
ovcnvcifhr,

(:

o,r' r

.
'llrr: :rurltrc.c0lh:1i:rtc

t,
,.r

rir,r,tl,l(

cl.t,!

eLrltur.c rvill bc cvcn nuJl.c cirqrh.:rric whcn

prtlurs

il ntohxslury tlrn i crnrl)us, \v;dt forlnrl tru,lirionrl Iru;trt_ xn.t sDr:rtt villdo\vs, bujtr round r,Conrnron,J rvirh r rowcr rrd r cloislcrrvhich \yill bri thc ccr)lrc for r0,tlnlun;ll icrivirics, .l.lc rrcIi_ luct.rndlulrcd_ ovcr thc n),:dicvxl uniry, rlrr: rrronkistr
rrxrrc rrric

nr:ighLr0uriIs sirc. r, r,.1, r,"..,, J;iu;,:; ;1.1,:'1.:,lJ' ll l"'1,: r'J':r tr.:rdr l.i lrctri(ccl ijt scxltlc, vho sho\vcd nrc:r rrrodcl, It Luts

r)[!

-r'ilich Microtofrics couhJ

1'hc c:u)tp!r wxs dcsifnc'l ro urcr) rc r opcn-xir Iitt.\virh snorr!ficldi ind 1 nxr,rc wilk rlrurrh 'h( wuods, bur rt,(awrtli v.,{ cl!!rly nor mucL Lroddcli, ir\d lit irrr;l .(c(;lrr rlcrr1cd-xr ndits \iitti ric i-rrrcrrsivc rrnroiphcrc: soncrirrcr rclrs buc:rnr" so c"11,,is*,t i" i projiai'ihrt tlrcy i;-i,orttcd xll ni[hr, or :ilcpr brictly i'r bu.troar,\ providcd on tlc c:lurt)us. tl:rll sccnrcd lo hrvc Lhc cxcilcnlcnl ol x \virtinlc proiccti ind ovcr Ilrclr ohu A4i,-.r!sotiic corrt):fcd il t(j rtrc !ritish intcillgcncc ccnrrc it Illclchlcy iu lr Sucold World lvrr -

crrf toyu$ rrcjnillionitircr, rrrd_rl,rr :itxrrrUi,rt ici.o{r'ovcr uillio'L 'Mosr of ihcn rlon't t,,,v" r;rrr" o rlrini-,r-[iri-ffi;"] crrUIrycu tr'ltl r,rc.'Nor n,rny rrIc rt,c ,,ronc] r,,d rr,n,. I wr! r+ur(t l)y rhc h,nnxr rLsourccs ,inrucr Suerr Vou cr, r vcrch,r or r or srx ycrrr I flrc cutrr|r y. .t'hcru.s o rcrt .unnuction bcLwcc drc srrccs! of Microcof( stocl .ud rhc rxlc ol iurition. WCLL. nor iurI'rirud by rhr conn iluunr. Wu hirr l)coptc Nidr x tol ofdrnu., Uur

"idc Iikc rncLlir:rrivc fri:rs, OI llru clrnpus th{:rc i! n0tl,inij to suflicsr drxt hUrrdrcds of
11.riri

wcrc

'lcsiur)c iirspiruriorr

ro pn

,f,fo,v-off

cclts

rId

rJrc

st,,rcc, \?l,(lc
rtr,:

iid

,h"'.*

cqulprcd \v;dr loiccjn,iilind clccrrori; rirxit,lj-ni,,it is I',c rivu rcd mclns o f cdnin-rii ir icr iioij; ii-rd ,vlicro,ofL hnvc dcvclopcd rhcir o1v| . s)rn 6; sirhli drct ii5is! is i-jiicil pirr of rcir coi)or.rc dcn,ocrucy,'for-ir rtlorviiny clrliloycc ro c<rirrrir"nicrrc dirccr rvirlr rJrc liosil whi1. rlso providirrf i -c:ll bullct:I boxr(l \Lhich l:irls L]p lvlicros-drrics co;rinon :r'i.rcsG in;r;;'i, chcss or nrovics. Uur rhu 'vidr dcrirocr,rcy hrs its linrit:rriorrs rnd conrrr,l:: rtrc ni'rnrginrcnt h:rrc bccn rrorricd about cnrployccs usin[ drcir ronrfurcrs to pursuc lhcir o\vn bu5iocss. prolccts, xhrl hrvc irrstrllu: pro[rJlllnlcs \v\ich c.l,l rrronilor lhc'n. And thc IiNirrrionr ofronr: uil x,ltJ r{lliil t'$oNr clcrr ro rnldhc tDinf to conrnn, ricrrc \irh Mtcrurofr liorr rlc

rvhcrc hk'orvn fitllcr hld \rorl:cd - \vltich broufht britlirnr yolln11 icrdcnrics ro6ctllcr !o brcul, Ccrrrrrn cod.s. Iniidc, drc l\4icrosofr brildin[! \vcrc-rusLcrc, \viLh $llill, pl:riI cublclc5 lll Ilra sintc rizc, rvircrl tp for r co tl)urcr ind lclcpho||o

ullrsidc \vorldi its o{v elrirr'caflr rurir.xr', lvl.'rry lxncl,cr, prcnounc!rl'fxlkcr brr is hiros,n to louorrlisrs rs.Non-rilt:r.'.

;s

/ ro rvroI,;]"' Il;ll Circs, rtru tJi io xirc chriflrflr, cncuurr[!,_:r c.rsu,rt,_clirri__ ,g.!:t' irn:rrc., ,rid l,!ur 'g|"l.Iftl"y citrtv'rrc iiri yojirr.cuhurc /!gf::.J'!_r,.iorrxt'lrcr.,.l.iiclrc. rryiDu ro n,";r,rLi,, Lir" sil?i_", n,prc oI tcfl in6 t)co')r-6;i ir tnytErr;_ 1-Ill+:_991,"_l:1""r.'l!."xx j )l'I'l.y9ll]::,: As r tcrr rhc cl pur I troriAit four Jr;i ;i,ii; 'j r'rd rrrs, l)tl Urcy [rrjrrd our ro bcto,rr roJxpl crc vcndoA, U r Alicrosofr rlsij c[coirrirfiu irn ;ntcn5c c0rDctitjycDcrr r.rJ n,,.suj$Ilronrr. : t,cti-)oiiiracr..ncd rh i;uiclolrciyoua;tG;. \,'rr.r.,'r'd rloy,you wor! you trrr wortr ri lionri-itf,li !!r!,,;ir:,r,,,IT-Iyo.lg r.!S.' rll I rE).'(lu rc l qali!,1 ii vji:r I lo u,r; d,rcc. ':trq_rtr;uwylgitrbg;f s:r.vrc:l_y!_.f "!1-11l[@[,|i-q]i;; rr'ur lllcxt)s.cxccptionxl;-onc nr..",rrfou.rc or,* rtii Vicros.f,;cr Jc r!l'(xrc( t c(' t1rc,t_ro druir t)..,jr,,Ird 8itj C,CI:r,.-,jc.jyNr.'cLolJr)oaiss, irFl:i.-lyr.g'or-I_qtc,.!1.:,i"^",r_Liy*ffi ';'_l+:l1!llr+s!.iry_!\:,,,,i',xL:u,,:!iibft,i,,,r_!t;, u,"ipl""*;,
i
i

I tirund, is Inrztcd x d disct)rrccrrcd by so Iuny "l)""ll]:, rnuhi.nrillionrircs rlro dun'( sccnl lo lno\u I,oru ro spcnrl rhc;r Iorng rirll,n.r ,Whcr I sir rto\v I,, (r:sc.,rr rrhtr\ v;rr, rhc ri ::rnt ,hc :rrtllllrul, l kr(t, rcl cntbcriIU thxr tficy.r.r so rich. t c:rn,r hclf

rLi'rlir1[: "Whcrc rJirl

rxt_nlinrll,rurirliun of prorir,_rrrrirrr:ilcd ' lt

t,y

t;,,,;,,r rr;;;,;

rl(Jcl-oprioD5. /\r I cc'rrury cit)itilisrn.r ]!!-ry_g_ut!l!!!!!

lrousc5 cririeis,n. or jc ruusr, I (r,c coi,,purc, j,c'rrrnd srri"",i v-rrir, .,",_" r,, ifliy lrornll]ll:lc, \vho scc Microsofr rcir chicfuurrrDctiLt,r. ,,t.l,"ir

1:.::l:l!:::ll""i,:lprurirs

sri(1, ',rnd 1vu'lt rqlrxtJ,Irc ibtc ro

Iut

t)cuDlc

sUffi $idr
Ntllll;

",i,,,,,.r "r""p crclr-orhcr.''Scrldc docsn't lryc dlc sr,[c conrtirnr rnDbilily:;s ltllcl,' s:rid l,;rul Saffo of drc l)sdrurc of rhc lururc ir Sili_ Srur l'nnc;sco, \vlorc rvifc rva: a co-fourtlcr'of Atdrr, i riv; roti;r; l!5I9+!]ig-rl9llll1iD8 cficcr o,r s".1rlc, :,nd rhcr'rc 'u'P"")'. q. r"?ja!]]6i nirlg-,,t",=-Tnfu." i-y,f6rij;tr{c trl fillt.ii "
con

rccru rnc'rr ,r rJrrcd o,) [rrcd,'s.rid li,urk O.A:i,rtrt xrourl,piccc,'.uf /\lrj)tc i,, CurcfliDo. rr,"y Ii"",

rs

tlfi#i:i;1"ijJ:
rrLy,

rIi-"."r,,,,.,,"
,";,r,

,j; rr,c

rnrrririt nrr ;;;: i#l"dt"il;;i::'.1'lli: :'"""-*; i,'iilllll'll;ff il:,1,1:; lii d0\vnrovn

,,tli:i:::'ll.:l' 't
rr,,
,,r

'crv

eLrr r:rTrjrLrrr

tr.c

rn(rir;,,,.,r ,,,,.,,;;;..1::;:i""i''

1i*'

irlD \i,,,ilir c(''rt,.'dics nc.,rh).

rrfc. nciuhborrtroods; bu! 5hc cuDccdcs rt,"t rt,"";" i"i,,",rr,l rJ!rllrUc io Ur b(i U irr 5iticorr Vrllcl.s.trcIe iUieros,jJi \1,utJ t,r,c

honrc rc towrl Io$1r, ,rs is bccinsc bcciusu n,c-cor'!rd rlrc corsr,rlr r.rirr "rni;rcolik c,rcuri,;c.T

u:j.lq".]]!!r!.4,,sc
cools

qcrLrrr 8ir $, Ilrcr, t,eerU:ic ir w,a

rri

ffi t.Ejr"""r,l.

u-rucrcr, 'r',ilc tjrc vctcrirr 'fn nrrrrrgcrllL:Ir 6uru who Iivcs;I Ciltiti, rix..l(

ril,l-s ,,,ft]i

ili;;1.")"lqr;

),rL,ti,-iri

;,,, ,,r,",i ," orx'[ rncll crnrc irr \vcxrtny 1:shirts srvirrr r v.r.k,,. r,.wxs,r,",,,r,", r .i,,i...i,"r,"i1;;; :ii,?,l,'u,qi.l.Xll,l^ ,::1, \iuc er:i, ruo,'c sr,uc,icir ,"ii",, ,1,.y.r",,,,u ,1,,, ,r," ...,.i.1'".r,' l'tltr' Micrus{,ir I.,J bj[,jcr lllurc!. "rL\irrs Ltrrr dr.;j, U,"ir,*1,* \v,ir,rtr urrrs N:rs rt,u r;j ,!rr ,,,,,,r i,r A,ncric . t.t;, ",_f ri",",,r, Liiii",,l llilll'l.lll',llllllilrr:l'orI: 'I/rrre:rr crnrts,t,u,,r,cnb;rri',rr,i,uso,,
)

jfil ;J':ii':,[fiJ::jxil,ii;\;i orvr ;j;:ll;Il?;lI:::t; suci.rr wo d rrrJ rr,r l:: ilii; ;i#* : "'" !nuijrr. uD ,,, u,ci. ;, ",",, "-,,,.ir #,i:;,lili:L;,,'*i,"1* se,ru,r J.rr:rcr w" **.

rr

''"

r"ir",,,..,rij"',;i;ii;i:;,:ilr',',,:i:J':i

'rr

^L

scirdc \\r,icr, Iuncrr rrcrc r :^v

.iii;"iii:,ffi;j,ii:,jH:

i,',i""'

I"JL"i,I!G!

--l'aln-na xll rr,c iusrur

t)r.c5 hirn5clt {o l-lcnry

|o|d,llrdhud

rhc s;ruri visiirr: lo-ri.l

h,rJ-l,ji-

$, 1 i!cl'l[!-lliji

c0firplr(cr rrrd rr.rrrrciJ rhxr hr cuurJ nr.rt. r_!,J-!gllu u),ll]jJiu I srfi;ftror;o",xrc r-l]!]!]:]Ig{"c vcrsion irsirrn - wtr;,.r, vhie ii h.,.,,,,. bcfrrul ursrc. uilr$, r,rc'':luf rurd, \vr! ubscs\fJ-]ry liin't5ri,, :ll 1i-;nip!.lll:\hrh hc cltusc firlfric ls, iurd crcntuilly lris w'tclh"iuoi

W##++H
llrojrcal-- - --

.rrrvtrrrur uusty rrrrJ visitrty ,crcrrr ur: uoc lrrs clilo\v"A niutcy,r,r)j ljtollcr js rcslorirrU rtru ojd lrlrrlroulr{.ff,..,u.. ":i,"iil.,,,frilr

:;ffi ffi',nfi*;ffi:H ,ffi iil;irffiftfffiffi;j;i1l'1rl;

r'"r,',,r'i,
"

ItLt

11l'a l:lt\!rit.,,(jirrr-.r\.rJt

r;th;r,tu

; r,ffi

nu, ii,"r"

!-:jri:!]!r-!l!L

:-++!!!:lf

fii il,rfi;fi

,l,j

::lEEEsl!ng:i!!r'orv'

rlirir.,r urivcrsc: b"r rr,""

,I_!n_t_9!iT*l!j-{1f'o!. l"rL r,r. l<,r,rJ," w,,,r.ir,i;"r,; $orl,l -,rt,! rl,ruL,Utr unctrircs, bur rrrrotiiipi6r,,rrur..s rlrc u.t,;rii _-+r-_ --:---:- o:-l:::!_:l:-l:i -::.!::.i:

lllllr]llllllilrt !!lll!.il-lxi,rt'U41,

ru,rtdry rhry'rr I'n,n:,

IJ

t:Iru x r.li:tr

cl,t}

lIi lin]l up honlcl icrllsl-llcl/orkl vith d"\1r-Iintis; 'nlc !L!tf!tl! lhi\ \/i:cs. r\r1d ccrluiccs-tltu conr;unicltions alor rcrtclcl'l'uiru linrl ol-Tsi5litvrwfriilil! outsilc tlrcT]iiosofticl crpcricrrct' As
oT-Mrt.ioT-oc=unrorl-r]"Et*il':l',"!1"'-4tlUi,l

sl,urt st0ry, '1.:nlropy', vhich 6:rrc his orvn picrurc ol disinrcgr:rriorr 'fionr t rtlcrcd irrrividurliry ro :r hiud oi chror'.

Ui[ ronorilions rvcrc dumsclvcs bcginning ri.look morc likii rrrrchincs, rnd thc.'orglnhrtion tlcn'rppcrrcd rr thc lgcns ofconIlnnily, wilh dlcir contmittDc t ro scicndfic nrinrgcmcnr, dlck inlricltc pyr:1nlids, l.ycrs ind intcrli.ccr. Il rr by rJrc r rSoe drc tont)c:rry \Vcstcnr conlrrnics, v;dr:lhcir'scicnrinc' n) r:r[cn)u l, Ncrc bcing
hrJlllili.flcd

iilii"if*
.i

rrc hrvirrl;' in hcr,

tlt

ro r''rrrrrcct
r'll

!l-y!l' 1'"!{J

i'l'

by

is

..

\iirll di!:iL!. Alrcrdy i"iai-r.ngin;l'!6i",

ncri
don'i

'Lrljll! ;n{9|"1'iq{n'l!'l'' G-6clo rJrcn gripplc rvidl'll!i{u!9!!llllrl9!

q'-LllL-bgc

igcllt for libcntion:rs vcll is confonliry. A nc\\,tcncr]don \v:rs lookillg t0rvrrd! rnori irrrirnrri rchdorldrilr rnd lcrnrs, ro rJrc kind ofbxsic cnrcrpr:isc \vidr Nhich conrl).nicr Ircuin, inJ qucsr;ontrS
xD thc wholc trrrurc or drc co )r,xi,y itsclr.

rc rnorc:rgilcJrpx csc; wlt:tc rjrc cornnurcr w5r sccn

iiturllirird

Poctrf,:but

rIc)

rcs

i"riiii,i"..nl,ri,"-u"rrf,r:r'.n[*,"o::lri.t11rll
:

;"iii#;i'i;;;!ra';,:rq':yq:l4turilur4

j|:;]::$'':-

hrvc bccn rcctrrinu Evcr sioci rlrc lnd!srriil ltclolrtriorr thcrc ulrchincs' l)ctvcctr rrd nctr bcrvccn i"..r* ",l'""rrrrcc(ion "r,"'il r.'cL'"""n oru,,r'r" 1:ruwrr'l rnrr ;l:liiii";;';,;;."i";is, ^r'cr:rrrrrit:rr or r'rxchitr' l""il"ii,i",lr,",'*";'it"t r;nr"riorr ind nni.1" 'rL i\ rhc rc ^uc l rcrrcd n'!r or'Ihxr scrrsc #"'; "J; ";";;l" ",rrr irrvrr.l IIcDr) ccnrrrry ni crcur\rh ofrhc crrd rhc ii'i,nr','-C"i"r"l" rsrs. Ar

or' Arrlcric:r11 rlrcsi(rcrr'\ -]il';";,r*; r'd src:rr-;r:ru'Jsnn sr!rJil) incrcirsxtl' \v'rs t"'t uri'uirv ].'.i*u ^;;;;; ii'",1ri'"'"'"rript;clv """4 'tr';*,."",1 iu-i*""" Lrcvorrl rirsr-rn "l hr: ncrt t..""'i"',. crcrii,\r :::;; il,;;"''j J;r,;[si", '",r "'i',--'p';,r',",ion :rtrour rtrrchi 'es spc'rrlrrcd prt'phcrs rtliic -"li.i #.r"i".'r""'; ovcnllrcllri'u rhc h rn'rn spirir' In t'r5o t".r.,t;'id ;i"l'"'"""it]"* lil:';':.' ii;;:'"; ri'c inirth,:nrrtici'r. rvhci invcntcd cvbcrnctics' cs:"l hu rlcclrtrr\i.-*,r "rii,"i',',t"" "rrltcnu\'(utrl rrinunrrchi wc tr\i^v 1\ru'{ r)u;r -i ;:ii";il;;;',i;;''""|i'*"""4 ,''r"* irr'r tr' . '"ttv t"" t""n, ro conl- l hi 'l crr ycrr\ hl'r' lth' nr'rs '(l vrir(i'r'rr "".,""r. irc i,;;i';.:l'i ;";' ro"rork ror.Bocinu, vounri \\';cncr; $ror; xn (rri!:rrr:rrir
11,r

.r'"",

L;i r..,1i"6

i.''"'*

xrnr

"'-"i,",j

r.t

r5

O,lj\ (:rrNtl\l{I

Cl l /1I'} 1'li

ll l'Wo

J0tnL

u0tnlu|1.)1

'l irL iJci olth\: conrprr), ul'x grort)

i\'lidr.llc Agcs
$'iLh

lssh:uiDUcorllncrsirrl rctponsibjlilt, hits nctcr bccn cirs)' lo dclir)c ol u!(lcrrlxrt!1, lrr.the

ofildividr

rcrrl),all trusilcss rv,rs conductcrJ Lry inLlivirJurls tr:rding rt fiirr, scllinf UooJs nr scrlic{r ro rhcir ri.Nrnr'r' rrcnrst roDrc ofd)cur dc!!lopcd into lirrrrily lirurs. Duriu6thc Cnrsrtlcs, nrcrchrnts hid lo collxbo (c to s[irc tlru cosrs xr]d risiis ol lh(iIvcnturrs ibroid, r'r!l ill rhc ltrlinu city-stxtci nrxri nc Iirni bu[irr lo crll rhcnlsclrcs ./,r/,tl,i., \vlroic rrcnrbi$'tooli brcxd' \\'i(h cich othcr k!,r14,t), I'r !i\rc!trth-ccnr!r) Llrit ill tlrc llurchnnt AllvcnturuI! sold clo!h to rhc Lo\.Cour)tlicjr undcr tlrcrtlic(iisciplinc ol:r co4ror'irion \y[iclr hld its o\vn govcrnnrcrrt lud lc6rt urLity, rvhiclr rllor.c,J it tu r!^,n c its i'rd bccotrrc r pururx'rcn( bod). 'rcNbc$ 'l_lrc forc.utrnc.5 uf,toil.y i corronrions \vcru rllc rtrcrchrot tortrl,r,)ici Nhich U.c$, Lrp in Do.dF$crL Uuropc il rhc rcvc!(ccnrh cqrrury, supporLcd by [o!c.r)Drcrls \lhich ginrlrJ tl)(ttr nronapol;cs . iu rclJ r for trxcs.'l'hc loDn lo).iUcs by drc Muscovy Cotrpxny (o llussir, or by rLc Lcvrnt Conrprny tu tlrc Mid'.llc ! sr, \?crc ruo clir)crriyc lor illly riuIh irucltrrr lo lirItncc, lrr thcy juilurl trrllctlr,;r irr'joint-sLocl colrp:uricl rvhich l.rccrrrc incrcasinsly cllccrivc; rlicr lirst fi nrncing orly irrdividurl voyagcs, tJrr-y bct rc sclfl)'jrprluutinr b).i5suillr shrrcr \vhich could bc troufht i]. sold - lhus !tirrulxtir)[ rhc li15r siocl crchrrolcs, ill l)l.rcc {Jf lriditionrl busincss Uxnrtrling. Bul thcrc ucrc obvious v0rrics lbout thc di[rir)isllcd rcspolsibilily of dircctori, corrp:rrcd lo l)xrtr)crs vltosc o\yrr lrolcy \!ns dirccdy ;lt risl. Dircclors,.ls Adrnl Snrith vnrncd,'bcirl8 thc rlr:rrl:tUcrs rtrthcr of odrcr pcoplc'i nronqy.th:rn of tlrcir o$n;it canrrot rvcll bc b)ipcctcd tlrrt tlrcy should vilch ovcr il \villl thc 5xnrc xrrxio(l5 vi8ilirrcc \villr Nhich tllc prrlrcrs iu r l)rivtltc co:prttncry: frcquclrtly rvrlulr oucr

cicl

orllcr

,ir,i-r;;;.;';;,.;.il: ,;;;;;;;r;;;;: ,'or uuudNilt,' A,)J r.t.,zt:r( bri i.,,lty Juroc(t Lh" ,1",,[..; iii ri. rvulr'tru".,1 (ur tn,r, c Ir.r,):
t{) LlJrUr..cc or'.jrLr'i:jljnu't, ,l.hcy lucl IcidlJr sjrrr,,", ("'rc,

reut'ur'.lc r,ce:r'ric

r',ti: u c"t"'" j,,,lunerrt rs r,is ru.ri, pur ir rr.,. l/r]:11 , l)urtrL.s.'c rrrc,u cur.r.rq;t arrrl
rl,(y l,rvc ruurc

,,,.1.:''"r"'" :.",:."i1, -,.fl ixt rl,uur rhc t(r: chrrrrrrcr uf i conr,r.x,,,,.,$r,.r.1ir;c;.,t I,uAUn,, ! rtrc,*";,,.",1,;^i;l*ii,!t; i:,''r,urr.Lutc t,lrruu,uctt:,.l.lrcy ("nur:r .,,,,,,,r,,."iii,i,,riri. ,,urr.rvcLr cxco,IIr!,riL rcd, lbr rtrrv t,av ',,,r (hc ,!c c !cr,oc, b). Lu i at;;;:fi;, i.;;,l.il:*i","J,iii,J -l.ort,ur'.rrior$ i:_i:":l: tr rc ru:drcr LuJi!s ro bc 'rr): r)ln;strurl, norsr:uk iu ,ic L,r'.rd,,rcJ,-rt,cy rtru,ul!rc ri: rs rtrul.tikc., .I.h" *""yt;i Wilil;;

t,r*t,

f,rutt;U"1" ,'J,",,

ru ,tu

r'ir"irict,

u"rlrln ill.i, i,iii":jrrii

tu rjur rnrl loosc.,,""" lln,.r( l(:i.rlc liirr {l l h(,tr**rir rtr" l,rnrfs,rf lisli,; cr,rjruc'ru,r(s cturcr rj,d rirt,rcf rbu,,r r,,,,. l.t. i;,; ,;i,;."t; rl(Urues, r,t i ltojlnllun sulsc irnrl fculir6 )rr rrcpullysrlLtxbblcs, lrtrrt;'r:I, Icu(lr, rn(t in, oJ ,rlltcru(l iir,1,.,n.rrr,:c ro st,ictr Lc

'l'lc chill i ut r untlcr

rcJ

hr.ruuily

tr.'s'r'.'rtc Iinrsctl .r(cLss .).

'r'r

ri lNl)14 llOUSU

'ft'!

nNrr t;rr-rc,rrtri u uu.lnjr, iU \iljj tltq lJiitiih Ij !l llldl \,U llIluJ', liI. trru rrtul rl ll.lll, c(utur rs pLuvll'lc,l-l urii,lr. ,uhl(ll. r'rr or, cr r.rusi|,sscs. rr v.rs :;:illll:l:"1i,'Hl:jll: t. ;]tr :l'idd

irsl ru\\" Lrnrj)lry, ll uyc.tuulits oncc,fu,i;,,r,tr t:irir lr i:r wllicl, r:lpir ud on rJrc.J.rsr rl:,y ,C!r'rt,rDJ., ;gl,;;;; u!Itrrry, \r'trill. ilsr.lf bcclDri_.1;. rriorc nruhiri:rrionri, "f,J,; sr(,ck urvr)c(t by Dureh.rrrrl urli,:riforcirncrs. "1ft_;1,.;;l; it ou,l"tt.,I ;s rr,.,cl riv.,l ivtji,:ri:r,jrs .lnC lrJvtviai.,,, ,?'e as t :.o ',rurrruL,s /) /,/,,//,r r,,r,y;r).b.,cr; i,;.';;l;;iJ';#lii 'p'rltit
1',,.,,.,,., .",,,,,,,; i,:;,,
I

::t:i,rt:i",1 .rr ijrrcrvJt t)r,,), \v,ll, ri,r';'.r;,

ir

;til;Iil;ii,i :::J,l[,ijlillll,j,ff ,::;hrccDrh

rhc

ccirrurr

rtie.,i,f,i"],li

::l]y "",*r.,f ,:",,1, rtr. Ouici

.''6i

ii,..,,li lielfli:'y#:ll;:; ,.lji.,iril'nlil,iil.lli',lr,llil,,I

I

li

i' ;

'..-::a::.

----.....:-.::..-.-: :-..1,-.,:,-.

-.-.-.,-... c0l\rrAN.\'M^N

,
)..'rj.

, Louir rvhcrc it rvrs 16u|ld.1, sl!nviIU:r\ ",,r., xrini U nlI:r 'nr in0ucncc ovcrthcrvholc rcfion.'fhc Urilish conllirry is s:ldly trcouF mcmontcd, s\y!llo$,cJ p by rhc |orcip Oflicc; lirt :rl ils pcrk its
culturil:is \ycll 15 contllcrciil inlhrcncc \vls fcnrsivc. lt \\,ils nicknincd John Co piny' (lilic dlc D:]lCr contpx0y, vhi0lt sonlcti tcs callcd itsclf'Jrn Conrprgnic' -;rn inmgin:rry poLcnt:ric rv[o corrld imprcss'Indirns rvlo did lrot undcrst:nd thc ;dci ofjoi0t ovncrship), 'fhc Ilritiih conrpiny bc\vildcrcd firrly ljnflishnlcrr rooi it rvis x inlricltc conrbintrtion ofirlcrcils, i ch d irl t; sltip- ovr1c |s, trldc15:llrd privitc bucclnccrs looscly hcld tofc(hcr bt r trorrd of di!cclo$ 1 confusing arr:rDgrnrcnt vith ronrc rcscmblmccs 1o qrc llrodcflr Lloyd's ofLondon. Both cnrployccs ,rnd iuvcsrors litcd ro pcrsorlily dc Comprny throurh irs chrinm'r, vhich could lcid (o drnlcrd{s nrkund!rjiindinUr. -l'hc'London hcid{trh.lcrr ol ihc Colrt)rry rc(loir'cll ilJ o\vr hi.r..chy of cxrnrircrs lllrl cluks, din;rl,:r frorr drc o1u\crs, Al lirst it rv:rs run front d1c privrtc lniri:rion of irr Covcrror, S;r Chrisrt,phcr Clidrcrb\, bur itl rtr, ;t ]ovc(l njro its o\ur rlcciil 'lndi:r l lousc' 'fir;s v,rs virturlly thc firs! conrxulci.l ofiicc-Luildirrs, vi(h r pLrbliii hxll idd conunittcc-rooru 'scrrcc illlcrior lr) rrylhirll of ll\c likc rr.turc in (hc Cily'. l,r rtloo il n(,!c iDt,r i Nuu[ u.rntlcr tiuil{lirli \vidt i.loo-foot fiorll.8c ind six colunrns suppurt;u6 i rrrrfrriliccr\l
tnrli" l tor,,c r"r-l;rtctl r rcnsc olpcnrrrncnc", brrt Ii\c so r) trrv futurc firnd corporitc lc:ldqurrlcri it rcprclcntcd :1 conl pl ny, rrlrc tdy 'lin iliitinc rntl fo4tctful o'its orit'irrl turiolc, to m:rlic nrolirs. UI ItJrcinincic'ntfi ccnrury ir rftcrr"d rln\ost rr i s'jv^tt;Un rr.rrt \vhicl, l:fird iicir lcsscr nrrions corrc rnd I;o. It hrn.xcqt,iR"l irs o\Ln i ,y jnd rvis rtlrrinkrcrinElr.U.fi ollrJix. Uur i rticd or\ irs toyllclrrrrcr i. I ioriiis monopolyi \vhilc ils dirrinir:lirrg Prolirs dcPcndcd not 0n i indi: but on tci fron{ Clrini. lt hrd illo$cd tla rrosl prolitrblc ptr 3r rhc Chin" rr"i", rli" irlc of opiunr, ro bc r'rt:cn o';cr by ;r scp:rrrtr:

I rr rr;{

(:oi\lf,\Nr rfr(r :5,

tiuvcflrnrunr r,viI ovcr, .U,rl rhc Conrl,rny .ur* Ji.:.olvc(t

'

'. tirc

Ovcl its Iong lifc Lllc Ii:rsr Ir)di:r Conrfx0y hxd buih !p :r tndir;uI oI loyul conrp;rny lrtl, itrclutlilg rvritcrs :rntl scholrrs r,;lro couU l|rivr j lhc;r jobT Nilho t brir[ cu oft frcnr irxcllc;rurl xclivir)., rnd rv|o plovirlcrl vivid glirupscs of crrly olticu tifc. In rsrt d'c C{Jnrprny troldl) iccrrilcd thrcc :rtlmilisrr:rrors *llo conrbilcd oriUinxl lhinl,inB \vith (lcdiertul scrricc: [dvrd Srr.chcy, r rcr;rc(t lJcr)r:rl judgc; thc. novclist''l'ho,r)is L0!c I)crcocki illt lhu ScrJG t)ltilosot)hcrJxnlcs lvlill, who hxd iust prtlishcil hi5 rurlluriurivc /.r'rtq, IIrhi'h hultu. Mill.ontinucd his ncrdcn)ic.rvor]:, i'rcludi'ru his cl1Jsic Ll. ol I'ulirhtl Eiotonl, (l.-L), ind hclpcd ro ori[in.rc 'c ' l-ondon UnivcriirJ! bur lc wrs rlru :r (lcdi$rcd con,nxny r1un. ':fllc l)!si css, rlronUl! hhoriots cnouIl!.'hc uxl)liirtcd,'is ru llrc hiULly . ;rrcrcrriol.i. It is rhc vcq.clsc,ruc ullhc irlrciritrl [o!crrnrcflt ofsi\it rrilliou pcoplc rrirL rvhorll I Lrvc Ir Llci.' ln tll2l M;ll \eri i0nrcrl tly lis nuc irnrorr jo John S(urr $|o bcc;nuc hir xssirlrnt xlrd st:Ucd \vith rh; Conp rt Ibr rfiiny-lirc ^4;ll Jcrrs, rnril it \frs rl)ollslcd. Lilc his hlhcr, lc sir\r lo difnculty;rr $l ltirlt iin rlrc C, rt):|ry rvhilL. prrsriirll his srnrlics: hu Nrs tcpr ir' ll,r ,,'iid( rrrly li,,rr rc1 I:ll li,rr. x lrc sror. ruch ur'hi5 [rcrr vo is, $,r.,r I Ltt:ic tn'J )'thrit,lt'l f t.]lirid't t:ca,u,')., in off1.c ho(rr, l.lc prcltrrcd olllcc-worl to iourn:rlisri) rs i lllcr i ofsubrisi. cncc for 'ltrtollc lturlificd ln rccofiUlisll 0ydrinU in dtc highcr (lcprrtrllcnts ol li(criurc irr rlloLr6hL', rnrl cxt)hincd in Iis ru(ol)ir)fr: phy lhrt :)i
xr) :rurlxl rcrt lioor thc orhd olcnrrl occuprvc ciri:icd on sinlulIJucously $;irh rlrcnr, 1'huy \rc[c suflicicnlly inlcllcct!rl notllo tu;r distrrstclul drudgcry, without bcinI iucll rs l(J cxLlic rny slnil upoll llra nlcnlrll porvcru pr:isor usud,to.,rbslrxcl ruu[hl, or ro tlLc hbour

lound oliitc (hrl;cs

tiorrs

nhicli I

ion'rprn!, sct up by:\\'illhrn J:rrrli-.':, :r lornicr iurUc0rl on Lixil Indij shifr, irho co:foundcd rjre rrinrt',\ny vll:ch suwivcs l,nlry .s jirdina Mrh;ro'ri Nhilc Llrc rrcc porr'of Sinrrporc $rxs scr rrp dv rnorhcr cs-*cwrnr oflo'rn Cornr)rr,y, Srinrford I(rlllcs 'l h( l:r!r tn,tl. Con'p.ny co\rinucd rc ltlnrirr;5rcr rlic subconrirrcrrr, $ithout m!ch prolit, uulil tllc lndjrll lv"urirry irr rll5?, \vhcn ll)': llririsll rll

ufI

ul trrcful litcr:riy couf osiliorr.

'll

rrdJohI Stux( lvlill, w:rs,[0rc lxrroL,l fur ",,r,","'"" hir llliricil novcLi brt lhis dkt nol frc\,crrt r,succcssful crrcrr ir bulinc!s. I1!
rirrrc xsJnnrcs

rr \ Lovc I'crr,,(l, $h'r \utcLl nr lh( Cu,"1,"y

t!)' 114 ft . (uI'rrurr(,r (d lri5 Llurius, vhictr trrgrrr rvirh :r:urrrprrurrs trrr:i rr rcn Jru cndcd-xr li,uri iI r t)o(nr uI otlic! lil.c:
l:roll] lrn lo clc!cll, rllc I brc.rklisr t.ur r,:rcll: IiroDr clcvcn lo llooll, lo Ucfin 'r\vis ruo jiooni l.'ronr hvch.c to olc, !tcd ,Wlrrt,s (.) br dolc?,

(:oN t,i

isL

JOI|N (:OArr N\. uo,llr,rny r), . I.ris sirrrour rrry rvrs rrrr,.Iy llllh*"]'1"*,"j uuruc 5iInc, !jrd nor v(,f srr;cr. lvlrcD lrc \v: i:provcit roj lrr:vinr r.,ru, rrc rcpricd ,r',,, r',,
j\vi,t'vJ:.
r(r

xa iriu J Wiltirnr

irl

:,J:

(,,is, rrc

'l'l,ir

liorr

l:rul' rlc

\',/or.Jsrvorrh: "",X"j5;f il;r",I',-t,::

a:;

'i';j"-;,, ;;.'i, i; l: :;i;lilfr;,,r,,ili, -

to hvo, fuur)J uu r:l[ (u,lu; hvo ro rhrcc bu[:r,r Lu Ior$rc Iio,I rhrcc ro forr voutd bc r Jxuu,ril bur{.

il
$

lJlr l'crcort rvrs r'nruLlcl llrur ot LLrsiocsi'ru(l nll i lluvxkn.. ll. iucccldcd irr qrccdir16 Lrp rlc rlclivcq; ot rrnilj ru tndi:r, $hiuh thijll \r,,r !r'ly r$icc :r y(x' by s,,it rcu,rd rtrc C t,. ,,t Cuort I.lot)c, Ly JilJnr;nI itLrurslrit)r - t,ir 'irujr rtricturs.- \vtriutr by rrrv;!rri;rU rtrL lluphrirLcs coukl proddc dcli!,crics (,t)cc il ni llh, il" rt,is luyi'l t,, rhc Col,'p.,,ry,.'nil lris lirurrf fr.icrr,J Lci;h I.lurrr corrrpt.,irtrl ru 5h!llcJ rLruul hir'rrcrr Orirrrrrl Ururduur, h;s tJr.rtI'riIie.rl Irr.,r;rl:, .:rnrl lriy irrcyirrtbk tcrr(lcIcjuj to bc r)$c ofthc corIu1rt,. lJut Shcllcy hinrsult, iust bclirc hc tlir:tl, :rkctl i)cucock :rborr rL pus:riLlc ioh irr lridir'.t drc cour'! ol r nntivc prilc!'. l,$cock bccrnu: rNirc.;r llrrort liUurc ir) rhc C,,r!lhnr: rhc clc' ks sxw rhcir shirl oDty vlrcr hc $ni!( n'rJ \rr llsh!rcd 1,, lrir (,tlirc Nilh fruit clrcrnnn).t,),rhc nritirlr,!(t ntcsscr8crs \rho iloud I rlrc out{r dut,t.,. ljur h;s dcauti!,D lu rl,c bu!i cs!.ditlIoI srop h;Ir\uirinU hi!bcsl bi)ok, Ct kttd C ntc (tItJr), or rc!(r hD sr0rc: hc vr'otc r Iulltj poL.nr all,ruliinU b.rnliDorcs Id 5cr-rts ccrrnornists, "lIc hIcr i\.llrncJ l,)dcx,, \\.hictr hc circuhrcLt J,,ru,,U hi\ ulllcr crrllirlxrc:,. 'lhc llrsl ruill ch nriclur'ol utlicu t;tt $xs I nrcrc rcunLrnls cte ,. lh! cisxlis( Clrir(le:i l-;rrnb, who joilcrl rhc Urrir Lr(lix (innl)rny r1 thc gc ul'sclcnrcrl ir) r?r:. Lci1h l.hrrl Jcjcril)urt hirr ri,Jru:i:irrl $irl, ., q,,il(r-liLc plxinncsr'i rr)!t 't'jronrxs te q,i,,cey rucx r,J r;irirgJ-:r.Ib iu tlrr lntlir l.lousc irr rllo.t. l.l,.j $ns Itr!^j,D k|I lnr[! rxnr $lr(rc rix '(tuill{hir.iu1;1;cutltnrcn' s.crc urrrlirry bchirLl l i:rilir16. l..rrnb rrs riltilll ,nr rr rttx,l r ii[[ lirrt h(. lri(l rr, (tcj,ecrxt 6r.rJurlll, lilc r horscrrrrrr rlisuruurrrirr6. Lrrrt) rcnrri,r!(l x lrunrbh clrrl,, $j(huul rhc privitele:, rrtil,c;rtock u:'ilill, trut hc:r(hicr.cd his u\.1 liitl ot i'n!n,l1llirI l!n)llllr !j:; destri|tionr ol r|c rrllicr in his cssrys rnd fullus: hc wrj thu lir:\t

crctrrndc urr:ornrnudiL.cs, inrcr.uuLrsc br:rrrucu u.rriorrs, rlt rJ".;,,,";"":; crv.tr:-'rrcx rJ \vcrl(h rnd rlri(),.lrJ tirrf ufsocicty, r,r or rr.rjud.cs, ,rrJ. tlou,tcJlle r.,f rJrr llrcc r:f rJri ",rA,Ji,:i,i

Cunluri(,n.Ltrjr.rI rnsc:llrr:tc rlrDj.rcr;JN, rll trJl6ct,

iil;;ii;):1]'1:1."

or

il'i

[rru5r rrr.,r rr:or su rorrrrl1tii rIvc, anr

UOJ:

""i

sur\r:tl rhc l)lritirrincs,'t,c \\1 rc r(, W(;t,,s; t, ir) rS,r.,.,nd,,v leu( rs lut lut'rtrcLl lo tlrc yuLc. yot Ltr,.r,r linu," trorv vu,riir,:rlu is.tu Lrurrlrr: llrc xir irLr I)cDr Nrlls virhout rclicl,l,ry rticr J"y.; Wlrcr l,,rrrrL rcriluLt duu r,) i -lrcltrh ;r rrtr.S, rvirtr :r'pcus;ourf r,r,-rl,irrL\ ol t,ij. s.rr.,r'y. ,:r wrs lit.c 1,rsrir1;,ur',,r.,;"," Iri,-ili",l,t,y. rircr) yc.rr lu l)c rs lo'U.rs llrrcc.' t..xtrl, trivu crricrc(lir:trc trrrl bccn liLcr_ .lj-" jl.,::l,',i"

soun rtrjw,,,,t.r L.,,Ib,s \v,,r oil(t di.Ii irtrcJ .,Dd htr srt.rry Lloutrtcd, but hu uill l)cliuyud I'i5 jltu \v.rr \yusLilU u\vny, ,,fL,iny

y.irr-f,.".i

.l:,,1,u!irs'rh:,r luuruLr rn(l

",ll,t,t !tu,lucudy urd,!rllicr? Uc rl(rcribcd ind ricqucnUy i,r,,, r;";,i ::,,1,5.",llll:t lll,:l

""r d,y drudu".1

pocr; i,i,',".rr j,i,, llll]" i'ril "j.',,"*.irlr-x;,)ihr uJsrys, ol Nhiclr si)r)u l,l rtrc ,uosi.tcti6hrrut (lcscriUc "," ibc oni onicc Iilc rvidr jlllirurcJ.

"r

"rr,r"Ji 1"",t u,"

constr,riuis d;;i,;ilil"';:'i:l:t:

rfrc

,"*;f1j,.;t;:li;l:.l ,"","i",,.

i\l?lliilCUliS AND (AtL\yA),S

OursirI rlrr l,i; urrp.rrr

tl,

rl,u ct,.rrrcrur ut.lhu ,rrrrrn

crrrpr'rr,ly rruiir'r'6-rr;;;i".;;i ll: llll:l l*l :"" I "ll:,co I(r:rulLrriur..Ilrs Crrik,:r, *,,t'rorc I i,tl;;,
Uru

r:fbusir.i:s: or
;

C;;;;; il;szl,[Jlii rrar L)crrI ri\cd irr pt.rr.,: of .r rv,rLurnrilll.:r,oul ".,;;l:;;i;il f,",r U.J,,ip,]i,"iiir'0.I
c rlj ri'ul...nrtr .uc,rrury, Ur.qrliculL r]cscriL*
.lt
:l,t,n

i:i,

th.rt rvondcrfirl crc:rt'trc of

r) ':, l

!ir)[, rhrl i 1:ll nr:rsr rrl rirrc!l

JO N Cr)l|.l

rnd mclrl, nlystcriourlyiombincd.'l l.r uroj)srcrwis illivu!"l hu novrl tclls I}c story ofJoln l.hlifix, i p(nr hd tlo bcconrcs rr nrrsrcr-

lxnicr rnil rhlr.ics,d)c.boss's dru6hlar,Ii'rinU irr r I:rrlc housc rvh;ch is ncvir ri:rlly divoiccd lroilt drc stitl:i:'t t:lnncry or lhc niill, ].lilitrx 'posscssctl to tlc full tlir "busincrr', liculty, so frc(luc di dcspisc,t, lut \vhich, out of icry ord;niry nutcrl:.j, oficn ntikrs i clcvcr nrnt rnd rvitlout rvhiclr drc clcvcrcsr ilivc cxn ncvcr Lc rlror;crtrrr r
grc:rt

l)c|.rrtfllcrl' ofhis Iusincis - is Ncll rc ovrd, it) ,:r l:rll, J:rrk, drc]dfirlly gcrtccl strccfinclr llolhrrd flrcc, rv|urc hc crrr ilrpruss his
busirrcsi fricurls. Dbntbcy is prcprrirrf his soll lo succccd hinr, but thc scnlililc boy diis, :rnrl Donrbcj dcft.r:rrcs lruch ol rhc b.r\incsr ro J:urrcs C:rLtcr, rvho wrirtr 'jr Ic chxubcr litr x bxrh-roonr, rrIeniry fronr rhc I,is{i1t{u oursi,lc lvtr Donrbry's duor,. Crrter rt,r lvl.,tr.,Ucr (rs Diul(crir cxlls'h;r't is:rrrr:rr Ufxbo r li'rr), ,.,hvrF clu\clr brrtronciJ up rrrrl tightly rJrcsscrl', \virh briUhl, snrili U rccdr. t.tc is nol r pfftlrcr, lr t rcrcivci r iorcc rrsc of lhc prolhs, \rhich hc hrt

I)onrbcy hrs his trlLiccs :uountl rhc conu:r Irr:nr rlrc tisr lurlir t.toosu irr thc nridst oftic Cirj uflond n, vlilc his orvri lonru thc ,t.lonrc -

l,li

nrrn'.

'r).r1

.So,,r/GdS4_-SS),_ c'n.rrcrs chih'lirc(rl) w:rh rhc'rr.ui.'l'trc nrill-o\vtrcr 'l-otrt -l-hurlrru ir in rlirrl.r uontrol ol lris rvorttrs rr,t corfronrs il)crr p.rsoltilly vhcn rIcy rrrikc. l.lis housc ir i . rlrc sh.dov ofdrc nrill: 'As for drc conritruil trrurnNr ordrc wdrkr).uplc.' siy5 his mothcr,'it disrurbr nrc no l!or(: rhrtr rhc hUrnnrnru ol i |iec ofbccs.'Whcn 'l'hornton hrr lo.los! his N;ll bccxusu ul lhc lo{sus cruscd by tJrc strilc, hc ;rt)plics li.rr r iob Lrndcr xnorhcr o\lrcr Nllich Noul(l [ivc hiln'rhc.t)t\r1un;r],,l c,,lrivxri',t: snlrc iArr,(iNrsc wirl' d\c l,irrds blrunJ r|c nrerc "er:1, rcrur"'. Ilc cx|llinr rl,rr
no mcrc innitutions, huvcvcr \tisrj,:rrd ho\vcvcr rrrrch tltorglrt

It \i:!i not lill dlc nlid-ninc(cr dr ctnlury rirxr lhc co ccpr of lhc businiss nirn:gcrbcg:rn to :rpfc.r is.in ,i6cnr, ;pcrrrinlj bcnvccn" drc orincrs rnd drc:\vorl:crs? lD ivlrs Cislcll's Urc:rr novcl Abrrl a,l,/

irlcstcd to bccur)r I ricl rulr, l-lc livcr ir x llourc of rctircr'\ror x,rl L'r ry wirl, s',fr cusl,nnr:, x,rl rl,i(1, roi{clcr\ !x,F(rs, i', rh( lircur, rd woodc(l counlry rcxr Nrr\ruud i| South I-oIJoI. t;xr! \!hiclr hc corntrn(cr utr hbrscbich to tl,c Ciry. I.lc nutripuhrcr hir slill'xnd ll-rtlc$ l)otrrbry rvfio rrcrls hi,n x$ his'coDtidc ri.l rUCnr'.

(:xrl,er !vc!jrccs rlrc roLllrtillUlru(':rc'\virh l).trx-ctcd viUitlrcc': rrrcr tlc clcrl,s h:rvc gonc lron'c hc \$'l(l cr-plnc rhc LJlbootr 'nljcr;rr runrl p:rpcrs, u'itl tlc p:rticnt p|ol1rcrs ul r nrrrrr Llissccri U rh( xiiriu(|{r r,(l lil'n.s In t,ir jr'l,ir\'r'.

ry hilc bccn rcquircd to orl3nisc rnd ,rrr:rn1;c thcrrt, c,rn iuxch.lxss ro cl:1ss.s rlrcyihotlld bc:rrrrchcd, riolcss llrc worliing out ofsuch initilutions brirgs lhc indil;duxls of thc (lilltrcrr cllrsus i o iclu:rl pcrsonil conrid. Snch ;rrlcrcorrsc is t|lc vrrl brclrh of Iifc.
,1hc incr!rsc ir rlc s;zc til crinl'ruli:. r.:; r(5ulr ol thc irJflsrrirt 'Rivolution rcntorcri drc orr,rrcrs f'o ) iirrcr'cunrrol ovcr rhc wofkfdri(, \"tic thcir honrr.is Lrrc:rrc r'icr rrrtl nrr:r'c ,lL.t.rcl (d Iro r 'ilii'lourcti of rhc;r solrh. In rhc1;r. c;UI'.:rsrh ccnr,ry Ihc nrc,rlrr.rl \vis litcl),ro livc nc$ (lorrr ro his Nrn:j oLrsc or h;s co llrinLr-lllruxci
Lur lhc ncN

nrir ofbnsn,cs!, rhr'nrr r!:r", hLUrrr'to ctrrcrlic i,r rhc jp3cc bctwecn nrcrchlnr.i ind clcrll, l,:r!rir'( hir distrncc lro,r. borI. p lrlishcd h I ll.t8, riilcs Ch. rlc! Diclcns's no{cl Da',r,1, ,r/ picturc uni{luc ol i ofrlris IcN kinrl lnr\xrcr.'l'hu tlonrinrcring Irul

'!n,rbid lotrsl) rcconci'cd $itl' his dirUhtcr. rcpclltr his lbrnrcrobscrrion wilh rrnrrut. rrrrJ cnds r9 pl:rling lt.rpDily rvirl hir Ur.rrdron, . C:rrkcr is thc torunrnncr oftJrc nrodcrir conrp:rrry rn:rn, r)rc mrnr;cr Nith irtcrcsls rtLri(u dir(ilct fr.our rhc ur-.ncr's rvho crn r:rtc ovcr crrrrtrrl rrs thc nrnrily vcilkcnr. Alld nr rlld bictUro! d or Dickcnr's norcl is r nrorcirg ncrv frrrcc: rhc rclcrrli:ss sprutt ofrhc rxitrortj\

'rra.:: \VIt!r (:rrhcr clr,t'(s rvitI l)orrrlrry'r sucrLrrl rritc, l)onrbcl distovcrs hc I'rs hopclclrly llri\nrx !trcd r]rc l,usilcrs, crcJritrt'r Lrb;rirth of rvhiclr onl) hc hxs lcu thc c[rc'. Donrlrut purs!cs Crrlur \yirh rclcnrlcss lclgrirncc to l+rlcc )d brcli ro Un[hnd: Crrkcr, hilf-crizcd, f;rlls iD tiont oi'il r in rnd is killcrJ. Donrbcy in lris fuq ncglccts his busincss, which focs l):|n|Iupr, rnd rc xccoLrnlxrrs Nolc iI, n)rlinU ftcc \rirh t|c 6rc:rr nr)stcricj, llrc IJ,!Is'. Donrbcl (lcclincs it'to irohriorr !nrit hc i iricu-

$t,

rln,uuh tlrr cornq., rcprc\cr\t;rU.lasrr!crn,r rrd dcirh, bur rt!o ircrcruiblc cltrlnuc. A lroy, clrllcd Uilcr irrlr in c ui'r!-bo;trr, slrorrr rl!c r,isotrrcclulncsr of ! nc$ r!c: i Lr:ndon riltrfc is rurlrtcsrb, Lrprootcrl to Dutc l\,rj,for ihc l cl:xi Cxrlur is lillcd b1. r rr:tirr. rtn,]
21

{:!JIrl'Ai\!.\rlN
ncN i.inrl ol eorrrtrrrny irrrrrr rhc rrihrrys ol Dpcrrrlionr,llrst rcrcss tcrlc un0rccsder)LcJ Nhu hrd lo ruutrrUt n \vorld. lhc thcD ricro5t rhc ounrq,

JOItN

COnt l,AN

scrr rl'd,ly i|rroduciDr r

'l'hroufhou( l-uropt srrrlll ll rilt bUiir)csr,c\ \crt btitrI ur]Ju'brithc nc'v t:,rcc rrrrJ rc.rh: of irrdustq'i'honr'rs Il rrtn's rrl!cl 'riu.,l LntJt,],i,ofu, r,ut ii't'",t lu r9or, 'Jr:scribcs rc slo$ Jcchrt ol tr 'lllc fourrdc* Ccnn:rrr f,rrrrity busincss in thc DinulccDl| ccrllur) rre\v r: rrJ:ull, Serr: trrr'l'lrrrrrrrs IJurljcrrl.rrout, buikls i rrr'rtirrilic'rrrr ottttcnc' tt \vilI rlcep ecrr(ctr'rrt lh( li.lrr'j' cclcbrirl!i u'.,u'i,,I b',r ol' ,u,,,"."t."4 bt torrfhcr l'ir:rls:rrfiJ bcN'ldcrcd b] th! rr$r worlti rrii ir:'urr ru ::;,..:. :,;; .1,';;' u,iiu".'tt'" 'rrr r:.,,irv horrrt (li(ri u..ii'l ';'.,r, his ton ; (oo *trk to srrccccrl, ritl rht scnrtur r"l'c trr'rtr:iiurr rrcrv ,,,,''i r".i'", thc lirlrr r; bc li'lu;Jrtcd rrrr<l thc phvs' rhc 6rrrrrrl ;\ji irr riJ lrrrD rru!ijls Irril 1"r,1 i,l ," .ili'rt '',i*,.r' rlerr ('l (lurlin(; ufinrrcrirI!'rrrcc!s' lii5t tl'"v"t,ol, r'",''";, i.,"'irt (l(rrh .",,i ir.'",' ,,,. i"',ri" ,,u,'",t' '$'t'"rl (hc horrsc is lirr:\hc(l'

- ;ii'. r'..,i" riru$th ol rhc Lrihrrls il lJLittr;rr crllt'l li'r 'rli\l rtrrl .' ...' .i''.','it"r"rts sirh;isirrsc ot Prrrrctutrliry rrr \lisciplirrc ".i.. l;rcirlrt ru nrcit ol rhc co$rrr') lr'tr rI( litsr rtN .ri"li' *"'. ""ri. **litJ i \rondtrl!lnrcrn$ ol cscrl'( li'r criDri rl' ' """,r'" '.rr'i.t" r$5os t'r providc I'i"ii'',r,i".'. 'i'liir,. i.ltrr',r)h tirrus trrri!u(liu tle(hunr I thc:r'dcsrlli;ch cuuld Irppruhcul i"i"r. .. ',irr r rrrLl lris ","."i"",i"rrs rtrin un ,i"",i,'. r" ru-r, '/ Jd,/ir dtc vilhir) urcxpci

f0r Dol rtrlisinU tlr'rt thc lclcUlxl)lr fursucr cuocs h irrrr c lf .rlicrttrrds roul,J -':ir'"lrrr,: trr:1:ltr up sirh hnrr' ,"ft ,.if r)rt(tJcrrl li,r tli' hul.ic r'rihuy cunrprrritr rvrrs thc if'.t u,,,"ttnl (lcvisctl urrili'rrrrs lur lltcirl)0 crirrrdorhcr "","1.,,rlJ nd Ll0urcsriu ;;;;il" - ''i;, crrrrc rrr,rillv r 'rrr truriculrtrrrl lrbuur 'surYrrrr:i" lix tlrcir crllcd ie uttieiillv r,r c,:,rrirrrrcrl "",r '...r"., ,"",'.',.t. ,f'. *,".1 lu rctiruLl trrrr') ollictrs, unl rrrrrjr'rIs rrr cap-

',,'i't'

,f,ft. .fricl c'rrrD'rnicr, ilrcluJirr6 Crpt'rirt O'llLir:rt ll' ",."t ,i,. Xuul'-t:,'ir.n', C'pr,in Lrr'ts olrlrt Lrncrrrlrilc irnLl Yrrll:Jrire'

i*

.,rrrl C.rpr'rirr Crrtl,lirrllu,r ul rhc C:'lt(hrrriru' 'l ht lt.r,rer-r,r'u,,rlt. in thc nc\r hitr"'rdhv \Yxr rhc rrrri{rrrrr:rtt'ir" or rht rrrilt trrxsltr' bnl r(rlirrI I'1r""".J r'i tf'.

qur*cr':;. l hr: srrrio|uursrcr ill hir lo! hxl.Nrr i ll,,r* tiljurc ofr.dror;r}: Irc \rJs, s tlrc lurhor of Ou lu lioul*\cscribcd hl inrBBl, 'thc.ciptrilr i| co lruxnd ofnll rhu huur:ur..$r(t srcanr forcs rtr:u Ullcuric.rruL,.trl rh li(l! \vo!ld-rniuroco$ i'r rhc llihvry colnros ctrllcd i s{xti!r'. 'l'hr: ncnc-ccrrtrcs of drc nihvr)s \.!rc rhu London rcnnini, llrr:;tun strtiorr bct;rnrc tlrc lrt lqurrrtcrs of rhc big6csr co t)Iry irr l,ritlin, rllc Londr)r ;rnd Nurth-\1tr:srerrr l{x'hv,'y, nhich ln rcd l-!n(1otr, U;rllirjrhu iu,l tlc r)orlF${!t. lL hrd:r jrugc Iull cithty Itct IriUl, vitlr J st Luc c'fCcurucStcphcrr:on rud i grurd st"irc.sc lcrdiuU lo ;! 8:rllery dccor'!le'l \viLh scull,turcl 0filrdustry rnd scicncc, luund ryirich rvetc thc boaldlor:lr utd chicf urlrr:tllcis' o fliccs. lnsid,: tlrc hili[cs( rvxs (hc [cruxl lrurru5cr, Cil)tuir) lYlirk l'luish, trho trcvr.r' bccurc r iljrcc(or', but $,rs rr piulctr urr uurir:r rvho 'd criscd nrclhodr ol rnx nxtlcn)cnt ind control ni:'jcssrul (o thc conducr ufltis cnrploycr': busifl$:;'. 'lIc rxih!;r)'r, rlrcr Ilc Iirst rurbLrlcrrt icrrs l)I spccuLLtiou rurd Ii r(1, hrurUh( l rclls0 rl'rcspcctxbilil] to blriillc$ ncLiritics,lrnd Niny public li[!'rcr ltccruru iuroh,:d iu rhcil rvorlirrs,i. r l.onl Srlisl)ury, rl,c li,rurc I'r'i,rc Nli!rist!r, rv ; chxi'1sitr oI lhc Crcir lti!lcflr l(rihvilt liolu r86lJ !o r$?!r hc r!fu:rc,.l i hiuh sJIrry but looli drc iob rcry srtiotsly. Sir lidrvrlrl Cny, htct lrorcign Sccrctrry, bgcrnrc r Jircctrn o{'Lhc NofLh-rjrslcrn l(iil$ y irr r3t3, rftcr [c l)rd gonl.j irrto upprsition, rir,.l rv;r; litql chrirnrtur, :.lc lovcd drc pnctical probhn$ ol dlc or8!nisrrtiolr rorlrl)ilrcd t0 f0litics:'Onc.crn Ji! \'rith olc'j Iiut r-rn thc 6rr:urtl irrsL;uLl ofstrrrrJirrg ou onc's hcrd huirJyinU \vidr orrc's lr;rrrrls, rvhiclr is:rlout rll orrc crn rlo irr op1),i\lnail|,E 'lhc tr.rusforrruti<rn ufconrnrclct Lry thc r.rihvYjrlir.l only lradc Iossiblc by rhc rJr:vulrrprr)cnt ofjoiirt-:!uck cuiuprnics rvliich cnrblcd lhourllndi uf5n)!11 ilrlcr(ors to liltillcc dreru.'lhc in[oduction of Iilritrd Ii bilily l)rotcclcu inrcsto$ Irolu b lkruptcj, rnd cffictivcly scprr'.rrcLl tJrc n:rrirgcis frour drr: orvncr's - tIc Crrkcrs fionr rli Durlbcys - irnd yivc cunrprr'y rrrcri tnuch [rc:ltcr ir)dcpcldctrcc. In lJrit:rir tlrc Act ul rllj5 bcU,ur to ur:rlic liuritcd Iirl.:iliry rhc rrorur, rtit)u| irU lhr t cvc.l sUclr corirpriry's nurc shoulJ inrl rvirh rIc rvr-rrd

"''r,ltrxrrcnDxrrtr .r r:'.'.f, ,",,,'. ,li,riplirrtil 'torkl' rtsprrrrsiblc L'r'prrnctrrility':"rlery .,,ui,i,.,ri.".. ti,rrri his rt'rtl, rrlicrr opcrilirrI i ['rrll \rxt lilru h!:rJr.l

'Linritcrl',
'l lrc

rs ntlny oIdrc rrcrt corljoiut-stock $url brnj.flrpt. Uut thc courlrnics bccrnrc niutjlt Ir,llricr
c:rr1y rusults

ircri

not

i rcncr.rur,ryilg,

l't

ir

lirli

'
,ll

(:o l\t t,,\

Nt

riAN

'
illrlxrcd \vith nxlion.rl

'

sllcr,Dvcrl tcnt5 irlld Urcrlly i cru ,,:(t thr: rolc ,rl rhc Irrrlc::sionrl mlnrgcr: rs I lcni [:r,vccit Nrolc i,l rl:6J,,lr :r joilt-srock con1,,rny,
dcpcllds on tlic nltn:rgcr or :rl;ctrt,'

tt'lli.l i:oi\

,^NY

liltitcdtoilfrthrvfiiclr boonrcrl rJrroo5h l_uropr: in thcntitl:nrnclccntlt ccntui u,r:rc rluitc rrcrv li;Idr 0f iDst;tutio \!.Lich c t
'rcrois tlc.tridiririorl porvcrs ofgovcrrrmcrrr. As lcrcr DlLrclirl lrrs
dcscribcd ir:

..'.1'Ic

l)ri'lc rd ri!:rlrics, Co iroll.rt r(nuiri l;!c thc Crrc rlc l'[sr in I'rris IrrI srrrrurs dcpicli U thc.Uurofrrn .rpitrtr, .r rlrc \v:r[onJlits j)r0cl:ri tcd tlrc inrcrDtriorr:rliyu ol tltc Crun,]t I: tttkt l: rulliItti bm clch courr t4 ! r:rihv:ry conlr:r n ic s. rvt ic c cpll, inlluuncctl by tltc 1;ruv;ry sl)irir oflxti0nxlisnr.
rJ

nciv'corporrtion', dris rcw,soc;dri nnonyrnc', ltris nc\v ',4kticrrgcsclkdu/'r', couJd nor bc crphircd rrviy rs:r r/urrr, lvhich is lorv drc ncv xrmy, rhc ncv ulivcruiry, rtrc flcw hosr)irrt prc5cnrcd drcnr!clvcs, Il clcirly -i\ r.[cn!;nc innoyrr;or) . , , It rvrs drc firsr rcrv:ruronon)orF;nstirulioD in hundrcdr ufycrrs, drc irs! io crc.lrc i povcr ccn(rc. (txr rvrs rvittrir sociciy yr:r indcpcndcnl of drc ccnrr.l Uorcr:rrrcnr ot rlrc nrriou:jt srrie. Il1ihvrys I:rid drc brsis for lirUc-scltc indUsrrJ, $,irtr rtreir hrcrs ot. uunrscr:j, includi'rr cndnccri, rcc|ricirr:r rnd ;rduriuisrniurs ot. wholc r1ihvly ro\vn5 \vhich )rrr,sprung.up rtorUsid. thc irhcrioxs rnd NorkhoFs.'[hcy.wcr. I;kc lrcn xnr'rr :rflllics, Ilrur;tlinU \rrict dirciplinc for drc circfirl ,)riinrcnilncc rnd rirucliccpirg rvlriih rvu:r cislniirl.to iyoid dkartcrs. Lvc+rrhcrc Lhcy built up ch-bontc socirl t,stcmr, midrolosics :rnd hicmrchics, hcieity innucnccrl by rtrcir cotntry's irilitrry rr.ld:rions. ljlrilu Zoli's niyct Lr Uitt tiutantc (rS9o) brillirDdl dcscribcs rhc nr;cro{osrD oli ltcnch r:rihv:rv conr. ilny ind shtion -.'dris''irrlc Norlrl ol,:rrployccs iicrt ro I cto'ct rvo : criitcircc by'J'c ;"irollnl ft ,tucn.c. ir:1;irhrt'Jn houn'.i rlrt rr,c "ir" ii inJc d,iorionil involrc.nrcnrs, aorvri rtrc. crj.;tnc-rlrivLli ;n rovc \iith hit cnsinc.'l'lc niurdcr'ofi rrilL:v ofiic:rl r:n r rrriir untlcrririncJ rlrc ivholc conrp:rriy: 'rfrc,,t;nU.ny";rr,i! diibudr rt,i conrlticrrcdrn)cch.nisnrrrld d;\loclirI thr vist n):rchinc ot rrilw.ry org:rnisltion, cvcr upsi:!tiir1; r.Jic rop idurinirrrrio In iLc Ccrnrrn cnrpirc rhc n;rio'rilirc.t rritirlyr xnrt posnl suruicu could:pro!:dc, sr;d Ihc sociol;List \\,ir^cr Sunlbrrt!,rtrrcL{ruxlrcrs of ll million rrcn rtho stood srin-xt x cnriotr whcn rhc;. $;t)crior spoLc ro r!crr'. In lrussil r,r;h(.ry r.:trrptoyccs \vcrc Icg,\lty n;itirxr), rcrcrvisrr: strr;onnrislcrs ind sifnrh rn sroo.l riui(l rs:r lruir Drrscd, rs ifit rrcrc ir irlrp.cring [cni'rl.'fhc [uropcrrl r.lihv:ryL rvcrc crrsill:

fiis

/\ll:lUcAN Dtist,0.l.l;

Ir l|c Unitcd Stxlcs Lhc itrrt)xcr oflhc rlilroxds \yrs sril nrorc rbrupr ilnd nrFrcrchiug. Al Lhc cnd of drc cightccnttl ccDrurJ drc frc:rr nnjori(y ofAnrcricrns \ecrc tirnrcrs livinf jn rhcir f.flrrtrouscs, ind nrust r)rinullcLUrcr) lecrc rrLir!tls Iivir)t ctosc ro thcir jhots, if,ro( rt ovc thlnr.-fhc Anrcricin b ujircss rrx bct:rn lo cnrcrlc j5 ! scprrrutu spccics in thu l]rid-nillctucnlh ccnturyt x n)orc rsll-cor]5cioos lerJer rl'xr [is Utrrlpc.rn ritnivrl.nr, bousrnrg hir tourt conrruniry or uiry, iJ olicD bcco liDg thu ccnrrc ofhir socicr).r D:uji!l Doorrdu (lcscr;ircsltirlisrNpcculirlrlyArrcricrllllvpcofcot)tn)ullityrrilcrlnd coonuunity lcrdrr'. Whcn tic rilitroids srrctchc(lr{.ross rtrt Anrrricin cirrlillcnl, th cJ, rr,:r Isfol1ltcd rhcscxlc0l'rctivilyrnd undcfluiicd I0crl bliir)csics cvcn llrorc drirticxlly r.lrnn irr Uuropc. 'fhcy rvcrc Ic$ inlhrcnccd by nrililxry rnodcls lurd wcrc fin![crd rlnost cntir!ty fronl nrivrtc fu[ds, ir cbnlrilsr ro Conrificnlll liuropc \rhcrc.UolcrnmcnLt providr(l llrost o':llrc nnincc,'l'hcy quiclity crtrblishcd i nc\v pjtrcrn ri' bu!:r)uss,'lhc uxrll A rcriciln con)0mrion\ \vcrc chrrrcrc(l by dlc shlc, k, utrdcrhl'JsDccilic lroicds likc bu;l.linI cx'rxll; bur drc fiit-. r)rd rfcs:rwi .Jctlcndunt cut,ur.,rio s \vhich soo'r bc[rtr ro ctI cr[c rfiu shrc, \vilh rhiir orvr': lcu.rl slillrs.,'Lhc corporrrjon cimc to bc _-ri-.lixrilid_lr)'.thc cdnrts ;rs il.it rvrrc I pcrson,' ls thc Iri\tori:rn Joscth lirflrrs puts it. 'li crll:conri:iii dcbrs, suc dcbtors, buy r;d i;ll. Inidsturs but picccs of ir.: Iikc pionrorcrr ,rr tnry picccs of r 'uxy
DdzcliLCrtcr.'

c$r

:r scriour llrrci( ro drc Anrcridiriotr of irtdividurlisrL Alrcidy i rlt6t Chxncs Fnnci, Ad:ur)r, rvho hxd vir0csrcd rhc fcrocious billtcs io conrrol drc,!;tru.rds, N[s Nxnri.ru thxr r odcr $ocicly h.d :

'l lrc corporiti.rrs soon ippcrrcd i$

,6 t. ... ...

77

i\ :i

{:OII I'^ NI \IAN

J(JllN (:()i\tfAN].
l)f!iser (lr$crit)c(l llr!or irr 7;/,r ?]r,,: ,'l herc lLrs UroNitrr up I frrlinl, rh.,t .rl tlrc tot) rhu,e Nrr i scr ut Ji.r, r - Iirinr - 1vLo, \virhou! hcrrt or surrl, r d \ri(hour ) undc''sr r,.lirr; <ir syn[rtlry rvirJr,rhc c,rr(litiu ut llru rr[], rr(l Iilc, $rrc s{.tjnI tbrllr lo clrrin rnd cu:hvc
Jrcrrr.'

crcrlcd r ch3r of rrili,ii:11 b(irrljs \vl'o bi(l l:rir'su0rr (' hc llic D,'rrcri of d'cir c-rcrror. l( i5 buL a vcry lt$ Yc;r$ :;irrcc tltc cristcncc of r cotl'ofltiorr coi)trollirr[:r tt\ nrillii.'nr ofdollr's *". ,.'.",i.,1 rs r subirct oltLtrc;rlPrthc s;urr' rrrd nuN rhist rvichl .""'rr": "i *,rt *",.'irl' 'i'ut" 'l;rnisrrtiorts rvlricl rI( tr|) rrc rltct f,t tl'ous'rrrds ul urillions '-.-".L.,,,.r"rl,.4 Nill ulli'rr ii"t,ir'r'irl,, ,i."t;il'' 'vhiuh rro sPr:"rrrrdic Populrt ther lnrvcv:r" i" "-r,ri i" i'.r. ,,r r;"Dlrhuru, urJ xt rll rirrrcs' ,i ,t'c ol'l rr'''i'rr or'rrrc turrrnr.rr Irw' rh rr iili--,.-,i'" ".,r' cortxnitioDi h.rrc rro souh'

IlJ,y cvrrLrr)urirr

;.ili;i';i;;'i,i;Ji'-"
.i",. i.''ii,r,ii,. ;;i; t;jt-;;;.;i

ub5c'\cri

;,J,r:,,;.;.;,;',' ;ti

ir'.:."liro.',1 kir'6 r"ho uspr:cirllv rl:rnrtt'l AJrnts' ,,ri r,,:rcrricr bc c'1:r,rrcrr o,r ,r'c co'r'urliun i""*.,."',r'.*'rri"rr in irrr'ui rri: tr; :rrr(r

lliIo rds 'rs irrLruJuuirrU ' 'rcN r"" u'"'"'p.'tu"' *-"i's sr'llr rs currrnru5

sL Llc

Ar rhil rirnc {nrreprcllu\r|\ or IiIrnci,:[ \v,:ru [!6clJ rcglrdcd J5 trcin6 orrsirlc :;ocicty - ;r:; rr.:rs su6gcsrcd bJ d)r urc of two forcign 1!u(Li o dcr-cribe ll'cnr. lr) lJritriu'l'r ollope's Urcxt novtl Thc !lru;, )l c ,tr. /V,r (r 375) dcpiclcl Lhc |r cnch linlnciur Aurusrus lvlcluouc r urrrr rritlr 'u rvurrdclful lool ufpoNcr lbout liii mouth d chiri rrnl Lir Aurcric r prrtrrcr l'h rilron l(. l.i:;lirr !s vill,rius corruprinli rhu lJritiih rristuunet lviLh llrc;r fll:lstcry ol inLcrnrlional dclls lnd rle lluN rcle[r;rph (i rLur']' rullxrlxbly sinilrr ro llobcrL M :rvcll,s i ecD(rry liltu0. Il Anlcrictr lhu lin:Itcicr \yirs srcll irs hildly a Iit subjuct

I I I I I

I
I I

ii,",-t'fiiir'i1,,ir'.,'icrrruurolichssr'rr'nrcnrvlrrrrvilrs'icllrvitltitt b) (hc stxr'j, trur ."u liLtrr ru uurrtrur" i': ;i";: ' i:'l'""rir","" c0rpot*tu " ',;.;;,:";(r ,r,r'. ir'lirirlu'rl bLrsirrcssrrrrrrt in thi: rr(w I r*vcrrs, 7'rr t)*n wrtti"u' bv ....: l-:,::';::,., or rt," '',,".t ',;,;,;,J ru-u5 t-'1't'"" trrs buirr nrr I r)rinL i'r ;:;;ir;;;il;;;;tistri'.r rurrs rrorrr nrs otlicc' lv;L\ thc hc\' 'rl'
businc5s \thich hc PC'so":rll)

li'r norLl;ls or lri5trfiitrr, but rLc Chicxuo trovclist l.lcnD rullcr, x lrrrrl, clcrlr's soll s1,,, d:seribcd (hc lturincss \lotll i\ Tltt CIiIJ' Iru: o! Nr\l ll/itL tlt lrnar]i t (i!c rcrr elnl]lcd, irsjrtud'rl$t LIc Arrrriuul ljcnius 'is urprcssirrg itscll nitlr grcilL llucrrr:y, roluurc, rl'ntruruc - irr its orvn rvry in its r)vD lic : lolitics, liD:$rcc .rn

i
I

::-l'.'.-."-Ji;-k*""'s

ruurhnrt\v'r i'l' .,,r?i i**'r1"" i"i'ritv, irr hcupiri6 Niur dtcir o\vrr bv i' o""'i''"itv ovcrriddcrr currrnrcrcitrl i",lllli ^'n,J-,, 'irr'",* "l'"i'' bccomu.',ci'illl rrrrtritious' x d build i llrcis ro trrr: torc rtu\v" 5xy:i rrrtir lcisuLcd iliii.",i' ll^llll.i. "',"1,'-'i';er"'rcv l^"':ii,"". Ir'oruticl.l coLuv:'lt is rlc rorrr'urtc' rhc l)uLr'v

rrio(ficc Lor

'r rrpiwrircr

lirl llcrmr

i-.,...'lrii"

bv co npcritio r rru rr ;;:;:'..;:]i:l;;;;; ;;;'','.'' r"'i't.,-';"'r chc'rply fLorrr \V':st 'rourrc<r ti!rlt NIto c'n tnrrslorl Dirrrr( rrrucrr rrrorc .r r rairr,:r'J' trrc ilil:;:.'i"i;. i ;;;.;j""ii,"r,r" 'lr is at 'rcrcv urrrrllrisrt' nrirr to :r

ii:tiil':;ii:;"
1,,.

i';;;;u1''t',1:"tt

i,il,ii""l.''i;,r'.t

ll'i",1'. t"".'

i'"'""."ri" "r'r.r' rrr s':ll rlrc nrill' 'rnd ficcs burrkrur)rev' l i.f'''.t -';;,i'" ""r",", co:rr' innr' srrul xrrr
';,1-"
rll

:h:r'c"6 t""'rtt' rt'"r tt'ty "" :rcti'g orr bch:rlf of c:rrc norhirrlr: thcv r(prcJcrrt rlrc'l)otcrrtitrl prc)' rcri ts co'"rrrorr prot)crlv rs conrfiro'\

tt"

stoup

'il ,;i;;,i'.;'",r Anrciicrrr tru:;ts in 'r'hr;rrrrorc Ar or r:rrtrcprtrrtrrrs ,r 'r h rrrdrur r'.;i,;;';'i;;;;;

irvcl|ri!,r'.'l'ltuothr:c I)rciircrLlxvc lirll crc(lit Lo Iirll| lt\'1 |t. !:nnn.nr (rrr!) ind ?jlc'lih l'9t,t), rlc lirs( Urcrr burnrlis noycls, brscd on tlru lilc uf rc li,r:rucicr ClIr cs Ycrkcs rvho hrd uridc I forlunc ltur'r Chicrgo s(Icct Hilwrys lnd thc London Urdcrurouud. Drcircr 1uc lis lir::rncicr liflrl, Cowpcnluod ir hcroic :jtitus, .s an arl]sr cuurprrrrblu ro ollrrr crcilirc fcrius!sr 'rirurcc is'iill ,1rt. And it r'rpr'cxcrls (hc ol)eriltionr oi'Lhc sub cs( ul thc inlcllcctuls rDd of thc cgoist"s.' I h crplorc,l his lrcro's 6cnius rvidr opcn.:rdrrirrlion: 'lt \v;ri x pr,\vc irl lDird, tuminf, l;kc i r'lst icirchlifht, iuto nr';ny r (l.rJ,,JU11r(ri but it r',rr rrot 5rllicienrly u:rilllercilcd ru st.rrclr rjr,: lri|lrxlc d.rrt.' l lc jlllc15.rijr'5cJ Corvpcrrvoorl's Lururr:ss dcrls rvitl lis i,,.iJucliur)s, irrhrltcry:rnd succrssilc D irucs wliich showcd drc srurc drivir16;rurbitir-'n llrl rlupliciry. hlLl hc conurircd him to tlrc l)tillixnr lish tllc lJlircl Croupcr', or A4lclcropcrcl, rvhich c:rn rdrpr ils crrlours lu :rtry rLuruunrliu6s: 'Yrlr ururrot lool rt, it lon6 rvithout lcrlinll thrt you urc *itrrcssitrg sonrttlirrg spcrtr:rl :utrl unn:tunl, so I'dlliurl ir irri t)r)\'er lo tlccrirc ,.. \VhuL \rould you sry \vis rc i0tcDtioD ol tLu r,!c rli,rI irrtclliStnr, cnr]stfLrcriyc forcc tvIich U;rci
r,r

I I

Alytttlrl,rrt,r

thi:i :rhrlir'r)'

'.':1
:1.

( |)

ri

..
:,

....i i
J() rrn_ (:0 rl l'

;l

iCOlll'INl lllN

qutiho sid8lc o\i)cr'ioirld hLrpr tor iong to rontrol rhc v:rrr,rutl coniplix nirv corlrdrrtiolti,l xnd lh{ .)tjor invclrbrs s0ol hird rr, 'diligric icipohsibiliry iJ 'p'rbfir!ibnrt r'rrrir,6cr,'. ll'lr: lirsr siuplc rrilrords rvcrc run Jicrsorirlly hy r supcr'ntcntlcnt, lilc :r tcrtilc nrill; but;t tlrc l;rcs inlcrlocliid r yL,cccssi+r: ofcrush,:s soon rrrl-lr clcrr rc ;cad for orgrniscrl syitcnrs. '1hc lvcstcrn llrilro:rd'bctNccn Wor'ccjtcr ind r'llbr'ry,:rccordin6 l0 Lh: buJincss Ilist0rirn Allicd ChlndGr, v.r thc lirst to dcfinc rcrrchrlirrtcrnul or6ulistioorl sl rr cIurc, rvidr trvo nriddlc.mqugcNirld t\vo top nr:llt-rtlcrs. ll) tlrc rlillo\ tJrc hu6c incrc:rsc in tr:rllicrnd corlnccti0ns hx(l li,rcc(lrll lhc l);I nr;lrords lo buikl up r profcssiorxl rlxnxtir:n)crrr, ;ncludirrf xcco nli'rU systcnrs rvlrich rcvolutioniscrl booLl:ccpn:i1, ro co-ordiflrrc thc nolcmcnrs of soo(ls rnd prsscngcrs. As thc bifucit rxilroxds srrcrchc(l rt:i iorrircnr. rvc.rlcr co rt'.nicJ'\rcnl t,inhr(pr i,',t rnrnl "cros: irvcsrors.ucrc rnitrc , bur n$ rij{rs bcc.n,c rrn)rc sccuic Nl ltr"fcssionrliscd. By Lhc c .l ol rhuccnluD rhcbiUrxilnrxds$LLe litnilirtj conipctition! rvhich rllorvcd tlrc \ lo cs(rl)lisll L{rcx c,1,!ics, villr pronrotiou tlcpcnrliu6 or suriuril1. l hcl \!crc ilruttly !rn,!i'tli xsxy f.om'liir\cicipil.lisnltorv,rnls:rrcl''ri',rrrrgcrirrltrpit;rlirrrr'. 'lhc nilrordr providcd rhc.rt)c.,,\s x,rd thc !,iu,lcl{ Il,r rh!: curcrrrrrrions lof industry $nt lollovc(l, ind otlrrr cnlrrDrcIclrrs x(l0plul ._ i thclrisystcrrrs.0l',llrldgclrcnt,.Aldrc\\:Crrucgir:lt:rrl*orlcdrrs:rrr : : I .lcrctririvcbn tIc Pcnrisylyiln;x Ih:lruld I'aforc Ic built up his rrirs:rc :.: i1 rsiillriollrs ;n')'nrsUu r;h, :r nil hc idoprcd r sirnil:rr'nrrrirtcrrcnr sruc.,; Iuri i\';dr,d,i hclp ori gcncr-tl Irrnxucr, \\';lli.,nr Slrnrrr, rrho hrLl .: r i rkd rrorlcd for rhc llc nsllvin: cnr)rfxnI, l l l' inlrfii hsr nq, rlci:r,lus,,r'Il'c,,inc{(-nrh {cnr"ry r srcr:essi,rlr" I invcnrloirs rvcrc trrn,iforrncd i11ro Ii.r'rt ():l)u.rti,nN strrtchirl: .rtfl'r\ ' Anicricr. Mirryoltficsc con:prnics rLtn: to sLrrvivc ilrou[h llc nrxl ' ccnturyj slill blscd on drc srnrc prodnct'_. ln ltitrsbuqih llcrrryJuhn ll.i.z idoprud thc ncrv olrir)toui proccsx ol cilDinf ft,ods, lilc in'Phihdclplir Joscph Cillrpball r1d. L|c Dorr.hcc li0rily l)rB'lll ciuninR soups. In Ci cirnxri lvillirrrl Protlcr:rud Jrnrcs Grul)I1., rvho lrrrl rccidcntrlly discovcrcd r scrp rvhich lloxlcd, buih i rrodcl phnr to scll iircross rhc Unitcd SrrrLr. l l(ocltqsrcr G{o.rc l;,srurrrt frLcnlc.l lrk'Ko'lxI' cinrsrr for rrrcurs. Itr Ch;c,,':o Cusrrlus SNilr bcgrn urinf rcfriUcrtrr.'l iltxr\. /\lsu i'r Chlc:rUo \Villirnr \\'riL:lLy dc\'clot)cd his chc$inti-,irrn inro x nxriorNl nurNork. lr r\rlrtrrr r\s]
i
I I

^N

r.

C,r,rdtui str up plrrris fur liis tlr;,)k Cocr,Cul.,, \vlrilc il Sr Louir 'rr\v ArJolphus Uusch.pcrfcctCd his Ii6ht bccr ludNcj:cr, foltowcd by !lichclob, rvlricir hi bi6rn diskiburirg rDd rdvcrlil;nU oliorrrlly.

By thc cnd r:f tlic ccniury

tlrr

lcricrr

ycrn c:rrlicr rvrs

:rlmost i:nrccognis:rblc.

bllsincsr \vurld of lifry Ilc'rry Adrnrr, \vr;rinU :n

ill
:rl

r9o5, tlcstribud hoiv'AlllNtrv York rv:rs tlcnr:rndin[ nrcfl, ]nd 'rcw lhc ,lcw forccs, cundciscd inlo corporxliolrs, \vcrc dcnlruJiu[:r ncl\,typc ofnrirr - i lllxtl \viLI lc lirncs.dlu cndur!0cc, cIcr|y, \vill :rrd rliDd ofthc old rypc - forrvhonr t|cy rvtr'r: rc;r(ly to Fly ntillio l

iirl't.'

rc,v forcds \vcrc not !o thc lJclorc lonS tllc 'individu l litrrtrcicrs 'rxsrurs.oldrcsc tl,c ,, Js rn'l ilvtntors \vfio hrd nrs! urlcishcd 'rruch rh i citir'rUirU corrt:rny rrt.'i rvh. hi'".v h"." r. opc.rr( inridc d,cn,, r,;(l tu itrrD"sc ,hcir o\vr w;ll uviY ll,c r,c\v r(i'x x'rc{.

coNtjuctus iND nllj_ ]ln crtriN

lVcsrcrn nrrrnrgcrs rud cr)tiirc!ri \\'rrc crrctldilli lhcir fi;lro:rds :ro(l lilclolic$ ilcross lllc \yorld, d]rouuh A$i.r d Lirtin Arr0rici, but drcy srw lhur rs lhc xch;uvcrrrcut olr"hitc pcopic only: r fc\v obrcrvint risiturs, Iuvcvcr, rcrliscd tlut (lc cw sDirit rvrs rlso stirring io othcrs. Whcn l{rdyilrd l(id;r)tt t),rid hir iccond v;sit toJrpln ;n r B0:

I
I I

hc r(corlcd:

:lolt).o livc rhc stc.'lily-dinri,rirhiir i|.ff of Uurot)cxns rnrl)loycd Lry tlrc Lnvctor xs inuhcc$, r:rilwiy c.\pcrt!, proliis rs ilt tlc collc[ur lrLl so li,rrh. Uclorc ry yu:rr tlcy \v;ll Jll

'lr

t'
i

trc

'r rrronf drc nlriont rlirynscd nirJi, :rnrl rhi counrrl l.ill sct forLh
ir) its o\vrr rcst)o'rsibility,'

rlorr xr'l

llJnt)xD ihccorpor io'r wxrr$rddcrilrd rclolutjo rryIorcc, for lllc rrrh,xl of Wrsrcrn i llucllcs i|ld lucl)11010[].coincidcd \\,itlr drc tli:nrrrrtling ufthc fcutlrl systcrr rftcr thr your6liurpcror Niciii crnrc to pou'r:r irr r66S. 'l'hc hu,rdrcils of fslnily nrcrchrnr houscs vh;ch hrd suryirc tlrc coll.f,sc ol fcudrllouil rtoildpolics couJrl 'xrioycd 'ror i:'lr rtrii thc irnrsh of rLrlurJlouy, l,ut rhc r dirio'r offi'nily rcsponsi. bil;ry rcr x pincrir for lxtcr corpor:riions.'fJrc lvlc;ji govcrnnrcnr, Irxling \cur the sucr:css of priljrrrc Lntc.prirc in rhc \Vcjt, .vojdcd dirrcr in\(,lvulc'rt ir ;nd[srrf rd sou;ht ro crrcor:rryc Jrp:ncsc

lo

'

lr

c0ll t.^Nl.

i\r,\N

qrl.(l,rcICUrr, \rlru c. nc f.onr rtrc s nc li;rJ ot cJu.,rtcJ !litc ir lhc 6oycannlcnt, Il $rs, xr lvlichio rllorishint;r rlcssribcr it, rhu rvdrld': 6rst succcssful prirxtisltion, risuhinU ln lltu crcrtioll (l' .l\c. iI In urdirt; frouts \!h;ch \\crc Lo dollrinxlcJ:,p,Urc:c irJurrrf fur rno,l of lLc. rcrt ccnrur), 'l lrc most clfcctivt J:rprncic iln')virror rv:rs l-iichi Shibuslv;r, thr: ion of i rich frrn:cr rvho gavc hiru a srDrurui c,luuurion, \iho hrd Icrrnt sorlc of tic sccrcts of lluropcan irrdL:srry on r visir lo lhncc. l1c rr':rs surpriscd ro scc r bukcr UivcD drc sinrc rcspccr s r c0luncl, rrd rctrrncJ to Jrp:rrr conviDccd thrt d)c jui,r!-sloch colr)[:llty w;rs tirc ltcy ro nrudcir)isxrion. l.lc ioillcd rlc tli11istry ol l.'irrrrrrcc, rvhc|c trc opposcd tJrc prcs:ulcr ofllilitirrisrl rutd burcaucrxcy, rnd lcti to bcconrc x b:rDkcr, risin8 lo bc.prcsidcnr ot r.l'c ljrir L:nrl,, rlrc l)xi Iclri, Nhi(h wicUcd i powctful irIucncc ovcrjonrt-stuck colrprnics. SIibos.r$,J dccidcd (hrt Urc Jitlincsq could succcjslLrlly co-opcrirc rnd pooi thcir rcsourccl, urilikr tlc Chincrc ivho rc rrirlcd i,r,.livirluilisL5 viL|ir tlicir Ihrrilics (.r trrdiLior Nlrich A,l|ro 'l'su-rur tg $xs lrrcr dctcnn;ucd to up.oot, bur rvhiuh srlrivcd t)o\vcrlirlly oIrrr6 tlrc ovcrscur Chircsc). I lc wis drlcnDincd 'lo build rn,dcrjl clltcrt)riscs \virh thr .br(u5 ind rhu A'rrlccts uf Cotrluciusr. 'l'lc fonncrJrplncsc rulinB cliss, rhc sulunri, hrd lust (hcir old rolc rts srrrioa, i'ld rruch of lhcir irrcumc .lid sutus: tlcy r:vcrr lrxd Lo c{t off drcir top-Lrrots rur.l lvcrr \VcstcrD rlotlus. l}rrt rlrc cor't)orilions grvc drcm i ncv oppo(uDily. 'fhc old r)rcrchri)l chss of lrnrily busiucsscs h:rd bcconc LorDl)lircr.:o!. 'l huj hxd bc':'r dcspiscd lry dlc srulurxi. for drcir-:uospcakllc busincss of buyin6 rnd scllinU' - is Coofucius si'd, Jcclltlcnlcu kccp clcnr of thc

,,.,,i .,i-.;;;i,,;..j ;t,i;Ti,,l,iliJll:, jJl:j11,',iiil"l;:Tll: t,,"ijtrr.,D cl)ic fi,c_cLlr:,)U I) rrtc L,nril, ir) ,SJ,t, i"i;u;_ l$r.l'nra r)al cvclllur!y \von cunlrol !f l uut bircd s,,,u,,,,J, _t;ir"' rii,",ti"iiJi,,l""llllillll l,jiJ,'i:ii,iln u".i,;

l,llil'llilill;ll;'l;ll:ll

Jrr N cu^l,ANI , ;il,ur,,,cc r,,r \v.llcr,uL,5i'rri. r.rc LuiucLr ljll::llll.l .|,r uc rrrc rrillc i,, r 57r j.ur r,is r,,,,:ry i;il;;r:;,,,;:,;;: i;,r,o,,rs,) illilsll:1r,,,(.r1,, jlllil:trl'',\:lich cun,l,ciirion
'rous"a

rroir

if,:,,] s'rlu hvir5rli;, ""i,f,y."r. luuk uvcr. ivlitrLbishi fru r f,:, .vt,o tf('f", frr"U,"l_ *jt.rircd:,AIrtruuutr rJri:r u'Lc.r,rir. t,""ti.,'";,;;;; ;;;"i;jj (Lrrt):rtry-\tr,ctu,c, ;,r r(:rt;ly it ".,u" i crlircty J firnity cr,.,l,r;r"., Lt""-_ r ,e.\uhs;vcly lhc re\r,irrribit:ryol rhu 1,icJi_ ,r(rr', A$ ir, drc Wcsr, rhe Ii$r t,*rr i,,,ri"i,r*Ur,.i,,o"i,..,,,*,, "f p*r*"ir,ll,rr rrrrrrr,;cIr; cururrry,,ni."_. _i;"r,, :lll::l..lil.:"':.'I l,(c,,r,u
r.rver.

. l\jJ r[! Jrt)rurrsc jo:j)r-sroch er:rrtr:rnjcs isirLctl rrurc slurcs r]r." l,rr,'rrr: I*i dq)u,(leu o,, lhc jb"n,t:j,U f,Dritics; ;;;,1;;),;;;;;i; u,c t)riru;r,tu ut .ljurjrjslr'vIich !,wJ drc.rr r,"*,,r_,iiy ii,.,, \\,rsl(lr cutr,p:lrics,
IDd u str.rlrrlcr hojrJ
rI"cir.

litchcl.'

Uur drc rlor c ',rnrbiLious siurrului [r.rund

ricrv rclc irr cstrb-

Ii5hirt cornprirics \vidr drc hclp ofthc |:jlrP surrrs rvJiich Ir',rrt cunlrcrriitcd thcru for thc ltrss ol ilcir urilitrry iolrs; rn shibusr\y.r :rod othcrs vcrc coDyii)ccd llu! dlc old CoDfucixn idcais could bc transfcrrcd to nroilcnl busilcss. Tllu busL-cducJtcd sxuurri rvcrr ch:rDncllcd ;nro busircsscs rvhich uccdcrl sr:pcrior skills. "l'hc rulc of i llU'ri fi',rilici in fof'rdiugJrprn':i urorlcru liusirrcis cl ss{ llhxrdly bc c)$l;6cr,r(cd,' $rotc lhc hisroriu I;rsur.l l.loric. 'l hc.6rc:tJ:rprncic tradirg cornpxrics rnch bcljin virh thcir ovl lirrls with Uolcrru crlt. Yatrro hv;rs:rki, a pcis:rnt's sot, buih up lr corst:rl shippin6 burincss rvitlr (hc hrll) of Uov{rnrrrcnt luhrirlics irn,l .

,r,rriry'Isr', L|rr crDpl(rJl'rchr. /\DLI uvcr rhr ncrt ucIrurl.Jrprncsc curploycrs \vcrc rrorc c!,rLrrr dri0 Anc,.ictu)s r, i"tt".U"" l.iii"i,y, urdrh-cd by Conliruirn I,rilc:/cs. As t{odrcy "*q,r CtJr}i Duts ir: ,ln r_,6;i ,,ru!-uourd r/c trIqu:rtir;cd:t)i)ro\xt li,r rr,c t,.,r,t_ir,,tr.in6, Ur qjrn')'rs, suciututic ly-!unsriuLr! udUtiug "uii", jri; JUrn,rUcr, frcsl;ffou ntr ur eulllltclcc c0ursu. lrr r\rucricir cven tud lyilrcrrlotics ofPrisLiilc ,r(r:!idu:lrisrn urrscttrc tIc rolluitivc idc.ri.,

rt,c rri,rint: 6n,urrts,,rWcsr;,1ris(.1 dcLj'cr(ud lo Lh,jir. eu rl,.tlr)Js !uryiecs rnrt prorlliscr.l lit.c_

;;j

tn), ruli bJ l]:tsttff rvltlout Wlsturn iduc.rriun, rvrs ruvr:nh:r ou crl by.thr:.lVcsr,rrjFsrylc coD)pll)y (l"rlr,r), i"f,i.f,-r.,f,"irJ c,r:l:i,1clr,r)rur'!sj,io,,rt o,,rrJl.ju.r ,rt,u u;dc;siood w"",_u Ir).ir,".1" lLrutud lo ,1.ul,ro Ulivcrsiry (us,"friiri"J 6roups i, .,,_']]c ',rL:Lltst r;r7r.rrrr,rrr ncrv,r.iv:rli Ii,r.rhuir nrrrngcrs, rvhict, [.i",,, ,",Ji,i"" ,r uc otit.l,(') uuru.orl'Ji rr OrbridU{ jn Urir:rin, t", Uij,ri_,,. u,rrrnrcreirrl ruurir.rtiurr. Jy r9z6 ,thc bLrsincss ,*rd,J *,,1s rh""j;
:13

".]:lTll,i'"','":l'l:lj i::tJ:;t"il"i,.fi lill;lit.t3i: ;ll,J,:tfill i:i it stlol).\

tlolr rhcirrn,vclc bcuur,:ducrrcrl Llun

rtrc

j:l;l*:

i:l*i
:1:

Ii

3?

rnbm'.;

dominirid by bv u;rivtrsi iy gtudu.tllcsi t(! rvrj uiru,orlublc $irlruur

1l

conrprdy ircn, rvorlirrl; rhulr t,:clnolollic:rl rvonrlcrs irr :r scprrrtc \yorld, wcri nlorc cut offfro l Llc rcst olsocicq,dr:rn rltcir Anlcric.n or [uropcin countcr.]\ rs, 1.n\]o \r1s brifl6 rrrnifonllcrl trom 3 Lo\v.C;ry'.ro r ,l.li6lr Ciry': rhrcr- or tour_srorcy t,uihli.r6s

Tlcic

cl.tAl,rt'Il{

.l.t.t

tt It

ti 'I
I

in Nihonbislii xrd lhc MiBui Ctub \rii:r;r! \vidc vcrr (hhx rnrl colonnrdcs. ,|vlirsubishi bolrfljr:r nrcrd(A.nc:rr rhc lnn)c rj I'rtxsc rnd l.:uilr rows of ornirc I'r;ck b:ilrtirrgs vhich rJrcy c.rllcrl 'Lonrlontorvn'- thc sitc of tod:rys ,\/lxrunouchi disrrlcr. I(irrr:rro I-lit(ori, thc louDdcr of rl]c Scilo v:ltch co,rrprny, brilr r flrdtory in 'foltyo;n tS$51vl;ch l,ccrnrc ollc rit rtrc s.orttt's tuuttill;rqrctrru:rtrtn11

cnrcrgcd bclwcc') rhc l;trtc woo(tcn tr"uJ.j:, irrrtu(t;rrf rhc Mitsrri tt:rrit

Intlb itlut,ls acrs us Cor l)0ratiaTxs

Crt,itxlisr rocicricx

!rifl

:r5

lrnJtitcs

,,1

c d ut, ,r

'tiartfliat Catu, Cqn,th, trrl In.r9oJ Lhc ovclist l.lcuryJ;ulc:' rcrunrc{t \vith so,nc ipprchcnsion to lris niltivr Anrrirjcil, xficl rrvcnry ycirs i tirropc. Wircn his :fiip rl,,clu(l rl tuh'rhr in hc $rs xsrDlishc,l by l tri luuu c;r; ... lor-rkin; rt rhc shy in thr: nrxlncr ofso,lc c.loss.rt;r[Uc,t h"ir-corri: tvlrrcrl rqrrvrrtlrntlso tlcprivcrl rrffiillfirs tccttr rhxr thc orhcr::,:rr rhcir

ccr\rrus, ind lrtc.1)o!nhr x l)i,it.tillr oll rrtc rrrir Cinzr ctusy1,xlrs $.ncrc hc built drc l.litro.i ro\ecr, . syrubot oICnrr cvcr si,rcc..l.trc lvlirsu; 0irlcr I.litsuloshi) drJ.Uoods shot) trrflrud to i,l1t, siIl; Jcprruncnl storc, !l:tcring \virh ilhllirrrii,nrs froru ctccrri,:iry *t,icii lufl1cd sh.rdo\q rlijlyo inro il cily 0l li(hL. I_lccrric light Lccru|c :r symbol. of rIi Jnprncsc ind srriil rcl,olur;on, anr.l rhc iirunrl,rrnrn or. hugc co.pomtions. hr'i'ol,l,) r Livc sxnru i, ldrisrLc lirjtrl,:r, dcrclopcd rn rrc lrrrrp r!liich proridcd rhc tirjr ctcctr iu liUIrr Jqr:rnj

'

il

i|!"

his frcro'r! nrrncd inro

lvi(h :r finr

'ncrlcd t,j j, 1:rtcr lno$r rs'l oslibr, ln Osxkx ;,r jgru r younI ruu'r.ricirn, :Ko;osulc M3bushiii, s;r up his o\v,, ctccrri;iq,c.i,1,.,iy.r,iur, *,* . lior bicomc .:r. globrt. 6i:I , ;nclid:nr rtrc husc ,.,i,rsc .l p,n,qontc rroducR rs Ncll is i.lolhrlood I;lnr,.-

ihi 'lotryu Ut"crric Corri1'rny-*t,;ct, i.,r., ii Shibiuri robccor)r! r'rc t'okj,o jtrir,rlr:r enlr:

r'l'hcJi!incsc .onrtlny nrin \vis dcrcr:r:flcd lo rivcn.rrc r.d rlrtro. h:( Anrcric.n ri1ls.1'o n,.ny Wc5rcnr visilorr hc i!tlcrrcd obscsscd \vil,\ iniitrrion ind c^-ccssivcly obcdicnt rj hi:; ion:prny,'t'hc Anrcricrn \vrircr Lxfcrdio I lrrrn iniJr(d ;n r9o:i. rJrxtJxl)in coltld n0t Iivc cno'rgh frccdonr to individutls ro conrpclc cftcctivcly in rhc rvorltl

mirlict-!licc:'WllilcJiptn contil]uc:i to ihillli rnd lo rct by gr0t,ps, cvcn- by groups of industiinl tonrprnir!:i, so.long s|c nrust-:rl,vryi rontintc incrprblc of hcr bcsr," But rhc [o\v$ of c;rporrrions rJrs norv ciunuir\[ rhc ni(nfu ot socicl icro3i thc rrorld, rnd r\nrcricrrri: rnd Uurotcr\s \ecre trcinl
tl)cir o\\.n problcnti in confronrlng rhc grc,wing.:icrlc of busincss.

'

' 34

irtr:Isiry of 'r:rchjot rhisc hultc coirtruclcd rnd,comprcsscrl corn_ rxI'rilics, lhrol)biirr,.rhiouuh it!:flryrii{t x crics xnd po.cs, wirJr . $rrllc I):lssio't, c\.cI irs it conrlticrtcd \yiltch rllrobs rvitl tli onc t"ttlasc of lcllirrr )oLr rhc hnur :1n,J drc minllrc', .1. ).s,',xrl rl\':')r tcft xtoof frolr bus;n(5s: t,i.: tr"r l,rJ flr lc r n' Dc of53 nr; iu fronr cl|):jts xlxl odrcr Urx,,.r jnv.ltnrcn$ bur lris dcsccn(lxnrr, .s t.lcnq,Jrnrrs put ;r, \rcrc nrvcr in :r sin6tc cjrc ..,.. for r\ro ljrrlcrl\lioDs guilly of r strotc ot busincss'. t.lk no-vcls ric r.rrr nt rcry ncll t)tcu thc sourcc ofNhoJc fo(uncs:rrc obscurcr lit:c t\dnnr Vcn'cr, t-lrc rrr collcclor in nE Cohlcn lJoDl (rgo,l), \yho mrdc his nroncy out ol rhr: ,Al)cricxn Cil)'. tlrc:rrj ol commcrcc Jllcs! nir{ )cfr_:tscd l)y his rclufll trr tfir: Unitcd Sr:rrcs, rvhcrc hc lrnr sec:rg rn \irilrrcd .bus:r)crs nrrn's li,.",_ i".*r.rrr ro rf'," -lhc ,rurl i,,o rcxrur( ors,rnc,ts irrrs wirh.rhc;. tci, *,;,"."t,i;.i, fl r\r',rcu}. trrorc [(Ilcr:'tiscd, phyliu8,ronr;c chrr!urur,. t.tc wi{ jsc.t bv tlru UiI c\lrrri cd loNcr ofmorcy th:1r c 1:rnitcrl fionr rhc skyscr.rpcr5,

rnctc'r.iu,- xls, .1,unr (l', ut,t), rs,s hx rt, xtikc\.',t.1," ,,"," :rii.,"t,"..r bolcd'liliu ()ilrivrgxrl pinr il x clshiorl itrc:lJy ovcqrt,rnrcrJ.. \firn_ dcr;rU ;lsirlc oncr <rf rhc rrll buitrtirl,s hc-rLs olciriictnrcd bv rl,c

,i

i
:

.15

rlrrt rhir \1rs 'J linc of rujc!reh !torcd ro Irc, ihs, bl.ruy t.lri[) onitririrrcd irrLc'. ;!lorc do\yD-to-crrLll AolcriclIl novclisls rvcrc dclu uincd ro crplorc ,rrrrJ crplirirr {lrc rocirl cffrcls of dru ury scllc ufb rilcrri bur |rorl ilislilcd rvh;rr rlrcl':$r', ?rcr rllc, \yri(cll in l106 by lllc )ourg Ul)r0n Sinchir, gircs viyid dcrcrit)tiuns ol thu rluughrcrltur'5cr x'rd rtr(rrt,xcfiii'r of Chicl(u, dcscdbnrf lhe rtr.crclrctl cunditiurrr uf thr \n,rleri, xId rhc rlircrrscd ;rrriuurls, tlre ,1rrrirr6 brr:tl t)u;sorctl r:rlr, ind crcrr htrtr)r" rcn'rin:r \r.liiuh Ncnr iurrr qrjl cLl tituJ.'\\!htr Uult /i'ni C,il,ir JirJ lor rhc bl:rcL :,l.rv(s,'.1:rcl l..i,ILl,, rul.l Sirclrir. "rh! .l \!. hlt r Lrr'6c rh;rucc ro (lo I;r rhc wlrir( :,l.nc:, 'rl torlq','lJrl tlr( AnrctitJn publir', tu iiircl.rir'r rlisrrpprrirtIrurtt \yrrc rrrch Nurc rihu{li{d by tltciI rrlultcnrtcrl lirorl tluur Ly rhc ricixl (otrdir;ors.'l :rillrctl ;rt thc puhlic's lrr,rn,r hc v11,lc htcr, '.r'(l l,). rceklc,rr I hir it in I!s rturrrelr.' Arrrl rlc 1,iti A'r'cric$r li,ud (otrrt)rric\, lvirh r|r $i!:'ipti(nr ol ll':irz, r'c5i\tcd thc cl:rronr Ior tjo!crnnrurr ruUrhrioI lbr clcxn li,ri(l $lriuh li,Ui,(rtl Sillclrlirrj'
Uriti!h \ritcrr \!crc slill rrorc rcpirrlcd lionr dru Fu*iirU biU f{v !fld)drs sircq Chxi'lcs I]unb - lilu l(urrclh C.Jhrtrrc, who \g.j Sccrcr:rD. of thc Ulnl ol'ljDuhnd loi tcD ycrN urttil iroJ, \vhco lic \vtotc'thc U/it tu lht Jt4l.r,, - hrd conrbjocd rrcJtilc ictivirt $irh i connncrcirl c.rLr$. Lr r$ro thc youn[ poct \Vrltcr Jc h i\lrrc fuLrnd r jotr sitlr lhc An[|o-Arnuici Oil Currp:rrr;, rvhich hrd rrccndy b,:cr sci up iu LouJoD try Stirnrhrd Oil, rri':rt hc l,rl-rr:urcrl rs x iuniur clurk |iorn, ttin. lu 6.Jo p.rr. Alicr ri6htecr lurs hc loLrnrJ rvorliiug fol L|c 'Aurclieln trurlcslrerr' unbr:rabk rvhcn l ntrr boi5, r'rnirffy lil s nr:ur rrlrlc ol bl;rcl brtud' irrilcd lu irnt)orc ccononrics \vhic| irclLrdsd Uivinti dc lil Mxrc lllc jul) ol r\ro p{olrlr. LnrlilJ I'ix pocFp:rtroD Sir l'lcnry Ncrvbolt l:r)t lrinr u gnuL ofluoo r lcrr rvhich crrrblcJ hinr to lusifr in rro3. Dc lr t\4irc'r rniM[ioU dirr':lorJolur Lj5nrur rrsp<.rDrJcLl coolly tlrrt'A coDrr,:ny litc onrs ii :r poor t)huc. tur toibc i'r who is xt xll "ion': :rrrbiri(Jus,' .rrrrJ tlr:rt unly 5,rlcsrncu hxJ rcll ljrospc,clr - !rl unUrruitnrjr rtpl1, Llc t.r i\l;rrc rlrou6hr, lronr'lhr rithcsi rrur,ipr:ly in tlrc irurtl'. l.urrlilrr: L.rc\ r,u lris hurintss c.rrucr, rhc Doct rouH rrut rr:e:rll thq
busincrscr. OIIy .r

t)u\\cr ru burr irr *irr6s iu rlrc v,ri.l,, .!nJ (ishci.l hc could liurn lo rhc htrnuur notc \rilhin ir; hc tl r{l]reJ

'NusI(rr (hr

(lucs

t)(r i f

rNDII )U^l.! u,r,,"ua

ul cl,ricrcr rkrret, ililll:lt,'r:ru-c D) lls lunL i,t lhc coIr,rnr. '
L r'"

;,, r,is \rririnE whiih wr: iuspircrl

"un"nnn*,,in,

I
I
i 1

l;l)r'i[ljs i'r{'r bcijrf l,snrirl, tlc cuf jn rhc whccl ot.dtc Nc\v Ariiirtir llirnli', I.lu ix (ljNl)ir.itc(l bJ hir ordcills ir [!\cd Dcposilr, lhnvurtls lJills urrrl lhc C xh Drt)ru.trnuutl,A,lu$t l)cupb luul0n th( c.r.rliur 0l x l),rr)L.,s x rortr)l h rIil :,luL" r:rchijrc.':$.rvs his f,ictrJ

tlrlrj

or'1,.rlis.rtiurr,.druu;lr fult of nustrtUi.r "-,. fur er.rulrryJrousc Iifc. Afrtr rcrvxt[ 5clloul.t)c. slcl( ru,o urrlr.rppy ycr|s irr LonJou vorkin8 r! dlc llur'ljk(Jl,r il Sirix,UIrxi !!,rti, Nhich hc dc5cribc,.l in rn crrli novct, 'J tt uth it' .ttt Cit (ttto),'t'hc lrcro, t,snrirJr, is buna:tioui y,,unj " work i,, dr; Nc; erieli!rcr jrrr uur ortruD, vt,orc f:,drcr,),lkc, hi,$ Aj,i-'rjc Ui. Ai I'sjlrirh's r rnrlcr., UielcjrdJk(, is r shon, srour nr:rrr NirJr 'r lr.url, rh; -lil)l)c(l h.,tftr;dJc.r by x r,rrhur r.rt;UcJ urou:,t.rehc', rrliu Irrs rlrcrrly'rou{tr, cuurrrriLrcrt rtrc sirr uf rtisr,rrbilg-: crictcr rurlclr. Ooer iu rl'c brnt,l,snrirtr, rhc intti\'itlurrl, ccrics ro cxisr. rul

r',',,,,'rii,i. iir,j"r,,^"

*.,,

,""i"utr6.ibN, bsine,s

AliJ.!. lJui :rlicr Isrritl' Ir$ succesrrirlly rluuruL.rtis,:J 14r Ui,ji;\Jrfr ;rt.l chrb hc is rrltus,rti UJ his irthcr ro Uo r,r Cr bridrt, Issuring A{il.c rll.rl 'rhc l,.rDl rv.rr urr pl:rcc lirI rrs'. W'itc^ rvc'frv|cr! rcxclut wirl' hrwil(trnDc,rl rnrl ttrr ro rhr nc\v sl:rlu ul co{'or.rru br,rir)urs; LuL dl{ i rl).lct \/rs frlr lIorc duslic il] tlrt Uriturl Sttltt:;, rllrcLc ir r|' [tbrnrcd polirics,,Wc ]rc in drc prc:erec ol ., r'(\v (rrUJtri5rL:on ofroci y. Our lifc hrr brotc[ 1lyry fronl
lhc l).bt,' s.,:d
1'oLr

(lc Iirurc ljlcs:,tc ( Wourtr,rr Wilsor i.r r9rz.

tc

rrlrr lrrp|c...i \\iclr ](ru ilrc rle rclv rr o[n co|porh.lyu ill lt(, ir)slancc:lccc]:s to tllc t[cD i]lto irrc rirlly (J,Jturrili.t6 lhc pol:cJ ol tlrc curprLluriorr. lf thc comontjon ii tlui[g dtc lbiDul; ir ouljlr( nut lo do, ]ou rcilg hrvc uo voicc in Ihc rrirtlcr:l d Irust 0bcy dtc urdc15, itnd ]ou llavc oftcndmcs vith_dcr:| rllorLiiicrtiurr to uo-op{:rrtc iD tlc doirrg of thiny: \vfiirh yuu kn0v :u.c rdrilst lhc pLrblic jllcicrr:,you; jddivid;j ality is srvrllorrcd up i,r Lhc irrdivid I!(v i,pij'pg!c or" s4"r, orlinis: ioD,... i i 'l'hc truth ;s, rvc:u.c,rllcir!ln t; i;l i.-; ,1li rli !.1 llrL;i;t,li-i \vlrich is hsul'tlusr-'fhc.,i,oll'ylj lilltil i,drl i,l,liij:J i,i hLrsirrcss :rs ,rrr i'l,fiviiri,rf. *iilir Fi{ iii j1iltli; l''l !-i"r l''liui ,rI irnpc:sorHl rli,trcrlr, ;1 ::01 6ocrctv.l I l in,iih t,i I l'(.'lrr rt'i l.: i I I I
Irruw

ttio[. Iun

i'
'1

;ill

'llz

L ;1.

i{riliiiliil'l,l:rIii

; -:; . .t1 i:., ,:,:|,]i :l:lil .l :l; li '': H, , i :lcPur"ttt H; iii,ii

,1,:

| :

: l1 : ,i, !'

r'

rl

',,
i

I :,. l. I I | I . I I : I L I I I I :. I ,, i. L ,1i.1 .l I
:

;i, 1

I,

D.uipp'cin viiirors ro

w;;ii;t;:1iilil:#f,1#:ll;,?J1*ffiilj,"..:"1"i::,ilJi
urrugc: i ptnortnti of l:rss rlnsport:rtion :rlrt nois} nrorioir, I.t,: r,iru ulc slyscrrpcrs is furlrcsscs ofc.rl)itirl, rlhich.rcrrri dctl hirrr ol,tfic or{r prcru-rcs or dlc towcrs of LloloFx in,t lilorc cc,. Arr(t lrc con_ rrstcd rlcsc.to\vcrjn8 l_:ulls of crpirrli:.nr rvirh rhc rirry honrcs of /\mcflcrn c0tlctc prok{sorsj 'A lonr tilc5c nrisscs, rll in(tividtrtisr Dcconrci \vhcrjrcr jr ;s ;I l.ourillf or crring. 1.h$s, rtrc -cr?tnrivc, rronlc 0t t,rofcrsor l-lcrycy, ofdlc Ccrjnrn drp:lrllnc l of ColunlLi., Uoivcrsity, is.rurcly i doll,s lousc \ridt tiny ljulc rootus, \yirh toilct ino orur lrcrtrucs jn dtc s lrc roorrr (rs is rlnrost:rhvrrs rlc crsrf., Whcn rlc younl1 rro,cris( I.t.C. Wc s v;sir;d Nc.v i,ork ij, ,006 .hrrjpy rcrudrin[ ,rrrivur Urucr rhc rlrcrt uitrrrs'r,t. l'" noriccrl fiorv Lusincjr byn:nrc, rtriSi;nr l,iulbu;ldirrg, rhc Worla,'ihe ,trrrr.rr

iridividurl lnrcjtrl:'c

Ini!.iqi co-

]vcrc srnul:r by rl,c rcirsiorr bcnvccl rhc

builtlirigs rvlridr follo\vidlir rcdctir;cd ,ltris rnr:rti g ciry ofsrcit rntt iron', ls'Ihcorlori Drciscr rrllcrl Chicr6o irr rIc iB9or. lJoth uony:rnics r d rhcir;rrutr;tccts wcrc dcrcflnillcrt ro dirrrovc thc prcv:rlcrt bclicl'dr: corinrcruii! blitltir)rs coujr.l ror bc Urrcuful, rr thcy coirltctcd ivith cvcr-rrllcr torvca. ln rgolJ thc Sir[cr'l'o$.cr iI Ncrv York dcsignctl by Lrrcsr l.'hg6 bcc:rnrc rtrc \vorl'l's hltcrr bUildirrr for ciullcc ro drs, only Lo bu by thr: hcxd'rrcrshxdo$cd rlnxrlcN ol'lvlrlropoliiiu l-ilt, thc illsu$ucu ror)rl)xl]y rvh;ch lhcI uruploycd 3o,ooo pcoplc - rvhich srill st.rnds :u rlrc cnd ol Mrdison Avcnu0. Iortr ycrrii lrt0r tfic WoohvorLh 'forvcr, lirll ofl;r$lrrs rnd husincsync|, bccilnrc Ihc pcrJt 0f counncrcirl [r! dcur \virh ht G rnic t)irurclcx 7rr fccr lxrvu rhc $f(cl. lr \vrr cillcd 'rhc cxilcd l

ii,,l ,,^i., rri*ii,s cu*,..,t,r r.roxs :tll,ltl"'"l':l qL "rylrlr,: rl,ri jof rorrrrn,;c,: n,rd rr,c 5rccl-u:r,Jcr

roNcr'.

ljc

'Cf:l ..,"l,ijl jI ';i;:, ,: ..,.-.1' '.i , : , lt,, , i ; ' :

lt i I. l, hrirn.l,bloutc[irtr,ih.bbyindchc.rpty-ch,tDcrsons...thcrJisrixci.#l:.:i:tll 1., l li :rnc crcct:is drc i:rrrs, rtrc btrct roir.nt, riirnlcd wirtr urnrcu;,,,. '*.i{il+.tli1, ,'; . ti 'ricc:, dri syc , rtri irnprccedcnrcd rrul::rud:riousncr:, ord,c rhi,,,a" 'i j drc irihrimrn ro,c. of;r. .' lijE li:l;tl ; ; lt$;:it,j] ,:. . Wclls srw drc rh.c: ro in(lir;iu.,t rr!r,t. , r, rtrc cruc,.,t ij,\!c jI .
tJrc cnrcrsing An,crjci: "rii' srcr(tJ .r(nJ rorvrrd< conccnrr.,rion undcr drc indiv:du"rtsrjc ruic', unrit init;!;,lu.rt conrn ir;on brco,rcs disl c.rrcncdindhorclcss;:irl)crrrc,,':rt tinrr ofrirc cccnolric rntl sociil proccss:n r\n,rr:cr is I sci ir rio.*,:,rrrr ir'h:rs bcconrc rl,r cl!;nll ropic ofrlougtrr:irrrt diic,,!.:uI i,r Ic:Anrcr:c.,n ,n;nd., 'l'hc do'ninrrion ofbtgbusincss rv.n sljirloti:j!(tby lhc sklscr:rpcr,

itll:,i:. 1: i .:ti,r,t.llf.

.;

;nrcriors ofdrc of6cc boildin[r:..1.o ncp inro lhcnr frou, rt,i,rr""r is ro srcp up nfry ycrrj ill rhc si.lc ofcivilisrrio ,, :rrd hc !;j.irc(t ir lrcrory in Ncw York Srrrc lrhich Nls ,likc rhc ;nrcrior orx.Nc _,,u(lc clocL'. But \rird\in[:rlic M]nh:rrrxn rovds hc rcxti\c(l: .'l.hc in,tivid rls ioun! tor norjr;rg, drcyirc (lcrl::rn,t srcnor:Lrrrlrr:rs. stroD-

\yrs firc;n cd by rtrc bc.udfLI rnd

wcll_orrxflL-c.l

n'"n,is5on-r1,1.,'""ik";ori;'"""i"';br.;;;; b1.:i:i;;"i,;;;.

r'hich convcyc.d:rn:rrvcsonrd c,jriccnrr,riio.i ufrcriuitl in ctrltr,rir r,, rhc liricry oflor,buitdin;s ;rrorrrrl ir. tn Ctric,iuo, rlic ;;. s\ysciipcrs.rhcsilrc{r-srorcyMoi(tuckolticcbuit,ti|lllinr$or$."* ';.,ii;;i; slid (l,c archirc.r Louis Srllir.rrr, , r rn,.,:,iui e;;rroCbrir:t{vori ri,i,,,l r !nd *xrt, \rirh x rubrtcr),oftinr :u\t s;firc, i,tirccr siuUtcrtsi

('l' lcr(b', lhoutlI il! urchilccr Cisi Oilbcrl ,llsirr!(l tl,rr ir sit rrodrllcil on to\$r hxllr ir) l"hfldcrr. It \r'xr Gilbcrt \vIo Ii1:rll) uvcrti c thc pr'':irdirc, dic iounrilirt lvlxrh SL'lliv r \\.rorc, r!r !usiIc5r t)u;ld;n[r conld rot bc bcruriful. 'rtlc Sliyscripu$ rnd bi[ rofpul.ltiorli gru$ np ft,Ucrllcr, :ln rlc buil'ljnUr tlrrrrjrti!cd thc scl)xrx(crlrss ir(l srr:rtilicrriotr of rhc nc$ conrIrireirl tror!(f, In Chirlrl:r 'l hsrrl',rc DLCi\r', w:rs:rr|lrscrl r,r rtc horv tlrc I'rcris, pulpil x0d onicirls IiclicJ lhc LJ0ors ot lltc 0cv busincss lrrrfllxtcs, rvll{J bchrvcd'xs drough rhc lifc of i rrc i d forccful nr:tiupoli:; tlcpcndcd on tlcnr xlorc'. And Drciscr's nbycl Srlr',.r. C.?,r?c rl.scr;b'jr Nclv York h drc c:fly r39os tlrouflr drc cyci of Gcorgc l'lt!$tsoiJd, thc cx-nrxr)ifcr of i C[ic]fo siloon \!lo h15 (onrc lo liu'x frr:rt bcliuv(r in thc sr.cffth ol combril;ons'.'l'lc bri.3D lo $cc xs oDc sccs u t;ly N;tlr r vxll :rboui it. ivlcn $crc po$cd xr rhc [rlcr, ]'oll could llol t:cL in.'l'hoic irsidc did ltor c.rc lo comc out to scc !\'ho yoi rvcrc.'lhcy \\,cro so urcrry in:jidc tlrcrc drjr.ll lhosc r)ursidc rvcr(i fo{lorlcil, rnd hc irrr on tllc oucidc.' -l hc b,r:ld:IUs xId lhc corl)or. ionr luukrd i hu rxn xri(l rnoIIIr('us, but thcir lill!! clrricrcr \vxs csrriblishcd by i0dhiduil cnucpr(rrrurs Nho uDdclsto0d ho$ t0 bLrild up nciv liindi oI or$nkrtions, firr:icd 0[ t,!ilroids,:city Dlxl]rl.t!nlullls 0r thr fcf0 rjud US AnIy. 'lhcy co'rsrrncrcd hicrirchics ol' cnU;ncors, IrirUlc-nr riticll ind rrcounl:rnrs ro cr)l'nrrl ul) thc comflci s]$.us, llloftril6 rcsr:urcr:r Ir(l co-oi(lin.uinU diirril) rior xtld scllillti.'t'hcy bti thcir i pri r oir thcir ctrlorrtiorrs for ntost ul rlrc rcrr ofrhc ci..nrur)., ronlir inf th!
.39

:i,l
1r:1,
i;:!.11

ii

l'i',:

l$
I

t:(lll ri
\rords (,1

'll,.c( rncn csriblirhcd slru!lur!5 \vhiclr \rur lo inllucr(c in {srri.'l rucicr) rhrouIhouirlrr norld.JoIn D. l(uercrellcr, I.leIr], li,d .rtrJ lltonrs \\,r15on crcIt!'1. (hcir o\rn sJr(cnrs ir) crilicri .rrcns burincss org:nisrtion, xsscrrbly lir)cs rnd s:lcsnrrnship - shith LUn)cd out dot onlt nr'rrs producls, bul ol:rss-l)roduccd colupilny nlcn.

l(rll,h Wrl'lo liIcrrD! hlut il| rll,tll'AD irsrirUri,,l h rll( ktlFthc'rrd rl'Jdo\v ul olc rn.trr.'

^tAN.

. 'lh(

r'l.ll;
SL

st

iNr)llil) oll,

coLl..Al(

ol'l,u:.ir'!r:r lvrs tllu huD(rj' t,usin$s rddrcs5 iD rhr \rorl(l',,r nrrssirc sr ,Ll re ,,l lillcc,r rl,,rcyl \vhieh Lcprcsrrlcd r Icgru rrl po$cr,

trrurl r$csourc itnrl\,1 ol lhc

l,(.rJqurrt('! ol

"c\'rcllr ll|r,Idsry, 'rhu n\r\l rJrfil Oil rt :(,

5oli,l rs r lrlisurr, rosclirli:rs r rt.uplu, irs (ol(l :urrl lirrtirldirrtl li\xilr sccIr:i lu lal'rLl.r th,r lruc(llcs\ ]crilJ ('l llrr Ix$itrlt c11nrLl, rrid frown ol rhc liir(ilily rl llrc sr'.ry surtl)euu's vhich irr lht htc rftcr)oor pl:r' rrourd i$ illrp$liyc coflliccr. Mcn l)ohrt lt, ilr slrrr porl ls, rhIC,j (luiclily ut) nl lhe rr\r:i ol uu$'iIlinU sinrloru, nurlgr: cich otlrrr, lurl lrrrnl rn*urd, rs lhc Sptrrri t s uxd to do rrhcn ;oin6 to tlrc ollit,:r uf tllc lrrqui:rifirtt.

'Iholnrs Lr$sirrr, \lro \rrrte lhil dusttipliUrl ir rro0' \Ytrs tr \.!lc rrr .brnlcr rnd brolicr lho [.rd workcd \!ith Slirrdlrd Oil (litcr lisio, rort U!\un) lionr tli insiilc: llt\ds rNc'strurk ht thc'l'rilirtc 'llring', thc sep.rrutc idcntiL)'ol rr eorl:orrtiorr \hielt ionrprch,:ttds, brr urirt! in(l!pcn(lcrtll' ol: ilr lcgrllirc(l liurcti(uri'; ,rnrl his r,rcj liook l:rot:i l:in'uttc ltgob)| rovirltd l ulitluc insighl i[t0 Slilndiud Oil'$

/\birhrn, Li,,culir, Ulysi$ S, Crrnr un,t jU rk,IivaiDI';\ll d,c nror( irrrlonrut sclrcrucs lutl ro ,ro uprrrjrr' for dcciliotrs brytd)c lrrrrcrr who cvl:l].drt !l rr x.'n. liu roulld rc rlbtc irr rhc bi6 rooD on tlc lilttcnth lloor, whcrc 'vicvs nrc cNotirDgcil, policics ulkcd oycr, t,:pul-rli* .rud cnr.riro rrndil rnLl Lrr)rrdL'.'fl,u p.rrlrcr5' rhrcwdncss rLrs legcr<l;u), cvcrr llrrrr.rof riy]l Dcuirur: ,t ncvcr camc ijrto conhc( widr :r'I chss orn,cn :io snrlt!.nd .rblc:rs d,cy:r.c nr drcir busi,rc'r,, srid tltc lril$ry liu6 Willi!ln V;rDdcrbilr. Strur ilrJ.Oil hl bccl crclrcd byJohn D. llocliqfcllrr ir rU83, rvhcrr hc lirrrrrcd tlrc rlrrs( lo cuDrrol rr hu8c nllrjuliry of rlrc Unircrl Starcr' uil rupplics. I fu h;r'l$L'icccicd in rrlnirrr:rvild n d uuFrhro r bus'ircr;s, sut,jcct to :rlrc tiLir r[rts rnrJ slrcrrr6cs, inLo ,r hirhboili,rrirud iDJu$r), ruu ll.ou) ccnunliscd heid(thl.crs. Aud trc rit;h(l),$Nv hirnscllxr rhc t' rur ofbi8 l,urir)c'rs:.-l his rlruvcmcrt\yis thc ,trill;'r ol lhu Nlx,lc sJslcnr ul roLlcrr ctunorrrir: urlr inisrrriiojl. lt hu r'cIulrtiorriscil thc \sr) ol'dUir,g buri c$ :rll ovcf,ltltc \yorld.' llrrt tlroul;I l(ucliclillur rcurxiuu(l Ihu hititlcsl rin[lc]slurrclruklcr, hc lr l Ittilcrl ;rt liliy to r[votr hiur:;ljlt'r'r philintInary, illrt Srurhrrt Oil lrxs trltcn o{cr by rn c)isculirc co nnilLcu ol uiuc lrusrucs, rulil]g ovcr r Dctwur! 0l stxll dc|]r|Lnlcnrs. 'l'hcy \vcrc rll dch nrcrl in tltci. o\fl1 ri6hL, \rho hrd built up tllcir o\rtl oil busiucsscs bcforc ulcrgilll; rvitlr ltorlclillcr. lvhny dcvclopr:tl olrcr ;r)lcrcsls: I.lcrrry l.'!rglcr, \vl'u Nrs ir rl)c Nhiskcy buslocrs bctorc hc bcclnc ltoctcftljcr's ekrstsl nrsouir(c, rurulc rno rcr lbrrunc duvclopirrf !rlorid]; ).1.1.1. Itogrrs, $ho rxn Slrltdrdrs pipclinrs ilud nituHl [rs, Uu)lblcd oI thr stocli nlilllut ilnd Lcc;rntc Lhc pirlrorr of lritcr: iucluding iVlrrli
'1'wiril, IJul l(oekcfcllcis.:;ucccsur rs lhc bois ofStrndurd Oil rvu rorrllv Ltcdicirtcrl tU riru uil l.rusil(i.i,./\ touUI lirdc Irijhrlru[]Jolln b. Adh'-l l.rol,J,'thc N:rpdlcurr r.rf Oil, colccirlcrl Jris ruiJrliss niiduit i:lurofirsi Lrclrild r Lrughi16 srylJr 'ih rvo.rkl rrruhc urr ljs|li;d riiUl b;; nrrhi

l.li vl:lls\rs corLt,o(A l.l rJ N! rl$orrlr ll(dr ll.ll. l(o[cr! t,rcsklt ulcr hi, rluu r( nr.dro[iru olli(r, drc 's r{ru r :iinclorunr', drcor cd \.irh C-,i.j l"rr*" i^,;
rN t)l

t ll)

u.1

'I "orlinUs. lnsiJc rlr,: buil in6, St,rutl:rrrl Oilhril csr'rblirlir:J itrlutrrt cl.rhorritu .,,.'--- . r..1,.,.....,, ,.'rr,.,,.. - .'. - -...1..ri......... rushcd bitrrr:crr rrllicr::i, \'hiI riru.rlr xrJ f.,nrxlilius: '." rhr: ruilrlirytcs -....i....r 'l'rrrsr 'l'rrrst ol '-\\'Jrcn lllc '-$'lrcrr llrc sccrclxrl llic sccrclxrJ r,t sccn:liul nrrrvr:d rvirlr wirli ditniry. diilrrirr. 'ivlrcrr di't'rity. rLc ht:rrls of thc ',r*,:d tlrr Strud.rfl.l Oil Ci'rnpIDt gocr liuur:lh,i lhirtl:1l, rlrt ibU Ir lluor,' $r'urc x !unlcrr)trorrD rc't.srr.'trtnrrur, ihc prrrs,i) hisi lxrr rrrtrl(ts rlrr iounrty rs jhr,;lli ptrlii'r\r I c.rt'rr,li'i"r'r ic,'ll.' Ou rht

ofhis d.rrtisrirppir:jj cy'cs,:urd rhuu w;rs sliitir|r li:rini, lic:sf,jnr;ldl tlorlu rhc lrrlhviyi rvhiJrlirrs hyrurrs, I'ur crrrorlcJ-a cr,l,r i,ril i;Inirii;- l uur:,lylr: crcuJlivcs rliv:rys rvorc cu:rrs rurJ rir:s,lJuA ncvci us'cr't iiijrl I:Urcs;D thc ofliec. A;J:r:: 'lhtrnrs Lrvson Jiscribud.ir,:Jri 6lst

iii,., .:.,_^ '1,'

nrl:

rvrr:: rh.rt

":lr:ury '51,,r(lilrLt Oit'

,lr

nr,rn rrru:,rlrvcrr rt,c

i!i"n,l"'.J

,i'l

,i.

t:!r. lL tt LL,, .l ll --. :,.1i.r..t t.,

ri
CUI\IIANY M.lll

ir
lN!)lvlD!/\l-s
vll ns

:riil

t9

rt
hd' H

.:,:i :

us co,rron^r'loNs

I
I
I
I I
I

'I
I I

Oil' cirllrr." This iollrr k riycrctl on ro r:rch.onc :rs hr: is r:rh.rr inrrr "tIc bind", rnd crn otrly bc rcDtuycd wiLh lhc hcrd of dlc wcircr.' 'fhc lronopoly povcr of tlc big rru:t: soon ci,lc utldcr.licrcc rttrcl, and in tBgo Lhc Shcrnrx4 An!'l'flst Act N.s p:rsrcd lo ljnlii tlcnr. Strndrrd Oil rclornrcd itscllro :rvr,irl:r Lrcell-up, :rnd iu rS99 crcalcd i holiling conrp:rny to nlllirrtrih r:rJDtrol. lJut tllc courts still pursucd ir, rrid in rgrr crmc:r llistori: jrdgnlcnt of rhc Sriprcntc Court, r'^ich found dl3t'tlrcvcryljclr;ui forcon)ntcrcirl dL.vulol)nlcnl rnd orSinis:ltion . .. 5oon bc[i! in il]tcnt ;rnd purposc to $:clurlc otllcrs'. Strndird Oil rva: forccd lo dissolvc ibclf i to coll)p0ncnts brscd on crch st.tc, ind d)c bigtjcs! conrponcll, Stlndrlrd Oil of Ncrv Jcrscy, bccrnrc thc lc:rdcr, rithcr thid thc tontrollcr, of tllc
indusrry.

bkt|d:ry, rvhcn lhc nurrc \vcrlt into his roonr to lool rr [in rt four tllfly, hc vig dcrd lvidr i rvrlcll irl his hl (l.' ln f,rct'frylor rvrs ntuch rttorc hunnnc llul rrrolt lr:rlul::ctr:ring borJcs, ind Ic lvxs nr0ch corrccnrrd rvit} [lrlrony:rt rl]c work-phcc, lill IitcrJrpirDcsc industrirlists. ln iis clissic lJinrilkt of Sri titr. l'larrri.gr,rrrrl, publkhcd in ,9iI,/hc irgucd drit \vorlcrs rnd bosscs Iirould h:wcl nroic'ctrurl icsionJibililicsi rnd ri:rt ivditirs shoull bc cncourrgirl tii iLigg"si i'rrprrr*crrrcnts - \ rich lo,ly tounds vcry Jrprncsc. IIc irrsistcrl tliiri iiriiiigcrfl:r nord hc disliLcd -,rutt
sruily rhc Norkcrs' 'icrv,rnts of rhc

I
I

'

I
I

l:
I

l; ril il '': i,.1,. I.i: ;: il

i

.1:

rlominitcd rhc conrprniis: in r9r3 Ncv Jcrscyt lcuxl co n!"t rcpoircd dr.i rIc ltockcrcllcrs 'lhvc ibsolurcly rcrir.iJ, tr,1 xrc sirnPly rcccii;ns.drcir dividcnds ind !oring rr'rhc xllnuxl nrccrillUs'. lJur 'rhc iron strlciurc rcnlxircd, ir lloctcf':l|:r h,rd t)rcdiclcd: '1i,c dry dfiohbinltion is hcrc lo sr!t, lnrli*h'ilirn llxs [or]c, ncvcl r0
rclum.',

'.I'hc brcrk-up tuorrd out i.blcssi0li iu disguisu for Llrr shrrrci!rclciscd ncvcxccutjvcs fordyn:lnlic nrirlctingirid tcchric.l improvcDrcnLr. "flrc I'oung fcllows,' siid onc.scnior.nlinxfcr, 'rvcrc givcn thc chinci foilvhich ticy hid bucn chriitr,' l'.oitji $rio'r . incrisscil: I yor :rhcr tJic brcrl-tp ntost of tlu'cur)\)orcnt\ Irr(l doublcd.thc vrluc of tlrr:ir s|:rrcs. 'l hc foundinr llnrilics no lonrcr '
lroldc15:

tliilr:iar.li!'ii liiliilrcri|rdv,rucc, ind lrccomc rc rrrjidrtlr nirsrli:;'scicrrtjlic r1rlnlgcmclr, 'virhiii, lrc lold C0 Brcss in l9t?, ';s ,tot holdirrli r stol\vxlch lo I nrrtl'. l lc r:rllctl ftrr 'r conrplctc rrcrrlxl rc!olution' \v!ich nlrrsr bc 'cqrtillv r:orrr:lcrc or rhc prn ofdlusc on dtc nrrrrrUutrlutrr', sirlc'. l lis clrrtn_ pioll ruiliy, Pcrur Dructcr, cliirnr d'rt'frylor'hid .s nruch inrprcr .j MxN or l.icud'. Likc tlosc t\vo h': wrs I huch flrotc o'i[if,]l (rnd ru(hl)lc) rhi|lkcr lhir trldrl uf hi\ follo\vcrs l.lut'i',ryl-,r incrii,rL'\'liccrnrc:rssocixtcd vitli tIc rsscnrbly Iirrcs \vlich fbllorvcd hiNlwilh:lhc nlcc|irtrisnlion 0frrrcn rlnd tlc llcl of h $n:conrnntnic':rtion -: frhic'tlirly ir lirctrrrius rv)rcrc firrcilltt r"rrkcrs spotrc Iirrlci [nUlithj'l'xylor's insisrcncc un.scprdrjns tlch'

scrIN1 ir.rc.Ar,\r.-i(;r;1(r-'.

i
I I

:.

.\f inslow ;l'ritlol, thc cngirrccr r|liri rlcvckrl,.:ft fllc lrcil 0t . riilc lct nl.ntgcrirctil'/\thiclr crnrc to bc c:r'lcrl 'l.rilorisrril Cr;ntlrnporrD; N.ircr: Iil:cd to d.p;ct'l':,Ilorxs. f.\rll;c orrlnrcl,!cp;nU:\nd ob!crslvc conlrol. John Dor Pirror dc.:cribcd hij dc:tI nr rtt5: ':l hc nitlr'nursc hcard hinr Ninding hi{ \tlrchi on rhi nrcrninf of his tifLyrlirrh

L) nrinuficlurinrind$st'icslhc in(lividuill$* ficirr8n rrorc IuDilll cnc in lhc rhipu of nrcchairicrl p roccslcr rrhich drrcitcnrd to ll,or 'r, rn.n r h!r.1,i,.,.. a $rr..arHIrnli :r.y blirncd otl.ljrcdcricl"

",rn

-l

'hsllur:rdc f:rctory-rvorl x duxdcning crnffictrcc, which \{:rs trol lo hc rclicvcd till lrrlf rr ccntury l,rtcr' rv!un Jrprncsc idc.s providcd ilhcllNtivcs, l'lis rltctjrods for 5lccdi'18 uP prodlcliort rvcrc inctilrbly uxploitud by cnrttluycrs sitJl no intcrcsl irl drcir \\'orlicrs' cl\r clcr tlr rtcll:,rc. 'l'|c uuv lrrcctl ,of ntrnlucr$ hxd no i lcrrlio of bcconr;nu rlc ic^,rrrs ol'rhc rvorkrr. 'I'hcy wurc prcocc lticd widt crl:lblishi lt rhcir ovn rrxlus rnJ sccuri(y, rrd lhuy sr\v icicntiliu rrr'riBcnrcnt !3 rhc sourco of thcir':luthorily igiirs( thc tt]orc lrbilrrtf lud in!$iti\ic rirlu oflhc clllrcprcrrcnrs.'Orl ttrcir cl ins lo hold lltc hcys lo cfficicncJ,'s'rr:rc l(osrbcttr Moss Kinlcr, h'rd to h)o\r rhc "onc l.:cstrvry" to orgxnirc \rrorli, nlrnxfcrs froyidcrl i [isis for licir urcr-crlcndirlI r,lu,' lJul iI lhc l)rocuris lIc nr:ur:t1|cr lost rrrurh olhii ir]ililtivc, ind thc !cr) 1(oi(l 'urrrrrUcr'bct.,ntt rssocixlcd )c:s \rith lhu cntrrpris( r'lrhu cxrly Dollllull or tlc rlc.rl nrin [crr,.rtrd morc Nirh r li]cd plir.c ln i lrrfc fllrchiDc,

'rl

.1:

.t:

'41

i
I I

.j

tNt)tv,r(rl\t,li

!,tj l{l

us cotl,otrA.t.loNS
,rtrc

't

tIIt l,tnll t.s ot, l:o(tJtsi\l

i
I

lr rms l-lcrrry l:orrJ vhu rvrs rcspolsiLrlc tbl rlrc rnosl ltrorouUlr sutrju6rtiol of ntcn t0 llitcltircs, I-lis itchicycntullt rcljtcd 0il hj; n);rsji produc{;ori of c:rrr, in his llouUc l{ivur t)tx l ncnr Dctri,it \ riclr bccurc drc $,orld'r biuucsr courprny lonn. Itur Ltrc rcstlr $,rs Ltrr:
rtr!sr -l)rodvcriqn of bo(h \yortc'.s

llrd rnrnrIcrr, rr;rntpinU

ir) 1r|ich hrcr lj.irnc ebsc to und(rnt;llinB {trc Atr'cricxrt cnr ird sr,),. I'ord ori[;n:rll),hrd solrc gcruinc irlc:rllsrrr. l.lu rlas lhc:rtl ot his tintc ri nn c(tuil-r'ilh$ ctr)t)loycr, sivirfi op!oru,rjtics L,) btrcks, $o rcn Jnd hJDdicrt)l,ci.l \vork(r:i,l.lu lorcd jrxrurc, t) liculrrly bjktr, rrrrl rvishcd tirrt .rll rrortcrs could Lxtc loo6 rcr hulidrys. .l',tr\ er 'lniI his llruil()ir..5, 'xrc .nJ n,rcliirc!), inuDcI rd uootls,' hc rvrrLtc rscful onll r:r rh.y let rrs llce lo Iiv!.' l.lc insi:rlcd lhr( his 1i ;r (lu() \rI lu t)roridc:tera;ce, lrlhcr tlrirr prolit$, rItl sritl, "lirer'! i5 sor)relIir6 srcrcJ :rbort :r bjg bLl:iillrss rvl)ich l)tu!iLles li!i I llr Irunrlrcrls rrrrl rhousflrdr of h rilic$.' I.lc rYas rn cnrrrry ol brrcrucrrcy, r)d hc Irid irLo rnrD:r8ullrctrt lriul rchici - lil,c sotr)c rndi!rl rcfornrcrs sclrrl) )$rx lxtrr. Wrcll lllu c npxny wns lirccrl \.irh b.nlruptcy ir) r92o hc lircd hxli ro ollcc lrLill'i)l r,ooo, nr(l rou offdcsls, lypc\witcrs, tclcphoncs rnd cvcl pcncil shnr'pcncrs, \Vhcn lris sor Dd5cl cournissiorcd I nc\!,t uildhr8 for drq fir'ur's uccou|trLnrs i,rd silcsnlcn, hc l:red rlldrc ccounr.rnts rn,J ri|1)c up rlrciri,lliccs, bcforc l-dscl rrilsr,Llcd thcllr- I lc'rry Ford \vtulrcd rhxt frcrr id ,: isllrtiou bu;ldiuU5 cuulJ cJsily,:rilup rs tourbs.IIc hxtcd u'U rr;siliur) chirrs, titlcr illd o)iur[llncnL [rcctin8s: "fhcrr. is no bcnr bl illird

:wlrti,llr-

i
I

i
I I I

crr)c,1, whu lruvcJ ru Cenr*t Murors. I.tj, j,,,r t,.;,.i;: i L,n7 ue,,,,ur, w.tr ., rt,uuu:rh cr_srilur sr,o ,""s1,.J;l; ;,,i;,, ",..,', l,',sscs rikl c,rjuJ(J {t!.riinr: $i(! drc n.trlt_, drc rop' lrurd ,,,s,src{t ,i,, }(s-,ne,,j.,s l,is e.,,s Ncrj,,1, _

::,".i"'lf j',uruln'il

i,,s:srril rhrr ,r.i rt,. ,*,t (,Drn)h n!', I lu ,ti,l r\r bet:cvc ,Ufrd ",,,1 iu lrur'( rfr" frrD,l,,.ilN l,ro_ .1,q:urr.rt r.uch, o.. rhe ,t,u,,,..,, ::$:',.:xrDc,r r,L,'rcd.l'usorrr rct.,riutr!: ,tr i, Iu( (ce55iry "i",*"i, ",,,1 t,",ji._ ror p""pri i"L," :::ll(r l,l ui.,rcr (o \vorri rurcrr,c,. 1."" ,",ir, u"i,a ?iii"",i,ln "*r, ,,",i ll0uru ur il vof br(l tlrijrl;, tor it ntil! r-"! lcrJ rn rJ urlc lDnil lrji'u !o covcr '. '! r'r) rlc r.'uhs ut:.rrLrtrcr.,Ji l Jrc Irorc ucLHrrric IrorJ Lce.r. (tikc c xr .,''.. r,. .r.n,n,r.,, ;;,l;,; ;;'i:i;;,i;;;, 1'v'ljfill,:.'i :.1:,lX ; c.(r ,,r/,Lr r,, rr,,tiL rtror. ;jDccu.c, rrr,J rircd rtrcr.r tr i,".y t.:*,," t1 ,,,usr or'r,is sc,,:u ,r.,ir.,rcl.5, i,,crudiDuJJ.,rcs t 1't l':1'.1"*"'ii1 ,"" o.iri,rrl ,iuhL_h,,rd ,1.,,,, r.,,1

l!.,r(.s t,:,', lirrtr

;r;ir,rri.r.,, (

\itIi ; K,,;d;; ;;

rll

lrorc drr[crous thrn tlr;rt \\,lrich i5 $c,nlclinrcs JcscLibcd rs j"gcuiLrs fur orUrDirxrio,,".' Ilc r \v n,rtrrIcrr, l:Lc rtlrcliiDrr, rs pcrio,li,i.,lly nccdirU rcpl.rculrjut:'S0nrcrirnus ir is lhu llcll "h;[hcr Llp" \"Iu nrosl nccd rcrfinl)iflU - ilrd drcy thctDschcs ru'c irlrvil)s Llli lirst lo
rccognisc i(.' But l.'ord knc\v thi( hir slsLcn) vli dulllrrDisin[, lnJ hc rlid liulc to softcrr it,'A 6ri:rt busiucs:i is rcillly too !i[ to bc lrr.rntun. It uorvs so l:rruc is lo sul)l)lirnt thc pc$on!:lity Df d)c nril.' Lrxrkirl; brrrl t\rcrtll-li\'c )c.rJ:rltcr lrr scL rp lris conrpirny, lrc rcc06rris((l lhrt

'-l'lic

urr,rdcrrr rvrLrl:rr ljndr

lriurstll prn of ;rrr or1;rnis:rtiurr rvlricI

.1.1

LIr)s'crI, ljr( inrl.rsrri.rl cor,rrrrr'|1rrr 1,, pot;lic.rl (liet ul ursUjrs,,r (,c'1',r,,y rr l(,,ssir, l,1,virti,,t: ct,crt). ctliei(nr r)rxt!crs h) {,cr r. ti l(, l'orl, tlrc \vor\cr (l ltru (uDsL,urcr. uLrr irr r uro,,,".,,,^ (icntrrr 9 rr sr^re(t rLc :,cctts ut.ih o\r'lr Ltusr rctiolr, ,!, il)l,r",,,.," inc!irill)lyt )iictt to nuru ct oicc_\vl,iul, rivirt rouUririics uoul,l ot1ii, ir xll rc rro,c rcr,,r ..,tJI rt,rt rLc l]ord i,;":";:":;;, 's i irdll.trrirt torc( !1 rhc cDd of Lhc ccnlury..-ftrc "",,,f.,i,) 'r'riur nlmc for,l ;o r{ussi., ,rs \\"ri 1," w",,,'," ':,xil,n.,nisr ::i:t|:j.l ill)l':,Il,", ryrro(rr ln'llr ul nr.,I's rl,,rrlcrl. r ,j "" " uf his cusl,vcurcnr. Whcu rI" trtrlruru conrrrrrrrisr.,uri;. Dic6u l(ivcru rr,.rs corur;ri",,"A t y ij.",y ti,rds.srn Udrul r,l d,:;rnrclthc Dutruir llsriruLc rfA.",1,;,;;," rlrillu(l l) ltrL r,;,rli ,r: t,,: titurc l(iv,:r,nil r:n,,u..d,rr ,r,. p,,i,.,1',]'i,,llj,l,l',',',.."1 ,il1: :lj'lll" lrrll'j lll,i"'.ll-,,:.i,1y ltruur'l,,lLrril .rl4rlicrJ ir,, l(ivcruiirplr:,,.,f, ,"i,,1 ,a1.rn l.i.,,.; l'urLl rnJJ,i rhc rrlrk ut rlru rrjci:ilirr stitL. lios5iblc:, Aur fror,f I'r'N.,tktl,rsv!;riurrut.j,,:n:",,r,,r,Jcr,*,,rlj,li:,ticr,",1,"f,",;,"r."ir"fli ,,,t' nur u'lr l;uoJs, bur r.rsrrs, i,lc,s,urd,-jucrrio,i. nrr]"r, i.f"",.t.r:, !r,11(.rr ,rNC].lr,ir.c Ni,r, /ltl11 putJti:;luj iD.rrJ2, \!irs 5rr i ,rhr rrrr ut ,n,r ti,r(t 63r': childlenirviLlr
rhc Ll

Irur,lisIr, .$ hij r.relh,,(l

tiriy. ll

' " ,,,.:.u'J:': "' cli'| lrrs r rru[crs \crt

(IIr

r,, bc crllL!1, jn.rrkr:rt rtrc c)irrurne

r,,{:

,,,

(,

^1(n

,ii-^,,;;;;;: ,,,i;;,;iil;'i
45

n:riucs

lifi i:lii:;,,iilli:J

ir--.-.:

,I
I
I

' i
.

..1..1
col\ll,iNt
At

\lt

'

lN I)l ! I t, Lli

t,)_ v

rllts

s co lu'o

rr,\ 1.1 o N s

.4i

crpitslisb rnd connnuniJti hxlc nrcqicll to c lirtc t(nrl cr) I(,nllity. 'l'llcir mlitcrs n)rkc-drc 5i[n ol'l', $,/.]tr,Oh, liortl, :rrrtl rrnrirrtl stldcnts dlit'history ij buirk'. ,{ clocl-rrlrcr crllctJ IJit: l.lcnrl,Drochins thc hoi.ra rvirl goldcn rrunrpcrs pi;ryin6 synrlrrric nrusic rnrt 3 loud brsr voicc s:ngir-'Fonl, [or i, ii |l'. Thc nrort dcvririti f critiquc of [orrli:]rrr \vrs oruch nrorc lifht. hcrricdr Chorlic Clhplin't lilt\ *lotk Ti'ttt (tt1(t, hxs llc snl;ittc 'A stoD' ofirdirstry, or i]ldividurl indcpcrutcrrcc - hunrrlliq,crLrs;rrliu11 iu tlrc pungit of h:rppi crs.' ln I Icr{ scqrrcrrcc:i r-rt jt.rt,stick Ch.rtrli rppci15 is r \yorlcr xt rhc lilccrron Srccl C(,{)or:llion, desl)rjlrttcly tDirlg to liccp prcc \vidl lhc rssrjNbly linc, rvitchitrf ill rlDthrl, tlnd snicd on cTcn whcn jnroliinB in lhc Lrvlory.'lhu l)oss cr't)crhnu'ls \vidr in ruronriric fccding rrrrchinc rvl,irh 11ocs r|ikl, l.rslri 6 r p:c i o Chrpl;n's ficc. Chrplirr.is ceughr rp in rhc gixnr cots olx nrrchirrc, danccs \v;Llr.oilc:1ns, brcoIrrs i n)lvcd in r cornnllurist :llld 6ocs lo ;lil b'iforc lintlinf s cccsi xotl hippi'rcss rr i 'rrrrch, iI r rcst;rrr singcr t \!ilh l)iulc e CorkrJ. :lhr rvlirrrsitxl tlrec i porrnt \!.nrirr rborr rhc d,llrfcN rt nrxs:iorc Drovidcd rhc rl1flr.ll linrUcrrrnr rxrL,1!. nroduct:on li,r Id(l's,:ircccrs $,xs ichiuvc'l ir r r:niblc cosr;I irrl;vi,t'rrl ;Iilii!irc, ind it cllucth'clJ rlcslroycd llre tlirlitii,ll ol slti]lc(l ur.rtlsDrcn dcdicrtcd Io thcircrrstonrcru,vhich llrd Irc(D dlcpridL. ot'rrrosl i dIrldcs in dicprcvious ccntury,T|c uudcrniuinglrurl bcguI lorrybcforc Ford, in nr:rnt nrdusrrjcs: lhc rrcirt I.h rcrirfld stccl rlrills strikc i Pittsbur8h in r39r, vhich l.lcrro Chy l|r;rk brulllly srpprcslcd, {v.$ drc llsr stlnd of thc old cr'rfrsncrr ruxirn chcrp Lrl)our h;rcd by tJrc stcclmrstcrs. But Fo.d's xsscnrblynn: forcd bodr Norlct( xnd cu3romcrs into ;rs diicit)linc, xnd brokc tlc linh bchvcin rhi lvo, wh;c\ hrd bcrn crucirl ro qurliry. hrt.irr :.lr.rirh nrotc ;n r?7t: "l Lc rcrl ind cffcctu,rl disciplinc \\'hich is c$iciicd 0!or r rtorkrurn is uot thrt ofhis corpor:rtiorr, bu! thrt ofhis.cuxonri:ri.' l.'',rrl lclt no rooru for iny crrfrsnrcn or co'rijJiiurtr cu. ro,n.n In rnc *oftls ol'r rct)nrr : Ly drJ l{snciuscur hnitrrrc of'lcctrirolDg; in. r98r./:
-l-hc sy\tch' wrs v, cont)l(r( rl.,'1irl,rr Drrrcr r ofproduclion \v$c !irrurlll' *itcd out, I'hcrc \nrs liulc roorr lcrr in rlc cconorny for x cr.li rridirion, wirh lc;s-hi, rrrclic.rl

iI

l)rurhctiun dcc;sionr, 0r Ior olhcr rcxn! oi scryinU snlilhr

scgnlcnls

0rlhc rirlict,

'l hc corfolrrrity 0f drc Drxllitfcrs

(turl;ry or sunrit;viry ro chiDritrti H$cs. Ir wrs lcrr ro drcJrpincac, wt'o h:ulncvcr 0blitcr:rtctl t}cir c n fi lndirioll, ro ilcvisc:r rorcinrxUinrdvc iyslcllr 0f ):lss1)r0rhrclion uftcl tllc Sccond Workl \\'rr rvlrirh tould' providc trturc scopc for both \r,urlicrs xnJ cLrslonlcrs (rcu Clnplci I r). lVhcn tlrc glob,rl ur:rrkct-phcc opcncd sp ir tlc r9?ori ir)d cuslonrcrj lrconrc moru discrirninltirr6, tlrt Anrcri!:ru crr rninigurs rcnlrincd rrnfpcd in nliss-tlli[kiog irj $'cll :ls nr:rss-prodrctioD until drct \rcrc rhrusr loo htc lo rcspolld ro l|cJ:rpir]csc cl)illc'rgc.

(lcstr!ction of lIc cr.fts t,r4)clllil('l x:ystcru rvhich tcfr Iirdc roonr (or 0cribitiiy, pritlc in

ili,lhc

t(liclMuN t lNc

l li sALlis!tuN

I I I

I I
I I I

.t

'l'hc :il)rc:rd uf rrlxss.l)roductiorr rtu;rlculcd othcr .rccnp:rliors llDl (lct,urrlu(l[[i!r(hrstrr,irclurlinIsItit,liLl|s,rtturrlx,hn'lcrs:nrl. h!vc rll, srlusmrn.'t'bc hvcllirrg pctldlcr hrd :r pictulcrquc history, Iroor tJrc rrcdicvxl rrouDtcbxr)k sclling clixirs rt fiirs to tlc Victori:n comnlrrciiltrivcllcr rllo\r,ilBhk siolplca:rl coichint inns. ln Anrcrid in lhc nlid-niilclcindr ccnlury lhc \vholcsrlc , vlo \vcrc drc domininr tnlrcprcrrcuN, bcfrn cnrptoynrf or '1rcctcro' Nho nct rulJ:lcrs ih lrutclt oI s:rloons irr Ihc "lrur),r:-r:' ciry nrirkcr-pLccr. B!ir'tIc LriU c0rT)orllriolr rcquircd rilcntlcn. ll1. thc r$8or tJrc 'rrorc.discit)lincd IiUurc oI thc lx;lrolds - $.cll-drcs5cd. drtn rcr Nirs. rccofnisrblc c\trolcrl, hcryy-dri Iitr'; ind pro r;scuous, conrbirinU oul\vrrd sclfconlidcrcc ind xdvcnturousucsr $idr ir inlccurily whjch ofLcn lurncd ll, xlcoholisr)r, O'rc 0flllc l \vir Chr cs Drouct in'flrcodorc Druisrr's novcl S''r/r'r C,/,rd, scL ir.C|icxgo.i'r r339:
srrir rvrs of r srrir:rd rl cru$ud rfl (h or brown \rool, ncN:rr rhi( rinrr,'bur silcr In.u, nc ,orc [, ril:rr is i busincat suir. il hc lorv crdrclr of rhc vcrt r$c:rlcil r $ifi slrirr boronr of $hirl rntl p;nk sirip us,i l.'ronr Iii cqir slccvcs progudcd I p.jr

kiu rfh ufrl,ir

llis

sor!

o16rnis r rions :rnd ihc rlirccr

prrticiprtiorioi'jtillcd.Nuilcrs

.l

I
I

:l:
I

: "l

lirirD

rufl! oftlnirDic

p:rrrunr, frsrcnctl rvirh

lrrlc 6oltl-pirrc

r6

I
I

c(Jllr'AN) AllN
bu(on!, rcl wirir rhc connnolr )ctlory xut[cr li orvu :rs ,crr's cycs'. I.lk lillgu borc ruvcr l ri[(s - onc, thc cvcr.cllLlurin[ hcxv) icil - xnd fronr his rcst di glcd I ncll t:old \rx(rh-chii , fronr \'lrich \1ri ru!t)cll(lc(l lhc scclct iiSIit' rl rlrc Ordcr ot

' lNl)l!.. J,\t.S Ytt.(:,Us C(,trt.Oj(AilONS s'hilc lrurilc$ .u.,cl,inurf \v,; truuur;l;. Clrrrlcs trtiur,-r
rfusr-uru.ur^Lr rnJ raDs dciller, h.nl pur lolcri\cr

lllk

'l'hc rtc\r (rl)hillii ol irdu5tll Dccdrd snictcr contr0l uvcr thcjc irrli!idurli:its to cslrblish (heir prrdLrcts;rur0sji lhij colrlincol; ln(l ll lhe tulr r.rftlrr ccntury.John lltlry l'rttcsun irr Dayton, Ohio, r'vnrlcrt, !cn[cful, Ucnius', bcfrn dcvclopinu lcchni(lucr $hich \!crL r, crrn l,i,n d,c (idc of'Lhc lhrl,cr ol n,odcrn llt:i,)rx"sl'ill. I l': nrs brtiklin6 up iltc Ni(iorrl C:rrh IleUisr{r cotrrtlIJ', 'lhc Cush', irLo r rte"rtr)onopoly of nrrchinu! \yhich $'crc bruoruirrf irlirpcn: blc k' sholJLccpcrs; nnrl he tr'rincd rlr iflr)J olsrlesrtrctt in tlc:rrls ol l)crsurrsit)[, caioli'rr rtril dctli[ rinli ririls. I'rlLcrsor lnrv ho,v l(, soiP dosl' Iii silcirnxr* IC.rorrrlir), rlrc,r ro rrritc Ititrr rt,lrll) ilcp(rr(lerrr, rnd rlrctr r, r$rr!rc I'ir" Nirl' cnvchl)i'rU I'xtcr"xlisrr. p!r$isirr1l ltitr Lhc richcs rrrtl r!!(tiD \.hich r rrrururpuly cou[l illirr(l. llrc ctlubrcil,irI rcchni(luc Urrcd rurnctlrirB to lbc rrrnry llrirtir( crurl); but Drorc lo rhc lrritsiunrD. l lrc it;rtsrrrrl Ircrehcr, z(rrl,,nsly t(,rrv,rrli,rll drc iccpdul hcrrJrcn sd prouisilg trcttrrl srlv:rrior,, \vrs (trtr5nrurcd ir(u Llrc :irlcittrJr c'i'rchiDI I Ll(trl b) l)rouri$inU $o!l(lly

cuubinc cxllcd thc Cirnrpurcr-'l'"bulxtiuU-l(ccoili,,u Co,npiny (CTR), \rlrich ileludld ! pu'rclr-cird lyrrclr \vlri,jh h d bcc'r u5cd for rhc r39o ecnrur. Wutson ptlsL[rdcd Hiu! ro rppoint hirn chicl crcculivc,lvirtr s per ccrt gfthc pt'olitr-. l.lc upplicd l)r(crsorr'5 tucluiqL]cs ro rrotivlrirli $lcitrrcrr wilh Lhc pronrisc of;r frorvillg ntrrkct for oficc c(tuip. nretrt, Ilc ltircn', ns l,'ord did nor, hol,ro irspirc rhc loyrlry ofhis nhrrrltrs, ;rrrrl ;nrnir(l lilcLirtc slcuriry itr rcrunr for roLrl co lnriF ,,r(,r1, lli\ eoIrp.rD, uI(ic- irr uc\/ r,rnrc (f i.r(crnrr:orirl Llu5:n(5r i\'lxcIircs (lUM), r'xr to t nslornr thc rvurkl ofcurn runi.!lioDi rnd .'{,rp.'lcrsi I'ul il:; su,rc(rs w.rs b,rc,l le5i uu i.s lJchrricrl rnrsl!rl thxn on un(lcrst:ll'dnr( horv lo orurrrirc sirlcinrur). 'l hc strijlc'l sun, lirtrr errll:, rrrJ Iul{l \v rrlFch.,in oi Chrrrlc; Druucr i.) rgU, hrd 1:irtrr rvr; tu rhc lniliinr $|iLc sh;i\ nnd drrk soiN of drc lUtol lrlerrrerr.

pronrincrr

..
't
t

It: vts rl,l:

tANt

'lhc rlN

''|

,\nro U IrrcL5!n'r lriinccr \!rs Jn irrl,itious, putiLxnicrl younu crllcdTonl \\'rtsor), t]tcs0r) 0lrn i[uuigrilnt S uo$- lrisli lr ncr, Nho bccruc tIc nrosr succcssful srlcsr)un ill dlc rcUiorr. l'rllcr\url cnlJustcd l\rr6on rr;th xl illicit irss igrfir cnl: to sct up:t llc\v, osLcnlibly ir)dcpcndcnt, conrpuy lo con)l)ctc wiLI tl)c Crsh's rivlls, discovcr
nrJn

drcir sccrcts, undcrnlirlc drcru lld tJrcn buy thcnr up chcrply. W.r$ull pursucrl this hrocl<,ut st lcuy un(il d)c riqt;trrr cvcnturlly lc'01 t|! cisc ro rhc Fcdc l GovcrnmcDtr rs i nrfrrrll rcilrtrirt oi !$dc. ln

rgrr drirt) nlcn lrr-rru ths Crslr, includirf I'n(c[surr trrrd \\'xtiorr, r'crc indictcrl far rcrtrrinl ol 0rdc xud urxinl:riIirrli ir ur(Jl)oly, by r prosccutor $ho couurrcd lhcit flr,:lho,l5 lr) Mc^-icrrr bro ilr. \\'Jl50n .nd l)itLcr5on wcic scnlcncc(l to ycxr in iril, thcrr (rxnrtd l)irl rn.l rlloscrJ ro rppc:rl; tlr! crrc ryi5 crdlcrsly po:tlponcil. Soon:rtrcnr;rr,l: \\tr$or \v.i lircd by Pitlcrso'r, rnd lvils Icli \!irl' r tounf \\'ifr irld uo flrurlcy. lirt l)c vJs no\v iln (Nl)tricn(td silrtnllrr
.lll

pNtllurl; el'qonrl' D nNI, rvltQthsr in oil, cilrii tit 1tflilu irirclrilerr vqrc irlrcil ) $rt htlLr.c tlll lilLst \VuLld \!ru,, urul tltu rv,rt rr,rsrivuly rjlrcDljrl|cIc'] Lhr {url)r)rilru p0\yL:rs, nritliiIf lLl!ir uutnilBcrs llr0rc i rl)(,Ltxnl iri tllcit n\'rn pl, lniIU lIurgcd ilttu tlu: nriliHry phrurin6. Alicl rlc UuiLerl Stxrcr joiDcd (hc \!ir in April r9 i7, rJrc govurnrncrrt louli olcr contlol ol thc r'rrihv:ry r:ud rclcgrlph syslcnu rnd Inrvirlctl hu6c ollcrs for rflui td shil)r l0 crciltc its o\vll ctncrtcncl llcct. llvsiucsslrcu tr':llulcl'rd to Lhu:rnucd forccr :rnil to [tlycrnrru,l, ro h!ll) l)!ilJ !t) nrr unpIcccdcnrcd rvrr rurclriIci, rvir]r cc rralircd I|r:,lueriu:r,, d disrr;bur;u,, \yl,:(h phyuJ.r rJucisivc rolc irr r.Jrc r\llicrl riutur'1. 'J hc corporirti{rns lich in fcircc{irnc hitd sccntcd so Ir!rrciIit to iDJi\,idu'r] lfcctlours nurf rnrr:r'gcd irs thc crsr:lllirl nrcrns ,,ltlcli,'ccrL:.,ini.rlL,eiJrr1r,,,,'li,,,,11r.rr)ufth!;rpruducrsbcirrlc rhc lili:-hluuJ ol drnx,u|rry.'l [c uil crlrDrlics rnrrcd froor bogc)5 tu hc|rrts as tllcy sul'l)licd llrrir l)rceious ll!id: Slrndard Oil ofNcrv, .1el..\!), Lo.rtcd rhxr rhiy iul)plicd ;r (tluu.Lur of.rhc cr)lirc oil of rhci Allits..lrrst rrltcl tlrr: Alrrrisrlc Lrrnl CLrrzurr, who h:rd scnrrJ in rhcl

'

;4e

I'il

I ./|

il

r".

lll!.:-::- :-'!, il i!rll:l

,l:i:i ;t:i:,

tlt!:lni i,:l

:.1-

coltt/\ Ny lr'

IND'!

rU,\LJ

Jtlrius

co

r(

ro

tL

British.lYrr Cibinct, toli x pctlulcLr[r rollcrcrrcc llilt .lhc Allicrl crusc hid lloilcd to lictory lpon r vxlc ol'oil'. By drc cnd oftJrc-\v,rr rhc slDpc ol'llrr rycnliclh-crjru!ry bllsi css corpontr'on Nis cstillrlishcd, lld drc lrit:tccrrh-ccntury sructrrcs of A!ncdcin. buiincss $crc allnoit unrccog|is:rblc. "l'hc Arlcricrn
busincssmrn-of rs,to,' wrolc lhc hislori r Altrc(l Chrndlcr, lvdul(t fin'l thc cnvironnrcnt of lifrccntJr-ccnr,rry It.rly nrorr t:unilixr rhrn dlrt of his olvn nilion scvc'rly ycirr l:rlcr.''l'hc lir.rJuil, orUx'ric gro\ytlt of fanily firns rnd loc,rl irdoilr;cs I.'l sivcn Nxt to thc lcchillicil sructurcs ol tlc ri;hoxds, rhc rrostl and rhc..rsscrrblt lircs, cich \!,idr drcir lxycrs ofnr:\nxfcft constrLrc(rd lil,c st:lfii,l(li'rg. And drc conrprny nrcn;r1)pcircd uch lcs\r:rt.thc ircyofrIprcdicteblc conditionr of Lr:rdc rlxr) finrily o\\'Dcl.s lil,c S;l s LrIh.rlnr rhcy wcrc co rrolln\r nruch dfrhc flnil,ct. flrd (lcvclo|nr[ rIi rr:klc. As 'l'hors{ci'r !'cblcn dcrcribcd drcnr rs xs rto,ll

Nitl mrny ol' lhu discxscr ol burcrucrrcy, rvhiclr cur r[cru off ' lilt iir ldicnornlxltxdcrs!:rtldhrf ofhu$Jlrrclxli0 shilx rru.lbclrviour
' - xt :l cort \vhich bccxntr rlcilrcr rs tlc cc rury nltlcd
on.

^.r't

'rirly

In:tcrd ofinrcsrirtgir thc footls rs thcl prrsLcrwcur t)Rnhrccr rnd tonsu|rcr, rs. thc ,)v rchrllt rlocs, rhc buslncss urn rrurv inicsrs ir thc !rotcsscs ol'indrsrryl rx'l nr\tcid of jr.r\irrtr his wlucs oll thc dnnli forcrrcr conirllldrrcs l'l ric sc:rsillls xr,l tlic rcts of.Gorl, hc turns lr,lhc conirr(trrcs ur;siru truflr llc ir c.plry ofLhc iadurtrixlfro.cs\rs, \ylri.lr xk.itr Ur$r trr(xstr,c undcr drc conrr.l orbulnrcrs rr .

:'fricir iorvcr

chitlcnscd ndrnr Snrirh's thcoD' ol' ficc cDr0rl)risc, by \vhich tbc 'inlisiblc hrnd' :rchictlctl thc. dilirior) of hbour, .rnd brhnccd supDly 3nd dcnr:ud. 'l'h: nrxnifc.s plitcd i lcry vkibtc h:nd, is thcy t)lxrlncd :rnd co'-o linrrcr-l lpccixliscd.p.oducrs foi msss nu.[.ts,. A5 Ilrcd Clr:rnrllcr rvrutc ir his tlissic

of busincss nE litiltk IIt'tl:'I'!rdcrn bLrsircss cntc4tritc bccimc r firlilc irlsrilurion only ificr th0 visibk fiirrJ of fllxrrxt:cfllcli prolcJ ro bc 110rc clllcicnt l|llll Il)c invisil)lc,rrrd r,l nrxrLcl
study
forccs.'

llur lhc worrics oI indiriduils confi(nrtir8 cor|orrrtiolls

011

1)0lll

sidcs ofthc Ailintic Nould nor p:!wxy, llor thc ncw iriltrsrriil slr('crorcs vcrc inirclsinUly cut off fro r lhL socicticr :ird cusiunrtrs f(rr \rhom rhcy opcr:tcd, 1llil rcDcrrcdly !Lrhrcrrblc lo irn,crrls .nd (l$pois. And thc'conrpiriy rircn rvcrc cst:rblisliing u scll-,:onrrincd rrllict
5o

5r

I
't c l.iA 1,1'ri R
i

l lui nlAcl Nt
to

AND

1.ll!

i\lAtDLN

liouR

I I

Thc Arlachine utuL the MuitLcn

hnor x. Iri$r or rul'liur or joJr( dor:; ]u d, sccl hoDur k^lir, blr ir I n! r r)i rircs.'1hr l,usn'cxr

t.
I I I

r'bilrr!, (l,rn,i,,U ,(l [.,llitrr rs rhc jutJeurllut)rrr uf NitnnrL, il.ilb lil$, nur ol.kor!r, l'{r nlr.rr.i;t)r, .rcr.
rrn(:L^rn'.r,,r,r.
77,i.7,,,.

.r'(,

L, rl,c ,,',J-rincrccL ccrrrury drc rrcw cixnp,ur),urc,r $cL( cjrxl,lisllirrU llluir o\vt) \vorl\i U llfibitill, hiDcJ ulnl)hrlieiltl) tnirrrulir{ crltulc, s.hich Nould rerisr rlly courpcrition or (hrull li{Jllr cornl;try \!oncn. lvlo Vi{rorixll oflicus s,r:r'c crclusivcly rl]:rlc, xnJ li{(lc nrorc dun crrctrsidi$ of tiru nrr5rcfs oNll study, rvhrit i ltv clcrkr sit ol srood r(.iri,;h dcits in rur'ouLcr ollicc'.'Ilrc Lypiurl clcrk hid luiL strtus sincc thr- drys r.rf Chrrlcs Lrnrb,:rnd Dickcns dcsc bcd his

o il

(loNnrrod(lctr

fili in ti\t-31ln S\.t.ld

l!, Ilu.l

(l,c dinD Iirtlc b.,rk ollicc irro Nhicl,.hc NrlLs ufcr) Iru11riIr:, h.rrr6ing his lrrt ori thc srurc pgg,:Lnd pl:rcing his lugs bcnurrdr thc rflDc d,;it: iirsL, trlin6 off thrt blicl roi! whicli lrsls dr,i ycrr tlrrouglr, ilDd t)u{lirli u ur)c $|ich di dL{y hst ycrr', arrd Nlrich hc tccps iI hir ilcrk to sirlr thc othcr. 'l hcrc hc $ils till lirc o'cloch, rvurkil6 on, 1ll dry, r$ icl.iulxdy xs thc dlil ovcr thc DrrDtcl-piecc, \vhosr loud ticliing is xi nrorr0l(,nous:ls his rrhu|: crisrcrce.

A ni$

lo rrrrscribc lc6rl'rlocrrnlcnts rll {l:r}; r dcrrhlJ, cristcDcu crril} rlcscribu in l.lcrnrrr Alclvillc's slnn story 'ltritlcby' iu rli53. I.Lnlcby is r I)illi(1, li)duflr youolr scrivcucr vho comcs {o \vork [0r r l:rr9cr irr Nrll .Srrcct rrid thun bcltios livirU iI lltu ollicc, rcfusirr6

ul'orliec \rurk!,5 \(rrc urrpluyt,J r.; cul,yirrs

,-rr scrivcncr:;

ir rcnrorcd le !risor, \\.hcrc hc dics,lcrrirrg no clucs lifc c)iccpl r ruurour rtrrr hc hrrd rrorkcrl for rtrc D".a I.(tler Ollirc i,r \V!sLi IiL,)n, \'t,crc 5crircncrs colric,l Icucrs NIich \vur( thcrr cersiUDcJ il c:r-1lo.tdr rij Lc burnr, lviosr indtrs(rill oftiurr wcrc pr ut Ulc t;rcrorT iBclf, As htc xs riJro \\fillinn LLvcr wxr ruluilr Ii5 sorp couprriy rLl,on Sunlixhr ne:r l.,ivcrpu)l llrrnr his ollicu iq rhc ccnLlc of rlu builJinl;; it ir.,rs l;risccl lLrovc lliu lcvsl ol Lhc surrouridi|6 olliccs, rrniJ hrd \vrlts of t $ri. liurr l,crc l,c could suryc),Lhc rcLiviLjus ofdrc stllrX t)ricricillJ thc \4,rrc ol rlrc buri|usi \vxr cilricLl n) his hcrr.t rnd nrs ttirccrci l,J !e'l)rl illso ucrnD.' lr \vrr nol liU drc bcui!u;[[r ofcosr.iccoLrDliDtj $,d scicrt;lic ru,uiiUdncrrr t (hc cnd of dru ir)clcc,rdr ccnlury rtrri rrrrrhlle$ cuulLl bcllirr rw|[i|6 our thci. pLojccrs rw.y fionr lLc l:rckr'). Ar l)r(id Lrrklls pur il,.ltrc otlicr rvls bc8iunijl8, bur onl) l,ctl;rn,D:';, t(' (luurin, u rhc rhot'.' lJur rlr$Jy b) rhc Dr;J-irir,ctecnrlr c$(!rry conrlric;i bu$iricrss, t,.rnicuhrly illiul.:lIuc llll!l b okirr[, rvcrc lllorill6i n, illrt)oj; f builJirLr:i ir lhr I'i6cirics. Itri.ouJu ir r:J.t,Sun hrur.rIlcc, drc $urlJ.s oltlurit iIsur' ncc culrplIv, uccuj)ic!i rr llcrv linr.l of purposc-builr l,cidrtl'rr'(c's v;th thu stylu ol u fir:ihirnrhlc or{usirn'.'fhi J.y$rs Irtcl lhc I'Illdcntirl, thu firut r.rllitc-rssirr.rncc rvhicLr ilLcrdy hrndlci rrrcn IlillioD l)olicics,l)cli:rl corrstrrr$iugits Codric c.rslic in l.Iolb orn $lrcrc ir s(ill strDds. lJ;' t]tc cnrl of rhc ccnLury rli ciLy-ccnrrcs nr liu|upc rr Anrcricr rvcLc l-rcirg dclncd bi' rlrc 'tcnrplcs of coru0rcrcc' - likc t|c NIct.'l'oNcr ill NcN tr.rr.li - $it| rlcir orvn disciplirlcd corlluu idcs iuridc dlcnl. '!hu blc:rlilcss olr.rlhcc-lifc, IDd t1lc lonfing ro cscrpc it, bccrmc r rccrirlirrf t[cnlc for- popuhr rvrirccs. 'fllc ljrjLish noyclisl Sbrn l.Jtlllocli rloLc l'lr ll/rr),.l/wttpt thc frttcs, scr.in r9o2, ibout a clcrli irr Lr-rndon tJrcunring ol'truyclliuf.rbloid. ''lhc big crovdcd roon ' \vllcrcirr hc $rt, ro biuc iuld bl]5iucsslikc, wj itI its floor coycr coYcrinU of Llorvn lirulcu.l, iLr prirrtcrJ vrlls, irs littcr ofprpcrs !nd vouchcrs rurri ;rcerrunt-buuLs urr lri6h d,:sks rrul shclrrs.ind irtrtcs, w;rtr';i: perrrdin6 rtruosphcrc of sr;llc. tobrcco, dusr and stUlllncss,'l -,1S rt thc 5hitx or thc'l'lulrcs boLrnrl lbr dist:r rt phccs,lhir l:i irupcllutl trr r.rhc r Lrip r'r Cibhlr.rr; burJrc:or:n !lfiiris of thc firnily :rnd 0fiicc. i . l!.r rllrilrlllM Sincl:rir l-r:rviJ.; litsr uuvd, Aur llr lltcnt
h;:i t)r$t 'rl)o{t

lcrt.ulrillrt

'''\

' 51

5l

'jj
I

jlHj'ij;ll

il:_T;11;J'Il lr

:il;lri:l

1 lt

j:

l,l;:r ill l;:

4rr;r'

^tAc
.t.t|lt.

lNl /r^-D'fl

:.,\rArr)t:N

#il;{*#illffi

;i'11

;;;";

;"';
Il.\virs llrr

\tllIrjN A[(rvj: f.r'" ,r,

it:."#ii;i:ji]ri{,"i,,,,,*'*,tfliTji*illr

jlll

o,. ,,,(. ,'uir yrcixr rrvoh,riu,,. r,or

rnivrl ot.No rcr il lllc ofrir.{ " ,,,",, ;,;,li::,'ln.:l:

$ftffi**r,;ffii?H
i, lil,I iil"ii$$ili fti$,r,lllil''1'i l;,i:#ihrt* Jtr *ql,f,.r,,ol, r;*ri: ri n

jr j.',','"l,'.';

Ljrl.,l!r(t) Ly rhc r$So\ s,r !c rn;it('tc_etr. corrr.rcrc;rracr;v;ry. ,,11r c",.;;,;;,,,

lilihtitffi ,l'#]':,"',il*Ifl *t'J

";,;;::,1'
'"" ',c,' vc,c c,'(c,;'u
rr

Ir*[*'.

llXrn,r,uriil,tittii:ti

,n,rr,',crs

rr \vrrl bc (lll;tc rr conrruon tltinr r^ .rt,"

1lffi##ilil*rt11p5i1,:,ffi r
n)oJirrcs,, sry.. rr.c rin,i,,,rl,lc Mrs

;;il qp; I, r*tl

lr

#i**ga$te,-$iliiffi
*i
I

"",,,,,.".' ,r'rsuxnd,

scc''c,xry:,'r'rrxt

".^ i:,fi?l:; co tcnrtt:{(r buco rir!, __*..,. J:lli;.ill,ili"i;

r,","ii'l"iil.;'-:l

,.-

r)"",,:,;, :;,i'tJ,;,]

ffi

,;;;;;:;,, ;i,illlT:Jil :":::,il o,,t:'vrnu lrcr rr u)t;:1fctnc,ll, Ijvcntu:rll),sltc

incoDr)crcncy cr,iucd t)cr. ;,;
Ucls

;"";J.;-;i;,;;;ii,:'" b"",'::i'.'i

jl.i""'*t
i
;"f,

"o'''

I rjl ii#ll*r,t

"_U", i"l

i'i:iffi

fr;::,',fi#

ii:l'''"l:";.l,ji

i:t'ffi

n'*l$g*$*g*ffi
5.t

*l*r-;[nttrr*$*r::rffi
ll',",,fl :Tl,ilJi5:T?11,:.,",il.I.iliil.1"r:i,ii;:,,,
55

:;y

l;
coi\l t,/\NY i\llN [!r'ucl bu]i Crs tcn ir) .n0bby'su'ts. r(l ctcJlr t;IcI tuLrnIi,rU .rbuul or si irU irLIr(,upr. l'ol;jhud brrsji,Jr nickul !iUDs "id,; Jqurrc rloDc cntrroccs inr)ounccd drc lir.rrr anrj lllc uilufc ol. tlrc busincss iu rrthcr r:c:rt xnd rcscrarJ (cr)r).'.l.hc cntirc nlclroioliUn ccrrrrc ln)ssciscd llifh.iDd ujighly uir caluulatcrl to ovcl]rvc :urd rb;rsh thc colunou rpl)licirot,:lnd ro nlrlic llc 6ulf bctwccl porcrry rurrJ succcss sucrr borh.sidc lnd r.lccp.

tii: iir

l lrri IlACluNl: Nu .t.ltt t\tlrDuN

A(lrclivc rjl)isls soon found llc\y
r,cu
r) ro bc

$as itrvcn(cd by. l,cn'rsyh.irix iou'1',rlirr, Chrirlol,hur Sholcs, wlru sold tJrc p:rtcnr to tjrc l{crrriu6toD rrnrs {onrp:rD) \vho ollcrcLl rhcir. llrst rnrchircs irr rll?1. llnrploycls soorr fould lh t vorrlurr ciccllcd ir'ry!c\vrircrs'- \vhi,rh rt lirst dcscribcJ thc rylirr.rs rvcll rr rhe nrichinc. \\'oNcn \vcrc .lrcridy !scd tu krlc do\vn shonhrnd is 'srcro11:phcrs', but no$. \.(c Ilr!ch nrorc in dcnriDd thrtr trr'jn:;n

t;r,, lJ(lll;lc job, o,rll ru tin(t trc15(tt uorttorrinu drc hJrih dc|rxndr of rnrss-t).oducrior): ,lhc rrielriou rurd rLc n,rnlctr'. Shc hrs llo rkiils rLl cw (u'rtly Ucrs r job i tL shd!-lrclorf punclins c)cholcs ; lcidrcr:rhocr, lnril jh{ ;s libcri{cd b) nrcnl.ictrdr \rho rdn5porL |cr irtro vo'll ot llir\ Iivi'6 x d cvcnLuil !LLccr5 i,' rIc rIc.rrrc. D) d)c tuft ofdrc Lcllturl tr|o irryr:Driorrs rvcrc bcUirnrinU to rrursfornr rhc opportunilics forworucll i,r uliccs.'l'hc lirtr, thc typ$rliLcr,
C.,rrrc rc.,relrcs

'bc L rheDl t)?crrritcrs'. Ii.Dk Cov!cnvood, rlc hcro of Drc;scr'r; 'trr firlr, cnt)lots ir thu lrtc rS?or i prcLly l'olish 8i , ADLoincllc, to worli :s his nc.|\'tpcrlritcr.'I'hclsooD hiyc iD xfi ir: hc bcscurcs nro.c inlrrcsrcd in hcr, \vor)dciug r( rhc i]nl:rziDf, lrirlufornti0f pu'Lur uf (hc Ar'r'ic.r'r rlrinatihcrc'. lr) lJcnr:rrd Sliw's I ,V C llih ir) r3t5 tlrc lypist l,rusct)inc C!firctl ii ' brjsk lirrlc rvorrun of.bout l|irLy,'of rhc lovcl nrid(llc chss, ucirly buL chc:rpl;.'lrcsscd i'r bl,'ck nrc;nro sltirr rd I b,o!sc,
rlLo6ctlcr
;rs

,Sli7

'lrry r Lordo. nc\.spxpcr rccordcd dhr rvoorc!

:t\uy 3l lrcr nr:rchinc rd licrccly

l clcrUylrirD, cl"ttcririU it fr.o|r cLr.iuus visilors: 'You'vc l)ccr) \virh my rvt]c$rircr., Mr Mrrrlrbruks ... I 'l1cddlin[ sutposc tou rllo.r6h( it.\!,rs r rort uf bxrrcl{,r8: t.' shc clI ulc (lrc ntrchinc rr i ti'rd of \ycrpor, llpir)U'\virh cllrcrilf n:ipcri(y' ;rrd slriflirrr hc. t),rpcr crrrirgc \ritlr:r dcliir)t biDl.i'. Ilut shc phys no riorr r(riuu5 n)lu ir rhc rlr;urru thrn rhc rr:rditir)Dxl elrccky nrri(1.
rrrJrr:r pcrr :rrrrJ quick ofspccuh'. Shc urrr ks fol
proLccLirrg

j
t(,

tlnt 'rhc rr.rrrh6e.uf rJrc r:Ic-\ rirur rnd hcr cr4lu1... ir f,lq"",,r urrt rl hJs I'[5cd ;uru .r i,rlc'. tu r]rc rrnrc ycrr iD Aurcric,r "o !;hs LrPh;urr, Llrr: hrro ofWiltil0r Dcnn l.lo\vclts,s novcl, cnrploys:r bc]ur; ful 'Lypc-vrircr l,id', Zulilh Dcrvcl,, rvho lrrs ,rJrc rii o1- unnr crjrc rl rvlo.r11 Jrrrbiturl N:{h so rnny prctr).\ru.rrcu rvtrr jrrvc to \vort for ! liv;I['. M$ l-:rt,hxnr, \rIu .rjcJ ru hcl]) trrr hLsb,rjrij in Llc bu]incsr, :r v(\cJ ro IirJ Z(litl,r ;rr rIc rLfticc, rvirl trcr hrr rn,l hant_lbrr: !u.,r in rlrc cuurrr rcl ro Iuj lrusb.rrrrl r io.rr:'Shu Io,6or ti"",;r-"t, l,rd lclr Icruclfour of|ii busirrers tifc., "t,i i,, rlrc f.$r-clr ,uir.U ro,ji,rt \vurtd ul Nrs ).urk o,.it,:".5o,t,o,rh.t,,d-ryt,irrlr could I'roviL.: rrLiriuu5 6irls wiLh crsy,*"i,. ,;"r, t,usscs.L' lltCI|JJ-D,,c .DCo rcti MeN bb t)ro, o(cs hcrsclfrionr \r.irrcrr to rypc-\vritcrUirli 5;Llc drc Cliflg[ 5t(yscjrlt),.:r, sr!di,inU r]rc ,u'.,1 culurtxrs ul rl,c .r,r,t rl1in; rvrirtrc rilricicr ',c\v:prl)urr Ur.ri ,lrd: 't.lc Uivcs hcr Ic crs cvurf Jry. Shc ccU,:crs Irir nr]sr.r],cs., ohrici.vci llrlirllrd'ji dlrryhlcr Abb;c; in(l l)ctlnc knrg Cortclix is crlrrllr:rJ to I.lr:riurll's s"r. A vc,f lt\v lyt);rls rvcrc rrrnsporrctJ inr! ., Norld ut'ulJ.crrlr_ol riul,$. lI Dcrflrir l-vrnUUlirc C6r[ joir)cJ rJrc sLcuol;i.rphlc Jcprn_ rucrl ,oI_ rc ForJ rnoror cur,pitry i ,9ot rs r prcrry, l.:riuhL-cycd Llri ur srxlu( : u'rcc )cJrs hLer 5hc \vrr rulnihu drc s(clourrpjric LJupruulclt. Shc cnugbt tl.c ryc ot l.icr)ry t;ord \yho rskc,.t-hdr ro ryork l tc io Iril ofl;cc LI oftrn dlovc lrr:r lorrrc. Shc nrrrricd onc of |uld's rridcs, J ohn Drhlirr6cr., :rurl slx yc.rrs I.:lci h.riJ r son, rvhonr ru.rIl pr:oplc rlrrru6lrr wr:. t".rrirurcrJ try lrortl. !r r y crsc, lrr:6::vc lrrr x j).rr.rlr.rl Ir,ur5ru ,.r tinr, r hut:dry c:;txtc r.rJ :r nyinl; borr., 1 hc tclcp!onc, v|icl: rrr5 to opcn up tltc conlirnicj morc 5ubdy l0 1!orIrcn, hird ldr \vitlcr rcpcrcujsiurs, \vhich rrc still torjav Urnr_ lomrir)li or iubvcrdlU olticc-lifc, h nnlcrjca its n,Jvinci rvas rapid: fuul ycrrs rlicr.tJrr lir:.r rclc;rhonctt nrcsrr6c irr rB76 drcrc rvcrc rlrc,rd) 5.r,ooo rcccivcr:: l trc rclrphr:nc roorr rllorvcd llurrr6crs Lo scl)xr:rtc (hcluclvci furr;r.:r frollr rlrc fictorjcs. fu onc hisroiirrr of rlic.tclcl)hoflc dcscribcd ri: 'l-lcid officc, in r snlirt qurrrca of to\yn, crrLrki h:rvc its orvrr chnrr!tcr, unrcllcJ lo drc lcjs rppcrJing rspccrs ol tl,c l,0sirrc:i:; cl:,c\vtrcr!.' Ctriel6rr, rvhcrc rlrr'firc ol iS7 r tircl irzc
s1

:jlllll''ili5 "f,rl"r.lj-,,.5..ur bJ r U95 x I rish bouk oll/.tr,/, t)c Uc. /\trcrdy

socitrl [orizr:ns rw;ry from rhc *ur,r3 r rrricri ro mrrir.rr

Ccrl.ftrid

rclioncLl

1:.

'tlfi

.ri

' 'i.: ':r

l;,r ii Jiiri,iii'.l,ii,ir,r

lt

co r\ 'A ! Y ,,tl drc old commcrcirl ccnirc, bccrnrc rrrc

'I

vorr,r
icr.l;i;;; r;;

.t, ti

^r^crllNr: ^Nu ^llcl

Nt: /\N

l lrr: r,^rDriN
ur'

o16rnisrtions.to bcqomr rnorc ccnr'ris,c: ,'.rhc

;";; I

Irs bccn to.tIc nr:,ss onror.' Antl rhcy u:rvc spcci:rl ,.0p. io. .ni*p."n.u,, ;;..,; r;,;;;;;;,;;i;';'ilJ;;,iri:Ijr
loud-sFcikcr

Igro tfic 6nrncicr E,l.l. I.trrrimrnivrs 'o rcporrcu.ro hivc x h

Ttrc rclcphonc rriJ.i,.,] iii' * ,i,..ri -;iii ! rJrc Ar'ntic,,vrrcrc riuiop.'**",.

':" "'' otrirrrc5s rrylc\ rcror!

,r.tr.,J I

; I

j;l::].i.:il.:1]:1.:i.l'.uj l"i: r::"i",1,:i br lj" 6r*rrrr niu"crrcnrs :r [rfl)'. liv.tr in'Iokyo, rvficrc public rclc phorrci r,.cic ;nr,",lucctr
Lii;,',|,:l:::,,",.,,..
r
.

in

ililj[,;:'ll,nr"r_jlJdid,".- 'r-, i , . . _...-.

,
,

':,ics

for rr,c d,,,6r,rcrs or

. . . _. .

- ,

, __

'ua','0."

il,i;;;

i;;,i;;';

i
I I

| I

rlrcorrrcc rrr0rc criciiins rrrrl protcsrion:rlisctJ, rnrlcin:rrirc ro lonrc r*hicl coukl bc :r r"ti.i ror *i'.. ,'s *.rt 1."'rr.,'.i'.-;,i ,,,,, ,-',"

;:i:i::?li"i:

", iiii':?ili[#'i'i:il']::lili,;1,:;l;lii

rcsistcd tJ,c noky insrrunrcnr or bxrirhcd ir ro Lrc drc brsclrcnr Drscrnc'rr o. or

rrrc I tr,c I
ri,r
.ir

p ,r l.;:;:.:';;:".;;-,..::...., lhot. n. i d,,, d,c or S,rNrs ,ltu tnriiutt Dcrfccn rg6r

lc'r ' !cxr\: '

utrrbcr

such phrisc

is "Oh, by drc l,yc".' 1'hc fururc pl.,)avriulrr IJc rirt stri\r.,cr.r v \rorttc(l l),;ettJ lllo$ Nircr xcrois ltrcir
roofs. l.tc .lisrbvcrc(t

''"

houscholdcrs ro

rh

rnd clccuic:ty rrc bcg:nning lo intruJc cr xrijlocr:rlir lcisurc,

ll:l'::iI.,:,0:::t:: lli: in,rucnc.j.

l::ld.'l:l:l:nh"rrc drcir st:rgccnfr, rvcrc slorv to wclconrc it. jjrrintll)crf tirlri

r1fi

inv:rtu:rblc

I ;nlro(lucc(l
r<,
I
sitrisrcr

)ivcn i

;:,:":..:::::., Gorcrnnrcn! Oflicc rtd b:rnk, drosc lrvo nrosl conscrrrtirc

il;;ii;;J;;;"':,;J;;""J:fii,,:',,"];#'"iT;i,Il".'iJ:: - ' *' " '*" ':

srinin6 tronrcs, i.ro

)itr, svr)rbor or

"'"i'a' *,"" ,i'"i".-"r-r,;il ;:,,;;;;i

curpruriscd:

,,,,,,",-

rrrc rsikrrnt ofrhc invurrror Arrr:rndcr crnhrur IJc|, orrscncrJ.hrrr' thr: rrlcphonc coukl prrullsc rlrc nrosr,:loqucnr.nrcn,:rnrl rccr .:tt

I r I pro'ninc,)r l.$cr \vhn co,,ld oot) rcply ,rfrci r k,irg prusc. .lti[ r I .*iy u," i;" . u"i ;,s-;ig n,n,c rrucnr, :,nd "n,r ',"i,i,,',i"" ",,!ch i,i"i,iul"*i""i,1"i,;,ii""i";;,,;;;".:.i,lil.ri:ii;i'iliiJ"i,ll,''lji,.il:

rr.]t,r "'''"'"" i,i.i. r"rirc, As Mosryn llirtr

Shc is

I
I

.or 'lj,ll.Tl":-:l lI :.::.Y":.:: ll:t:.:-r1:lt".i:!ti:I.:r':,,c:r,s vitJ*rc

,.,"" ..

rr

n,i,,rJ,-,hc wl,s,

hcr cn,rroycr or'no

rl
'\

'*"':'"]'-*'

i5s

rlrcclrirriur'tcrvicc, thir, bo(lr ofrllcnroryrrd

ofllppil!

finljcry.

159

.'1r",
.

'ill r: ArAcllrNl l\ND l lll: t\rAlDtN

'l'hc 5tcnounphcr hir to Iirtcn wirh nttcnlioo nn .lr'rnscribc $idr rcuracy irllo dtotdrrnd or rviUr lrc. Llt)cNrilcr, thc idc|ll of hcr co,nloycr; \'hilc hcr o1v'r orusr br rrolr-cxislcrll.
Uut thc llrcady htrd bcco!rc i D).D.ucr:

ch'Jncc,

xl

lctrst

irr'l|corfr lo bc tI irrcd

ro

i" ,f'. courrli,)[-housu shc c:rrr ltxrn pr'rcticxl boult''.Jtat, i-ill bc ofirrrrrtcrrsc vrluc ifshc is crllutl i."ni"ii'"i'i'"r..r'"r'r"r' crrpluvct' A

In ric nrcrchrnt's oficc

5hc c:rn Uct rrrl irrsi[hl irl!o brrtir]rir

douu,tic ncccls, conrl)c(iu[ \vilh rhc hurnc rvil'r: fo! his l(cltiol. Stcrijtar'ics \\,ulc ol(cn younUur, I)rc(icr, irdtnrorc iduririrlE L!iIl wilcs: srcoDd bccitrrc i rccurrilu l).Lr(cor. 'n:\ni:'Ucr 'l hc nroil cLocrrivc lncr\rrc ofrlrc problcurs ofcrrly ofilcc Non)ill is Si,rclrir LcNi!'s LhirJ nokl rr.7d, (rtro), \rhu'c hrroinc ;i Uni Cul,Jur, r lircly U;l whJ lcr!(s hcr suHll row,r iu Pcnnsylvrnir to Lrcco urlr ritcnogr;rp hcr in N crv lorl ir r gos r 'hr this funrb lir r school, shc srs Lrc6iuniug to fccl tic thcory ol cfliciclcy, drt idcrl ofli6 lJ(Lsincrr.' Shc I;rrds r job wiLlt ,Jrc tl{arur,u,! C'u 6,r:.1r., wlrcrc ihr ri.rr l,ulruJJs 'rlrc Jr.rrlr i,)d ,"r,r,uc of rl,c urfcc wu.lLl': A N(,l,l i! rhir \vh!re D"blcrr virr jj c(lr).)oicd (Jf dcst5 rr)d q'|,urvrirc|s, lilinl-cr:;r:s nllll illsur,rrrcc crtcndrr's, rct,:pLoncs, rld Lhu brlLl hlrdr ol rtrcr' $llo bclicvc !.lrcr'r1! to bc idiotic. Ilcrc, no tlillcou brc*nJ rhc s|)lirrc; tru oiplorcr iu crcnin6 cl.rrhc:i rrrltcs lovc (u io hcir(J:j. llcrc r;dc nu rollickioI covhols, rtor lctuls ul Llc [rurL lrurol]cxu $'xr. lt ir.t rvorld \thosc cririui toLr cxr)0u( (:oril)ichctl!.1 ur)lcss )ou hrlc lcrrncd dr.rt,thc

;;

,1,.,'i','. ,' sn',ll busirrcss or hcr orvrr or r:r rn i."',r,r.,",.ri,lrr r,"r'r'l i rlpcwrncr nr 5onrc cJ'ro'irl or l) t'irrltpenii'1,""',,i'i". r"'",r,"" t'"''iit'" ti"r't'ppin6-'''"u to clrir' ricrr iou','rlis,'r. rrr,l c"ctr to rtr lidituls

secrcrrrl corrLl lrc rvclconrc: 'wonrirr sccleI'trrlt I" l,'i*.';':trt rlcnrrrrrj tirr prrblir: nrcn' l-rusirrcss nrcrr' ',, '* "," irlir prr"''r. oniccs"r'hc prcsurrtrbrt sucrctrrT :,i';;;;;

lr rocjll liie. rhc rcrrrlc

'''Ji'' ::.'":::i'";;',i;'"-;;"";

,r,xr or

,,)urc erurt,

\irh

I soci'lrr

xs

lvcrr

::':';;;l;;;:i;;' ;r:'"i "',,J '*,,s 'rrrrl p rnv rrocl's rrrusr bc r(tnicicrrrlv l,'".i-"',li"i'.', "r'crnoorr lcr srvlc ur il'i'l'"",'r,i" i,"'i'r' *, .orrrPiuuous'r sx):' Nlosrrrr )Jird 'l *.'rrr(
sr'"

,rpccr"d ro qrcrrd rrr.cr'l or rrc'l

(lillcrcrcc hchvccr:r r-A pcrrril lnd r rill trrrrcil is xt lcrsl uilLril lo thc c(ntlri:it hchvecn I..r,rrrl(rr irRI 'lil,c{i unlusr )!u u0(lcrsr n \'h)' :l num'ill) rclf-coutr'ollcd youuE \rornirr lrrx)'

li'jlili'"., "," sl "r u'" Lir,l to rurr,lci trc.lisrir'ruishrl'lt rrrh,rnurr shc ncc(r nu, ri,tr :::;:,li;,r',,,,;-;;.,;..u;iour,rinus,Norlrcn ' ol sucicry .,",rii,,,i,r," " ji',1i. ,lrr,. "t,.""",,.u"c lrtlt'cuonrc irrdi5Pcnsrlorrrcrr rir'r'JInr \\'orltl'$hr ln reoo-tJrc Anr"ric"n /-'rtkt' ttnt l'uu't ' 'i',j' ''""ii,ri "i,r..". nr";rzitrt: ru sr't; *ir ut otlccs, brrr bl rer6 thc

":';";;';;;".;;;' .. ,. ''i.l-r';." rltc fcnrinirrc ur;ti of slcr)uljrrIllur:j;

rlrcir 'rbility

tu

L!)J Ilrnt stcru).,.i'"i. ,''i'',"ir'.,i. itrtercst' rrL;rer:rblcrrtss' cou rr*r rrrrrrc interri6c'''l i';;.;;;"'i';;;;.',;'.','""i. i"rt"'-"'ru.''r"'L h'r'l to rlictirtu tu';rn ,i'.'r',f'.rr- i'r",'.t. Si,ittrit LcrviJr i\'lr \\'tcnrr rroLds

hxvc rt \vcck of Lfil;ic (liscorrrfolt Lcuru:c rltc is L,sirrr i billin6,nrchinr iNtoJ !f i tt!c\yrircr.'lhc shillilrLt of drc Nilcr-coolcr liutr' rhc f'urt oll;cc to thc pncliirf-'oonr n1:ry llc,tt cpoch'tl c!cu( {o x copJist $Lo rppnr'euLly hxs no hunrro c):islcncc bcy}lrd huurlirrg orcr r cl.rcliirr6 typcnritcr, rvho scclrs !o hrtc rJ hunc, ru trrnilr, ,ro lov*; ir \\'honr ill priilc xnd vondcr r;l'lilc uud lrrriforuriu[ dr.rorir sccrn (o bc sJtislicd by drc pr-rsscssirrl ol ir ucl, V-uccliud blo$c.

lll

;..l]ii,

:,ii''i. l.':':

Alicr bciilU crusrcLl

\ror'll

iI

rorc Urur sur'vjtci

liii,i,',i, i,""i.t'",,t"t1; \lnn'rrr, rvh(' \rrr0tc do\vrr his h:rltitrg ,' ,l,""'i" ,l,.i ". : .' 'i'1'l'::: '.'l tr'"1 ljlLll::tr sh( \r:rrrru(l r' sLrr\r ru

rlonrcstic

i'lil:".iu',

ii,', "',"i :ituru:\r) ",.'.,"i.' rlrcit l)oisti xrnbiti(itrs Atr clli!:iurrr ii "i.',,"-", ;;;,' .,riricc *'irc' rvlru r:ourtl rrrr;r) rurr(r tu rrur hrNiI :,1;,.,,; i'. "ft','i,";

rv;rlt cvrri':rr i'rrsuNcrrrr' r,, ,r'., 'vurtl "i'u '".,i,.,r ''"*' cunc':rl':'l tlrr:lr suptlioliLv' rrrrtl cvorctl rh'jir

'..';

lifc llrl nrrllics I lrirLd-rlrinliilg mlc:lilri. l.lc toori lo:cs job [is urd rsicuG his d.1,"u,J"ucc o,r lrci i,,c<rn,l: 'You rvornci drit L.Nc bccn i'r UusiIcsr. siu,qrly rin'r fit ro bc urrrLicil. lou rJrink yoj'ri l,ru Ioud l(, lrclp urru.'S;r,: \v.rllls oulon hin rrrd:rctunrs to bu!inisr ;ri r cr.rrrl.'lcrrrirl r"cicr.iry; rlrcr tlo yc:rrs ol ru:rrri:r6c 'rJrc oll-rcc rr.r)LI(I \':rs 0f t[,i lof(ics( difnitl'. S[)c cnjoyr tlrc olLicc Chri:r.:nrs

tinlc-cloclis, cllic:'jncJ urIcrli, coulIctir)U iv0rtrcti

rll lhcllyftrulics of oftcc - but clltvcs

.:i,:i, ir:i'

'ti
:::n

6o

(r

coIl I,I NY [tAN

p:uo', t-lic aLlloiphcrr:, rud lunlt irtrouL socirly (,rl l \fixl(lly 'l Shc bqliris srlcs\vonin \yhoJc fathcr wls n fiicld of tlcnry Jrrlw.

1tIt: i\ti(;lltNI: ANt) 1 l: llill)tiu

lillrfc

sclling icJI cshlc, b,icotncs l:rlcs-nnnrrgcr rn,l cvcunullv rurrs n group ofholcls. S[c mccts up iftrin \yilh licr ljr5r lor.c irr rlc olicc rvorld rlho lsls hcr io marry liur, bur sltc rcmlils prllcd bt l)orh livcs: "'l rvill lccp n1y jolr - if l'vc h:id dris world ol ofliccs ivislrcd oo lo nrc, it lcis! I'il:conqucr ir, rnd givc niy clcrks r dcrcnl:iiNc," rlc. busincss \vomln itcditirtcd,' Nlrvonrcrr rvho cnidrcd olliccs hid nrst to lrccq)l drcir rxscnlinc r':rlucs, rnd Icrvc rc;r'fciriIliIi(y :ll holnu, At rh; bc[inr1i'rI uf rhu ccntury llcnry Ai:rruri oLrcrv:1[ rlrc intcrsity uf rJrc rcv bus;n(rs lifc, rvrs :rddcncrl by tlc f.ilurc of rhr .{nrcricrn \\'or)r'$r Io crcirc
hcr o\yn socicry, :rnd by tirc Anrcricrn lnrn': irilLrrc ro rcsPcct fctrr'nilrc y:lucs !s hc bccinrc cn[rosscd by tlrc ucw nrxclrincii, 'l lc could not run his machinc rnd rNonrl loo;hc $ust lcxlt hcr, cvcn lhorrUlt his \1ifc, (o nnd hcr ovn \Hy, ir)d rll rhc xorld sr\\' hcr rryir)r ro lin(l hcr w.y by ;rnililinr I)inr.'

uultol'ri N uur(u

Ucl(.^ l s

Ollir:r'l lilc rvrs still tlcpicrcrl by rrovclirrs:rs soullcss, inhunr:ru or nlutcly rbsurd, Lut rrrost nritldtc.clrus pcoplc vcrc bcginrillt ro rcccl)l :L xs thu [urst D0ntt:rl1v.ly oflifc: :r ccntrc o/rctilitv:rs nrrurrl xs tIc ftflnll0usc, lllc uhurch or rhc irrn,rcks,r ccrrnrrv crrlicr. And lIc horru;tsclt'wrs ln:g;rnrir)lt lu yicld ro rhc olticc rs'rlic ccnrrc ol thc rolx))uIily.'1 fic Ccfll)lr) industrixli! Wxfurrr ttitllcniu, looung l.rrrcl on tlrr clrrrngcs bcitrrc [,orld \\,xr I, dcscrilJcd horv .1.hc rvorfs[up ;rnd Ihc onjcc wcrc divordcd fronr rhc jrolrci drc Nor]:inr trours fc\v longcr; tlrc bisincss rrr:rrr, t}c oflicirl cnrploycc, rnd rlrc nrrn ol furnlirf, bcgirr lo.sDcnJ lhc wholc dry rrvry frolt r.Jrc rJscllinf; rlc ul!riru comnr! ily of(hc liolschold wxJ brohun llt., lJLrt thc biu bt'si css or!:rnilxrjo r \vhicJr \vcrc srowillu up ii Llt': Litrropcrn cilics \eiirc nrr rr)orc nrpcrsollxI.urd iIcutDprchc,!riblc rhin llc crrlicr hicrxrclticl of(hu church or drt irnrt.'l'hc ordcrr ! d rcutrlr(ions ol $c t:o,!n'!t \vcrc plrscd up :nrl do,vn r,lc 'ocitlt' pcrsorr vill no siridc bciug clcrrly re{ousiblc. 'fhry co!hl |yrrnriLls, (rcxlc x n;lirtrurrc ol pcrscc(lirni, xs $:l|r flrosl rcrrifjnrUty dcrcribcd l,y rr rclsilivc y0trfili iltsLlr:1Dcc el!.rl i,t IrrxUuc. l:fxnz l(rtlir'j ovcls corvly Lis o\vn privrtr sclsc ol Dcrsr{:utiorr irr r:rrclicd sjnrb<rlisc,l t{flN; l)ut hi:r cloqrcrrt lcttcr:i pflrvirlc rlrc urusr hlfu linU x':i:otlnrs ol lhc constrrillr ol oflicr lifc.

. tFni;rutcd itrro tJrc lticrircl;cs ordrc 6rl.l/,",,y';. Ifrcrr,ih xdrrr;nitli.F Ior! fiom rhc Nrpolconic krdnla ltub n!>!cd into riihtrys or elccrriciryi rind rhc Uritish slylc o l' courrl ry-hofl sc lifc \vii .,rcrcircd irr look lik; rhc nc\! comprt]y bt,ildinff \!lrich \crc ofrcrr dcsiU c,l 'o lhc ftonr bccrnrc thc .r;srocmct.'fhc hill nrrni:ons of rlc urcir oiticcj rhc [Irnd exilc:tsc bcc:r)rc lhu dircclor\'lifr, thc foornlcn bcc:rmc ihrulfcurs: rvhilc tlc sub-clisvcs of ho$\tLr:cpurs, nrnnics, golcmcsscr, contf'ttriotrs, or housctrtridr wurc rctrertcd in tIc ncr' irycrs ol ol6ci m:\rrr[crt, fcrsonncl officcrs, priYirc sccrcrrrics or tc! hJics.
6r

tiuropcrns, rvidr Ihcir irirlocr:rtic rjrLl nril:l::ry Ltrdil:,nr:r :rrd nrurc scltlcd connlunltlcs, \Ycrr lcss lcrdy lhtln Anlcric ns lo rltccf'l lllt vrLrcl rnd swlcs oftlc nc\. Lusin cssnr cr. llul d)c cxrlicr socirl slrrrcdrc rcui'ncnl or rhc cilhcdrrl clnsc - wurc rrr..: !. r-tr" "ounrry rdd rhc old t)rrlc ,r vcrc rc-chrc!1:inf in trc!' frdc, "sitr", L:crinninrr ro dir,iuircs wirhin conrprny hcrd tuxrrcri. CcrrrJn lnilirjry ri \s \vcrc

prhcc ir Wcnccsl'u S{tulr!, Nidr . 'c {lo.,nrr}, xrrrr!:{ dntl ;r UIolrc on tof. l.h 5tudicd insurxncc l)o (lcrln,r uonlcictrrio$sly b(t drcxr;l)., Norkinf riUIr to Dinc l,o ri x diy incltrdrJ.. I

ln l'r'r;uc irr r9o? Kitlx i{,i cd Iis lirrr rIlnorcr, rtrc Ioli.r irlsu ncc conrpuy Assicurizitxti Ccucr:lli, Nhirh h..rd bcci foundcd ir'l'ticrtc in ISj r ru(l wir opcrxtinlj rcross liuropc - rs ir srill docr

\yorhrd i0 xn

irrrpr,rsirrg

.:i

.1.

irrr Sxrtrdr). 'll'nry lrout lus prcv;uusly.ltxllcd or rhci. ra\r, xfrl), $,rlli[U on druir hxndr.'

rer, rl)cilr

I'rn ul conrt)l:ri[illt rbour llc Nodt so nnrch .s rllc $v]mpy v;rcoiily ol rir)rc.:fhc lict is thxr ofiicc-hours ciDl bc d;vidcd It): cvrn dr'rnrE rhc hsr hxlf-fiour lhc trcssu;c of drc ciuhr hrrrrs ciln bc fck iusr ii rrtlch u Llnring thc lirlt. lfr litc:r rrxi,r jolr cy thrr (ocs or olcn'i[hri li xtt], (t;1t);rirL.d, you o lurUcr rlrinL cirh':i .iborrr thu Ixl)our uf rlrc ijotillc or ibour thc sccrrcry, hil\.or flrr, brrr yuu bhnrr cvcrlrhing or your rvrrctr, rvhich you hold conrr:rntJy in rhr: prlnr oftorrr l.rnd.
6l

:'ii
cr)i,t t^t{ t i\l AN , ,.\frcr rrrlc rrrulrlrs l(rth ururcrl ro rlrc \Vortrrrcn,s

Actirl,:ur lnrurancr: lnrtirurc for rlc Kirgdonr oflohcnriI, iu r r;rr;iyu l,r.nuurt)silditrg \ idr il po(ir wi(h l huljc bcrrd nr drc rrrrr;rncc \ho nlri,rrithrcd rrorkcls cooririB ro rpplJ for conrpclls.rlion. liiuii (ook xll irrruhlcc cou15c, \!rotc rcporls rbour c.rr'i surrnec lrr(l dctc,xte,l tl)c in5lilu(c .!;:rirrt dc!r'rcrors: Iis bo:s rcl)o(c,.1 rhrr hc,cotrrbir).j (orstr|)( irtcrcsr in ill flrcl|ror rdi $i$ vcD grcil z.$l', ]n(l Mitl ll|nr rhc dcplrtIrcr]t \rould uoll:rpsc s,irhur:r hirrr. Uut lixlli $is rccirrf drc ,rllicc ;o tuu$cnl rrrnr. liolr tris crk l,r \qr.hcd x l:iod orbier \vhich nruvcd drro!rl' rhc c,l'|i(t,,rs urrD intl l;lcs inJ docurncnrs. 'U:rch rirnc i( t),,5sc\1,' hc tLn(l hil gi''ltIierrl I'cli!c, 'l drouIht i( \r;r! IitiltlJ ruit l)lc li]r Irc, srs $,nitillU tor llrc.' Sorrc;c:rrs L,rcr hc srakcd lbr t\v(, lx)r; rL') irr r lrirtcr tirrrlcrr, ro tccorcr liorr rhc dcrdlj ulliuu \oi!. "l l'r ool). rruc hcll,' hL roU leLr )crrjr hc

Cl.l,\P'l'Dl( lf lVL'

Ma.tugers afld Dcs?ots

'l Lir $url,l, \rl'ich h,r nd(r Uulurc Lrc( r d/ lu rreri)( ulivcrrllly ilt ol drc uriv ril lii!r uifcrcd' n/ ir, rr[.'riu ,6.,t'l,rr(r,r.t 1,,,,'rrcJ ro cr Uir.( rlc,rlil,dru(ici\ cc.n,d lrcl'nulvlfsnlruur r(c,-

rr:

'

r^ytt, t.r./t'Lr, ]tu Ual,ualI' dLot (trsr)

Itlicc, 'i! tlrcrc in rh{ lfticc, I no l' llcr lt |rn) ,,lhc..' Alicr f! r'lifr rIe ollilje Ji)r cver. 'l(il!x clnrc rs,tuicrly 'Ur(lwcirr $ r nrousc,' s.rnl drc ollicr clulrrir. A collc:rfrc Nir:r k,l t0 l|llio [\, y tIc 'rulcbish' ilr his dcsli - r slcndcr Uluss v;rsc holLJir6 rrvo pcnci|; illd r pcnholdcr, rrld r bluc-rod-Uold lrtlcut) lnd :riuccr liour \vhich hc drrtrt Lis rnilL. lJut I0r thc rcsr ofrlrc cr',rtrD hii plivxrc itrrx[n,.rriolr \rr to rc(luirc r uni\'!rsrl dinrursiun, rullvc)i ( rll drl. hon',r] ol rnonyrrous burtucncy ovcnvhclmiuI thc i'rilividr'.rl \vith ils i,nr)cnclriblc t)o\f $.

'l hc {rrcr[irl; corl){,r ir]llr ol lIc tjrrlJ t\vetlricllr iciullrJ \ycrc ririti (r,nhrsirU crtilicr \!ith llr ulrcurlilllt lc8ilitllilc), 'l'l)t 0rlUill fouDdcls rnd u\vucrs \vcrc yielliDg eoutrol Lo LIc cunrprny ulcu, \!ho \vcrc eilrblishinu rcicntilic itstcrN of nril):rllc[tc t; whilc (hc llnusinds ot surll slrrruhol<1uls, tlc rlrrururi{xl o\vn0rs, scrc purvcrlcss r,, iutcrvcnc. ljut tlc bigljcr tiu corl)or tioD, tltc ,[orc i! uccdcd dccisilc

lcr

rrnrir), xnJ ilcci5;uns \vurc'.'rDstrDdy pushcd.upneftls, rorvrr<ls pcrk. Ard corrrp.rrrT rircl or butl s:Jcs ofd)c AdrDtic \verc il in[cr rruur;rurocrrt:_ vho wcrc our ol'cortrol. :, 'l'hr br:;i'rcssDi r lrifl)sclfN,$ pidl)u'trDdiur'his innucncc rftur rhc Ii|sr WolLl Wilr, ::! x l)ill r ufsocicr); )ost.:ofrll in Anicric.. As Sirrchn Ltrvis lratl dcscribc,l lrirn ir 1916:'No longcr docs drc burirrcss rllru rlrrr)1, drc butlci chsscs for pcrnlittinf hirn ro nlrlc .,rnl JrtrlLurc l,r(,rJ.rrJ rolur-c.fs rd l)uots. No lonfcr Jccs hc cr'.rrrl tu rhc clrrrrch to buy l,,rrrJurr for usu17, Bu;irrc:;:; i, bcinl rr:cogrisc(l - :u'd is lccrLllrrir;ing itLrll - rs rulcr. of thc rvorld., /\rrrr;r.r'r businus:.x,rn \"cru csr,rblishillU r}cir orvn jocirl ncr\yorlis inLl iIll uncc, euco!rlgcd by clubs rvjrl brirnchcs irl crch cily, Ioldirlli N(rlily lLrnrhgr rhc l(ohry Club, firr ir)srrnc.; foundcJ ir 19o5, lr:rrl r,;o,ooo urtrrrbcrs [t t9io. Culll)lrius \vurc irrcrosilg\,trlirill over liUrn lhc rlrLll(hcs irii llic cllicl'i0ciIl DcLrvorli.'llusiricsr ir:clf \rxs rcllrr(lc(l \!irh.x ncw viiflcl.:rliu],'\vrotc thc histori:rn Frcdcrick Allcn, l,r,iiIti blcl r)ll lIc lncl)ti(r.'Orlce il hrrd bccn cotriidcrcd
65

6.1

c)1\lrlN..,/\t1N
At A

lc:s difnificd rnd disri,rguisficd rhiu lhc lr:rlcrl prolcsjirnrs;blt rr^v pcoplc rJrouglrr rJrcyprrlscd :r clcrn n:,rr htUhtl rvfi.r rh() Ln cLl lr;rr
Aood butillcss

NI

(i li

tui

INt)

tJ

til I Lr.t,t

Iirr'.rrrv n:rrLrrs

Ll

prorhrcls tr) 5.

Irrn.'

o4 imi'rtors. Thc nc\v frofcrrion oFrr!ni't^n.cnt conrutt ,r Nis 'dirilolingfrom cnginarin6crTc j. Ir rtlr drc consutHnrs Dry e

-Hrgil-jt)1nt srlcsrncl l v tLc Biblci, thcir tc\t-b00k:Ir(l Cllrisr 15 !rcir.propltct. I;rijd Fl ltcnclr, LJrc Ncrv York birildcr, (lu0tcd ll)c .logrnl'Krock rnd'lr shrll bc opcrlcd rnto youl t,y.ihc ;rc,,rc.r llunl]n-nrturc DrIcfl r]u{:cvcr ljvcd'. ,J I.c l\tcrrol,otirr Crrurtq, ,Mj"cs rus Insuruncc Conrprny o.rc ol.rhc l:rcrtc\r "rplrillcrJ rjr. r srlcsnrcn ind rciFcnitc pronrorcrs rI:.r cvcr l:vcJ.' U r jc JJlrl(,r, co-foundcr df.drc rdvcrrkirrg.rgcncy UIIDO, rvrorc r book rbour Jcsns, TItc *lan Nolotly K oDr,.which dcscribcrj ho\y h0 hxd ,pislcd up nvclvc mcn from rjic bo onl rink ofbusinc\, rnd fonlcd th.nr, inro rn orsin:srtion rtrrr iorrqucicd rtii rrorlJ.. Duropc.o it!rcllccrurls obsc!vcd rtrc ncN brccrl ot.t,usi crs[,cn wiih inliztnicnt. G.li. Chcstcrrotr tlr:scribcd rhcnr rfrcr viririr\t Anrcr;ci in r9z1: "fhcJ sir xbouL i; $o pr $.irli t("d-h(ti,,,r tjr.,rr.ii);: .s if prssir\g rJrc pipc of pc.rcc: thuuUtr, il tict, nost ut (tr;rn ;,: smoHns c;6irs-xnd sonrc ot lhunt irc cidnu c:Uxrs .. .'I Ijncy tll:rl ill.tlosc- l, d-fci(urc(l ftccs, in st)ccriclcs xn,t shi!c,, jxNs, d; Ioul, r.tllcr jlilc, bcciusc rhcy ilt liLc ro ,itc rtr.ir ficcs L:,r(t.. pr.crlc.ll Icvcl bu\incss r::xDr[crs h(rjnrc nrorc t)r)- 9" ..."'"1"ind fcssion:liycd $criously rnir:crJ. ()ritr:gcs; o-srnisc(r c,nrrscs ri!d ENc dc;rcc:crcd;rs.for.conrIncrc;il sut;ccr,: i,rctud;rI idrcrrisi U, nrirl:chnE ind cvcn srcnourrphy. Dusihcss 5chuotr prolifcnrcd, I)ror';dingcourscs in indusrinl oruinisrrioD: Ljrc \Vhrrlon School i ;gUr .hidjbcan follo\vcd bi drc I-hnrrd lJusincss Sctrcol jroS, inJ:r losr

:ll:lll]])j \vr,) \vcrc iln",:', oprninI

r
.

rcrcprruncs c:r irJ.r.or "nrr ",ui: up;tIc ncv conu rJ ;clrions..

Nivc;\rlilc tlrc ewcr indu!rri(, ir:i c,j cluincc,s

scrious poliricrl l)lx[, xnd drc lllovcnlcll! dicd our, But rtrc o",:r'_ L,n,icry,'ld,rcri,,, or rlrc t)cp,csrion l",i ,,,";,r.;n,:ri;-

lrc Lrrsh turDcd nrrny nrrn:rfcrs iflrl cnfir)ccr, rfrinsr rJrc polirisysrcnr l,hich hrd prodLrictt ir, rrrl rJrcy Lrcgrn ro ::rI,:rl,r.d,r:oi)rinIlc rouk tor,itrcfl\xr.ivcs..iI wtrich drcy \vD Id pt,y L"y rolcs. ifrc,Ay in I lr0rnuin: 1/cblcn hrd llrcdictcd rh:rr crrIinccrs r*oul,] rsi"rr rncr scrvcr x[rj1sr o\vncrs, :rrrd,'tli*rltow rht J:rgc iblcnr.c o\vncr_ sI4) rtr:rt Uo(s ro nr:rkc thc luncd i,lrcrcrt, d ro unn)rtc d)c i dur_ sJ':rc'n'. Veln{rt's idcrs \vcrc.Jcvcrot)cJ rry r.rowrr,t scorr, rrr wtro. $rrncrl lhrr t:ro\v;rU I)roducriv:ly \voutd crcatc pcrr xnc,)l u cnrt)loy runr: rhc i dusuirt iUc t[d ,runicrt upon rnislcrs to dcsrroy;1. Scull \vrnrcJ lo crcitc I rccl,nocncy. 'rs Ui;ilU ,rrnrl tu rl,c st'crt\, rn(t rcptru;,rU hrurcy b.,rcd u,, U"t,l ,"iUi ,,",; trn,rs br\cd,oD tncruy, ru bc erlt.J (ruj xIJ joutej. .t.t;c Dutrcjsi ,, sudrlun boosr ro Scorr's rcctrnocncy, xrd for . ,hon Urvc ;nrc l:r :rllrxcrud bi6 crorvtts _ u, jt hc rrvc.!lcd his hcl, ol:rrry 'rertir)Us

rr:r

rlll

il:lclly.i'1! x':rucrt,t rhc.[c.,t ri,r cd,l t(cofl,,,ni! "rrnru\1ry t)tr, ;;r:,:;n,l r0 !n,r cr L.rs ro r,rorcct x ,r n,birisc rrrcir o,rn ""-.""''
lli:liu:i,I
rirwirds

cl crs i d phlr)inr c,rcourxr;cd !urocrrLs rr d'c fLrr!fu,,(trrt)toyn,cnr nrictc cohrprny nrcn morc {rutcnJc t_on.rhcnr r d UrrrcfLrt for r y tird or\vo!l:. I; rll drrcc of Iu{ lrduslrics \vc h:lvc Iookcd I oit, crrs rd bLrsincs! nrrclinc, -;u - rr'c ct,,rr co rt)r ics ci,Ic to bc,tL,n;nir-Lt by j: turdcrs.
.....,.11:.,1"1'.1 rr,c tot)i whiic
UIc

Zimhirmrnrrdvjscd Gcncril ttorors on drcir;n(c.nrt rcorgrrrisrtion: ro!i ),crrs Irrcr onc or drcir r:i nc15, Ji;rcs O, tvtct(rnrcr, srr t| his o$.n firm ofmin:scmcrr consulr,rnrs \vtrictr wir ro t,ccornc drc r\osr fumous in dic lorld, Durinr d\c scvcn-ycir born o'rlrc nvcnrt$ it s,:s rtrc cnlr.frcnonrr flld linlncl(rs \rlIr r- r.thc D.tc0 nr'(l 0clliov0d trlqry t:i thu providcrr of urprrullclcd 1ro1r"r;ry. Uur trc dr$r Crish'or r1r9
undcrmincd tlrc invcsrrhcr! \rhich sufporrcd rhcnr. tliscrcdncd rtrcir dc:linrr, rnd dcvsrrrcd p;oducri;,, rtrd ;obr..lt,c Dcfrr\r:on otLt,c thrnrcs pur muc\ morc c rnl.riis on rhc nrlniUCrs,.who h:d lo l,.uk
66

l)\NDIRD OII: DOMlNril.lON AND 1.r{L\soN

Sri,r(l,rrd Oil 0l N(\v JtrrL.),

l(r'ukclclJrr'{, w s

ir rt)|)''inrdlx nu,( ct'rinIx,r, \Vrtrcr.t.c.rUt(, r hcrcdir.*.ir",," ,,.ri",. Ii'll'cr trx'l c(nnt,crcrl N:rt, t(octurc ^, bcrurc l;c ;,;U o,,r ro h;n,. r crtirc t)ru\idcd r bridtic l)(l\vcc rhc fi r ,:cncirr,o,, ur o\j,cB .l xDd. rl,u lrrrr t)rorcs5io,rir rrHnrlcrs. trorrutr ri.rrrcll

\tlll r I

th{[iir

xj, rr

lilrl ol liuliJortr; r t(l in tir?

r]rc producr

rxj lunUcf conro,trd Uv rtrc

oi

L1

corllANl rll\i!
r.l)ori!rr, lrr lr)ld rrccurircs llor lo crtlr[c rcl:'ri!$ k, Nork $iih lhcnr, bur lo rclcr tlEru ro odLcr dctirLurcrrLji. "J lrc llhl dur) ul rrr
c\ccut;rc is to pro!idc for coDtinuirl.of cllici(:,rr nriliUun,crrr,' hc (old dr(rn ir ttlt.'No crcc(tiyc hll fullillc,l his du(I ll'Lil h. lHs r.i illcd Iris succcs!or.' llul hc hior5cltdu0rjrllrcd dlc conrl)nrr) \!iLhuul rruclr droriUhl irbout r 5ucccrror. llc rcpr:rtcdly lc,-'rgrrniscLl it, rJclcUrtrd po\vcrs lo 5pccixli5rs, irrd dividcd il irrto sc!xl.lc diYiriior)s orrc ol rlrc lirst conrprrricr lq do so - rvhilc rrriri'r(xirrnrI his pcLso'rrl rlr' lrr.rl<J. Likc Ilcrrry Lrr.rrd hc rJctcstc,.l ulg,rniutiorr chxr(s i'rJ I'trr kc)' tlc tcpt h\11'crs o(Lt of drc rlliin l-rorrtl' rDd took mrc drrrt :rloof ll(rDr rrol bc 0rrrdc Ly I conrrrrillcc l'lc Icl)t .rcclL;oni 'rr,"t,l courltirrt rrrcrr, rrosrl.f Pctrolcunl cnlirrccrs lvho hird t|c 5cnior ll','t,"J ;q, J'"'piplu""'. i t" r".i ri',"" ,u.nrt'"t ltolidr) I yt'r l'r l''"rinc r,,rl fi,hi.,i:. r:i'i,rr: or,l"'s front hr csrrrr: llc cnrl'lo;cJ Lir $iLlr .l'',' r"i'.rr. J"".' lrirrr'rUrrn, Irrrrl cir'tLlislrcd r fri(rtlsh;l' 'r,t, l)clcrditrll' iltrk t',.ii,lcrrr l(oos$rlt. llthcrr hc nrcl $;th his Ulul)rl C(lUc'rltirtr rDil Cxrltrrrtr - ro cirrc trlt thc colllrol oI lhc worltl'rt oil'
u,,,icrlinIs.
O ll^!Ul(,\L IlO,f Ol{S: l l(r\LlS!:D DLCIiN I (ALl5 1.lON

C,':N

lr \!.ri tltc ruLo indullr) t:lcrd Urc grciLcs( probtcnrs oforl; risctirrrr, urrd rvhieh rv:rs Lo prr)!nle rlrc nroJul oft)Lollssiorrl ll]rurgcnrcur

phii

tur orIori, in the slrrpc r:l'Oullu|rl lvlorors. lbvrs inllucrrcerJ by rIc ukl chcrrricrl conrpruy n,n by llrc (hrPollr fiIrily \yho hd crhbljrhod r gurporvrJcr'c'rrt)xr) iri Dc}r\vtuc in rSor rnd rctaincd control rhrouU[ llic niDctccrdr ijcrrturf.'flrcy crt) rdcd inlo odrcr products iruludir)[ pl:rsticri, :rld irrlroduccJ profcssiolrl nrrlrgcrs and vcllur8:r'iscd Jivisiors; whilc thc IiNilJ rulJ;ncd t|cir inllu!ncc, ptlrtll by urulrlir8 off Lhcii diu;lrtr's to llrc rop ci\cculivcr. Aficr drc l;i.s( \\'urlJ \\'xr rhc el..ri.1rrxr, l'icflL duIunt,5xN r cLrjrcc rL, nrovc irr(, rl,L r,,ro,,,ol,ile indrrr,l,hro,,Ulr .1,c :r;l:rj Gc,r!ril Ilu(ors.. CM hr(l hcc'r prt LlUctllcr b) I bdllixnl loDcr, WillirDr D!r;ll:t, bur (llu rcc(sriou ol rgto lcli tlc coDrprn) widr lrorvirtg dcbs rrd hLrgc stoeks olLrrrsold crrLr, wlr;clr frrrccrlhirrr ro yicld contiul. llul)out .h!r llrr :16 Per ucrt ('l'tl! rtt,ck, rl(l (lulc(rlcrl lIc trsl olrcurgrrris.Alfrcd l'. Slol.r. h \vrsrllcnry. ford's $io!! ro r 'nis(cr-nrrnxf:r, slrlibo r xutocfrcy, r"'l rcfus"l lo uivc customcru r choic, \lhich Urre Slorrn his upl)orru0ilv, I lc hild bcu) brouUht up in dlc cirly aulo jnvcnror likc ljord, bul ofa consurucr ltc, \.irh rhc ;Dil;rcrj; nor LrfrD Nho luoucd lo o\yn :r crr': 'l wJnrcd ouc but couldr)\ nlTord il.' llc

(li(l nol conlldc iir ltis to prcvcnt o"cqrIorJrrction t'r'd !riccrYtrrs, lrc

,;iii

..
.':

:;

il

'l

Il", 'l c-4c lrcLc,.l DUliricrl 5cDsi(ivitv. Altcr Ilill!r lir'l corrrt lu I'c utcrdt,l * sccr.t l."l wiur drc CcrnrJD chcn)ierl crrrcl ""'*., irr ic t',,t ." *l'i"t' Ur!c IIctrr.r I)rccious l)rrcnr lor 'rvirrio Iuel' rhc lu crucirrl vlliuh vcru prrcrrts syrrrircLic.ubb\:r tb. ir CrchrnUc tl.zi.'lr-nucirirrc; rn,l strrr,tlia oitt scicnrisrs coriirucd ro supplv !ilurblc inforlllrtiorl to dtc Gcalll $ rftcr lhc illririiorr of Uuropc' 'l hc I:.rr rcrr 'l lrtrr rrrrr' Ariruld, Urt.jl rri-lrus( ch:cl in WrshirrUluD' chrl:c,l Sr.rrr,.l.rnl Oil Iirir rcsrrictivi: rgr':crrrcrrLs :rnJ ficrucll x'rd xll)ctrlcLl ' rrrrc-kcLl't6ulc .rho lrcc IC confuscd 'rrd inuftcctivc, 'liunr'tl tor"'!r tl:rn1S S':rrrror rfrcn"rrrls i' *.r, i" Lu""""rL -iu, chrrr;cr; lhc rrcrsurr' l uf O rueusirrt; Strnrlrrd ur) tlc :rrtJrl'. c"crr rtn,ul,t hrrLl crphirrirJ, 'wh rt rhcrt ":.r" "t'i'i'L,nri,n ""|rt",.i, pcoplc rvcrc tqin6 to rlovrls to look rt thcvrrxs it lrirhiitory phijriooF kind ofl)crnt:trcnt llti'rli.' )lut 1't rglc ncvcr ltusn,"rt .noit "s "r'cnotr ro,l furublirrg, bcliric (l'c c'rd of hir "u,l "t recovcrcdr hc lc:iUnc<1, . rcrnr i'r r9.t1. Ilis bojlrd wcrc dcre nirrtd to ivuid lirluru irrrocrxls'

h(c:.rrc xr rlcLlricJl trrgirrccr.rt rnrrul:rclurcr, no rDrtlcr

Ml'I

buuruvcr losl.his r\vrrcrcst

aD nuronobilc
is scvcrcly

of thc cLrstorrcr. As hc c;iphiDed: 'Auy ligidity by

pcrirl;';cd;n ll)c

rr;rrkct.'

horv

llruc ur Jrijryivcll cs(rblisllcd, '

rhc oppoliti of l.orrl's: 'A crr lor er(D PUrsc,uld puq)usc.'llc stt ul) frvc iclrr.ltc divisiorrs mrking rrrrrge:; ul rrurr:rrrul-rilus cLssil,cJ by pr.ic, Jcvi:cd l rlnlort oppo'rnd ritc uirlir6uncrl ,y:,l,i.l to I0rd r: JcuclLil:id, stricr.ly rlcfincd air.l \rll-r'urt,uru.rrirU. l'hc Iurr6-t':rrrr rrrrvivrl of Gc.rrcr.rl Morors, hc erlrl.r:rtuLl.'rltpr:nrls UlxDr ir: bri U r:1,cr,uc,l i botJr tIc spirit rnrJ thu rul)rlrrc,j ol rlcecnlr.rl:rtiun'; urd hc rvlntcd u hrppy nrcdiunr Ictrrcil,r tIc crtrerrrcs r;l l)Lrrc ccrlLiriirrlion lld p0rc dcccnrrrSlo:rrr prcsr,rrtcr-l his Policy

rr

'

'iriil,

li;rtirrr.
6lr

i .-.1i:.]::,",, D:sc wrUt

co ll t,^

Nr

t\

rcrluircJ:rro\vcrfi,t ccnrrc: r,c r"t l:,cc,l I:,,r.,,,r.j,i,,/ :r nrr5jr\cLhcxdqurrtcrs, rvIc|c rrrorrU Ucrrcr.rl rrccrrrirrr prcsidciJ ovcr hrgc ir:ffs of :rccorjrrr,rnrs r,rd id\.iscrs ft1,1t tn,. cr_crut.!c conlnlittcc oftcn rlrcnlbcrs hc:rdcd.bI,1"f,"",,r.f,riri,,r,, rrrd_SIo:rn,:rs;rcsldrlnr.l.Ic l-ro:rlrl cdnccr.rrrrcrl orr lon.lrcrrn pl.rn_ n.nE rnd iJlocit;n6 rc{ourccs, lcavil1; dry-lo_d:ry 1,r,,,,U;1,,.;, ,;l;,;" srrlflnJ_linincjltrJiiiiiorrs. Ttr:i w,u"b.sioy5,r nriliriD;sysi;;;r r;:;;: urL^ ra urc frus'rn rflny oJ lhc crrly nin.,c^nrli ccrrr, 1, I.iri, rhi 6crcr.:l's I IQdclc6.rriny ro rJrc rtctrl corln,rnJr+, 1,,,, i, *"i i:,r.,,,o,i" coNptcji,,ind lo rc\oJ!c drc r:\..lric{ ofJtu rhrcc rtivisions Slorn rri xt r Tutrrdrvrsion:l \rrucrurc, rlirtr.r rr rvrr1. rfcorr.r.irrccr. O*.r rorly yc.'rs thc syllcnr $.rs to bc cdt.ic(t hl, .\r.rny .,lrcr Lij! coDrn r,,i.. . wclr is i1(t ;r nr:3;.,.,rrLr rtrc qor;;,1.;,1.i._ry,." 1:li:r" or con.frny rrrI whu^tr,"r:cr. \....s stillcd iI rcr , o k r ,t co rr-o. i.... \':s r.iclcr-cuti,c fo- t\q.,,,)!rtrr.c Jr j,:,,,i1 t.cc:.,r( rhc , Sloln r'cro ot protc\.iorll rnitrxU-r!, rl Gc,, ,:t Mur,,rj.vc uok ti,.t ro bc_omc Lltcworl.l'sbiUjcsrrr,loc) rl.r tr'.c".,,,rc (t,rchict::y ). rl,"l c icicn"y ind l,rostrur.r), I,Jhrirc,l 11. l)rrnocni pr ti_ .,'*""*" :' r,.ixns .s ,nuclr rJj Rcu,bticxrs. rn rt,u .r(ut:u,,,or i9.11,,r,n.1. ii.,_ kcLr, tlrc cl):r;r-Iin- of Gc cr..l [4.rnrs. i:r]n"c c,,rrIri cc, l,cc c ctr1rr'n.n oi rtrc Dc rucr.rric N,rt:on,i rirn, r:ll,.c, rt ruvc(t rtrc Dcnocratic ltc:ld q ui ltcrr. to drc Gful bu;tdin6 il Ncrv yorlt * :rn idcllly bullish .ddrcss'- ro rclssurc vorcr\. It irrs not unrll finy ycirs hrc|hrr Cr: f,r \vc.rt:nc{{ of rtrc CM syilcm Uccrmc rppircnt. It \iis :r rro.tc: of muclr.Ilicill strucrurc, rr otposcLl ro org.nic [ro\lh, As Sloxn l r ir, ir \,.r\.(tcs;Uncd rs.n obJt:trvc.orrrnkidon, is Jisr;n6ui.Jr^! rr,,.u r1,",r.,,",trrr ucrs Iu,:r rn u1c suDJcctrv,ty ot t.rsoDiliticJ.. I.lc L,.rnc;t.rhrr ir vis ,not drc rtr-ropriirc orFnri(ion for p,,rct),ir.,ri,ivc c\cc,,rivc\, h ,l it frov:..(s :r c.rironn,cnr for rFLt: rrrrJ nrion.t nrcj).. tr,riSto,rt, 'Nourrbtc o$ dccrsrons i d clro:cc ofnr.n $.crc oncn;n,ui(iyr, rd trc lr)e\v th:i hc. rlicldcd g-crt pcrsorrrl p"*r, 1O"i",,rrfir"rr,, no;, ll,, ". corporition is nor rhc t-onrr of orl.roir.rriorr i.r 'nJustrirl 'nildcrr socicry. I.ncvcr mininri\cd rhc rdur:,ri: rrurilc f o\icr of Uri aricf ctccL,rN.. lonr is drc bos( \rii I Jcc:sisc u"I:,rj lil:c Slo:n, .hc sy{(crl .ould.so \'ort. Bul Nirhour ronU Icid(j \hiir irdcUcrr',xl"d i.,lo rcdiocr:Fi,.flr:Gonrlir) inro ific\t)on!:bitiry, ind ir d-vctopc.t ., .ruhcd |.Ero'ry \\'Lr'ch Gs sloin \vrrncJ) ,il scv.rcly tcnxl:scd,.
-lo

^riN

i\t,1N/\(i

tt(i lNl)

D t:

jf nt.rj

tUM:.. .tI
'l

LtI t.s 1.O t.lltN{J;rC

lnorc

,,,,.lcrc"ri;,; r nrorlcrni:ctt Uut r,f corntrrr,y ror"rr.. .l:h,ji(urr it,crdy l,rd ,, n ru,,s 5tror_i,clo,t, u\rI(d b/ Cror,,c J,il,,trur,.rr id".,l:\r who bcti(!c,t in ihrt.,jrrt.,t (tc,"*,.,c].,",i,;t:;
ulu\c,'o l,ij \s.1,'.rj, colcurDinri Lin.rulrn.;rt Ij,cl,r_,J"",l1,"r,: I'rd rS,ooo rrptoyc(! ro \!tro r t,".r,,,yt,r io 'cDN..u. [:"c,,"n," Ldu,,uirI L,] pu|t,o!u. I.tis cu,nr)rny, U,,,lic,,ri_J"1,.;^, 'it b"*,,i; lrrru, s rur cD.t oli ,. inrt,ovcrishcd 1t.,, ,..,, t,,,opc,,r,,: ;, \ u,r{ (ir \.N s.rir) \- ,c '\,, r,icr, ll''". I',urisr! l;":1.lil:l'll': ri-.1. r rrc M\,r,,r r,' ti,tti!,,1t c.,,r j.r:l.,cc cv.tf,,(r. ,,iJ,.t,r,,.,,,,,s ,Lt,;,1 r:'ru,',.(ornrnclrorrluil j)y l\vo rrctrcs xcrus\ M.ri .r,;A, p."_ rir: U.rcN.y lo drc Squrrc Dcrl'l-o\v s:-c, ccrr(rby LJ \\,ort:c;l,j
]ivcrl

rorvn oi Lrrr]irorr, iI Ncrr t,ort 5rltc, Wrrro wrs trrin;n1; x hirtrlr_di5c;trin(d fore.,f ,,t.,",",,,;;J rDrnr[(r\ lo c\tcn,l Iis ncrr-nrorronol, n..,,rrch_cr,,t,,

rlcpcnrJcrrci;*:rh :r n,o,c rrcdic c(t r:;nd lllll:::!lll"el "rt,'T"r:rt .,r c0n)t:ny,nrxn, Ar Pc(cr Druckcr dcrcribc,l h;ll .t.tc crclcd;; txc irtos tlc roc;xl o;Irn;jliojyrDd ll,","",t. .r,,,,,,,,,,ily ;il;; Iost-irrrtusrrirt socicry.' ln rhc snlJ

honr:r,;,\Vrrsorr rvrs turniug his young )Llivt cou,1"ny i,rro

"llt

.,rJ;; i,,;

rl

Si*,

suiri ind \vhirc st,in5, di,t ,,"r,J,i,,t,;",i t,;; ::'1""'"" 1""1" s'rr'! otr rtrui 't.,rk lusks sryi U l.l.uNI{.,t1.c corrrx:r Nirl,.trc 5\oc,,.r,,, ,-.,,

r'io"'j ror,',so,,': pi,u,,,xr:'n,, L,r ;n,po,.,r .l.l::l:l: ll'l::l l rr)ucI r1'orc ric:tt ird discipti cd ruIi )c. I.t;5 nriniUcrj t,urjr ':"lt rnd

1\1'ri:(ri \vns c\lrcrnc _:rs dcicribcrt bv rh. $ ", "'|u 'Iuirer I(or,cn r,,",,;;,-;;, ,,,."-,r,r,

"' ":'

^r',

niar,

'l'Iu
ul.ls\

in rr'(,r sull!.c. !rirs rId.1i,.{ or n(irt). r.ilor.,, ,1.,.,.;, .,,; rl .,nrcrl, '\\'hil. yu,,'rc rl; t.i|l', \\c!r Jrinli,,,,,

sh;rrs, rJv(rrcd s.,.cxrcrj or rc:lm iicl:crs, l::l^:l:l:l l:r: !:r,r r rrdrcd iirnr.sc ttcrt brnU'rcs rlown rhcir sid,: of rIc srrcrr, rn1('lU. trr rc:rrby borvlirrI r c]s rnc eorncr s.rtoonr vircri Il'Ltil drll):r b;l I,cfur Iuirr6lonrc. r\r rl,uy r.:lIcrt, :oIr" ol drc lr. \e.\crs lookcJ xcro\s rr rhc \vtrirc_coltrr ItJi,4 cn,jrto),cc!

strecr rri1lrr.,r.; \vclt hNc bccrr r \ri dif;d, i. ir rtid , Iron ciri,\. Ar.q iltirU tirnc u.rcI rruri:ing rJ.ryU rhc druc-

7l

\ll\N ^N\' 51oU.,,, l l.llNli urt)tri5i5u,.t rl,r sujrcr:ur;:,cici,rili,i etr.r.,rrr.:i,t IUi\'1 Lur il s,,r ill bht.rn( co (r'rdicriuD ro rhc ,Jcnr.r,rdr tor (orrl 'rJIt lo1,rlrl: tr., thc corrrpinl..'Loyrlr1. ly0s lh!j lvclr ;u(t tcrr,' \!ur!,r tokl l,i: cu,1,lo1cc:, 'of nr:rknrg thill. rJcciriorr !j ro \vhrr ij bcrr ro rlo.' ll}!l-crs Ncrc lo bcconrc cJriclturcs of Io)rl {onrDirn} tncrr, irrrDrort.rlisctl in thcir cornp.rny sullgr irr Ir;risc of\\,xtJl)I, r'crnillirccrl of l.rrcr Jjrj)r,csc corrt)rrJ sonNr: cc;ll

'l lr(

rl,ti.tAo utrS
(lrcur t0 rhc

AN

l) DIlito1.s

\\rc're hcrc lo chcrr ercl, Uionrcr /\nd xlso l)rouJI). l)orrr Ol rlrrt 'rn!r ol urcn' our fricnd .trd UUidi"[ tri,)d. 'lhc I'Inc of'l'J. \\tirio! nrcxns r roLf U,j noll! c rr jirelrl /\nd {! fc(l l,oruur:cJ lo bc llurc lo kAsr thc'llJ l'.

'l oJr Wr$on's \rirl,

:roD,

\!lru $ould suotr {rc lr'oohcJ lor lhc:i!ccc!jiu,, r!c('ll(crcJl

\!Js cnrb:rrnsr;d by Ihc crccsscs ofhis frrtJrci's palcmxli$rn, p,lr1icrl.'rl) \'l,rn I'! (,rtr,,,i:,sn e!l rI llJjvl s)'rt'lx'll]i I'ur hc $cr'r rl,r'I

ir ,\r

l,c

l.,r

L n(l cls !f (hc roo l,cr CcDr Club, \ylrich inrcrstrrscd pct)-rrll(j.rrLl pr.risc \yrl, Ir1i5l, troJpilrt;0. Thc IDM cx!lrvrUrna.s (JiIrirr.rLc i IlJill D:y ill r1,1o wlrcn ro,ooo cu4rloyc$ in ipccirl tr':rirrs corrvcrgcd r.rn rJrc l{crv YorllVorld,s Frir', Arid Wr6on hinrsclf rvrrs urrply rcrvardcd, .r:i hu l)urhcd up lilM's profis through rhc l),:prtrr."rr. I{o*cvclr'r Nrr,, Dcri .rr rJrc rgior bro,ghr r :w;e of t;ovriurnrrDL {rrLhrs for ntichir)ir lu irnl)lrrIcl! drc nc\y sociil jccuriry :,ystcnr, rrrrd drc fcderll ;;0vcr.rrlrlrlll Irccrntc llJlvlts bigfcs( cujtojllcr. lJ] rgl,t lvirtson's o\v[ ilhry(rvi r his shr rc ofprofirs) rvrs rJrc big6x r ju tlrc Urriicd St:rtcs, :r|r::\(l of ro;) cnlcrtxinc j lilc lViU Rogc; rnd Jiocr C;)no..ild odrcr iDJ!|lr:rli$s irclud;!g Sloi . lvirsur hd tlillirIrly ruccecdcJ ;u fo.Ui4 his nrodcariscd cdrt'.n,y rn r, Nl,o ruulJ r'xsr(r rl( ul'rtrdirt Luch,rulu[], rnd sejt ir \,lh euI"tri..,rcr'r, r rw.., dcJ Ly litLri rc sLcur:ry. !ul. rhc I)rtcrj'Jli5rn irr ltir tonrl:rny to\.rr \rii bircd on lxnorxl lurocr:lry, lnd on 3 tlcpcrrtlencc rrrrLl corrfur ;r) $hiclr could Dol, iu rlrc cod, J,ccp j)rcr wirl, rl'r rc(h,uluUy ir l.(l hcll,c,l tu untcr\h.

ilLi.'/i,rc e.,r(ourtrrs uscJ 1,, rr,rLc li i'l llrrsc silirs, .',(l lUlvl's ffiricr rhoutl,t drLJ N(r! ridicu[,us: hoN could nhro,rc rfllly rrt,! iI .r conrt)iry drx( \vrs slch i orrc-nr.ll sho\va l.lu( to crcrlbod) insirJe, thc urcssrgc rvrs crTsLrl clcrr: you rvould

l-liv!;R:. l(lJLlNC Ur_ llUAIi

:cll nrore nr:tchincs, rrLl rrlvrrrcc fustcr, ifyou urcd yorr [crd. I usiJ to urlrcl rt hon rvillingly rew qnployrcs cnrbrrccd rhc cornt)in) st)irit. ns fir.s I c0uld tcll, obod) nH(lu Iu of tJrc slogrns rud :olg;. 'fillrcs \ycrgdillt.ult thc , xnd I lupl)osc l-rcirr6 crrncrt Jid 'l sccnl il! collly in l9l? ;ri il docs todr)'. Ar)d ofcoursc jobr wcru-,lvfully h:rrd ur corrrc by in tlrc rrlos,
so

'll'c Uriri.h l,xJ nrlrcr;rurl rhuir owr rr,,JiLjoD uf j)rrcflrrtiytr {rJ !onrplIJ loy lty, ilcsceudcd Dirdy fr'ollt liltdcd csr,rtcs or drc (l,,,rrcRJ corpor.,rjoits itrclu,li'tU rlrc D,rt lnrlir. Conrrruy, rrrrl p:ll1ly fi0rll rlrc nt0rc bcliljr o\yDcrs ol ilrdusLry. Ir rrilics lilc tltc
\Vcdgrvootls, thc Ctlburys.,rld drc llorvurrccs

Icolrlc rroulJ l)ut I'p \vidr:r lut.

r lr:rslcrriilcsrl:lr, vho lcrrnr frunr hii o$n lr.r5h crpcricD(r i\s i lluitlcr llu( his nrcn nccdcd botll sric( l[0tivilti0lr rnrl rc$rrds. 'l \v.ut r)ry lljJvl r.rlcsmcn.ro bc pcoplc ru $.hour tlirii r ircs rnd thcir c|it)|cr: curr Iooli up,' hc told.l,ctcr. I)r!cl(cr i I g;1t. Ilc i,rsrillcd u crrr6clicrl zcrl toL irrrd rvorl:rrrrl diiciplinc: "lhc tnrrr Nho utiliLcs crrry rrrinutc olcvcry huur bccon)ls i L;Ul:ur, I'ulrrr br:irr6 ctcry nrinutt.' Ilc:icl iilcsIrcr strirl tr4jcts rshich rrhirlul
r\rrd Wrt*on s.::s

Ild cstablis[cd lrodcl I:rck)r'icr:rnd vill:rgcs to lrousc r|cir clrpluyccs ivith r scnsc of rcrpursiLilig l:rrrrlcd dowr frurn lirdlcr to rrn, (ii:rrrt r:onrbincs rvrrc slorvcr ru rJcvclop, rvhilc rlrc British 6ovcrrrrncrl curlrollc(l rir;Iry rrrry jr)dLrljlrjcs includirll.i lclel)hoIcs, brorderrrilt: rrtrl lrurl' of rh: uil (rJrrouXh IJritirh I'urroluuot. jJut drc Litj c0ll)urilliols lhuryi.{l thr rJntc lcldcDcy totyrrdlj dolni rtinI lc:rdcrsli|, rr:inforccd b), tlrc liuropcrn pnrrcll] of cirlclj. l.jrrcc Ur{nt cr)rnpinics, Ulilcrcr,5|cll uld ICl, rooli slrrpc as morjcls of rnx$irUcnrrDt riDfxucd it) \vorlJ rr;rrJc.:1'hc lirst two vcrc.AD{jlol)urcl,, xrd rtrc rtri;d vlrrrrguuiy:irrlhlirccil briC.r,r,"";;iri;;;,i;, iil ,rll Ncrr srrc.r.;:,ouIrrrLl i:i:n,crxrrll 'h \virli virl. llriLii's:r,ri"'ii1.i,,,","*.^^r*r,ir,.,h.^, lll nriLi :'il,i.it n"riuri.il.i,,ir'..,1"t Lr,.y
";rt.

"t';i.

'

,t:
Ir)l.r'r:rcd,

al

crdr Liiilr rp chbor.ic sylstcnrs, conljrliuccs rrtl rj.r)rs ot prot.csron:rl ,.. .,ru!rr, r.. i1;ars, drc/ !ruJ rycrc.ciich rycrc cilcn vutncrjlLJlc Vulncrrblc to l0 dortri doDliltiltiun :rriun 1," ,;, iul0cr:ll, ,,,,",.,.,, by:$r TIci-ritjsfi-sirlc tiiUnrilii,cr hJ cri6in.rre,l u irlr if,. V;o*i,,",,rri, ,. y/illhnr Lcycq Iht \"trb t,rt buitr up hir soxf conrl,xny,,r I,o JrnISrlt outrrdc Lrvcrpool, rrd rulcd it droLrJfi pcr:U.r,rlconrrrrrrxt. llc crT)rodcd nrhly inlo nctv:rrcrs, lronr Africrn tn,.l;rU ro Jish_ sl:ops;rvficn hc ftccd losrcs in ttc fircd ,:,nlUc,.s Nirh jctibcr.,rc '9?o rurhlcsincss,.to :hr:n!idrlc ttc n.{r. .N6r \rt,.,t hr\ I,r,,d,,(c,l rhc ufficicr)cy rince ,t:r?' trc .rskrJ rr,-cc y(:.,s t.,rcr, .,,.t ,:,;,r";,,",1 rr,.,i it Iid bccn do c by ,coj)rbirrf or.r :r)cfl.icnr . cn, ,rlrJ tuo h,drly prid mcn, cldcrly mcn,:rnd prs! rhci: \!orl{ src,,rlity tbr rhuirs'r 'ncr lhrr ri! dtrcc 1crrs,:rnd I rl contidcDr hrr prortrccJ r'rrtc ot "lor" in thc ,rlitrds of Ltrc rcn,i;tr(lcr rtrrr il rhcy wcrc nor rlit(irr( thci. t rn would coDlc nc\r,. d;c(lin t925,l.rvnrg. tcx,tcrtcrs rn,t rr$r-brrrrirupr crrlrirc - Lc!cr frcinI IouIlrcr conrpclirio,r f.ont A.,cricr]Dd l-!ropc. trir,c yqrs r:rrcr Lclcr Brorllc.r nrcrycd \virll rtrc Drrch tllrrgrrinc Ur,;t t.; tufln rhc rirnl Unilcycr, \\';th irn Anglo-DurcL borr.lundcr.r[c ctriflnrDshil, ot, Lcvcr's fornrcr :rccorntrnr frorr Cootcr ltrodrcrs, D!\rcy Coopc;. lr Nrs only drcn rlit profcsriiol:\l nrrnrl;cr:; trecrrlc rnorc cllcctivc, opcrrdng froln rhc trc\r buildirrs on rIc ' rrn'cs :r IJt.,cr.trirrr \rt,;c', rcnli;n! irs hcllqurnc15 todry. Uur Unitcvcrrvrs l;ltcx,rIhr br(wccn irs'ccno'c rnd irs pcrifhcry,.s irsdll;r. Ar nrr Coopc. r;c,tro ccrrnl;sc oirjr.hinguntjl (is onc Crnid::n c"ccur:rc co.)rfhi ed),'you hrd ro crblc London bcforc you wcnt ro drc b!tt)rcorD.',ftrcn thcy duvisc(t r crrcfully dcccnlrilk;d rtrucrurc, \virh xttr,oJt rnlunomo,., conn,rnicr ln cjch co!ntry, \rriifi bccrnrc x rind rfr,ro,tcl for lju.ut)c. t],ri Unilcrcrr':s f,rcingrro'v:r.Iconrpct;ti4 ftn|] I'roctcr& c t)tcnurlirji (o cctrrrrtcij h(.ld(lur crs;r; C r)rinrr,ii ln(trtre tcrlli(,r lrcr\vrcn rJ,. ccnr.c rnd thc proyinccr would ncvcr bc rcsolvc(1.

N,{ 0,r.

i:r

^Nt)

t)

Lr I o1,j.

ICl| ,ttIri,r' CAN.r. DO wt.l1.tO'Ut t1n,

/\ nrorc r1!trnf o,.lrtorst'rI s,1r ll'c tirfut chc ric.rl corn..Ic I|l,tcriil Chcnlic.l lndtr\rric5, rrcrr.rl iI r.l:6 wirrr inrc,rscry pi;riori,. 3.nrlr,r.orr .s :r cu'r'rtcr ro rhc Ccnu.rrr crllct IG Ijrrbcrr, rvhir:h tr.rl
't4

rJrc lc:rdirig cLcuric:rl cornp:Ih: inrhrttint: lJr\Sl:. Urycr, Atl.r i'r(l I.l!cctrir, ICI tinlcd rrro porvcrfut ry;,,i, rrrf,.j lllu,i (l.rtcr Lord Mclchc ), \\'ho t: lt:c(l rv:dr i tt,ick Ccflnrn rcccnt ;nro hi\ s,.rirrcoit, h:1d lxhc nv;r ltrc lJrunIlcr ]vlon,t ctrcnric:rt burincir lrorn hir f:rrJrrr, rrrrJ rns dcd;crlctt to ildu3lr;il rchtl, ,;:r ,;'.;i";ri_ isilior'- (Lc.(ljustnrul ofstrppty to dcnurd, l-tlrD.McCosrn rv:s : Liirsl,:i.r', cr--ofiirc boy wt,o hrd grilc.t conrrotorNobct I (tui,ic5, $hicl l,c ci-t)xr(lcd nr,rr {lJ,rx!r;rc i r,r bro.,(tc, invc:rurcNr rntt r i_ Ircls rl)roxd, nurxbly rvirh dul'unr.'t'nu L\ro r),coujD plxlllcd rtrc rrttgcI orr tJrc SS zl4rriran,i' on ?6 Ocrolcr r9r6, un Cr.n:rrrt prtcr, 'I hcy r:Losc tlrc r.r lCl \\.ilh rtctibcrxrc - ,t",1,.ii,i ;" ': "int;,;ou rsplcr, i,rUcriil ill llrimc'-wirh rti ttir! bctirfd!.(.rjrc [nrpi;c.voukt l,i: C, e ,r lJririih's cconurn;c srlvrliotr'. McCowrn. re h{ rold tvtonJ, corll,;i,rbdirvcrtrcrl,cu,)rhxrcarnt,rrir;o,r\erjcr:cnrixtrocfli.ic,,cr. 'l l'r rhcn)icrl cu,trbi,rc \v.s dr[r'trir]rd lo bnikt r r,,n1uc bo,iy I) ol n) rlrcrs t0 tirllil itl i^jpcrixl IurDojc, o,.uxnircd oo nritir;.y tioca: ir csri rlirlctl;r cer)r!llstrll'dcprrrlr cnt, rul ljrsl by:r urrjor-Xflrcrrl, tl,cn I'y :r nrv:rl crprrin, :rnd cnrpl,,yccr \rtro \rcre v.r,jiJ,)\ of rtrc liir\r \\rorl(l Wir (l;kc ory hrhcr) wcrc cncoUrirIcd r,) cr rtrcn.rctrcs 'ivlxj(r' or 'C'rlurcl. I'xblir: schonls *crc hrirrrl r, runrl t)ril1l,r l,o)s r, r {cl(ctirn con)n);t{cc crdoucd l,y drc hurdnDncru ;t.Ero;, l l:rn1^v.lrrl lV;r)chcsrcn lnd ICI pc+crunrcd rhr ol,t Ilrjrirh disrincj t;on trcl\!ccn'rIc pr'ofcs,;ionr', ilcludir)tr Lr\b,crs. :rccounr:rns rnrl cl'utr)inr, x,td 'rri'lcr, inclurli I cDIinccrr ind conrnrcrcill nrrn. 'l heir Chcrhirc coutrtry hotsc, IVinninUrotr I.tilt, \vrr:ctr t)ror..tcd rhc L'Jrnd rocirl ccrlrrc, hid r cxclusiyc rllcurbcr'hip rvhich frvourc(l O:rfard llrrrdurrcs rnd :rccou xnts. ICI bcc:r c f:rnrour for iri !ircarxliirn in(l sccurily, iDd its rccord ofscicItific rcsurrch; !ur it br:trrrycrl tlrr wc:rkrcssr:s ofU;xnl sizc rrd nr0,rot)oly.,!lclchcrr hirnscll hll \!rn,.-(1. whrn ru.ruki,rf socixlil idcili, llxt ,it is .trJitc inrpojliblc ru c('ntrol iny iIrhrslry bcyo d r crrtirin r:rI il,r(tc'; ..r(l ICL*rs roo Pn'rccrc(.to Iru corr rrrciJlly rc:rli{ic. Ils Ur(ir,rcw NirroIcn t)h,jr :rr U,ll r)l-Ir -o^,1', cj (rrhcrc j rr,.rr borrr) w.rs r nnrtct conrprny rau', r(1 by :Ir^ tccruitr r! wc ii lcicLiir: ,Ar,;j,ri;i ; llillinLlntrr'):.al ii ncrr pcrf.cr.' \vrorr Atdo,,, I.tuxtcy.trc. \i!ri lt ir i1r rrlr:'i,r ju.o\vD ki ,l ir;s i nrr[trifiecnr t,ocD., Ir,,t..u r c;cirt\ ir rvxs r \vhilc clcplrrnr, brs(rt on :,,Dcri,r urt:cr:, rvt,ich nc*c'r

r.rrt(r:.

'ii.c(1.

1\

ICI s.s i pi .ll uf i rt)criJI scic cc: in r,'):3 ir ultnctt . Ourrrrdly ir! rcaj lcJ'do nc\v bu,t(tir6 oA ttrc 'l.hrnrcr, \yidr iLr ct;bo,.rrc nickct iroorr ind srrruciofscicrrirrs ind drc cl.riuur,). lJur irnv.r.r _ y i: drc cornl)iry hilorji'r revcrtc,J folry;c.rrs hrcr rVlcC c,w.r n ir,, sr rucllcss spcculJlor rrho \ris usirU Lis corlrpilly's in|usurrc t: ro 5uppor( h,s.own I nblcs. II rr]?, iu rfrcr Mccostrr bcc:ulc I pecr, hi5 co-dircclors dircovurcrl th:rr hc rvrs orr rlrc r*dc of t,ur;r,,,i brirkruptcy. llcy rricd ro oust hilr iD livour ofhis dc|siy, Lord Mclclrclt, \ylo d)cn hud hc:rrl x(ircti. McGo\vrn lcnlircd ;rr orF nrrnd, rvitJr:r sli6lrtly lorvcr sahry rnd I,irh sonrc srpcrlisioll fronl'l r!$ rDrnrUcrrc'l borrrrl, bur srill tilnrll,in ch:rr.gc. As hc rclLl hjs derrti{:':l'hcy c:r'r'r (lu \.idrotlt rncl,

' llAN.\,- t,.(5 Ai{D Dt:S!...j

irrlusrry lrrrriull rIc ]:irrrt ofnrc,r \yho ,crcrul,l,lic,t rt,.ir.ri"" ct*r".tcrisrics of d,c lJrir:sh rr.c . 'l'jru St,c urrnlIcrr did :trdcc,t bcconrc Ihc.clilc x ruDI Driri!lr.r.rrr1,,r.ry rlcn, rvirJr r sryli.rrd cun6dcncc of llrciI o$,n: i| DIrDy Asirur c"pirrls Lhc Shctl Icl)njscnhrilc conrpclcd Nirh llrc iJl'nish Aurblssrdor i| frilldcur, IJuL SIrcll's prr.i!Lisnr \v.r! duirc rvtrrr ir sccrrctl; rJrc rrcr6cr iI rgoo |rJ L;ilcn 60 pcr c{r(',or ot ihc shrrcr ro L(oyrl Dutch, rvhJsc c|rirnr:rn l-lcnri Dclcrdi g lI]d bcconrc ilcrcrsiul;ly dcspotic and r|ti-l}ilish,'l'hc Btitislr Iorcitjo Oflicc \vrr prjvlLcly ryorricd:'Sir l.lcnri's \'ord ii l \v,'\vrorc !riri:;h dit)lolll.lr in r9:I ,l.lc crn bi,ld tllc ljurrrl irl SlrcJl ll'ithcnt thc;r lioorvlcdgc anrJ conscnL' IJy drc r,]os, \vhc| Dclcr(lin[ \vrs i| hii scvcrrtics, bir dicrrrorshi]) rvrs rrr,r'c {Lrr6ciour; fol hc lr:rs clrrrrrceLl by l.lirlrr, :rndllsu by:r Ccrtrr.'tr sccrct.rrl'rvhu bcc.un.i irir lhi,l \vilc. hr rrl5 hc iruiioli:rLctl \v:dr lhu Nrris t,' liNc rhclr .r ycilr\ oll rcscrvcs orr crcJ;L Afrcr hc \vrt crsc'l rut ol Shcll iu htc r,]6 lrc rcriLud ro Ccr.n$,y r d tJcc.rDre el,Jirr ri' rl,c N,,zis: wtrcn trc L[cJ irr r,,139 Hirtcr.u,J Cucririu b;dr selr rl'rcnlhs ru hiri luncril, irrd rhc Nxzis lricd tu ujc his shucs ro lixil c0nlrcl ofShcll's dol)ll nchlork - $hich \vir forcslirllcd l)y x

5l I lit-i-,j)_ DlC t.l.t.On

: :

Ii

'I lrc rlird ofrlrc Ure.r( eo.ILitrcr, I(u).rl DuretrSIrc , r ruc u.r(l(r rtr( control oll u|iqrcly po\vc ul diutxtur dcspitc il lo|rrrirlublc clitc ol profcssional n'Jnrgcrs. 'fhc Shcll oil co,r'pilly ]llJ bccr).scr ut) bl M.rcus S.nrucl iI rtl93 is irr ofrshoot oI lris (lldjn8 bulircss, Lo buy oil fronl ltussi:r; rvilh his brorlrcr Sinr hc rin rhu \yholc businusr \tidr I 6.oup ol cl:r!.s. ln rgor Lhcy wcrc joirlcd by l(r.rbcri WnlcyCo|cn, a Cru:brid6c gradu:rLc trollr xoodrcr richJcrvistr fturily, rvlro bcgln rccruitinB fururc rrrallr[crs for Slrrtl, \vhich vrs urcrfcJ vidr i{o}il Dutc| i'r r 9o 6. 1\rr lcy- Cohcu's farlcr hud hcltcd ro crL:LLIish rhc Cilrbrid[c U|ivcrsiry Appoirkr)rcnls lJorLril - thc li$! ofits ti d - itrd youns llobcrr rvxs inspir(l by rlc l(xi iu hrlir ro bctiuvc rhxL Ilritirh gmdurtcs Inovidcd ;dcrl nrinrUcrs, dcJicrlrtl :r'd ileorruprrblc. l.lc opporcd Lhe llotiotr rh:rt burincjs rvar nor;r lir crrccr; .for gcr:dcnrcn; ind rcsjs(iir[ prcssurc frolr S D)uct's fricnds iln(t rclxLiors hc sclccLcd scotcs 0f Ctuubridgc [ndurltcs |icnt by (llc borrd. Slrcll cxccutilcs :rc(luircd llle slxtus of i kil)d 0f pruid;ploDrrtic corpr (sonrr: of thcnr \vcrc conltccrcd wi(lr tl'c lrillsh 5ccrcl 5crvicc), brr'LclrrTniJ. IV:rlcy-Colrcr, litrc Lord A4rlctrslr, \y:$ i irrooI rd!{rc.rlc of'r:rtionxliixLiuD', nod did o! \vxDt hk vrlu:rblc nrinrIcr:i ro'spcrrrl rIcir lircs in crnrcllinU orrt orrc;rlro(lrr:r's rctiritics in rr.rtrr.rl crrnyeririln'. l(rrrir,rr.rlis.rrirru rlcpurLlrrJ ll

s\vili r(Llirrr;l,uri,,r',l i.l,rrc:r. l)(r(rLlin['s Jeli, r:rr' c.,uruJ ., J((p LI ur.u : 5.rclt'! coq)or]Lc t).\ychc. l.lis bus( w'rs rcmovcd hour rlc conrt)ruy'r lrcadqur cru ill 'lhc Ilu6uc, ilrrd thc 0 icirl fiistorl still Lcurulirs unvrlttcu. Shcil, liLc l-siu, \!rs Jc(( i cJ Iur ro rcl)cr! thc nlisrilc; drcrurfrcr ir wrj rulc b) n conllirLcc ofrli|cctors rv[o rccrc rcrircd 1t sijlry,

'I I.l. L;LllIIAN It],:Lt.

'l lc I'rLblcrjr cfirilusu j.rJ dicr, orrhil)l tyrs tDorc 5crious l\ idl.n C,rnrxly, \vIicll llr'uvjdcrl it; 0tvn rur.rlnU t0 odlcr counlri,js. Si cc Ulc hr:ctic irtrhstrirlil,r(lol 0l th0 ritid.hinciccutjt ccnrury drc bcltiFr
brr:irrcss l.rru:lics

litc'tlurr,rs

M.rr:n's 13udr.lcrtirootc

!ivcr \v:ry to donrinrrLirrl iDdusrrirrlists rvho i0rposcd nrcch:rnic;rI riystcrns bxsc(l ou nriliLrLry l)icrarchics. lvcrllcl Sicnrcns, IIc coIoLrrrdcr ul rIc grcrt clccLdcrl conrp!uL \v:lnlcd !k brorhcr Chrrlcs

trrd rrpitlly

;I

Il1.5C

r,' tr,Itjl,c l;.i :r iLLrJcs; 'Alvrys bc dcrcrmincd rntt

't1

t't:l

illliil :lli,
'

lr

, ,
cor\r,'^Nt s^N '

lri'rliuputor,. i'fi.r ;n so lirgc r conccnr is c,rltcrl for, Oncc bcgin ird bi consid c rilcio I priyrlc intcrcls:rnd rou will fi inro r rrror:rss

ii

.rii : t\lltrlc,itiii

it t:

ltJt) l)L:st,o1l

i
I I

lr.:: li;: li:;'

Ir :
i

ol dcmrnds rnd in trigr:cs.' In rgrj drc Gcrmin sociololjjsr Wcnrcr SotrlLirt ryrs conccrrcrl ibouldrc cxcnlitlon oldrc nrod crn busiucssrnarr fronr pcrs on;rl irrlgcmcnl,s widlin i big corrpinr: 'You p s no iudgcorcnr orr his pcrson:rl conduct, rvhich is govcntcd by otJrcr principlcs. lndccd, drc {irnr lr:ry not hxvc an indiyiduil hcid;rt ill. It nrxy bc iir iNpcrsor):rl ljrrritc(l comprny, drc dircctors of rvhich ch.rlc flonr tinrc to tinrc. 'fhci. pcrsonil morility slinds in no rcladonslrip lo drc busircss.'l'Ic ,,nrmc" of rlrc busincss i5;rll rljrr nrr.ocrs...' Thc porvcrful ncN dytrrstics, likc tlc SicntcDs xud dic lirultr, s:rv tlcmsctvcs nrorc conlidcndy tlxr drc llritish, rls cnsusrcd \vidr lorrg-rcrnr rcsponli!ilitjr{ wI:cfi $crc Ics vu'ncr.rblc ru rl,c !hDritcrm prcssurcs ofJtc ioint-stock coNpiiy.'lhr Gcrntrn prc{icrnrtrt wr3 prssionircly discussc'l by W:llthcr llithcr\xu, lhcJc$ish bLtsirc!rnr!n-philosollcr\vhosc filhcr [nlil hxd foundcd thc clcdtr;Lxl [irrrl .r'.UC (Allgcnrcinc Llcltuizit:rct GcrclLr:ll:rlt) Nhich buc.rrc r ruorlrl of hrtrc-lillc orginilition, n rch idxrirrd by LcniI xn)oru othcrs. 'vJildrcr bc(rn)c hii firirir'r ri['rlr:,nr] rr:in rnd by rrog l,c \v.,\ o r 't-hc borrd ot ciEhty-f6uribiu collrprnics: hc rtiscribcd hos' 'lhftc ccorrorlric ,hunrJrcd nrn,:ll r_cqrirn'Id \vidl.clch odrcr, control thc rhc.Cont;ndn'. Dur \V:rldrcririd.l r,,ch nro!c st,ir;rurl.,),1 rdisqnyof !ncidonin5 rtdtu{c r}in hir [tthcr, rnl lvr5 irltcllcctrllly rcpcllcd bJ jrlic ircclirnhric riorld of tJrc grc:r ccnrprnics: 'Ncvcr in rhc hisrory lofrnin hrs!ny sysrcnr oijdcls so urli.bflrly donr;r)rrcrl rrch:r stupclldoui numbcr ofpcoplc rs rhc nrL'thinkric.' l lc \\'i$ \vorr;cd by thc impir:onrl clrrnctcr of tlrc jo;rt:rloc!. corrpiny:

'Mcclr:rnis:ttion rs. ir nrr'sj org:rnis:ition rcquir,:s lrLrnr::u tncigy, not ;r1 unils, but irt strclnls;' Io Nrotc i[ rjlc llriddlc of rhc Ii15r World \\t:rr, 'All thc Jhvcs who buih.r.hclyr.rnrids of rIi.l'hrrlotr3 would not sullicc cvcl rs r corps oftoolmlltcrr'for I Drodcnt lord.' lJur hc ncvcr rrchicvcd ric politicrl irrflucncc lc souglt rltcr ilc rvrr: in rgrr hc grvc up rhc prc3idcfl'jy of EG lo bcco'Ir Minincr of l(cconstrr:ctiorr :rnd txtcr l'orcig'r lvliniitcr. llut his nro'lcnrion ind irl0 r;rlio,riliyrr irlfurirrtcd thc I(iIht, xnd iIlJrroc r9r: lrr: rvrr rs:;:rssinxtcd.

Ahrr rhc tiirsr World \V:rr Gcrnru conrl)rnic:; rcnrii.cd !r1uct, iilh,c,)ccil by xrrry discir)linc. ,\'lxry rorior nhnru.ri r{lli'!:d rlcir nrilitrdsnr, xrrd rlclibcritcly rccr!itcd old rcIi rcrlrul collc:6ucs. "l hc ill|rncdixlc liuxrd:iurs ol rDilil,lr) !!;rit in inrlusrr;rl oficcr ifrcr 9rs ' rlcl \r!re rlcnrobilisc(l olllccl.l'i rIc prcfcrrc.l pori(ior\ rr f(rso dir,- r',r,' w, oru I lxrs l:t)c;er. 'Ncxr to rl,:D\ \vrr iJ\c sl. tlol rclJ.nric xtlju{rl]lr, \,1'o crrdcd rhc.4'tit fu.!r!' ol rlfit ft cnr;rica irro rltc lil'lrs.'llcyrlso(l;i$cruill:rrc(llhcirsplrit:1s:11u0!riblltco rnrUrilioU :rnrl l)r{frrrirrli nrcnll)crs of lhcir frrlc lilius for xDl)0i lrncnB Lo

vrtrnt

positinns.', dly sllrfrisirI rh:u crplcl::;ilrrist rvLirc|s rnd lt \!xs xrcLl llrcrorius irrd iicicrcc'\vith rhc l'0rccs 0l drdlrcsr.

i$"- x]isoci-

liloFnrrlrcr l;rilr.Lirrf prlduccd

inn clccd

by his lisir lu:trfLrl vision of ildrstry

his spccrrculr r ril ftlnl to lvlinhxlhn rrvo yc.rir bifr.rrc, rvhich 6J!c

ai

In r9:6

drc

ifictol;t,
r

'fhc dc-individLirlirlrio,r of

orvncrship sirurltxncously irnplicr -l hc clilirns to orvncrs|ip irc subdilidcd in such:r flshion, ind xrc so nroLJilc, thrl thc cntcrprisc irssunrcs in indi:pcndcnt lil'c, rs il it bclonUcd to n0 onc; it lrlics rn obicctivc cxisrclcc . , . (hc. cnlcnrisc bcconrcs into:r1 ir)nitutir)tr lehich rcscnrblcs thc strrc. lrinsfoinrcd

tllc objccti6c1tion ofdlc dlirli orulcd.

rulc:i ill hrxury ovqr i gili:rn(ic undcrtjround f:rctor], full ofcol;s, jcr:, boil:r's rnd gi:rnt clor:[s, to rvhic[ xallics ofvo :crs nlllrch from tllcir subtcrr:rnc:rn city.l'l'hc forcnlil,t uncovcr:j i wortcrs'rcvolt lcd by dlc prtrionrlc Mirii; tr nllld scicDlht nllrlcs:r robot in lvlirir'i inr:rgc ro splcr(l confusion xirotlf thc rvorlcrs, nho sct:rbour dcsrroyinti drcir o1\,r\ lronrcs xfid rcduiinf dlc cily t0 ruins.'lhc mlstcrs dlncc in clcflinf drcss \yhilc dlc world bclorv coll,rpscs. 'Thcrc crn bc no Lrndcrit.rdirrti t)crwrcr rhc hrnds rnd drt bnin,'srys Mlrii,,unlcss

illd

thu futurc.,

'Ihc 'Lod ofMckopolis]

Rithcnlu, cnioyin[ his os,r lusurious lifcsiylc, bccrntc incrcrsnr[ly .h.nrcd b).rhc ir\rpict of n\rrs-ir\dnsrry.on in(livn!url frce oN.

;,

...

tlc hcrr! rc(s !rs nlcdittor."l'hc nlclodruntl sccnlcd silly ro mrny co cruporilrics including I.l.C, lvclls; bur l.lidcr \vintcd L3ng lo Norh for hi"t - lrcrorc Lr U n.d ro Arrcrici. And d,c troritic in,rrcj

ol,1l.//rtoln c]il)rclscd fcrl.l.rbout drc bruriliry ofrlic Ccrttrio iodurtrirl slsrcnr !hicl, \vLirc ro bc jLrsrificd, Ilirlcr bullicd, cijolcd :ur(l nlucrcd Ccrnr:I irvtu:rri:rti:rr ro

?11
:

c o.\l I

ANt

.\lAN
rvhitc coll:rrs

i\I NA(;j:lt:; ND t)[sto.f5

undcrph hjr \1.ir ruich; c, MostolLhc grcarnanrcs ofGculluD irrrtusrry, includinf IG l:rrbcn, Tlysrcn xnd drc Dcubchc txrk wcrc pcrsurdcd ro 6nrncc his clcclion cinll).i[n iti !9j]; I fc\y hald ou(, includingSicnrcls, AEC-:ru'l iliLjillylftupp, rhc ororr powclful ronrplny ofrll. llu( sooo rhcy rll rrllicrl rouud rrrd ltupp bccrruc l.lirlcr's nro5r rilulblc intl.urtri.rl ally: Lhcir f:rcrorics xr bJcD ln:6r)c his rrscnrl, rJrcir srlcsnrcu his spii:s,rlld dtcir c\cculiv'js i rcrlockcd virjr thc SS. Kr!pp bcc rc hrrdly rlisrjn[uishrblc from ln irnr], vid) rlt s.mc 5cnsc o[purposc, tllc strict lclcls ofco[nrlrrrtl .,rnrl rhc i:..rr in rJrc brch6ourrd. In rrrurr lirupp could cnrcn,l drc;r irnDs ( rl);rc t|rou6h occupicd lldropc rnd rvork tlcir frctorics rvith sl;rv* fronr drc D$r; $hilc ii) r9,ll l-lidcr pronrulgxtcd drc nr.rtorious Lc:i l(rupp which rllolcd drc dynrsty tr: rulc thc corrp,rny ir pclpctuity. Afrcr I litlc.'r Jcrcr( drc Nurcorbcru lrir15 foirnd Alrricr.l Krol)p suilrt ol' rvrr crinrcs anrl r;rr hit'r to iiil. l,usFwrrr Ccrn.rr irrfusrri:rlist$ rcicrc'l hcrtib xrjritlst l.lirlcr's crh ol lu dcrsI'it', thc l:iilftryh.i,, rtrJ cn'b'rc(d nc\v stsrc uri'klusrrirl (lcnru rct {xl rupfllisu,y 's l,!3rJs inroduccrl b) rhc Nrrtn c Alliq;. 'l hc ltft't)p ['nrily c'rrcrc(l into n;th rs r dor.rnrcd dynlsty of tylrrts nrd t)crvcrts, ciricrrurc(l in Virconti's 1969 tlli flG Dn nnl. IJur dlc nrorc \vorrrn)r lliv ir CLrnr:ur vx!tirDi: iudustry vrs not ro tllc di':trrorship ofrltc bosscr rs rlrc rcc,.:l)lxnrc ol it ]ry lcnx of 'ruc[ drousands of ordinrry rr.rtucrs \.[o orginiscd rlrocilics - sllrlc huour, c\rc hiudons rrd conitxrt bctrJlil of crch olhcr - xs il' drq Ncrc (tuitc rornrrl: \vhrr l-linrxh Arcrdr crllctl'ihc bx'urliry of cril'. Thc lbdic.ijon oft)crronxl rcsporsibilily grvc r rc$'hoffor.to r.lrc old prirciplc Urrt drc coqrorxdoD hrd no sout.1'hq rvcnt 'hr8cr nruch rvidcr tlrrn Nrzi Gqrorily: il wrs dru livi[B.our of tlc IClfhrcsquc nightrurrc, of xrrun;.olous burc!ftr:liy lirlcrr oycr by cvil olllLl IUI xbd;circ rorc(r, .nd drc rcil lc55oD \vrs dr;rt cojDpiuly pllt it: hi5 own mo l rcspoDribility, As C.S. Lc\vis 'r:10
I lil.c in tlc M:lnigcrirl AUc, ir i \vorld of'A(l0rin'. 'l'hc grc:rlcsl c\.il i'rror lloiv doDc irl lhosc iurrlid tlcri ofciirrrc' tlrt Dichns lurc,J to p:rint.'lt is rut rlonc cvun in conccrtrxlior.crrru)t xnJ rhosc rvc scc its linil rusLrlt. Iut it ix c0uccivcd hbour cnrpr.

d cut lirgcrniilr rnd srfloorh.ihrycD chcc!5 vho do rrul nrcd to riisc tlicir voicc:i. l.lqrcc, urrucrfy cnor:gh, nry s)orbol for l lcll is sourctlrin;r iilic drc !urc:rucricy of r policc slrlc or dtc oflicus of i lhuroJl ly rrsry buriirc5s conccin.

'il .::,

,t?i

'i,t;

:
I

li
.,1,.t

Il

rnr.l or<Jcrci (:rovcrl, sccordcd, axr;icd ud rhilrulcl) irr ctr,ru, crrpctcrl. w:rrrrcrJ rn,J wclltiUlrtcd ofliccs, bJ quitl.
I

U,

'l il :l'

ii
. tl
'a

ii

ll 'rl:!
l

Illlii . I :,1

'!lil'i 'riri ,il

i

1rrri
.l
.l

ll
^rr',':ss

c^cl:

.::

,;i

cl.tAl)'tltlt sr):
The

.:l

Airtess Cage

U,ofi rnij !cr,,rs Ncvcr Lro{ norl,;rll;, ird ncvcr tro,v rn,d, Itul'lc Wl,o Du'fl,i,,tr .rc(cd:nry d,.tu (c: Cud, for r nFn \.1,u rotidlr i,Duruncrl

i A

| : ' ''$,(h rri i ;B.jn,l

I I

I:rngurgc, rlclinctlir rhc c Oiford Oitord Dic Dicrionury is 'r rlpc of'rutcriil;s hlisric, sclf-ron)l)l:rccnt busincsr rrrrl confomrirr6io rJ'c sirndrrtls jfhis scf. lJrl-rtrin is fony-iir.ycrr-old lcrl-cnrrc \vh,l ir I'ronrori 6 'tl.ltcr thc ncry rvord rcrllol Csounds norc lilic x rcg,lrr prolcarior,), l.lc livcr in t[c nrid-rvhsl tovlt dfZclith:rnlolg ioslcrc rorvcrs ofsrccl rud cr:nrcut:urrl lilr*torc, 'srurdy rs clifls;rnd dclicitc Ir sitycrrod!. 'l llcy xrc r!:ithcr citidcls nor iirrchcs, bur fr.rnhly ltd bcrudfully

ollicc-builtlin6s.'

i'

lVltcn l]lrbl-ritt loohs r-rut frolr lris housc hc c.,rn scc onc of rhc hll rciv l)Lrildin[$:'].lc bihcld tlrr: ri$crrs:r rl:nrplc spirc ofdrc rclirion

I
I

DorlDl|\,

r^[(t[,!&,t1

ri.l

of busillrss, l frit} prrssiouatc, cllltctl, surp:rssir16 conrrnon l lis o$'r l(ccv,js buildirl.t is :r vilhuc i ;r\clf:

nrcn.r

':
'l'hc ccnl'lr ol rIc
buildingi, \yidr drcir oNrl r,rlucs rutt rsirtriili,r,is, 'l.hcy \vcrc bcc, . ing_corlnruuirics iu rJrcir u\\,n righl, LlctrrctirrU sl I tu;thur fr.onr ltre
Uru\v:rrU corpur.rrt -porvr:r

\rcrc llrc olticr.

'l'l,c lillc nnk'ro\vn t,uuIlc Nlo jnlrrbitcrl tlnilltccvca buildinI uu :(lurs - rlcv (or-runncrs, sr'.rncr, urrliuccrll sr'1)crinlcndcrt,

:lr

:llrd

'1,',cru.cs ' t\cir confornliry L.rvi lcss scopc for crc:utviryi u{r rtrcy NCrc b!.c,, rint drc corc of r\yct)licdr-ccrrrury rrrid,llc-chss lil,:. D; thc r9:os rJrc ir:rnrJrrd Amcrrxn ofiic(\1xsbccorn;,)[5ti lcss lilc r stu'Jy rnd morc liJ:c i n)ichirrc. .Ilc silrlc snflll otticc rvirli rJrc n.n)c on drc glrrs door rnd rlc.loyal sccrchry insirlc rcrr\rincrl i ricrcot)?i, ;Drnrodiliscd by Riynlond Chrndlcr ud t.lunphrcy Bogrr(. lJut insurrncc ofliccs, b:rntrs ud iccounri ts wcrc crcrrinll thcir o\vIl sclf-conliircd btorlts ir rtrc citics, cut offit.orrr rr|ltjir;onrii conrnrun:r;is. 'l'hc lrirsl \$'rtd Wir h1d 6ivcn r ncn.irt,clr,s ro ncchrnisrtion, $i,l) iddilU nrchincs, tibutitors, r(ldrcs!;r$ n)rchincs rs \\'cll rj ty|c\vrltcr's, lJy r9o9 tlc ncrv r\urc|icrn prolcssiorr of 'o16cc or:rn:rUcrs'; hrd fornrcd rhcir owtr Nirionxt Ajs,,jixrion ;nrpircd by.Frc'Jcric[liylor'r rhcorics. fhc ncw busincss vilucs Ncrc r.rrir;scd in Sirchir LcNis'r nolcl Dnl]ti\ ii rvhich soon csrrtrlishc<l Lhc 'gt1, 'wor.l lhbbiu i,r rhc
S1

'l'hcy wcrc nol conillc rorulc(l by o?c,ists iv;rh rhc s.llrlc zcxt rhxr 'frollofc hrd bruurht ro dru chrrrJtr, or I)jclicrs ro llr( t.rw..L.hc) vcrc mucJr n)or.c cur ofl torn rl,c ln cs ot\vonrctr, ;rril(trcn .rnJ ,i\trrii:cj, rtr tlcy:inlnorcd d,cj- trchtrdnc o,i rtrc hlrrrn rtr.rnrr; rnd

carlicr:ccnkcs: \vhcrhur rIc cxtu.dcd finrih,, rtru ctrurutr or rtru f.rfl .

thc doLrbtlirl.loolir)E l;turu utitu rvho contluctr;rl drc ncrvs cifir stxn(l * Ncrc in no \v:ry cily-d$rllcrr. 'lhcy vcrc n'srics, living ir x conslriqcd villcy,;ltcrcstcd orrly ir onc irnotllcr' irrd iD 'l'lrc lllril(lirrtj. 'l'huir Mirirl Strccl vis lhc. cflrnn,jc hxll, sitlr iti; sxnrc ll'xr', suvurc nrilr'ltlc coililltr, :rn(l rhc
;,rncr'

\vir('{ vj; of

Llrc shops.

rlrund rhc oflicc. I lis :n"crrctc: hrvc'husc, Url)bill's idcr)rir) 'cyolvrs !irc[l rr fluuclc$s l0rN06 0f thc rcry bcst Ul[6ii thr cirrl)icccE $'crc rhin

brri olUold.,ln

drcnr hc lv:rs thc

modcr brsir)c!snln;onc \vho

''rodcrr loosclc.fnotcboolt, i founli;') !cr, :r rilvcri)cncil, . wirth: rhrin \!,ith r [old pclk ifc, :ilvcr cigrr-cuttcr, scvtn hcys.rnd r good
\vrtch. I.lis oflicr
is his

Urlr ordurs ro clcrks nlld dlovc r crr rnd phycd occriionil [olflnd \1.is rctrotrrly irr rcfard to Srlcs'n:rnshirr.' l'ii5 poclcts conhin 3
pirrLc-ship, nlrilc lis crris'poctry ind Lrr6cdy,

ftrr

Urbbi( is lroud ;f rc ofltrodory: 'lCs hcrc in Zcnitir, thc honrc [lirl). []cn ;rnd vonr:rnly rvonrcn ind lrriu[t Jridr, tlrrt you find llrr lxrgcs! proporLiou of drcsc l{cgullr Cuys, :utd IrCs \vhrt 5cB it ir:r cliss by irsclf,'Tlrcn hc suddcnly rcbcl5Nith s 5ursc oflibcrrlisnr, syr)rt,ithy for strilc$ 3nil .]n iffxir \vitl I drnucrous v;dow. I-lc bcholds'hisrvryof lifc rsi crcdibly nrcchrnicrl. I{ccl,rn:crl bu';ncrr - i brisl:iscll;r[ of brdly-biih houscs. Mcchrnicrl rcli6ior - ] dry,

(.()^t|.^Nr'nlnN
h::rd church, shul oft'fron1 drc rcrt Iilc of rho srlccrs, irrhuri:rnl1, rc5pcct.blc rs I lop-h.1. lvlcchiricil golf:ntl dinncrlrrlrics ;rud bridgc ind conycrirtion.'i lc rnragoniscs lris busirrcss roilcl6uus and rcluscs io join drc Cood CirircDs'Lcaguc. lur rrhcl his rvitt h:rs :rn opcr ion hc rc:iliscs dlc ch:rtu ofrlrcGood Fcllorvr, joilts dlc Lcxguc

'j Lil:

1lll,t:ii:{ c/1(il.:

l,i!r

to rlo t[is or thrl bc( urc lhr) urust cxnr

livin[. .t( iJ nol

rld rvilr

r tnio to r lcvcl-crossin6. I'r rrro l lcrtr/ [,lillcr, r. \eoukl-bc $ritrr of t$!:rrty-rrinr, htc;urrc cnrt)loynrirrt nr:rn;rgcr ol thc \\,csrurn Uniori tclc(rrl)h nrcsscll[cr

brck t}c rflcctiol of his fricDds. 'l'hc rcrr ltcchrliscd ofncc lif! Nrs il)xdrcoli to crcrlivc Anrcricrns, irrcludirr8 tjtc lctcr':rns who clDlr btlck fr'or)r Lhc lril.st \{orld \\';rr. Johrt Dos It r5or, drc son ofx corpor'llc inrycr, lvrotc novels nhich crlrcsscd tlrc disroh,;0f drcol ofirldividuxl cnlcryrise. ln 7rc Iit )4ane' int) :t n;rr(irDc iir acc, Chirlcy Andc$o,), rclr(ns lo /\llrcr;ci ro scll iiUh( rircrif( crtuippcd $.irh h;s orvn irvcnlior)s. l.lc rr)cctrlJrcs ir rhc:,toct-rrirlcr, inlriliucrr ir \Vxslrirrttt(rr rr(l is Iuretl ro Dctroi( whcrc hc nnrrics:r brlltrr's drurhlrr arrl br:corntr r !;{c-prcs;dcnt of ar :lircrifL coq)or!lioD, [Jut rl hc l hc lclllxir::; :r rc5rlcr5 irdivi(lurlisr, r'r(l Iocs oll wiLI] i'r rclrcss urrrl rlics :rftcr rrci r;

;rr' cDUinccr rvho h:rd bucn t0 lrilL. irod drc l-linlrd Busincss School trcli,rc bccrrrirr6 blroch rDx'Htjcr ul x rrrnulrcturitl6 pl:rnr whicl, hk Itr.rrdlltlrrr Ixd foundcd. 'llc $'uukl dirclilirr:!ry rcil kDo\vlcdgc of crLjiiru(rirf, lirrJJJ xnd soorctincs r liLdc srdly, b!t dris hrd I di!rrr;'rU clltc( o,r rcrl ciruiuueri: drcy rvould drirk hcrc is r [uI \yho

'fhc \urtd of burincsi orgrlisrLior, of .rccou'nrirrl.i, cntjioccring or hctorl urrn,r6cnrcnq rv:'r :novin6 srill furdlcr i\vJy fronr Ulc c)ipcricucc of in<lividu::lists :Ll,l rvliLcr:.Johu O'!l.rrr, rvho lrrd rvorj:cd es llJ) cvrrl!rxtiir$ cn[iIe0r, ]16rrruycd rlLc hclo r.rfla!cttrcll 3 it\ tO3S rs

is,Nt likc i lid rl'c wry hc $

scnicc in Ncrv Yor!. At lirsr hc roult his job scilously, worl,iru Ironr ciUht (o rL\. llc $orricd turuiDU diiND gill'lnt \vxr !cLcrnrrs iu)d 'rbout put : sisr orr hi: rlcsl: 'Do Not Abrndotr I lopc All Yc Who liirrcr Ilcrc'. i lu wrotc r 'l'rot)oscJ Soluti!tr to rhc M(sscll.icr l'roblctrl $.lrich rccoltorcrtlcd tl,rr'dlc Cun)t)nnJ lnusl nrrkc drc boy l!ul !lrt't I'c i' trrorc thi!) r nrcrc cog in drc\!hccl', Arrd hu (lcli!d thc coDrt)x'ry's rrcirt polic;cs L) Lki,,u Jc\rs, Lrhchs rd lntlirrrs, xn'.1 cv!n crconricri. Bur Ic bcc:rurt norc rcfullioLrs.rs rJrc conqr.rrl bcg.rrr crforcing :r rrrr.rrc nrilitrrT rJisciplilc: rvhcn rlcl nroverl hiru irrto rr nc$'oflicc ir rc l'l:rtiron Uui[Jin6 |c ltlt hc \vrs in rn uirlcss crr6c ron, surrorrudcd by infcrnrl contlrptioirs tJut btr'r-ztd.,rnrl r:rng:rnrl glcrnrcd'. l'lc dcspiscd his oNll powcr oycr t|c orcsscll8crs, 'q{iripcrxlcd lo lhiDli t|rt lrunun bcillgs could btU su igloltiuiuusly lbr such i l|in8 .r5 x iob'; l lis ncrr, firlf|icud Junc Snrith urttcd hiu) to \vrirc full-tirrc, :rnd uftcr liw ycrrs hc srrrldc|ly lclt Wtrtc ) Unior $itlx)rrt borhcrirrl: ro picli up hi:lrv.'Ur,.s. \vhisl)cring lo hi'rr sclfr 'Nly ov n rsl'ir 'r :rbsolurc.' Lr{cr i 'li"t'i. I A4"kur (tfld hi: du;cribcd thr i'rhLirr:rD condilior5 :rr tlrc 'Corurodenronic'i'clc1:r:ryli Conrp:rrry': 'l \\'r,)l lo prrvcnl x:; r xry rrcn:r:i p0ssiblc rfi)ul prcic,trlir)B lh:lt lhcy
,

rr:r to bc xI c f;nccr rnd hc nri[lt! I'rvc rrr.rJe.r 1;'r.rl uru.' . Mr*t rruvelists rvoirlcri tlersilirru coruprrrl lifc, crcr);l'rhcy kuo\/ l;lthcr htrd run i srlull lirtni(ulc ri,llncthioli ill,orl it. Sco(t l I'rr:;inr:$ rr|iu| n'ilc(li ir 'tscrrrld's ljijll llc t)cc,ruc n $rlcrnrxr for thc rr:rp lorul)nrJ l)ftrclcr it Ciu l)lu ill l.Jrlll:rlo flrd S)1ncuic, but lrc \\''rj lir'crl vhur Scotr rvus trl.jcd clcycr. lt htrd r Lrruuurlic cllccl or) tllc lrrrl: 'llc crrrrc Iourc Ih:rl cvuui'rli xrr ol<t.Dr.ru,:r contt)lctcly broi(cir rrrur.'[c Nrolc lrrtcr. I'lis hthcr \':rttcd Scott.to go itlto bu$irlcssi brl his nrolhcr hid cuuuuh llrorcy to scod hiru [o ltrllgu(on, whiclr p.r,rirlcrl thc rr.rrcri.rl lur hir iir:l Iruvcl. A(lvorisin( \vrs tlc irkl!'rrD $l:icl, nrojt rc(luircil crciriyc lllc,rt, in\l virich rtlncLcd rccdJ wlitL$ nr' l)octs; but any of drcn dcsl)ised il for irs corruptioll ol'(r'odr rld dcb$cncot ofs(:tndrrds. I lxflf l\llr ril, thc hcro ofJ,l. Mri(lurnd's bcst-hroryn noycl,l/.rl. l\rlhau E!1uhc (r91o), conrcs lioul r corlycntional lJoston-andIlirrviuJ liurily. 'Criu)Jprtrr luihiur urirdc hools rnd cycs in lvi(th!err lor l:rdjcli'drc55r:s, darlillg,'bis llrotJrcl tcll: hinr,'anrl you rrust rlcvcr bc irshiUDcd tlut hc Irrdc such uscful rhirigJ.' Aflcr I'iirvrrd I-lrny xnrxzcs his fidrr-r by joiuing rn advcnisin6 agcncy in NcIr Yorli: 'Adrcr(isirul' siy! tlrr family rcwaut: 'What n dliug no\y for a lcrrllflrxu lo tlo.'l.l:rrry crrjot:; drc lrrcuy Uirl3 aDd tlc comcdy of crr Filns fol Cur:rts<.H1;, rn,Jifilli ilr lovc wiLh an lmbit;ou! xr'.I rnrcrprisirr6 copyr"ritcr. lJut llc nr:rrrics a convintjonal rvilC :rnd rctr'cutr buckinto lJos.toll lilc rs ln invcsfmcntioLrnicllor, crrtcnrirrin6 okl l.l;ur:utl flicurli.l.lc dklikcl niodcrn novcls abour firnrcrs in rIc I)ust llrlrl or ri.williul: lrlcrmln. Loolrirrr.bick on his dull urrr:icd

S-r

..1" 'rl'1., 'l ;:r.1 ,i r

;.lt:.,|

l)5:

i i:

..

co1\llAN.f ]ll/\N

lilc hc.rc0ccrs:'l

'

TIL:

Ar

rr.r:ss {:^!r:

hxvc livcd,

ol

of.onc its clDployccs, l.lc disuu;scr hirr:,,:ll :rs;r v:rcUous cDpnvrircr, i'Woosrcr in llorn-rir)rs', rnd cnio)j drc frolic{ ofurlcr Orrirr,t rrr"ri dcviling co 1)ic ilog:1ns xnrJ ourr. 6cotls li s ,rbour :rd lrcnlcd fu,\t or b-osrs curcs. 'l rliDl rjris is :rn r\.fu y inrnror;rl job ol ours,, srys \\'inrscy:rt otc poinl, but il collcilxrc cxph;ns: ,U_v forc:ng Ihc d:r l;lool public to prl trvicc ovcr- or)cc to j'r!c irs lbod cnirscrtrrctt :rrrrt oncc ro h:\vc drc v;tilitl ptrr brc't riii - \rc Lccp rhc \rtrccl:; of .onwcrcc turnir6 irnd tiv. cnrployrrcnt to $ous:!n(tr, ir)ch'rtirE ),uu !nd n)c.'Lil,i odrcrri.l, nrcrr \\rinsq h l|crurbcforc rrx;d x cnrion lo rdvcrtiscnrcnls: .

bqlorc publislringlrcr/.la tr lluttlluutitc in tg33. l.tcr t,",,rioiil PctcrWimscy trlcs I job r r Pym's :r11cnr:i, iu ortlci io solvc lhdnnrdcr

lvhich I lyxs rc:rlly fiucd., A :ccdicr:rdvcrtising otlicc rnlcrU.:\ frurrr rhc lj,irirh rlurrurir.c \yr;tcr Dorodry L. Sryurs, \v/10 \rorlc(l .jrc:ttiv.ly il ljrr)soD,s xlcnc.y

riru vholc, thc.onl),son ot.litu Ior

Ilc hrd trcycr rcrli:LJ

. ,in'lus(ry foundc'l:ird builr rp, Lur .t: rl\o{c \vtro, chillu l{'r r . i. ,lu-\ai].bcydnd dr.ir rclch.rnd forr t(isurc rorcvcrdcnicd rtrc r, . :coul,l bc:bull:cd'or \vhccdlcd inro spctrding dr{ir fcw h.rily l . t$ofl rhillinfr onNhirc!crnr:U'rt Iivu rficr)r, il ont) fori,lranrcnr, ' :1 lc;!urcd rnd lu)iurious illusion. ';,
.

thcy.N:rnr'\vhctr rhct,\\,rnt it, \liis thc !rst sLrtcrst ,ctufc.t'

drc e or ors ccr\nrcr.;rt irnto,H,rcc irt' d,c conrprrrtivcly 1ooi. Nor oh drc Ncilrlj, \Ll; bry nrty wtr.rt

rcncs wfilch pushcs ut) .jilcs by 5oo p-cr ccr)t, U I \vhcrr hc ttiscovcrs dl!r drc .scncy ir bcilrs uscd lly i sin'rtcr dopc-rirf, hc is not much suryriscd: 'As fir rs I c:rn nrilc oul, ill :ldvcrliscrs rrc dopc-

\',lnr3ci cnrcrs ;nro rhc Irrnc, dcr;siIl: r crht).ri[r ror 1\'himcG -:6]-

nrcrchanls.r,
Ofricc I;fc lvrs not:rbliorrcnlo:r p.rnicrt,rr, rvho 'vrtrc:s iiocr:; tr could only cdnrposc foishon pcriods, i\',rrc ofrcn quiic contcut*iih lhc sccurc roul;nc,:rnd IitcJoIn Sru:rr! rhcy could tind drcir' dtjr;cs 'in .crurl rcsr lronr rlic orhc- nrc'rrrt occujir;o'r'. 'J'hc ANcricin Docr Willicc Stcvcflr qlrrcit ror rl,irry-ni',c ycirs rrom r 9r 6 ror l.llrrror.l Accidcnr;tr Cotrn.cricur i3 :r lx\acr sDccirtking in surcry chims, rkinI to bc,ricc-Drc5i.lcnr, t-tis collclBrcs coukt

i!li

lot IIdcrsrxrd hir !ociI!- vhu[ onr rrkcd hi0t fur x clut hc rcplicrl: 'Oh, forgct it. You'rc rrruch ruo lircnl-nriudcd!'Srcvcns torrir:d thrr bcirg r poct \voxld hrnish-lris rclul:rtion 'xunnlt.llrc llxbbiLB ol busirtcsJ, lnd rrslrrd [is rvifc Lo lccp h sccrct: "l hcrc is sorlrcrlrirr[ :rbsurd xbout rll thii rvr'iti [ ofvciris... you l.Jc, Dry hxbiLs lrc Dosilivcly hdy-lilc.' llc hxrl iftnoil oppositc pcrsonrlirics :t rvorl, xr(l rl hunlc. In tlrr olicc Ic rlru:r drLr0lir)U fitiurc,,rurtcr;r\g lie lilcs ind cxscs, IxDpily iDrmcrrcd ;n txpcnvorl. 'llc Iirdi k difllcol! sr)rrcrirncs ro disrirrftiislr l)iNsclf fronr lIc p.pcrr lic l:\rdlcr,' lrc rvrotc of hiruscll irr rg3lJ, r$ld conlcs ilrnori ro bclicvc L)r'Jr hc rnd his p:rpus consrilrtc :r sir)[lc crcr'lurc, corrlistilu I't;rr;pillI of hr',d, {rd cycs: Iols ufhxods iId lot; ol cyc\.'Uul xt holrrc lrir nilc donril(orcrJ (vho htcr b(cxhc r ProDircrl hir!. Ilis 'NrNcrvxorlohtr rccilltdr 'Wrllicc \vir sutlr r uirnt of r nr$. lcssor or't)'xt[ llirro'f) iln shc \vxr jull r l;ltlc pc.ron. lfshL cxllcd or \r Drcd sunrcrliru, his rcsf nsc rvis fiDrxslic,' 'l'.S. liln,l wrr also rtuitc conrctrr w;ri ofticc litc. I lc \nr h;rcd l,y l.loyLlr Drrl in Londor i', 9 r? ro vurli in thc Colonirl *rJ l'orcirrt ' t)r'pxrmcr)r, on rhi l):\sii ol bci',U :r li'rlrri\t (rhoulh hc only lpol"c Ii'cnch rn(l DxItc'd ltxlirir). ll $xs rllrliroNorl", t]ltrrhlinlrilr(l irrcrl)rcrnrr drc bxl'nct shccrs ol lbr;i8r biDl,s, lod lllio! soll'crirnts co'Id:\i ud lboul ir; buL in fict hd vxc fircirrlcd by'thc scicncc of nlorcyr, IDd sccnlcd rcilsrurcd by tirc rifour ofbusincss lifc, 3s i( $1otc his b;ogrrphcr I'ctcr ukro)d, 'hc ,rccdcd tlc disc;plinc, or protcctiorr! of:r tpropcr'r occnpitiolt bclorc hc iould fccl :u clsc wi r hir o*r crcrlivc injlirtcts'. Whcn drc critic l.A. ltichird! v;silcd hin i0, 9r lJ hc fourd hiu hr d brscnrcnt'stoopiru, lrtt liltc i drlh bird iD u f(crlcr. ovcr. tJiU tiblc covcrcd \!itlt xll sorrs ind 5izca offorc;g uorrL.sl){Jflrlunccr. [liur bc(rul \\,rilinf porlry xgxir) rvhcn hc joircd rllc hrJli, xnd prblishcd his lirut volu c ofpocrni, ilcludilg'Thc l-ovr Solll ofJ, Alfcd l'rufrocl', four flro'rls h!cr. I lis ninc ycirs :ir rlrc l)xfl1, vcrc (:iiys Acl,royLl)'rrUulbly t}c nlorr ilrt)o lnt ycrrs in hi$ crclivc lifc. 'I'llc vlro \rrolc tr l,4utr larrrl r".rs :r mrn 'n:ul hc|irrtl his dcs[, r brnk oflicirl irdislirrruishrblc ftorr odrcr such
',flicixls xnd rr 9.to Iciling lr s.3o.' l]r't rclv Dritish rovclijls lirctorics. I hnry 6rccn \vrs
crccpr pcrhrps ro. rhc ibsolurc dccon'nt orhi! drc'r,

rr.ir;nI

hid prJcricxl cxpcriflrcc of oficcs or

firll-tirrru busi|csrnfll \vho inhcritcd
87

36

coritANr tr,\N
hit frdrcr'r c'rUinccriuU bssi cs! itl rhu i\,lirlliIds, ,rrd anc ot.tr:j riun,r (r9,9). is ibour rrcro'r titt. I.tis wr;rrr tiic,xts n,xr')ovcli.il h;s corrrbirriiry rlrc r\vo iLririricsi !cllcd bnt itr licr Irr lu iL(l otrl
to bc .r lropclerr nr.rrrr6cr, rrrJ cndcd hir )c.rrl .r! Ir,rtcuholic.

'l.lt

r: ./\ ll{ L

r;s5

cic!

rrlrtct: vlj(5 us ltoA.ltt

\\'onr(rr rr$ ollre(:, $ill, (tsi(e d'lrlrclr L)*, Ibr lhe r!urt-t,1.'ecr rcrDrjrrcd ,r rrrlc-(lollriIit!d \ru tl, \vitlr tl.ir rlrlr r(li5crl, rcrrirr{rp;oUs ol'UrccD ilirrr-cnbiIC(l xirJ drrrk \vorxlcl dcll:;, 'tril;rir). l-ilt rnny t,xrrt'clr drc) \rcrc thr urrt)i,sitc ol |;'rcl), xo \eorrcl could cisily co|rc to rcuxrd thcnr rs irlicn lcr'tilolf, irhiuh rcrluir.cd cidrcr surrcrrdcr or cun5t,rIt rtsislnllcc,'l hc tcniiorr b!l\rccD ollicr iod lronrc l,ccrrnc :r rccrrrrinr Ilrrrnc ir cvcr)1|tl) lifr, xrxl tIc IUbj(:cr ul rc,v.lr roJ rilors lilu 7;lr t.lrcr rnli\;, HliJl u Stacnry ;nn

"

Uut for uirrrrrrrictl rvrrrrcn Ilrc ollic{ coul(lbccor)c x:iLrbsritutc tur r homc. or thc hrrsh :rlr{llrxtilc to r ronlrnric orxrrix[!.'l'hc heroilr or Boorl, 'l'rLl!,tUron'r /\n,cricrtr novcl ,,1/n.././d," (r y2r) ;$ rl'c !i!.ciovs drudlrlcr of il (lornLroddcn clcrk. shc lookr lrilh d|urd rrt l.'ir)clic'r Eu5incsr Collcfu, hidcous otlricuriry $.it[in, 'Dr.tjin;fls.thc 'is rlrcrD rnd is pcrriincr)t lls r'. Shc visn.llirrs l)ru(lI Uids 'lcr turncd into Nidrcrcd crc:rturcs irs thcy \yorlicd it llpiD6-nrxchiDcs; old luid5 "tikirtj diclirtion" fioiu nrcs wiLh doublc chius'. Alicc is irrlricLcd to irn cliUiblc ) o{llU nri0i bull)cr i:rthcr r;lirts i UIuc firclory $'h;ch cnd:i io disrstcr', hcr br<rtJrtl is disgncerJ ;urd slrr: ir; luli rvitlr Do proipccri. Slrc rvrlks rlrrouuh thc portill of Irinclc'l xnd up t|c drrl J(cps, rcnrindcd ol .r l,rcnclr roulrcc \rho$c hcroin': ir dcicr'tc(l l.:1 r f:ritJrlc:;: Iovcr urrrl trls tlrc rcil. Lilcly yot:16 \r'ol)cn bcunn to looli to drc ollicc lu l)rlyidu rru! onlt in ifconlc b t ;rn cscilfc fiorll thcir l)ilrcllls, \\,hich Urvc rficnr ;rosin6 socirl rccclrtrrruc.'lJut ir'i i,ncrcr;rU nro'r"ncr,' ]ry:r Jilllc] \\'illirrrrs in Dos l'r::us ! ro\cl'fhc l:ut)-S.a tll,rrrrrilr/(r93o),rvhcrr hcr rrrot}cr bcsrilr tlrc fict tltltt slrc lt;r; t0 \vo.k ilj l tltcllourxphcl. 'ln your dr; it r.;r.n't con:;idcrc(l lrrlylikc, it rvus tlr0uflrt t0 b,lcnrc;rninr. lJut;l isr'l nrrrr'.'

Arrrl ur Lr,rth ritlcs ofrLrc Atl.r,rric rI" ofiic" vrs ogr"ning up oppo.lutrilics fur botlr r)rrtrinroDy rnd I Larccr tllich.Ncic.rcncclcd.by ronrxDlic ficliun. nfltold UcDDc('s sc' ;llctlrrl :roycl rilE, (rr:z) rulli dic rtory of r t)ri:tty 'typcvritiDg Lnl' nr arr agcncy in.lvhyfrir rurrountlcd by tJrc oflicc Und c nvoo ds 'fluntunitioncd \vi th papcr', drc ,J;ry-br.rok, right-Lrook, lcdgcr.rrrd Lrill-folns,'vhcrc cvcry machinc :urioulltcd lo in iod iyid uality, ;rnd rvrs Iovcd orhatcd rnd sl)rnrclcssiy irrtri6urd llr ir 16riost'. Lilirrr is s|oucJ by rJrc corrprny': hrndsorrc o\vDer llclix Crir, \vho nrlls ir) Iovc Nidr hcr ud hkcs hcr to drc l(ivit|r, rvlrcru shc ;r (l,xc niricd ro 'losc drc lypc\vridrs r;rl nr drc s.rr"u'D .jfdrc ivo'1d'. l_lc nukcs hcr prcgDirot, olarrics hcr,lld 'Jrcn rlics, Irr thc crd ilc takcs ovcr tlrc lirm $d drc tc.nr ofLypistl:'Shc $,ll.\ rI! rnusr roIrJlrtic liturc thnt drorc ljirls hril cvcr sccn; slrc \!rs all picturclapcr suri:rls nnd cincDln lilnrs rollcd lo8cdrcr )d cornc k' litc r rurl:l].' IJUr rhc lJrilislr:itill srLw ollir:c lilc urlJrc blcakly thrr !hc nrrcriclrs, nrorc rssoci;tluLl rvit-h lirilurc. Ccor[c Onvcll's lvlr lJow]irlg;n Curnry 4' lnr fir (1939) tlcscribcs llis lifctiDrc iD xu i'rsurircc ull:cc:

Wctl, I Uor rhc irn,, r,r,l, I:r I srid c diur, Urc job 8ur rrc, t'rc bcgrr \yith thc l.lJinu Srllilnlnnil,:r cloic or cllhltcn ycurs. I sru|tcrl offirr Lhc r.rllicc, bu! no\y I'ru vhri's lllown 15 1r lnsPccror, orr rvhcD drcrc's rciuon Lo rourid l)rrliculirly iflUrcssivc, ! rciivc li[c; if I cycr hid rcrllt nrrltcrt hrppcrrcd Lu ruc l-rclorr Llrrt dtr.c . .. \,VclL drcy iiy drat hippy pcuplc hrvc ro lristuiicr, irnd ncidrcr do tltc blukcu lvho wor)i in irrsLrr':rnec L llir::s.
Lr:rck

\\,hcrr I look

orr,:,

\l|,:rj I ':rr,lcd

\I

I rcillisc thrt

Dry

i,.(rrll.

lrvcrylhinU Llut

J.lJ. I'LicsLlcl
irbout il

stutt his rrurcl zlll;/ /'riurar"rrt, publishcd in t93o, Cil)' ollicr which $clli !.uccr lnd inhys lor furniu:rc, iirtry slrLrItlirtj to liccp rrp l'itI lir rci6n. colqr c ritiol. 'l'hc yor.:ng ol)icc\rurlcls xppcilr h, br'shc(ldinf;r l)irrt of drcltrich'cs] rnrl:th.rt thc ruroit rilluirblu p:I t, llurir)li ii bchind, sornctylicrc llcir dtc strcct door'. Orrlt thc ubscr:;irc urshirr l\lr Surccth fccls thxt'his drys at drc oflicc \\'crc lillc(l silh irrl)orltrnl rrr(l r\cilirU c!euLi'.'llrc sccrctrry Lilirn
$9

ti li

jllilirf,iiliii, :' I lill:i il ,J,;ir.n'""n* l'{rt6ild rppirrs r:r'cnvIL|r;u[

I

r'

1'lrli Iti{trt:sJ c^r;i:

Uricv:1,!c

t:

to nirrsc 'sonic Iugc, sonrc

ig.insl lifc', rnd dcsphcs lrcrsloppy:ur l"r:cblc boss i,'h. Dcrsin 6h;r ru. '[hc offrcc is sr.rddcnly tnusfornrud by th: :rrrir'.rl oiJurr:s Girlspic, rn clolcrt cntrcprcncui lronr thc ll:rltic, who lirrtls chc:rpcfsorriccs for vcnccrs rnd srvcs llc busincss frorrr tolhpsc. I-lc br.it11s rr ncrv crcitcntcnt and llirts \vidr tvlirs iVl:tficll rlfiu is rtrrillcd I'y fiir brigrndish stjlc; but :rficru lclv nronrhs hc drrp:rilr of rhrilJritish and sails off,to Soudr Aflrrricr: "l'hcy11r hxlf dcirrl, trrost ol''c r - hrlf dod, No drsh. No litlts. I rv:lrlt x plxcc \vhcrc clc,tlrorl)'s

vtl'\yorti is spun;:l tliousutrl nrlts you ncrr:r ru,rLIc rrtrl rlon,r kurl:rbou1_11u xpp;;.d ro )ou by I thoLrr:rn(l yor: I:rrt t,coptc nut nlct l)(l Drvrr \vill.

lct tlc iifc of tlc sccrct:ry \..J 'rot n$:cssrrily r$ 'lcrncrrirg :rs mcn likcd to dcficr ir. 'fhc novclisL xnd pocr Srclic Str'idr spcnr driny yc.r as'.r sccrctiry, nrost of thc for S;r Ncvillc I'ciEon. rlc chrirmrn ofr publis|irrt housc forvhotrr rhi did r(J$rinc rrsls i!rch'Jinr sJropping for hii \virc. h rgls shc lrorc hcr l;rst novtl, rlpirrr il pirtly in drc'ofncc or drc ycuoN Frpcr nscd fur cirt)on copicr: sl'c

ctllcl it Ncli'cl,on Ycllow.P/r.^ It ;, xbo!r n sccttlir) cillc.l t'urrrt)c)' crsnrjlu! rvho liycs in lhc suburl)s. ullrl wor'lx contcnrtrlly lirr ic1 Losi Sir Phocbus. lloth rrc quicrly rcissxrc(l bI tllc Jull r.nrlinc ul ollicc Iifc: "l tic rlrcrr,tin! l)chvccn nr hvo is rhr I.,trt)y \r:'y vc h,rrh gct qilcldy borcd.' :lllovu-Sir I'hucbur, ir this nro rctrt, I lovc hnll Nidr i dccD ind tirltcful lorc,l'lc is tlc only trri! \,irl1$l,oD, I l,iv,: consiircndi0 dri t, pcrhr|s hc docs no0 bihivcrlurlacll; i$ ir \villirtl donlcl, as a hrppy cqurblc crc:lttrrt, blxrdly inrl l!:rppil11 pcrfrrrnritr8

il!

dutics.'

orgrnirllious which d;5courxUcd cr)olir'rxl.ctrlxtrdcrrrnlr. rr)rl ofcrcitjrily.'fhc drdd orvhcr!. fro' Wodchousc t.i I{cnry ivlillcr,. of bcinr 'cogs in tJrc 'vhccls', \\rs bccortriru mofl: \\'idc!'jusdficd. Ard lthilc fictorics wcrc loohiog uorc likc onicr:s, ofliccs rscrc bccoming norc likc hctorics. nJ lhc sr)c;oluuisl C. \\'r;sht i'lills dc5cr:bcd thcl|r in r9i]:
fought shy
.

But drc inti'rl.ic snrill ollicc rvrs givil6 rvry ro nrorc nrcchtnidl

As skyscr,rpcrs rcplxuc roNs ofsnr:rll slropri so.ofijiics rcphtc frcc mlr}:cr;. Dxch o(lcc withir rlrc sky:;criptr it i sc$rcnr of drc cnomrour lilc, r p:\fl ol drc synrbol frcrory ihut prr.rduccs tllc billion sljps ol prdcr dlll gcir nrotlc socicry irrto ils diil) shipc, fronr tltc c^_ccutirc's suitc lo thc fictory )rr'J, thr: prpcr

'to

C l.rA p'1'lil{

s tt\/ ri N

OrgurLisatiort PcopLc
x,lcru,tjnrl: rtrc suii,rt

lI ,"uicr t,(r

Juuurc,l irs Eq,iur n vo,,ld

r;

L.(s

od,(b, bj ,m1, l, rt,r ij,,liriJu.,t(o rc ft, r.U.uJ l,i,,F r( s r Irurrtj( tu trcv,rit:,,1: oj,iIi,nr, Ly crc ir,.;, ' ru.'i, .' r)r.,n,,)' nt rt,c trr,rj,r,jr). Dr. 1.uc,l![v|,r.! Dn*,.,,,,y i,,,t),*,t,,, ^r,r_rrr

fl rhc (rljcnrc

Uu

LI
ut,

lso brou[ht rhc coq]ortlrionl closcr ro nr ilir;uy sysrcms ar:rl plu_ ril]l'' $,idr thcir. o\vn s]sr,:rus uI con:nrand rld conrrot. And rs rtrcv bucrrrrt irvullrrl irr LIc CclJ 1V.,r rU,r;rrL rJrc eurrrnrun.st bloc, rlcii. slru(lurcs shu\vcd .Ior. r.: crrbl.rrrcc tu rLc bur ucrrJics Jn,J .rpp.r-

,u,y.Lac1,r,,ncc of,1ic-uLor_ sl,il,,'r,uLiu f rulc, irr inJJsL.f.,r ururh rs;u poti!ic5, ]lrd trrd (rco\rr Ucd urU)h:rsir on t)rrriciplior utt couuniuccs. And rfrcr l lrucr c llrp.U);rs r- vcll .rj Ljuv(flrnrcllts lclr rhclllschcs cllllcn[ud by thc conrruLrnist rrrd sr:cirtirr.rltcruliycs lo provc drcnsclvcs ro bc Jcrrocrlttic i 5LituLioDs \yltich loolicd rfrcr drcl,luoplc. Bur rJrc rvar

.. llill(r

Lr rlr;r,r7 h:rrl e.,uscJ .r rcvdh:or1

onolNrsAl loN ruo!LL Llrr.r: ri.rs I 6rcillcr scr.5c o t'rlc orrrcy. .I.hc rv:rr agri
r

rIiijr:l

sr

Ir'd

:llLl,:l.s \v:rlr

\'hi(li

(hcy

\(rc

corn.rctiIU.

'l hc Sccond \\brtd \Vir rcirrfurccd rhc bi.; uu|porrrriul) ru r pc|ruir_ rlctlt rslrlullu , :rcculrlcrl .rs .r Iurv kirrrl ot r:conr:rrric :rnrl sociiri crrrity. 'Lcss dritn tcrr yc:rrs:r6o ir srillsccucd to bc;r virulissuc ofAnrcricr'rr politics s,hct-hcr to harc lJig lJusiucss 0r uo(r, \yrotr Pctcr Drucliur iI r9.16. "l'urJ.r1 rhc vrry qucsrio is nrcrIlirrl;lcss if or titrrrlurrs., l.lc r!rv drc lrr[c llr:lls1)roducrion phu! rr rhc soci:rl ,cltiry,,uur rcprcscotrrirc iDsd!urio't, \yhjch !rs lo cr,.,f rtrc bu!dctr ;I our drcrDr5'. Thc \v.r hrd [iec') bodr n, clicrn iDd Bririrh busiIlcssncn nruch morc corndcDcc rurl lc6irinrrcy rftcr drcir Lrrpopulirily drrirU drc Dcprcssion. -thcy ruovcd in rnrl out of6ovcrnnrcrrr scni;c, t)hr: ring; rcorgaflisiDg rud :rdrislng drc.rmftd lorcrs 0u nlxr)ilcnlcor, :rs tJrcl hrd in tltc prcvious wir,.bur olr i nluch lilrg"r sc,rlc. ;fh"y built
.scnsc of conrnron purposc and rc|icycnrcnr. ln Anrcrici drcy rclricrcd rn ir)dusrriJl 'Irjrrclc, - rJrc pr.ccuruor of all thc post-rv:rr. nririclcr - widl urrr.Jrcurr-ol lcvcls <.rf producrion. IJur lhcl lud nor |:rrrrt tJrc full lcsror. 'l hc nrir:rclc rvrs rhr: rcsulr olnrubilisiri6 pcoplc, rrlhcr Utl n rcioutccs,:lId o[tnotiuJliltL;tllcll w;dl:l ljclsc ofillvolvcnlcnr- Aftcr tltc rvrr Lhc conrpl|ics :ioolt losl lrclt of thc spirit of co-opcrlrioo and llc)iibility.'flrc nrxnlljcrx t l l.)ick into nrcchlnicrl rrtitudcs, scp;rritinii thLntsr:lvcs fro|r lhc norkcrs irDd irnl)using tllcir rulcs \!ithout coniuliilion.
up rrholc ncs,ciLics, dcdic;{cd ro drc ry3r cfforr, :rud hc\r,:d Lo briug brcJi full cnrployrrcn( for drc I;r5t rijDc jilcc rtrc Cr.crr-Cr.rsb, rvirti

Allrrrir:;ur corrprrrics-h;rd bccn irrl]ucncurt llor or)ly b] d)c hurc Ilrililrry ordcl.s but by lllc ,lisciplir)cs !hrr \vc|t wjdr rcm, inctudjru Iorg-rcrnr pirDning rud lugistics; nnd :llicr rllc \vtr nrrny conrprDic; loolicd to Ljoncrrrli l0d l!lll)irills ru bccou)c dircitois or chajrnrcn, "l'hc nu tuenrc|! cirdrc i$clfis buing rxriontrtisrd i'rro nrilirxry-likc rlrilpc,' \'rotc tlrc r:rdicill critiu C. Wrigh( tvlills in r953i .lD ficr sor)rc rl tLc vcrf he:iL irlers firl Lrusirrrss tnl),rUcl)tcnl h,rvc colrc fiorrr rrrcrr rrl Jridr rrrilitrry crpr|icrrcc - llrc "ltr,ruircrIs" rho,,r vhor, l,JsiI(r$trcr corrr;:l.ri ed ,o dLrr:rrr d,c \vr,.' lnLlusr.:iul rrrnryc|s inclldi,,U lrxDy ur-uflllcrr - (opicd trr;li( l iyslcu)s for lpprli5i,,tt or l)r\,trro{iDl; drcir rLrq rI]d rdop(cd drc ps}cholo8icrL !c5tr lvhich thc rLn)r)' hild dcy,rlol)cll to sort out xnd clr[siry h0r(lcs of unLcslcd rud vaiicyatcd rccruits. Con\)irDJ ulcn bccirmc closcr to nrilirrrry mcD, whu cuu lcrr,rirr v.rlulLlu curtrlclj to furdrur dlcir busilrcsl. Thc inrnrudiltc dcnlobilisirtioir brought .r colhpsc of or.dcts, rs it had
ttrcnq -surcn ycrls bcfolc, \vhich coDfiontcd drc hugc arnts :rnd 3!irriun ir)dustrics rvitlr Potcrrtirl disrrLcr. llut rIc coinntunht mcnrcc xrd llrc l(orcll \v r \vcrc to l)rovidc.l nc\v ind contiluilg surgc of rrlLlcls, brirrgily unplcccrJcnLcd sccurity to Illc dcfctcc industrics. 'lhc prirnc cr-rrrtr:u:ton Ib| drc fcdcr:tl UovcrntrcIl! durjng vrrLiruc rcrnrillcd tltc i:Iuc con)p:luicr duriD8 {ilc Cold War. 'lhc ,rDilitiryinJrr:.tr}l cur'plcr', rs I'r:siJc.rt l-iscnhorvcr (or hi:; 5pccch-wrircr) lir:it r:rrllcLI it iu rr6r, Icc:,nrc r l:r:tilg irlll,rn'cc js Ilrc Pcnh;on vrtlrtl chse\' rvirL i h:irrdful of courP:rnits includir16'rlrc Ccncrrls' - Ccrrclrl AIotols, Ccr:r:rl Hcctric:rnd Ccncr'.rl Dyu:rnrics.'fhc :,rrrrs rurr'1,.rrrics lrrr.rehci ild;vidurl frcc ur)lcrlrrisc, bur tlrcy rtt hrtrv
93

,1

'r'li

.
drcy dcpcn,JcC

c'o.itfn N\i

r\t,/L

j6

Ilrild:ng conn!issiorcd try rhc rxrqnrk busi (:lxr{(s lmul,rnrn $.ho.\'rs soo| xlicnlr,.rl$ tlrc(I. tri,r\t ot rIc t)Isr{!ir.stt}sc.xp(rs, likc llrc L::,ron or Citibrrrh rorvcrs, rppcrrcLl :rs srttll i,ro,ryn'o'rs r:, lhc ionrrtiny rur $ho conirollctl llr$ll.

procl:li inf tircirpovcr by rJrcir slilrcripcrs in ttrctr conrpinJ,citics:. rlrc Gulfslyscrrpcr in ltilsburlh, thr Tcr-irco loNcr in I.loustoll, lhc RcyDolds bui'dinf ir \Virslorr-Srlcnr. No\v llcir c(Jucsr tbr utury N.r rocuiirf on ;\4itrh rrn, Nl.crc rl,q uonrt)crc(t ir : ft(,',tuur rk'rl; Irirl Alcnuc or Sixrh .\lcntrc litc rhc \,('rcri,\n /, /.,-i rlorU rt,( Cri d Crnrl. Uur rircnrcsr ctcl:.rnr ronurs scn iror ustrxlt),rlrr rc\!rtr ofcornontc conrnrittccs. bul ur'dcre niDc(l in,li\;,lnxls: l;tc rlrr ScrEr! buildi 8 conrnrisrionctl hy rlc chrirrnrn'i $itc, or rhc Lctcr

pcr ccnl ofdrc lolll corTroritc Nr1l1LJtinxuri ll irsscLr; by r96j thcy hclJ pcr ccnt; by rt68 Lficy h{ld 6 r f,:r ccN. lIcy vcrc rccL,sruflrcd ro

llrc slxtc lor (hci. survivrt. t_ockhcc(l ,rlxn ;rr Duri-rrnk coorpcrcd $itl McDoDnc mru iIl S( Lo ir, bur rhc flrlcs ind drc prizci ivcrc rct irr lVrshilglo[. Ard drc conccntrirtiol ofpowcr corrtinucd ilr thc l)jUfcn (otlF pinica tooJi oyfi i stilllirgcr s[rlrc ofrhc Anlcrici r, cco,i;try in th" fiftics lndsirlies, h r947 hvo lunil)d ildL*t.jrt currplrics icld a7

.I

oncANt5l.t.t0N I'l:o I t. I
"nrinxgcriil"': rrd lml)'surJ horv thc uerv rnrnrgr:rs s.crc r:rl:iuU ovrr rs tlc rulirg chss iD boll crlitrlist:rnd cu )[]unir! counLricr. Ilr :rrgucd th:u "l'llc crpiullsr3,.llrc rulinf cliss of nrorJcflr socicry, :rr: losinf conlrcl, lfixt t|c Joc;rl slruclurc \yhich plxrcd llrcm i| lhc
l)osilion ofrulirr8 cljss is bcing rrir)rfonned, not tonlorro\v, but jlow! rrs vc vrlcl. Ll tl|c nc\y slnrctrrrc, vJrc irr fos'rdiLion5 irc collF rrlctrd, thcrc will bc no c:lpit.1lisls.' Cxpirxlisls ipric.rcd to bc disxppcir;'rt out orsi[lit wl;lc drc !cry \r'ord vclll oul of fxshiorl, 'l'hc rt3[,r[crixl i ugc of drc coryonrion \vxs rcllcclr(l rt rnnull fcllcril nrcctiltjs \yhich rvcrc incrcrsirrllly p!blicircd x'rd iDrc.rrrunIcd whl' rl'l,orlrl ltublic rchtiors.'ll,c clrrinrrn $orld prochnrt i,,'a'ritrrou! rnd rnro!nc! nc\v 'lcciiiotrr, rl;rccrors clusc try drc cx;sri u ofricLrs. Ilcrrxrinuly x fcw Llir.i-

icnt iI(lividrrrlish:rrchohic$
rlc.corponrlc plrtlsi

would rry ru cn\lIrll:,s or frusrr.,rc Dol jwry lhc bitl shrrcholdcrt. rhu ptrsior ftrrcls :rnditsurxr(c conrt)l iu:i \vlro ururllyprcfcffcd d,c ccJ l)y x li,n, cr srrtrr:: qro. lhi hck r'f xi:c,nnrtrhility \v.,s tlc

ll!l

r|!y rorld

lirc

rc:iidcor ol

',u Cc crrl ucstri{, 'l'.K. qun$, $llo lvrolc ! tool:,

i\1^NlcLIt,\t- t{ri!ol,ll.l.loN
Thc lcchnicrl b\ync$ ot'biu con\rllrics, thr sllxrrhultlcrs, rvrr.c rror. rrosdy thc rinstltutions', dlc pcnriiirn Iurrds l d in$rrulce co,lrIi ric:i, who \rcrc usrnlly ur)v:ll; g r,, :r)r.,acnu. 'A pot:cy ,rf norricr;,rr t,1. rhc insti!utio r,'slulc Adolf U!du, tirc h\rt{lxrtiricix \!t$ tir\i iniltscd corT)ontc on ncrs|iD, hrc:rni rllllt rlic rli|cck)rs iI(l lirnigcnrcnts oirlc corporrtiorrs ufiosc stocliihcy lroLl bccol)c ilcrclsiltljly

'sclf-:rppoinlcd iltd uncllrllc Uciblcl 1\'Jtilc it conrirlcr, it frccrlcs lbrohrtc po\\'cr in rhc corporrtc nrinilicnrcnts.' ln t94o Jrnrrs lhrDh , til0rcrt 'frotrililirl, I]l(l st]rlt o t tlc polidcrl ind sociil inrflicirions oflhc ctr $Ui,rro$.ncr.:trip in hjs bootr 'fht llanitxcriaMi:oluio,', lhc tiLlc ofrvhiclr lccxmc :1 cxlch1trrrsc. . l.lc thc rr:rnsition'fro$ rlrc (yp! ofsoiir:q rvhich rvc hvc 'lcscribcd cillcd crpiiilirr orbourscoin ro typc . t'so cicty \vhich \c Irrc ci cd

Cr'!,,rr,r,ri,,.s,inr9SJ:'\Vclt:ulthcn,irrcllcct,rhugcccononlicrirrc [,rvrt1rc(l hy notr-clcclc(1, *clt-t)rrt)clnxti[lt ollir(,,i x d ,lir(rr, s thc ditcct ot)posits ol thc cnrorrn[': [cdrrl.' 'lltc nrlrrs!rs foflillcd rcir Lirudolll to pc'pcru:iLc d'cDrsclvcr fir(l rLir)lorcc drcir proDruriun !nd sccur;ty.'rvllor[ci)rcllt dcrclopnrcll' bcciruc lllc nuw lirshiorir xnd by r955 hxlf dtc big ronrprrrics hirrl spccirl pro[rilr)]cr lo Julclop nnnrgcrs, ^arcrlciu ostcn:ibly lo crsrrrc lllc conliDuiU ul llc uor)rl)ilrU, but prinrrrll] lo pcri)c(ll1rc tlrr: rrrn:r6crirl cl:rs:. Not st'r'prkinfly thc ncN lcr(.r'irti(n lh(,rscs \rc.c lcrs rnrcq)r;rifiU thxll lhrir prc(lcccssoN, ln rgSo lvlxbel Ncrrcorrrcr:rnrlyl"td rl|c b:rctrgrounrls ol chicf rricculivcs of sonrl)xlicl \\,idt .rsscls of nrorc thrn 315 nilli r, xld fourd thit tl]c l$icil bosr \yis r RcpubJicr
lipircupuli:rn
.r11rd

sirty-onc, cr-l)uctirrf to rctirc

it ,cycnty, l.lc

o\vncd

|:sr thu o.r pcr cclr ol'his

conrprrry's stocl,.rrJ Ic I:\(l ncvcr l)r':lrliriul ill(lcl]L.ndcnll) trr hr{l I huslntss ofhis ur.l, us his fitltcr r'.rs nrolr: likcly to hrvc rJonr. lixilcr-Uro\vint'con.t)x'rics $rrc Drorc rrricdi thcir tJt'icil rhicl'h:rd rvidcr crT)cr;clcc, w:rs lcss li*cty ro bc

r h\Ucr

or rn[inccr, iod rcrchcd (ic lop 6vc ]cxrs younscr. Nc\cor)cr \virs ,rot \.orricd by lhc siti[s of Uurcrucrilir:tion ,nro g

it

It

co,\ll,lNl,Al^N
ciJLlishcd.Lonr!., i*:.Any tuss of inr.r6ijrrriun ,,u.1 ,t,,,ir1; lo L)c ollscr b) r ,llorc scic liJ;c rtI)roJclr ro (l,c ";,1,.".,r t]roblc,n ol.p;oducriur, .nd lry nrorc pl!nn;ng-rnd rcscrrch.' Dut tIc rljtrppcrnncc ol rhc o$Icrs lclt doubLs ;rtrour rylrcr.c ics_ pon5ibility rcillJ'lly. Tltc rrtrli6crs, 11,llo \\,crc rcsl)0Dsiblc to cxcjl . odrcr, \vcrc o:lturilly rclucrrnL io t.rkc rislis rvhich l)ligll( drn):rUu thrir -f|c Iircr.lry scholrr lldrnullrl lVilson l)ronro!ion alld prospccrs, [ud rJcfirrcrl crpitrlist socicty rs':r virst 5y5Lcr)t irl p:rssirrg rJrc l_rucli,;:urJ thc sociolo6iit C. \Vriglrt Mills dcyclol)c lhc chirr[c;,nll lrnurfurs rrt "nriddlc-nrrurgcrs" \!ho rrc Dot orl::lDircd in src| r nrrrncr.:rs
ru

lrc,\

r{

l;A.l.l o

N t,Lotl.t

rhc sr,rl !t t'onr ltxdr, x v3r.rclrfru lillcd Nidr guilr pcr:Plc ullLl lrrving Iris i cIir;nrirc child in lrrly. I.Lc .r:cr (o tDJ .r jrb irr i\:ei York \ytrich \\:ll rnri,)(riii h:r tnicjrr;ry ,riril thc rrsl)c!( uf hir i(lrilirric rvife. lurrurd hc ;s irircrt ro vrirc sl)cccltcs hc dr-rcsll't bcli,:vc ill for a sirrglc-llrindcd brordc$!ing ' tlcoorr; but hr rcrliscs'l \yrnr.Lo clr, rnd so, I;kc t hilforillion orlct t;Ly$ ;I Urr] ll:lltitcl iuil:;, l'll :lhvjrys IrcLcnd lo .rgrcc, unr:l I Ecl

'fhc Uool rold

.rbu

t Iiill;ng

trif rnouUh lo bc honcrr \vidloul bci|8 hurt.' I.lir 'clrlrcprcncuriil boss r'cspccts'l'orr's intc6rity rurd bcfricnds hinr, \yjUl r walrldr rld
olltirDirtic cncrUy. 'l oDr Lclls Iis riifc: I rrxlly dor'\ lluw lv|rL I \err looliir)U Ilre w'll, bdt it iccnrcJ xr tl'ouuh ll

drcrr to :rrr!rDc collccrirc rcsPunsibitiry."l hc j(lc (ir),ut rlru !urt)oritiotr [c found ruch rllorc brflliuf: ,rtrc crpir:rli:,t spirir hjs bccn burcrucr:rtiscd ird lllc cn(ct)rirc fcrjshisctl l. . 'l tre rrrrne ol' drc 6fl'r is rll dur 0rrr(crs .rrd.dris [:ulc docs not rrcst upon rhc pcrsonrl quilily.of i$ Itr:rd; it rcsls Lrl)oll thc blrsinlrs rorlillc lln(l tl,c c..cful idrtr;Disrrrtion olrpproprirrc publiciq..' I. . 5o'rc trosinrsrfircri rs wcll ir drc;r cr;rics wcrc rvoi.ryinU lbuur rtrc conlorrlity of tic nc\t, cornt)lny llrcll,'Wh:rL bccrurc r:l'r]lc iuJcpclJcnt spiri()'rslicd drc cduc:ldor)!l;sl Clxrk l(cfl i|./i.r,/rr. nrujxziIc irr J uly r 95 3; hc Lrr6cd indiriLlurls to dcvclop thcil or!,r sull-pfolccrion ro :r\o;d'to(rl irrrlvcnrcn( ill xl]y o16:ru;s iun'. l.lij uo ccnr wl:i I)nn

illo\!

forwhc I [o! bick frour I couid r(c \v!r n lor of

purs!il|tt:r.urtinc.
.'''.:

brighty.',ul)6 nrcn irr 6r:ry Illnncl suili ruilt;rUrrour)d Nc\vYorl ir: r Irlrtiu prrxdc to ro\vhcrc. l'!cy sccmcd to r:rc to bc pursu-

ir\: ncil|cr idcih ror I'xppilcsr

luu wr5 \cc:riIU

[or r IonU \vhilc I t]rouUlrt I \v:rs on d)c sidclincs \vrtching tltit |rrrdc, r d it vrs rluilu a slrucl. to gbrrcc dorvn rnd scc d)Jl I

thcy rvctc

.:.,lj:

Lxr) lL[Urcl]uit.

' '':

:l

Alrtcric:rns Ncrc losjr)6 dlcir'iuucr-dircctcd' individuil scn5c orpu,t)osc, rnrJ bcconrirg prcpccupicd \v:rh plciji,rI cich orlrcr, or bcillg'odrcr-dircc(ud'.'lhc phrrscs ri'cic invcurcrl t:y ti,c lirg.criociolo8isr Drvid Ricsltlrn iD liie book'ttrc Lurcb' CroD.t, first publishcd in r95o. l.lc dc5cribcd ltorv busiDclsurcn silcc rhc cr! of I Icrrry ford hrd brsicxtb chiD[id: fron) gripplirr6 rvidi Llc inrpcrsonal clrrllcngcs oI tJrc fronticr, rviLlr 'tltc hnrdncsJ olnlrtc.iilr, to conccntmtjn6 on drcir rchrions $irl collcrFrcs. 'fhc ch:rD[c, hc $rrncd, lrrd rr'crkcnctl tlc conrp:ltics' irltcrcst in rhcir. l)roduclJ. Succc3Sful lrlrsrcru oTrllciI tridcj, \,hcdrcr rrlicltinc-tool Drc;, docLors or joun)iiists, could or)ly cirl luorc ulotcy if lhay bccxltc dcjli. rdmirirtrr(orr cut off fronr rJrcir crafr, rurJ pliycd down thcir old sLill. 'lf onc is surccslful ill orrc's crifr, oni is foricd lo lcavc ir., Post-wrr idcrlisnt h:rd itirrcd rp rcscnuncnts rfrirsl confunnily, rs it hJd r qu:rrlcr olx ccrruq crrlicr.'l'hc!c \vcrc sunrurrd up iu Slorn \\'ilson'r populrr l:l.ltclThcMan rhc Cnq,,t%;rrrl Jrrir - srill nrorc populxr :\flcr, Orcg0rf l'ccli. pliycd rJrc hcro in rlrc tilnr (r 956).

of

$idcr fcrr

tllll

lD r950 x Jour)U cdilor ul /i,lrra, Willi nr ll. Whytc, protluccrl his booh Or6tarlrrliorr ,4{rrrr, rvhlc[ proridcrl soclologicol crldcncc for dlc Uru\v;'rr confolnrily ot Antclicrn cor)pinj n)cn. Whytc rvar nor l\ctuicd b) thcriurficc u$ifoNitics' lilic [rcy Illnuclsuit, but by :r rJccpcr'-sc:rtcd chiu6c, :iruiy frour dlc !riditionrln nciican Protcstrnr rtJric, lorv:rrds r Dcrv 'soci:ri cdric' rvhich subjugatcd tltc individull to lhc frou| - a chrrnUc rvlicfi Jccnrcd to ha!! bick to aD cailici scnsc r.rl bcluu6irrg, :rs irr tJrc lvlirldlc Agcs, lJc tnccd this rocial conlorrniry lhrouUh rchools, 'Lrriycrsitics aud olficu hicrarchics, r11 drc rvry out to subu Ibi:r. I'lc corrductcd dctiilcd iutcryicrvs iu dlc conlpaDys!burb ol lhrli l orcst, lllirrois, rvlLe|u ho foul)d f:r$rilics condirioncd to . bccunrc prn of l.r r1;cr' yroups, rlcdicrLcd tb'inconspicuous cousumprion' uod l(, producir)f 'or[nniliLior ch;ldrcIr. W]tyrc \vrrncd rlrrr Urc :socirl ctlic rvrs dxD8crolslJ shlic and $clf-dcrtrucriyc; rn obslrclc ru Anrcric:|r i0r)ovition r.l scicDtilic discovcry. I.lc offcrcd r:o crsy ju[rlior - ''l'l'c coDlliul l,,jhlccn individu:r! rnd socicry lrr: rhrrys irrvolvcLl dileurlu'- bur h,: cllluJ for rhc orgrrnisrLion mlir ro lit|r thc olg.rrris:rtio .
9't

. :,r..1

'i:l .:: ii!; .i)

.:
.

.:'i:,

1.'!.

'.

.ll: ''i..
:1,'
.lr. li

'

;'

ttr

t..'.,-'r

'./.5

coIl r/rNr' rAri 'lhc Org:r'riritio0 I,irn ;n llis (ift), lillllrrci.SLril llio0 urtcrc(l buiircss uy|ll010uy, 0bliuinU nHIy L:):ccrl;ycr tU pri'tcrs t[:rl ltrry rvcrc iir l:rct jndividurls, in !9jt thc cfi;ril1 rur oi'(lul\rrrr, Cr:rrvtirrrl Crccncrvrk - r rvidc-r,rngirr6 scholli l.lriJ $rrr \.ritirg I (lctiritirc iludy of dlc huntntirrg-lird - d0tii.arc(l Iccrurcr c0rltrrilictijlf tlc bcliclthlt big contprnic3 \ycrc c0lfoir]risl: hc did lr0t lli $cll'owl i singlc grc! llrrncl suit. l.lc corrllhitrcrl t!irt thc Amcriclti bnsilcssnlin hrd bccn'ncglcctcd by dtc hisrnrirn, scor|crl l.:y rlc Iilcr'urrur', ind snubbcd by thc socirl critic', ll. irdnrillcd dul rhc colourful
pionccrs likc llockrfcllcr orJ. Iiclpoitrt i\'loryrn hrd Lrr:cn sLrccccrJcLl

tr;

t::l\.t.lll N I'Ill

t. r. r:

i'r(li!nlu.l.'

nn:'t:c,ixl lLvrl.'trr: rcpnIrr:rt,,:rrrrl Drurc lrlrrrit)rl:uivc t,^(xrt rl,.,r

[SSO.5' tNSUt,l t.toN

Ly'sonrcrvh:rtrustcrcrr,,J,rrionynliusirrrritutio'is',rr(tthrtind*ilL':rl cffod lrid gr:rdurlly rlrcrfcd irrto group ctl'ort, l'lct-rs:tlso concr,'rnutl li, hrrnrrn rbo$t sonrc sirrr oT(lchltm:rnisriorr: lu lirutl it "tltc'r\n'c r$ ;tr Iortrrirru diS ity 1() rcly upon ps),cholouitxl-retllirw b(rcru( our Dcironrl iudfcnrcnls'. I-lul lc vxs not vo i':(t rbout rltc loss of individuiliq': "fhc nlorc cfltclilc :rn crcuulivc, lhc ruorc his o\rn idcnLiry xrd pcrsol]ility Llund i|to llr0 UrctBronnrl ol l'ir or[rnisltion.' Aircl lrc r:rt\cr conllrnrcd \Vhylr's torrlcrrliorl llr:1t c0nrpxnicr rvcrc hrrlinr brcl to thc onc-nc$t of lJrc lvlitldlc A,ics, "l'crnrs ol' hbosrcrr buih drc ljnn\ids :1nd lfln\s ol crxfrsNcn rlrc nrctlic\';rl c:tthcdr.li. No\y, for drc Iirsr tinrc, howcvcr, nill'r:rfqrrrcrlt ilscll lrxr bccomc r tcrm cfi-ort wjdr Uro!p dirccLion, rroLrp initirtivc, rnd srau! rcsionsibilir/.' Thc critjq{c ofco,uprny hl:rr \v.5 dcvcloDcd f!rlhd by thc io!rnrlk! V:rncc I'ic[.rd, 1v!o Iirut flndc his trrrr)c \!ilh 77c //rirlc, Ptanutlco (r9s't)', vhich llrst !ubliciscd su!linritlill NdvcrlisiirU lir Thc S'cnt SrJ:ot nr 1959 hc dcuribcd |orv.bil curporntiorrs hr.l crcitcd i niw nllionrlchss slructur':!y corrstruclinr Ii)crs ofrrrxn_ rgimcnt rnd rtrtts shich rvcrc ,rlruo:;t rs rifi,i tls rxnlts in thc rrotl or rdli civil scnicc:'drcy hxd drviscC irrtricxlc vlriclic! of s(xurs $rbugh Lhc sizc of oiliccs, dc!lir or c:vs, \rhilc lhcy inrposcd thcir 'corporitc hicrxrchic5 6l.loc:rl comniunirics nrori clfcctivcly,rs Nncri
1

lvlust bi6 r\nrcriurn coq:rrnriurrs *cr.c norr nur by lrofcssionrl nnrrrgcrs nhLr ircrc ilcrelsirr[ly orsr.ri'rcd by r:unrn.irrccs rr:d by \rurrics r;oul lhril publ;r irnrgc.'l'trt oit conrprrrics r"crc nruch lcss br)lJ thir :rt thc riflru officir lruccfircrrinf oriuins, 3nd rhc bif8cri,

Stxlrllrrl Oil of Ncw Jr$cy, or [sso, rv:rs spccirlly ncoous rfrcr \\,xI(r 'l'cxtl'r \vrs rccnxc(l 0f lr.ri'n i[ !rl.t1 -'.r!rriltix rurnoil \!hi{h (sx;Ll lhc conrpx y hirt!D.) hxd 'xll !ur shxlrrrcd' rhu Dro.rtc ol'thc boxrd. 'l'hcjr rc\v chrirlnxn, lix k A!lJnrr, rn cx-rcrirlcO.

nrrnrgcr, rvrs rvorrictl rbour tlrr co ll) ),s;trruhliort fron) socic!,. 'I'lillnr$ pcollc nr rhir co rtr) lrid uhcvh!rc xrc i |Mry rcll ',f sursc hlolii0u olrr ollr lhouldcrs ir $c rtircusr ]lltl ilclibur!l{,, Ic toltl his collcr6rcs irr rt.t6.'l hrcL lc:rrx hrcr hc wrrnrttrctt $hcrhtr

I'usiDcseDcr n(lcHr,xlrl,xt'lhrs'c;rloni(rI'tthirt\;nrhis(,nn,rN lrrs Lrnrl:rgonc x Iundilnrcjlrl chrnuc', or 1\hcrjrtr-\"c ric btindcj l)J tnc r'ry wc livc'. J.lc rnd lk collcr[ucs; hc crptxirlcd,,courc froru rcrf llro(lcr! bcui'Iri fl . r. bur wu lruvcn'r r]:rirltrinc{l oor rica \!irlr

rl'c rolks lion' \Lfion) wc c1'rtc'.

lidsiti l

- rrlo runrrjrlcd ill d]lr lbr sirtrcn ycxrs ullil t96o - \,iirs :r gculogist rvho mrdc l.,nf-tc r pllns lor stxrf :t5 wcll xs oil, ird (lc'ittllcd x prour.nnnc l;r'dcvcl,Jtin6 rcscrlics (rfl,ry pcrsorncl conrprrrbtc ro rtrc ics,:nrs !l ph)ric;rl xsrcts' (rhis $,xs !:I,t ol rh'c lrrrd (o\,l'rds cxllinf pcoplc
'hrnr:rn fl:sourccs). lJut thc [ssoirr.rrl|l6crs, likc orlrcr oilmcu, cou. tinncd Io hcl br:o;rd crpcric cc uutsidc rhc rclincrics. r\hcr rlrc rrrr Esso nrorcd profitrrbly irlo rhc tvliddlc ljrsr, joir\inB ltrc consorri' of rurp$ritis i,r Sil!di Ar bix xId lr:r'r,.!ut:rvirh lirdc potiticrl undcr.

tsso's chicf csccutirc liugcnc l.lolnr.,rn

crn fimilicr \vcrc bccominB nrorc Irobilc.'fhc Ujritcd Strlcs, Ix,jkird coftpllincd, \v:rs '{rill dcsDcr!rcly trjinU to xdiu\l rir thc rlovrh of vrjr burcrucritic iflrr:lul:ons'. Ilc rcrunrcd i,, rhi rttrik ftrrr

strrndhrf :rrrJ

lxtcr chri nin,

.rvlurrroc R:rtlbon!".,

rvls rcsfonriblc

ycirs hrcr in

fra.b'/dtrt Chnr.d which criticis(i .nnrPinicJ i rcr fcrcncc rvidr cmployccs.'Iri!rtc burcxucncics hxvc rccc'rtly bc':onrc drc irrdivld$xl thu morc intrusilc ill lhcir pcr3oulrl dcnrrr]ds

itr r 90o lirr rhc r:irh dccisirn to rcducc thc oilpricr lrhich prccit!irircij
rh!. lirrnfirior .Jf

Ol,!C.

ll

tu

(:o^rj'iNl i\tiN

o li ti

Nt

5I.t,to N I'co t 1,r:

cliNl.;llir. i\io1 oR5, coi\li\ll'l_f

Ir.:..j

CcDcrrl i\lororJ rvrs nrorc rhflr crcr U)c rrchcq?rl rirnr corponrir)n, \l1irh llad pioycd ilr nl;utirucnrcDt $lills iD thc \rirr, rvhcn it ciuploycrl lmll :r rnillic'n ler.ryrlc. Alllr:tl 5lorn, lIc lrrcLirrel ofirs (lcccn(rrlireLl rlructurc, hJd nrored ul) iD rtl? fiu0l chici crcc(liva t0 chri$rxl, \lhich I'c ruDrii'r((l for rhc ncrit hfi:rty Jcrri, rctirinu xl lhc xllc ol' \\'ilsor) hrd t,tlcD orcr ur; prcsitlettt utrLil itt ci5!rt. Ir 't.tr Ch.rrl6 JrjJ l'rsi(lurr liiscrrhurer rrrrdc Iirr rccrclr) ol rlcl!rcc, \vllielr rtrjblc'J hinr to ltoih rl'ro(rCr trdv ADrttjcxn I'ishwx)s, oirctrsibly ltr rlclii,.(, s'hicl' proviJcrl :ru ol)portllnill for thc rrk' iI(lsrtrt. llii; nri,r crrccrs synboliscd tlrc closcrrcss bctrvcen CAI:rrd goltrnr)renr, ronrnrrd up itr Iij $ruclr-rnisrluotcd lhrrsc: 'lror trrrs lhc xctrrliy iidl I rhoutlrt \rh.'(trtrs gorxl l'irr orrr cornuy rv.rs 1;ourl lirr QcncHl )loturs, .rrrrl viec-rcrsr.' !ur Ci\4 hxJ f.Lilc{l ro Iunri,rire irs ntodcl uf nr rr rcnrcnr. lrr $rnilnc ichic!c'n(nr:; hr<l bccn brsol on rcc ilirg iuutltr;cntcll

Slurn rrurl Wilsun rvr:rc succccrtcrl by l|irD.r[in]rivc ch.rirnrcr J:nrr(s l(ocht, lliclr,rl1l Crrrrchu!lr:. 'l honrrs,Iturphy - rvho sc.cnrcrl ilirosl inlliJlilluriihiblc l0 rhe oursidu/s !)c: lhcy irid lllcomc fro r snhll orid{.cst turvrrs, riscn up r[Lou[h lhc GiVI courrrriuccs, rrll hctrJ con\,cntiolrl l(cprrblir:un ricr,s. '.i'lrr:y lcrpijlu:{cd Sloirn'r s(.uc(urr, \\'ilh0rl rlucsli(xriIli it$ lrLrnr:rD ncrds. Yct CcIcl'rtl Mororj tvrs :jlill r.rr .'r ,r rroJcl ,,r'lru,v Lr fu,r l)it bL,s;uLss, rhrou.itr co.t(ui!( drLiiiuu in(l co,Dnrirtcc:. A5 onc oiccutivc (lcrcribcd it:
currrrrittccs rlc tllc corrphr4,, rnrl onc of Lhc wllr you risc ir Ihc uo!'lixr) is by beirrg r lornuriiLcc rtrrn - l)rcfcllbly sccrct.,) ol_otrc irflhc cornnitlcc:;.'fhc pcoplc rvho ssccccd !t GA'l tlercrill) cr.ll|rc iuto'tJrc corupuny vcry c.rly, xr lo\v-lcvcl jobs, . lhcy (lorr'L I vc bif idcrs rbou! risin8 ro thc ro!.'!hcy slick Nilh thc coiDDrDy, nDd cvcnllrlly.r fc\v nl:rkc it.'l'o lhc oulridcr rlrcl'r'c rul !ury inqrlu;:;irc. 'l'lrcy'r'c roL vcrf ir)tcrcstiirI rs l)rot)lc.'lhc) terJ lo Irlh irr pl:rtiLudci. All drcy Lro\\ is drc
'1 h,.:

rLrt0rn,l)il! industrf

\u.tor. rnJ oo rl,( rluirrt( ol rririric,':r \r|ich rll,^rt!l

'horc $urkcb tu r.rl( rcit)u,rribilir). \\'lrerr I'ctcl l)ruclcl \!rs rstc(l ro \ritc hi5 o\!r, rcport or Cr\l hc strongly;rlviseLJ tlrxr i( dcrtlol)c(l rhc iil(rr ol rc5p"n.iblc surlcrs rr sr:ll'-t3Ncruir)r t)la[ts. Chrrlcs \\rilsun $cl(o,tr(d rhc Inoip(cr urtd bcgu r d;xk'Kuc lrilh Norl,crs h; ar'liu6 tlrunr lo ryrirc rql)or$ 0['AlJJub ltd \Vh] I l.ikc lf, l.lut
(hc uniuDr optrorrJ rhis, tirrcxtun;rU r sllikc, N,hilc Slorrr :rs ch.riluuu rcicctcd Jny idc:r uf rr:sponriblt rvortJrs. IloLh sirls plulclrcd rh,: lrrdilionrl nrrn;r1Jc rrnd rYo|lc|s rvurli', l)r.uclicr''s 'liririollr'tvhrrrrgr:rs repo|r irr t9.16, irr thc forrr uf his book C t.tU aJ !h. Culx|?'tit , JrsucJ tltrt l:rbour'should bc lcg:u([d ;ts ir rcsoutcct n(Jt ir cor.l, Jlrd rlirt biI corporirliohs hltl r sp,:cill rcsl)0nsibilit] lo s0cicl)'. LIc prophcticillt" \vi(ncd ol thc linritrtiou olisoLr(cd cilrcutilcs illrd thu

.till.:i 1i\Nlti t)ucK5 Alrui(l).h) rlrc $irricr llli\,1 $lr o!cftilliirrU CI\'i ,,s ,r'tttod.l for lrr!"rcrlc urlxrir,rll!r) rlr\l \vith lty UlutlurhrU Ic\y l]lullt! llt 'Iutlvrliol, Ijrl,lico(, its rcscxlch lnbonlorici:ud its rrnrics of.rnlbidous sahsIrcr], 'l'holliri \\Irrtson li.,r t;rlcu full ;rduutugc ofldtc cxplosion of c,,ll.)Llcr lcc]uroluuy ;r.ro thc dultlltJ lur inloflurtiou, rnd hc h:rd llrr inr.rl;ii)rr;or lu luku clusc linLs viUr ulivcrsi!ics, rvhich grvc ll3i\,1 it:r brcrlithlr^r6hs irrlo cc'rupulcfs, Thc IlJM buildilgs rdoltcd dlc itllc of ciulll)lrscs Ixthrr llrrI frctorics: tllc Dc\v \vhitc hcadquarlcrs xt Aullonli [roli.cd r Zoll-likc crlnr \yi l r Japlncsc gardcn irr drc rrridtltc, :rnrl rr c6.rlit:rri:ur xrnrospIcrc. iWhur) I rvrs rrkcn ro lr.:nch irl J)c c:l0tccn I qrrcur:rl up bchlnd thc chrirnrru.. W:rrson insistcrl rlrrt llJtl'l':; urrrt ihrpolrl:( bclicfYris iE'riipcct fvr lhc ind;vidurl'. .urrl hc lrristrl it; irvild rl',c1,'. I lc rook ih,:inrcritnrrir fronr :r I(irrtr:11rrnl rtrrry vhiclr:tlcsrlibcrl Iory trrrnctl tJLcks gcr lirr,rnrl i:rzy:rrr,1 cuunot rcjuirr t[u \!il(l ll')ck;'You crn nru\c rvild duc]s r:rurt,' : id

plrochi.rlirnloftlrilrrilir:rrylnirrrl'. 'l'hq bool infuljurcd. Clvl'5 Dr:rnr6crs irrclutliug 5ll;:rn, ivhrr tlicu rl,:cidcd to r,;ritu hi:; o'rn br:oh (scc Chrrptcr J).rUut Dnrclcr's idcis ritrc quir:lily taltn rrp b) olhcrror n,:rtirnN includirr6l.irrd;rnd Ccrrcr.rl Uectric,,rnLl his burrt r,:rs rlLrielly rnrnsl,rrirl iuj,rprru, rvhcrc ir
1r:rtl,r rrrljur irllurnuc

or cr)r'txxxl;urs irchr(lirtj'li'J'rr.r.
roo

? rr,1*

lol

t:trI .^t:\'\lIN
Willson; 'bu I IU! cln lcvrr nlrlc tlltr.hrchs N,il(l.rii,rn. ,\n(l \rc lry not to lxnlc thcnl.'

olt{;lNIii,{1ll)N

f r: u l.l.t.

in

Ji\t

But llll\,1 rv;rs lill ollrntu tlucls, I $,rrs lrill iorpusinlg ir rrrirt unilornity ol its conlpilny nlclt in thcir r'rhitc shirts rntt tirrk suirs rthich contr:rdictcd its:rcldcrrric rspiritiors rnd irs slo6rrn ,'l'l.llNIi'. 'l hc |ovcliit ltctcr dc \trics tou l story xl)orlr r conrl)xlly c\-cljlrtiv0 \rho trlcs dtc instrrction litcnlly,6iviu6 hirr: s{J rniny plritosophiurl doubLs dll! hc is lircd.'lfllrr cvcr iorrlronrrd ryirh r sif|l tc ir\f nru to think, lrll drnn \vcll tllifl,i t\vicc bct;rc I do.' AftcrWrtsoD dicd in r956 ]1u rr.rs succccrlcrJ by Iis sou l'honr:rs W.lsonJunior, i morc hi[)lxlc irrrl s{:nsili\.c l)oss iyho vxs riccl)licrl ofdic pcrson.ljty ctih. I'lc nod;licd drc coorpiny'r crirrcrr)c ccltnlisition, ldoprins thc linc-rntl-st:rff:ystcm ol Ccncril lvll,rors ItJ othcd, ind ilpoitrtud r nrrnrUcDrcnl r.:rnr 0f rbo!t t\!cnlJ rrun. But drc npid dcrcloprtrcnt of tcc)rnolouy still crllcll li,r bol(l ccrtril dccisions, includil]g rIc nusrivc a6o cunrpLrtcr s.hiclr $'xs rccltorrc(l ro hivc cost nrorc to dcrclop lhrr rhu xt,ntr boNl,. r\nil ll]\4 rvrs ruLlrlcssly \icldir! its nrul]opoly l)o$,jr tr, trt k' dcstroj.snrxllcr ln(l rurorc igilc nc\,r rirrls, likc Corrol l)rtr \1,|n $cr. (l$cl,|irr( hslcr supcrco putcrs - \vh;ch fro(locrd ncw cvi(luncc lirr xrr rlrti-lllrsl 5u;t. \v'lrcn Wil!o rclirctl rf(cr. i hcrr rtrxclt nr rr'ro tlJAl still xftcircd l'nissiil: )lc,lLilh r rri.tuc rcc(tr(l ol trritrvrh xntll)n,lirs. Ili( ii rvls il.cldy bcgirrning lo uriss o!r ou rhc \vifo t,l yinrlltt crcxli{irJ,i Lompurcrs ind sofr*.rc.

thr{,{Uh tlrc;r ffn,tts l0 (rr,r r'(ll li 11c orIrrri:ixlion r$crr.'l'hc \tholr jxIUrjtrrrr rlut)cirrlrJ uD rrriNxirirU itr0til!, l)ur ltri: i11rlu\ldrt srslr r hrd rdilplcd to lllc tr(.h[0Jtr|sturc lo cnsLrru ihrr b;li corpurit;onl rlirl not losr nroncy. ln r96,1 rfic lrrjjcrl hL'l(l.c{l courp'rrics in Arrrr:ric:r h.rd xll ).rLJu t)rolils: cvcr iu rlrc rrrilrt rrucrsio:r ot rrs? ntruc [utl rrrrdr: :r1rrs. "l'hc poncr rtnr:rirs rccur.cly rvirh rhc rccltno-

slr(rclur!:ls lonf :rs citr irr6s:rrc l:r11;c cnotrl! to nrxlc xccul!onrcd l)ryncnls lo thc sloslholdcru :ul.J t)rovidc :r sLrl)ply of ir!;l[r tor rcinycstrrcrt.r.i CrlhBith, liltr oth;r conrncrlxlors, sxw thc bil: co ]plnics virlr xll rlrir liukr xs socixl ir rv(ll rs ccorlc$iu.ncc$snics, \rltic[ coul,l nr:rint-lin thcir piolits ind linrncc drcif futtlr! rcrcirch 3nd durrlot)nrcnl hy conlrullirrr pricc$ \virl\iI rl,cir,)l;U,polics. Thc roDrnrcrr nriUht conrtl:rirr'uboL't'bcnrr brnrbo0zlc,l xu.l hcliu[.!cri cho;cc. lrot Iluy h|ld ilrcrnillivc pru{idc$.'l'lru bifi cort)ontjons !pt)c.rci.l tu 'r, rr{c(l tlrcir Ixyur'i ofnr:urrcnrcrt xrd rhcir lrch,rosrructurc lo.{hic!c Ilrcir urrsl!r'J. lrrw cr'irics rr'licc(l 0f \volTit!l lhxt hrUc nullrlicrs of cor)rpxnj nrcn \{crc nut lfurluclivsly cnrl)loycd, IL $rr nor lrlril d\c surlic r)l irtrrnxtionill cornl)ut;t;r'n iI rh$ic!clllics thr rhc c,nnt)rtricr rcrrliscd thcJ'$.crc nrnhillU llrc \vLurtr tlnidods virh lhc vronu puoplc. ChIiflrcn on U)rir sidr wcrc bucoorir[ lcrs irrcrcatcd in rri)timis;Itr rhcif t)rclill;, rnd wcrc rilliiuti- \,idrvlryi'rf dcurcus of crrdour - nbout thcir rcqronsibilitics rnd durics to socicry, Nlcrlrcr to cducrlion, llrr conr unhy, .. toliricil I'orL. h rcrurn thcy cTcctcd socicly to iccofunud.rtc ilrclf lo d)ch ow| prrt)orc5. 'l'hcy sr\v drcir c(n[,r;lions rs bcconrinS nrorc closrl).inlcUrrlcd into socicty. Sonrc
l):r!t

'l
ccortonrisls

lIll

liclrNos t (u(:fulr':
nrillry

ln llrc IgSos lnd sijilier Aulrricurr c0rll'nxlii)nr:rltr!ii,rc(l to

r.5

(rilici ofcoryorxLc rrrcrd rvclcoNrd rhir chxtrfc ofhcl ; odr.rs sxlv it :r! :r woiryirt; cxtorsiofi ofdrcir cutrrot, ,\s A'lolllJ$lc nor ir: 'Our ircca(ors lrircd tl.rt cur])oflrio s hxd llo conscicrrcc. Wc rrc

\rhll Kc

l)crnNnrntr ilUtl)uolt1firs ltxrcrii nl Iltu huilrl lJl's0cictJ'i nclh G:rlbnith crllcLi 'Llx.Atri, /)r,/,rri ril//.\'arr i| his hout
r

irrtg66.Cxlbrri!hdcscr;l)cdlrowcun\r!rir,jcs.,fnrx,rxllcrs,crttirii!rs ilrid sprcirljsrs orr!niscd 'thc cchnosr nrLrrtrc', .r,r(l ho\L rlrr rirsr p(F Jucin{i orgrhisrtion 'r$chcs li'nrxful :u cntrrrot thc rrrltcrs- it is p.csumcd ro t(nc rtrd, bcyon(l, r" bonl rh( rssrnnrr ro irs nccrh, 'I'hc coqrrnLions. hc u.nhitrcJ, brtr,bdortrd totrsln,rrs ro boy rhcir p('.loc'5 tlrroush rhci. r(lr$risiriS, $ ilr pcrsLl'l(lin[ lcl(lcnrir

lrcxtrd lo thc coldcr, nrorc 0lodcrrt fcrr tll!t, pcrlllps, dlcy do.' ll srs lult to conrctlics;r'ld sitircr lo poill our lhrt corponliols \\r.rc \.0rJ'fxr fro r thc rrliolrl, prolil- rindcd oryxnisitiollj dlir cron. onristr dcpiclcdt rnd drlr, lilc irnrics, ihcy drrclopcd drcir ovn co.,\rptio$s irltl r:rcl,cls vh!.r rhcyNirc nur clillcnltcd b) rc.io!s rivrtr. 'l'hc lllon tr!cnroriblc picrur! iJfufilcr lifc n.s l.litlr \\'itdcr,! rl , ('960), nt Nlrich Jrc! Lc lrnon ptits rhc prri or I 1h. Itn 'ua't ItcNildcrcd youllu cxccllrivc ofrn n]sunrcc conrt)!n, h Ncw yorl: "t'h':rc nrxl bu i lor !,f c rl)ioJccr lcrc, brr nr:'rc onc bi[ Irt)trv
ioJ

(:(J^ !IN.\'NlN

I
I

.t

i:
t1

ll. ti'
ii.

i.

t.

tl,c hcll's ! flctory?' l.'lirlrlious srcrclxics bc6in thcir.thy rvirh r $!ll-o16rriscd miDicurc, hxirdrcssi|r rnd mitrc-up folto\vcd by ,r corfcc-brcdl. Drccutivcs s;nU drc rcf.irin:.:l ptiy ir rtic conrprny rvry. \\'|crcycr drc c(r'r)plny purs rrc, lhcrc I slry.,'l'hr hcr.o tr,rllol,s rhc S!idc\ prcccprs: ncvcr r.rl,u i rist, ihv,rys t)ur rtrc bt nc on suD)cbo(ly ulsc. stcrl r:tlrcr Pcoplc's irJ,:rs. l-lc bc,;irrs iu lhc r)),rilruorn bnr is rrpiJll pronurtcd by flilLtcr.ing drc boss lnrl his l_rirrl-br:rincrl gldfricnJ. I Ic prcrcnds ro conrc fronr rhc boss,s o\vrr univcrsitj,Old hl, bul |;ri to ldrrlit rl l hu \\,rs only drc rvifi<lorv-clcrnrr.; rvhcr'cuporr llrc chxirnr]ll,:rbout to rctirc, rcvcrls tltl( hc loo bcg:rn ls u rvillrlorvc|:rrrcr, :rnrl rriurrr.rlrrrrrly:rppoinrs Liur t hi:, sutcrssor. /\s biB !un)pxrri(s Lcc,rnr,: uro|c bnrcrlrcr:lti$cd untl :uouy|xnrs, l|q xppc:rrcd rtill nrorc ns llrr cr)cNic:r ot'crc:Ii\iu ind i dilirlruliry. 'h:rrl rvorlicrl iri :rttrinisilll b,:lrrrr: rvliriri6 Jurr:1ilr llcllur, r"lro O,rrlr-::, dcscribcd irr his r 9ja uuvrl .5?rlrrrn hq I ht,ltollt titc it !\ jr'turnr)bilc clirxlty iru$r':|rcc (onrl)loj, srlppojjcdty run by t\,;elv( olJ nrcn: bur'Nrrirrrr.ly ij ruru lln$ru \rho rcxllt,rn|ri lLu cr) rl)iltry,' \U\ llrr lruio. 'l'|r co rprr y is lcpt goirrg by l.c|lll 'llrst xl)o t uvcrJ-

tu jr....,t h I !in," t,tlitln tit L,,/lr',s - irrspi|crr b) l boo! bt Shephcrd r\4c d, rd rurnlJ irLo i lilm in r967.'lhc hcro bcgins rs a \!indon-clurncr prcr;n[ into ru ofl]rc buitdir)[ r,n(il hc Jiscovcrf, x ljuidc lo sucucrs, rvhich rrlviscs hiur horv ro choosc Iis conrlxlly.: 'M;rkr: sur.c il's lxr8c cnoufh jo thirt no onc klorvs vh rrr)onc clsc is doi U.' I.lc pc clr;rtci thc corp or'.r Li(nl, lirll ol'c0nspirinll c\ccutilcs in srrl\r hrrs dclxchcd liollr xuy rcrious Drcductirrl: ,Wllnt

rr.rtt \ul. irl v.$t ut,c,r-ph with r,rls !t. (lcris, .'llr( $cl'rir6i'rI cot)ur]rc jrrUUD (.tircrriu rN;sc nd hi in6_rvisc rvu rrc r$ pcr (jl of lrj.t )cir Ociubcr{vi!c); buL rhc fcuior c;ic,:urircs surL ir Ilx!s-prrcllcd roonrs prorccrcrl tr.y, rhcir scercrx!;cs, IJUsy w;rtr rrrurl inrriguc. 'l'hu Irclo lcnrls rhc lcy lo his ilDIrr,ncnt io his suprriors for rLuir.rftirirs, .rfrcr.rvhich jrc is t)ronroru(t lo:rs!isl,url ,Jircctor, rvir.Jt pr.iril,:6cs inclLdin6lunc[ ifi thc cricculiyc dinitrg r)ou), r pincllcd oflicc rnd thc p|ccious lcy to thc oicculjvc \rrjlrrooot. Bur hu iinill) rcjccG drc coipirr.tlc coi.rupticu. .l'vc (lcciJcd to bccuDrr i /rrx(, - )ou hro\l. lvltll Li l lllcrnsl - I huur r beiru,' hc lclls his clcrrror 6irl i\iiss l:ubcl;k (Shirtcy Nhct:riuc),.rvlnr (tru,,tt(,rly Drur. lcrs: "fhr('s rJrc \'ry.ir crunrblcs, cookic-rvisc., 'l'hc populrr 1:unlcs to businc:$ x{hiclcr cnr \vLic s'r;risld iI rtrc

l:,i,ril),'

() tr i; i\ N

sI.t loN u tl()tt,t:

i,urirrl //a/

lrr<l; ir, rlrt tlnr;r.rr1, i. rtt i(t ot su,uct,o(11 r:lrc in rhc cuup:lry., l lrc n',rdi5r liu V.JIrruL;ut. s.tru onec workc,l fo. C""","r rjr""_ . lrie,l.,tcrJcsciibc,lrtruLd ,l' I)J,r,urnurt5urDnrcr nrccriuE rs rn.or$. ul'rrrunlc buillirU - rtr,)uItr rcJlr irl,tcLics, Uruup silgs, tionr;r* rr-j rlyrock{t:J, brwdl cDrcihiurrcor, ficc whirlcy rnd iigrrs'. r\nd irc !,rolr ir shol't itor) :rluut r.you f jouflr:rtis!.$ho 6ocs io \\.orli in l hu6c ildusrlirrl rlrrrks. l.lc is rcscltlully inducrcd:ijrLo lhc :jystcnr 0t rlliDgrj - lur pl)uilr.lD,jc, luyrrhy or. pr.ontporcss - xud told rbour tllc srl l_ cLrn c rrnrJ tllc qurucr-ccnrurl club lbr conrprnyvctcrlrs.,l.hcll i Nilll.(lcrr.is discorclcrl ir: rlic l:rbs, :1|d surrouudcd by crLrrprny. I)oli(c, l'hc hcro ulrvilr-s rhc ltncc lo lcr iL rrcrpc inLo rhc l.ou,lj, rfld rlrur Iullorvs hinrstlll ll \v.,r thc I'e.)crulcDuc ul (ortrur.rtiunsi!Ljrlr \yJs ruol( fr.c(rLrc0t;1. eririrhurl, r.rrlrrr rh,,I rhc I't lrless,rers rrtrich tr.r(l urxJc rtrcrn trrre(t lrulrrc llrc \yir. AIair l.l:ruingon's b<:ok Lifc tu rlrc CD)tldt I+rhc. (' 9-st), wlrich tu,h jrs ri.lu t,o,,r l)os{.ruvsty's Ndr$to' Unt.rytuat, rlcrclil:rrl his (lrruc yc:r:s \!irh:r bi8 c0q)orirrion in suburbil, c.ruglrt up iD r bLni[n lxbyri l:r i'ronl yhich lhc coorDany l)lcD could ncrcr cscirpc. 'Wc :uc llot \rorricd ill)olrt nur jt)l)$, irb0nl lhc fulrlrc,'si\ys urc !)l lhunr,'.rLrrut r,ruclr ol .rryrlrin6.'l)cspirc ull rhr: ruulrruy's r.,ll Uun( liuc cILcrr,..;sc, lhtri'rsloD tuuud i( trrorc likc r sLr(c. bnrcxucl.rcy frun whidl rro onc couki bc fncd. ,Uicry so of!'cn I hcnr nD'sunk,$ r( rhc coq)or.rliun inycifh r6riusr soci3lisur, Ll it rccnrs srrxrgc. I thinl l|rL c'r'r conrt)ruy rcsc'rltcs nodrirlg jo nruch $ j pr'ivrrtc:;ocirlist syslcll., Wherl his xccoun! \v3s publishcd nrxnt ot Iir cri-colh:r8(cs irtjrcsd rvirh iL LJut it wrs nol urrtil much htcr rlut crilics brcxnlc irNiuc ot thc lrorc f{hdxntcnl'il rcicntbl;rncc bctrvccn curpoi'rtluns rud iocillijt burcitucrucjcs: lllxt rh;y bor]l dcpcnr.lcd on eurnru;r'rd:i liorn t[c top \vhiclt prcvsntcd ini[xlivcs and jdcls fronl tllc b0rlunr.

lol

rot :

li!1lt I t.t !::j

vlnsuj Itjllt:iuctLl,t.s

CIIAI''l'tR

L::i

I'l'

tloirrli,'$n)tc lllc lxDx8r,lnc l {onsrllxnr i\llsl:lir ir'l:rtrl, \hu irrJurtrixl ntrnrycrs hrvc. rcnr:rirrctl ol*usicd $hlt.tll( slxrur rjrhcr llrl tIc.]./arr ol thc j)rofc5sion:rl chsscs,' Ihc lryirs ofnrrrrrgcrs, rhc
:rrrluxl incr0nlcnts, Lhc

lilc

dhtinclions bcrrvcrn oflicc

Faniilics

DcrsxLs B

ut'ctulctlrts

ln lruropc rficr lhc Sccond lVorld lVrr, llrirish corrurroics rppcrretl lo hivs il long Icid oycr drcir rivnls oD tlrc dcvilstilc(l C0ittiDcr)r, lJu( thc victors! triunph vis vor it drc crllcnsc of conrlllcrciil rcxlisll. 'fhcy rcnrincd trxppcd in drcir n;lir q'[lory rni.l ir\dllnrixl sysrcrns, sllilc rhc v.Ir(tuishcd lvcrc lorl1pullc,l (u strrt f(rn scnrtch, rn(l lhinl rgrin. r\nt1 tJrc ContnrcnL.l busin$:t t.nrili$ rc-cn'cruc(l \tilh rlltir ronlrol !nd nlorivdtion rcvilcd bJ rhc chillc'r[cj ol \v r; rcxssul.(;t\l tlcir conlinu;ly xrrl Nill ro sorvivc r!ith rnorc tl!(licrrii,n rl!ro rhc
I

i i: !.

j'i.: .. lr''

l:i..
;,1

:.i.:
,,1:.

,lt i .i .l r:li
I
1

iri lli:

'|. ! t; :

Br'risli eonrp:rny rlrcn rrcrc sccr :u xccorrdrry tu rhc rvrnirrrc rcIicrcncnr,rvhilcrrrilir:rrylc.dcrs\vcrcbronlCrri,I(,in.lll$tryrlcst'itc lhcir lich of cxpcricniic. Ccnflrl Sir ilrixn l(r'l,c s,nr root rtr'cr D rirish. l{iiherts, Air l\l:r$llxl Shoho Douflxs currrnrlfl(lurl lJr;tish liuropcrrr Ainvrls, Cullcr1l Wcc]rs corrur:rndcd Vi(fcrs, Gcrt(rirl Sir lrnJ3coti cl)iircd tlrc BRC, Loid Portllchri|rrlDrili\h lvhtch. Olhcr big conrpuics wcrc ch:rircd bJ'irlpuriil rrxn(lucs $rith liirlc iidrNtrirl crrcricncc; IiLc Lord linoll):r nt Vichcrs o. Sir Joh'r lhnburT-

cunlpi{lycrrs,\vcrc xll llt rh iil]ucnccdby rhc nlilil:rrytnd Wl)irchrll. "l'hc b:rsic ntct il thc lirgc co rt)ori tion,' \ero(c Llrc Lrbou r illtcllccrr,rl Anlhory Crorhnd in r956,'fiuiiII f lldrnrcntllly sirDil:lr probtcnu. ind rclillg ir furrd:rr:ri:rtrlly thc *ruc rvl), \vhcLhrr prblicly or pri!:rlcly os'llrd.' Croslx d lircrponrcd contunrtl oD'tlrc ortrcr.dkccrcJ or8xuisxtion mcn of Shtll rnd ICI ....Jrlly-idr \vlrcrc rhak prctlcccsson rvctc nlistcrf l, tlrry nrc slxvrs tg drcir l)ublic ichrions tl:prrtrttcnts, cotlstintly lcrvous lcst sonrr :rctiorr iy pro\'olic r prrlirmrnl.rD. (tucsti'm, lio$lis ir! thc uold of'lrrdc, tro$blc \virlr rhu u :ons. ,'r c.;rieis'rr ir' ll,c prcss.' lJur tlc ird{slrixl hc,rd(lu:I1crs xfpcrrctl cohll'l,jrr crouUl,. dcrcrnijrlcd !o issurt lhcir jtilus !nd lirrndcur in !n ir)rccurc \vorld. T|c Lrnnllrtiri'nr l('rsflcnrlofirlvxs conriuxlly ca;(ler!r itr rl!c clccrriljll cunrtnrrics, rvhich rcrchrd i rrisir nr thc ri\tics. Lorl ChIrdos, xI rr;sio:
crrric \!xrrinrc nrirtisrcr', rrxs scrn;rs thc t)rirrcc ofl'usiIcrs: lr{ n,isd Assotiriul liltcrrnirl lnLhstrics lirru his r)rhrirl xnirc "ycd.!!;,rr. lkrclnrd'r'r l'rlx,.:c, with x li,r! dirirrli roonr x d I lcucndxD ccllxr, $.hilc his o\vr toulllry nrln\ion 'llut'lr::rrl lorisc wii srbr;discd bt thc conrpil0y, Lord Nclson ([nown ]s'l.lilf-Nclsorl), rlrc hcrcdirrry cliinnin of tltc rivxl lin[lish lilcclric, con)r)riesioncd !n crvrvxtj]nl lilc on tJru silq of lhc Ciricly 'l hcillrc ir Aldrq,ch, fumishcd likc r orc vcrs:rillcr. ljy rt6ll Irotlt c{,nrpinics hi(l bccn s\v.llorvcd 'riDi W l)t Cc cr:!l lilcctric, vhich N i to bc run Lrt Anrold \\,citrrtocl: tirl rhc ncrt qu:ii cr-ccntr' ry lirJnr r rlounry liuJu ofiuc-bloct h M.tllrir. l hu trtc of:tic brisnrcss prhccs conoLontcs Profcssor Prrtinr

clrpclirlilrJ

\\'illiinlr rt

rir ir" .:.

';U:rny IriI c,rnl'iniuJj Ncrc rril chr:FLl ,!rc,rri'll((l l,rrlusuurri-lxnrs or rhc fo,rndirrr: frnritius: irchrr.llng wcdLa\xt'd, l)illirrt;1"I, Cxdburys, Do$ilcr nd rhc quxlcr filril;cs ofUrrclxls IJ nt. A li\! - likr rh{ SriDsburjs,lhc S\Lircr, rllc Sirn:! or;\'lxrLr * SPutrcrr r lhu Kcs\iiils ofJrrdinc r\lrthcsorr - rcr:rinc(l rhc rn(cstrxl ur(rlf. xl lhc l,'1, ll(lr flrrrU lirnrilJ tooUrrics srllcrc(l.liori :ri x 'xrctrristrr \(hich dircourrt:cd profcssirrnul nt:rnrlir:rs. (rnlintirI x l.rl'intr l3't11,r,(nt:r1 rr-t5. DririJIr nrtnrtlr) 'ricn, lxlk rllln,r l)iol:r:r rnrl sr\v ll,cn\v:lt(s ri xrt $(rc crit,xrhsrcd nr ind($rrixl ijlil scn;Lci xorrr! $.rc rlnrorx iD'lislnruuishxl)lc Iirnn lhc rtxfi ol rxrirrrilixcd indlsricr.'ln x cllltrrtj ,,1'huiIi: latlcr lhlrr

CoufliuTd{.

sun's hrv xboLrrl hdrd(turrtcrs: 'A pcrfccrior of pl rcd lrlour i\ :rchiclrd onll bj'.institutions on drc po;rrt of colhpsc.'Thir rvrr I rrr:.$rl of th{ prrrvurb,irr 'l'hour:rs lvhnn's llarlr/rrrl,roaLr: '\\'hcrr rlrr Iru'sc ;s lin;J'rcd, dcrth c0nIis.' Crrd0rlly lJrirish colllpiurics bclirn lo :rccct)r lrrn!.rhnric nrrnrgcIrurr idcis, tlr(o!r.Uu(l by rl1c Anulo-.{trr$icrrr Co!hcil on l)rrduclivily scl up ir r9{8 wlich icnr lcrnrs of rrnxUc.s ir)d un;0rt lc.rrlcrs roAnrrric:\ rd byAnrrricrn corrpinicr inctudin[ [s5o. OcD. cltll.Morors xId lL]M rfiirh rvorc cxlrrdinlg in t.lrirrrirr. r:ccr_t Nirl

tol

{:rrM

r^N i N^&

ul hbuur xti.l r lorrf b(,orr, Uriti:,h rn:rrru6ctr |Irlcd rrlurc \criourl). rr 'lrjloriu tlnd rinrc-rnJ-nrorion :rLudy, rrJricI rhey h,rLt 'lo,rg rcriirrJ. 'l'he 5ftp\vJr(h rcnrriIcd :r bouc). Ior rl]ion lcrdc$, Itrillirnrll crricrtrJrcrJ i\ nrc n\\\ l\ / Rigi J,,.1, di!!,.:rrJ byJoh', Buultinu in r t59, iir Nhich I frctor') is brou8hr ro :r lrrlr by r|c ur.rivil

5[oilt(

li/1

i\l , tr:s rIlll;t,s lrtJ|(ltAUcltA.ts

rl,:rutiurr rrhiclr rrr.rLer tLc hcrr:

l[]t

hclpc,l (o Plcscnc lhc cinnnu$iry,

.cllcrr:'l|:rc \!.rr rr or[,rrrisrliul bi,u[hl srrbiliLy rd rhrifL

iuLLl

r,:rDr;ncd

ofr nrirc I()urg U.rdu:'tc x'rd x nr r \vitl ritop\v:[rh. NiUcl OikhirJs r9j3 novcl Ji,,rJ, Crc,lit"rt ^ t |trc licLion:rl iD:,ighr illto ;udu:jlrt i f icndl) bul incfiicicnl finil) licror), whosc old chrirlnru) 'l(rcribc5 r.,llr lbout !.o.t:crs xs hlDrNu bcilur, iLr drc procrss ot bcillu rikur otcr bl r tough corporurion rlhosu nnnrrgcls rrc lDnzcrl b).its rcllj,tr{ritrl lorrlrics: "l'o nri,rry ihrcr mctil, xr)d Ib n .r o orioDil xttj.,,,cr $itI r t)rcss ri,ut)l"l hc), insisl oD I'pt)l)il]lj (i rc-jt|l(liej lr) ttrq sor,,crrilr ordcr lo rrt;otrrl;sc rhc nrcr, (o rhc ho r,r rl'tl)r lircr(,rf nrJnrucr: rBultou couidrr't do rl)ir hclu, Not hrvc s0rncbody sJlIdilllj rltc ncn <litIinr r rvrtelr.' "rcr 'llrc ert:cr to('n8 co, t)rtry ncI $itlr lhcir' (orlirrirtjl) kl brrnrJ-rnnrc: \'Lr! x lhvourirc brr! tur inlcllccl!rl \.r;tcr liliu JolIr Ucrjcnnn, l)inr5clf th! rlcscr:nthnt ol l VictoLirn Iiurily lilrl shich ir!cnrciJ r rci-lrollcl:

\rillr prcrcNi')U its clii:,!crtcc irLlcliuitcly,'

tIc livss uf nrrr) Lo whor'ri lhosc quxliLic5 rniUhr oL|cNirc lurc llicn, iud for irscll nrrJc oult such t)rolit 15 wns con50nlnr
I

stll:t.L,\ND tcl
I'r^irrcirl illtlusrrics ir,l ol,l irurily l]rnrs rvcrc r \ro.lJ i$ry lionl r[c bilr lort)a.](iu$s rvc l, vu obsoacJ, \vhich $$c ltaviru to co!)l)ctc
slobrlly - rDd \r',.jrc beLon'ior inodcls Iur odrcrs. Shcll flrd Unilcvcr (\vh;i:h ru:rpl)lxrr i', Cltxr)tcr ro) wcrc bod' corupcllcd rs Apdlo-

l)ulch corrt)irr;cs ro bc irLel tiourl rL

l!rn r )oun8

creuuriYe. No cufl! thi rr)itrc i c chxncr; I hrrc x 5li,irlinc brirf-crsc rnrl luiu rhc ti ,s Corr;trx.

'l l,c t,,urirci.rl t:\ L.. of euru!rDI Drrtr \verc 6loornity porrr,ryurl Lr rtru norcls ofl(r:y Iullcr, rvho I:rtcr bccxl|lc l,rofrssor ol l,octr]:rt Oxlirr{I. llq hrd sl)crl rnuch oflris lilu ils il sulicitor i lltc lVoohri{h l.luildiIU Socicr1, surlriscd lxrcr rlHr hc hrrd'liccrJ rlrt plorJ,rvJtun his |clri \ris rror ill it. ln l.'Lrllcr's novclzl littlll,t Cutrttll, (r96r) thu hcrr rrorl,r in r l:rrUr: l)ublic rurhoi:0, ch::ilr:tl by rrr uli-uDiun Ii,rJcr, rrbrrr: lrc aspircs to bc(onlc coti)pxly jccrctiuf, with il l,tighfilod rnd socirl !cchirl, lu lw1la Ia SuciS' l956), l.irllcr rluscLibcs.rhu crcloscrJrrsrld of a Norlh Counlry buildinU socicg rvlrrrsc c;recrrivcr; iDlri[uc olcr proirotioll xDd grr.rgc-sprc(, Jrctdin[ t.ctircorcnl.'l'hc soliciror hcro l'hilip Wiu, s'irh lircrrry rnrbirioris, rv(rr:!$ irbo$t kcct)lt hii .crl rclf in :rn unconnccrr:d colryrrtrnciu: rv:r:i ir rrrrrv';r hr4rc'Irrsl;,rltLr:rscd ullul'? llc lrus rr rhrrrct to {sclp( [1;ur tlrr lrriJlrill ufhit \ritll l)i:i b0rir':; pr:;si0Irtu \vifci l)u( ht .illrr(,t rjieitl)c lhruuUh rrr his orrn stll:corrrrr'.rint:;. llis plurJrlin6 riv:rl r.ils ort tIr'rtlr pxlicli
'o$

Lhc tol); rud drcy Iud rlcvc[arc brhncnr6 :;yrrur:, ol profus\ion]l $r'rrUcnrcDt. Shull Ncrc dctutlni[ed to r\ did rutociLts ilfliir thc trilullltl ofDctcr,lirtj's di(hto6'rip. Aftcr tlc N:rr thcy rvc|c ruu Lry a conurriLtcc of Scrcn NIcrr Lrndcr :r ch,rilrl:ur rvlro lrrd tu rchicyc:r conscusus;:u)d rlll.:y r,i(lulirc(l rhci. rro$L li)rcelul ircci(,r, l.'clbi Cutpin, whu \vi$ in l)ctcrr.liug's nroultl. ll r957 thr:y cho5q Js cluirnluJohu Loudorl rvho rvrts rr nrclchuut pr'iltc rrorc l[.trt rl bucclnccr: hc v]5 drc iou ot'x li!'ncr cl)iirn)xn, frcrr r lrlrnd Dutch far)ily, bu(.lilc trro5l i)uLch hc lctirirrrd n stron[ c0 ulcrcill rcilisl], l.lc \yns llso n nil(u$l rlilloruitt nIo bclicvcd in dccenLr'.rlis,rtio0, rnd rcoagi[i5cd Slcllvidr thc ltclp ofMcl(irrscys !nto u chiroratc pyrauriC rvhich lcft tlc Scvcn i\,lcu ftcc fol thc nujor'rJcchious. Sltcll sct a pa(tcrn lor scnsidvc rliplontircy - \yhicll it n,rcdcd, for lurch. of its oil crnrc frorl tlc dcvclopiug rvor|I,lnd it hid bcrn hkcn byrurprisc vhcn-dlc Mcxicnn
Ljovc11nucrt nili(iDirliscd its vxluablc oilliclds iu 1938. Shc]lrcspondcd

: ; .'i';- i

.,,:ili\

.,:,i
.

rvithirglubirlpro8rilnnllcoltcgiolirlisirtion',pronrotiufAsirnorAfri-.,
niLiolulist ll1ovcncn15, ld l.)ciomiDgmorc subrlc iI LlcxlirU \rirh posL-\vrr iDI:-colonhl;rur drln ;rr rivils, UP lnd li\Jic,r. LJuL it crritcd r slilllrorc corrrllcxturcir:crrcy, vidr:r DcrNork ul co-ordit,rrorj; co-ordiitrl:rd olhcr co-crdiriitorr l0 hold tuU( r!r thcir livu Iur)Llrrd :,rDrrr.rt,: Slrcll: rcros: tlrc rvorld, contrullcd fronr llru cnrrJpicr()ul nc\\, SIrrll C.:lrtrc irr Lonrlorr rvhic[ rppropri:lrcjy loolcd
crrn rrr;urrigcrs to c0D cili.r(c

i'{i t,i
I ./:

l!.:. i:t^

:il.:;::,:

rllrrr

r-rn

thc I.hLrscs

r-ril'rrrlirnrcnt. rot

, c ll

t\l

t'

i\tAN

'l hi 'Shcllocnts' wlrc lhr lro:;l |,trl :rrrt contilcni rrt rlt conrprlr) l)cr; c.uctull) sclcirrLl huur u,rircrsirics..rillrrrrrsly rrrinr:rt, hiiCrlf-nrid - rrrrl rqrcclcrJ to Uc rr cnrls,rrt rlrc c:rLrh, r,irh 'hc dclil'tr:'rcty rrprlr:rctt Ihcir rlivcs. Srrrui bclicJiil tlicy h.,,1 bcc,r
rrr

!,\

It

|lt:i

v t: t(:; r,

s
'|

uI r

lrr\L l;itull( Nr ri U: .lr i, rtuit,: irnl)usrib,c t, .l-'n(t:i\.lctcljcfl's coriri'i xnJ rrhr\try bcy{rrrrl:r rcrr.rin nnlriirudr..
I

t, c n

1.:i

cnsurc rlr:rr rhcy hrrl rirrlyjorrc Ioy:rIi, ir,l ccrrrinly Shcll ,rrtr Uxtc x rcirr,rrt,'bjc conrmirnrcnr. !l rrish rh,:rirvorr'd,r'r rrt. rh4',r Dil ;! if ir wrs r frirh,' onr tnnlihinu'l r,. ,D.: 'AIy,1c rvirrr'rl rh; l ir rv.rr r

1|
$hD wcrL.i'rc'irc(t ro

church.'

iii coN.nNtiN f

RIivtv,.:s

tl

il
Li

il
..

.,i

'oyrlr. .rrJ r,.oti..siIrrrt lurxrrir8cnlcnl, b!t il Irckcd dic i t0rlltionrl chrllcrgc of Shull. ll, too, rvrs tlctcnrrilctl lo xvokl irutucrilts. Whult tltc inircrious l-0d iVlcGorvrn rctircd i rqso, rficr t\lLxrry ycrrs xs chxinirrn, hc Nrs follo\vcd by orhcrsclf-rnrdc Scutr. \h, \f(rc rruch rlorc cl)rnnr; rcnrindud; bul drcy wcrc llow lo c: ch llp with criricrl nuN rrcnrls, likc oil conrf,clinU wir! corl. xn{l rhc l|:ldcruhilt rltcrn:rtud tirc:r\ily l)cr\rc'.n scicnrisls xrd busirrisnuD, LorJ lllccli, who bcrx rr chirnun ill r953, rjrs: tlistinuu;s|cd:n:io\rist Nilh rhc lrJlc Dlx l)oll][ rithcr thin I busilcssm.r, Nho rocl x prriclrL ilrirulc ro lcl's rcscrrch ftrr1 fithcr trn its tlurr rcs$rch rcr)trc it thc tinu), lu rtf)o thc boird chosc i ch;rinuxD rlnn'st ou)dsitc in dh{rirclcr, tlrc c\-tirrin5pccror Sir l)iul Clur )bcrt, \vho rurctcd rnorc !\!ililv k, l:nfl't)(x1 ronlpcritiofl x il rrp:rndcd fulrochrn)icrls r nd librcs.lhl hc rnlxgnr;scd lhc scicntj{s tllrd cvcrlrrlly ovurrcxchcd hinrsrll $ilh r hoeilc bid for tlc riv:tl Eir t Courlxukls, v[;ch u,llI.su,.cccJctl in rrrrLrsin6 irs Iiircc bonosirion. ' I IGI 1r:1s srill sccn rs r r)lodcl l;r irdu5lrixl nrurr,rUcnrcnr, inrcllitrclr jl;d ir"'isn: so"rc:orirs dirrcrors ircnr on Io rc*"lr1' urt'"' i,',t"*ri;.*. 'ri I-;rd Uccdrinr: rcoru:rni{c(l Urjr;sh ll.,il. ICI rccri'ircrl S I'cr i:c'rr ufSrir!ir's Jllnu:il uIrput of[.xJurr,j\, iflrl di'rl.; rfic crrnr,'l'rhc chl:lrlisrs. uut \fitrr irs hcrry f/tccri':n :l \':r!rcrl nlrch firs r.r1cllr, . flitl rr';rs fur lcss rJyn,rmic th ) thr Oc nxn currD:rnics $.hich hrtl lirst Drccipilxltd its o$rn mc4jci iD rr1;n. 'l'hc Ccnrrxn courl'irc iC lrrrbcn rv'rs brolcI up :rfrcr (lrc !:rr inlo rhrcc ol irr orillitlil cunrporcNs - lJ:ryrr! !Jr\Sl. rntl llouchsr - $lliull r:Uiirl\'l)c[ulir!(l frorr compcrition rnrl t!r rcl!:rjc ol i.\r ellcryics (likL Sr r(lx!11 Oil fo!'r dccrd.s crrliff), rrd lwrnr) ycir:t llrcr c.ch \.rs l)ifl:cr rhxn lCl.'l'hcrborrd ollCI hxd (onsidurcd \!llI;riIllc eolrpxryill rr50. brt ljlcnluxlll' rrrrll ollb:rtlcrJ irs N,:hls sirbsidi:rry Itrll.'lllcr nl.'lr

.lCI nar rl

rosr c,;rrilt! conculrrr,l rvirh

lrr rl,c posrrvri ycrri rr.,ny Urnistr.;,,,r,.,,,r,,,",, wcrc cr-ofriccrr brst;,' nritin,y UIo,y, x;J co rurc ir \rirtr co rrncruirl srprunrxry, r'rtiirrg for grrrit.il rtrcir nr:rrkr:rs rLrorJ,.l.:rcv ruInrr tl hxr(t Ur cur)ll)rchrnd rh:rt irrCividutl n)oliv: i0n il|1d sL:lL rvcr'c rnorc inrponrnr dril!r rrrrcr:rt \!crtrfi,.nJ Nrrc r:ronistrcrt b* rhrsuc!:cssionufC,xrli,rcrrllt1irrclc.,'eDrurUinUttorrrh,.ru;-!..t-,,c r(c'ru,) Mr i,rJlcd rn c\lrrunti,rlf{tr urrrrriior ofvilt_po\rrr: .,s r Irrrl olliccr in t)osr{v:rr I.tx rtnrrU, Ir v \virtr disb!licirtrc tir!r
Y,'lhs\vxUcnr cn,cruirU

fi,,'r llc (t$rrucliotr. lJus;russrrcn oll thc Conri tlrr tnd bctn rtrrou[h r:r. nrorc dcvxrlxri'rtl $.rrli,llc c\ptricIccs llrxI lIc I]rjtisl; rhcii Irrjorrr rltt.crrcrl.
rhcir'icr,'rics cornrIrrrtcrnrt or rtesrryrrJ, rtrcir srcrrrir; urr,tcr. Iri,rc,l. llrr clHr'\ l ,t in\re' ir) t,1,r,rirrr r.,,,it, ,;,..,r.r,".,ti,,u.,,,t rgcl'cy, r'rJ I'rcy lnc\\'lhLj rurt n ur!(rchllu: 1d c\Tlorr ru surlirc. L,cr'rrxn rxnrgcrssoonfrolcitoncrrl;xi thrthuDr )rc!urrrccss.cr(
rnrirc ilnDortxnl rlrrn physiul rcsu,Lrcci. tty dru,r,:,J-tifric:,lvnrNic

c' llt)rniu! \r(ru rcrsscrtinlt lhc rsulv(s Iro r rIc rubbtc \vitl, !ll rlc rrurr. crrtc4:risc btt:rtisc (tikc !hcJrp rcsc) thcy Uot llc, rupl_..ll fron! ll.rrilitrlq-itld1!nfirrl conrt,tcr, vhilc thc vxrtirna i\llics h:rJ iclpctl ro
clcrr thc dc:ul
rvo,r,t for ncrv firovth.'l hr AIlics iid bccn <tcrcriu;nc,t to purislr Ilirlcr's i:otlr rcrr;rt xcc,,nrt)tir(s, r d sc r(nc(d,\tfrird r\l'lrpt) r,, hrchc Irji s i tir usitr[ stxlc t:rtour. Orrly ttll(u _pril'nr

11:I

crl ro nlxinuill jtr HIpirc Lx\cd nn ,,."i ,nj urit)rn(tc,l t(,o npiLlty rnrl uvcnlrjr irr r96? rhc b.,nk{ ). l AlliiHl's tris rit:trrs ro rt,c hu:incsr, rnrj "Jrl.'rcrl: t\r1,Dp\,b/c.IIc rn ur(lin:l] rortn,r nfl s.illr b.rnlcrs rn,l crunonr;rr ,,,r rrrc rx,rrd, rxori I intD::p.cc, rirJrlfi:,rtrl nuchir rcrcrors !(t]' hlnrl(rl JlrCii(ss. ".iI 'l'hc.nu\\'!tctlcrrrirnr ot Crnrrr cor)]xny ,,rc t,.rrl .r tt,c rdvr[_ r.rti'rr r srr inX xltxij).'l firir u rluIcrc(l olliccr i rcur:r Fr,rr tjtuc]:5 $rlliilr.\,irs

I.rrrr hc \r.rr rclcxrcd, :rnrl rcg,rirrcrJ owDcofilp ut.lris co;rprny,

fl,:I.,uut.

d rnni

ir!i:'

corlt,INl

NAN

!I Nl

_l

l:S Vl]li,Stis

lttiltIAU\:IArs

qrnl,roll:c<J r ruorc luucriorrrl .lliNJr thxr th! l.jriri5h pr.nd(,rnrnrionj, $idrour hrnf.ul)r rbout chsj, rDd \yilh rr nro|c dr:liucrl rcnsq of <ortrmrlld. Dur (hry rlso hrd thr rdvrrrrsc of i s)$c r of 5upcnisory borrds, nrcludirg uliorr rcprcscnl:|li\.(:l - which lhc posG\!rr Allics hxd cnco!rrticd -\rhich orcrctlu)c irornc ul'thc rcsril(rrrclll fronr Norkcru;rrJ liruitcd tl]c scopc for:rutocflrrs. i!hny of thc old busincsr dynr6tics rclrisc(cd lhcir o\vDcrship, \\''rilc rjch rcriv lirnrilics clncr$cd. 'fhc 'lhysscns, rrho lrld lirst introduccrl llitJcr Lo big busilcss, orvncr.l 3o Du ccnt ol tl)c bi[6c5r 5rccl [roup in l-uropc, rur liont rrr clc6iurt iil)'riLrrj)cr irr Diir:clrlorl 'l'hc l licl firDily o\vrrcd 40 pcr'rcr)t oT Drirnhr-lJcnr, rnrl drc Qurrrdr frrnily rooli ovcr contlol oftlu rivrl IIM\\'il t160. 'l'Ic IlcnhcL, rIc :;orp-hirrgs of Di;sscldrtrf' rcioitrtd lhcir t'il1(lc$ ridr Ul]ilcycr rnd l)roc(cr's. Al Lhcir bcsl, Lhc Ccrnlxu [rtriliiis Ncrc ,,Llc (o ri!c:r Ionf-(cflr Llircctior;rllJ r.lccisivcrrcss::rl lhc !cr] l('t), Nhilc crrcoun6illg Lhcir conrr) y lncn lo b'jcourc rrxnc prolLisknttrlircd rrd profi(-uriD(lcd rl'flr tl'r utiti:ih, $itlt tL thcir xr;stocmlic prrrclrions.

rr:Lrrrilc rtrccirr) rkills :rrrrl dcd.c.rtcd couruurritiri, rnd inrpit a devolion ru rhc t)roduct \.,lrich is rhc sccrut. if continuoui succcssi

I $u.)d!r oltctr \?hrt thu vint,lcrs buy Onc lrrll:io plccious rs thc :trrlf thcy scll.

't hc lJririrh h c u IcIr lirrrily conrprnics ovcr tJrrcc hul]rjrerJ Icrrs uld, $|usc u\vDct$ ncct irr Lllcir o\u) 'fcrc cn tcoilir rrs Club, iuclutlitrg I(ich:rr',1 DLrflrrcll ol'Durluell's buildir)U cor psly iu l(crrt (r59r), Christuphc' I'lo,uu ol l lutrlc'r !.uk (16?21 :rud lliulunl l-iLlv of lhc blrtil'rt lijl)r ill Witncy - rvho :rll :rvoidcd drc IcmPtilions of rur,-r:rpid L:ro\v r. lluL thc oldlst llritish ir$tilu!ion5 lrc dlc ihrriLics likc hu:,uitlls, crrllctlus ur schouls, \Yhich h:rYc rcu;ncrl I futrl purposc rrrrl nr,in,,6crL,lu ii7.t' u,rrliv;tU xll rhcir f,Jur)d;nU ftrrrilics. Mort l,'it;sh corn' !rcixl hrnilics luit rheir will ur ibililv to rul' r busi rcss rlicr tic $cc(,rrl Ilurrerrriorr, or hrrvc bccr) dcfc:rltilr'by thc problcrrr ul sLrceussion - likc Durr:l-rcy,rrrJ 5,-rrr. On tlrr- Contircnt t[cLc rvcrc nl:lrly trlorc corrlilluous fxrllily Iirllls:
tlru $rus,

lAi\lll-Y

Irl l'l. s

-l'lirouUhour rrost ol L!rol)c ftrnilic! rchitrcd Drorc cotrtrol Dtcr busincti dr:ro iIl lJriLrin or Arucric.r, Ui\,inU co\)loyccs r sclsc rJl' i,Jcudq rnd co tiruir) \rhich :rlLr:rctcd .rll thc rnorc luyxlty il (hc v diicontinuiq of thc t)osF$.rr l)oliric5. l"rnrill 6rrrx, it ii \!ortl rcnlcruLcrir)li, h.ld i r)luch oldcr' historf tJrrn gorcrnnrcnts or nxtioni.'fhc oldcrl ofull is lcpLricrl to bc thc I loshi hotcl, r Indi(ioDxl Jxpiucsc iul rvliir:L chiurs to h.rvc bccl fr.rundcd. in tIc 1,crr 7r$,.rud is uov, srid lo bc ru:rnugcrJ by thc forq-sL,1t t.u"r",ton. ,ut Uuropc hrs rlxnt f:urily coirlr',rnirs tvhich. ,hL,: brck orcr urori. th-.rn fourccnturics, includhrg ttrc ttrlian Antinori ninc conrprny (founrJcd in r335) r'Id llLrcttrjirc:rrmi (r526)i :urd x clustcr of rlcohol bruirrciscs sct u! in llrc sirtccDth rld scvcnl(coth ccnluric5,5uch ns l'lugcl iu Fhncc (r619) rrd Coilorri( iu Sprin (rj5 r). A4orI of thcnr c()nccutrrlc ou oflc producr, :rnd \linc ,ittlilic:i slror,L :r uoiquc strrivul-r':rtc dcspitc thc rislis of:rlcuhulisrll: r'inclurrls

0driolrs xrrrl [rc.It-(r]odsoDs of ([c f(runrlcrs rvcrc rrrrrrc tlrc l,rr:rirrcss lh ) irr lJrirrirt' lcss lil.rlr rcnrrir crrrrrrrrrterl rlrL:r'ercd by (ururl't csl:rlcs ur tlLrrllcrl).nrly l)rtrstrils. l-uotronrists rrl histi)ri n$ colltirlrcJ lo iu[!lc drtlt thu lJrilish post'strl duclirlc $'us rlrt rcsrlL ofiltluchtrlc ccorto!tric forccs; bul rhc Dritish corlnricrci.rl Jn:utic chxrly suficrsd lionr drc Iosr of f0mily oroliv.rliorr'

r!

tI

Sryq cn, shiLh rcmilirrcd orlllrirlj cirnlc out o[ Ulc \Yir wlth tllc rrrosl l)o\vcrful busilcss dynuslicsi iu r963 fif(cclr hutilics - hcrdr:d Ly tlrr.: Wrrllcnbcr'gs, IJlosLrocnrs, Kcnlrus aurl Bonnicrs - controllcd r l:lih ol thc coLrnut"s Driv:ltr.r ilrdu:jtry. Uul,iri Urc \var-lorn coutrttics {llc collriDnirt irl thr fanrilics \1irs ulort irDp,orlaDt; rud porvcrlul

lirllilics iikc thc,Jrcl[rilkDlc]crs (\vllo coDlr0. rblc lo rr-citrblish thiil holds. ' i: t

lecurtly ul ltuly, rtriclr prr-rlirlcd thc nrost rLuir:prctcd ofljurppsrn

[^ll .
.nrirlclcs

..t \'t,ilsus l

lJ tr

Ll\ u

ctr!\l.s

ij)ir

isr0nishi g rlc BririsI xtu] lnrcrictll'r, $[u srill lrtlicrutl

Crdrdl;cs

ht!id

tllc conrrcrai:11

,l

i:ichliuc \vhich c0tld or)lyconlc

on nty r:wn, rntl

lrdm 'drc Protcstrrit cthic', Mrly old I trr lir n fir milics, lihc rlt c stii1lin6 Lrmilics of Gclloa, hrd rrhint:rincd :r conlin rnrs colrnlil tunt l(r busin.ss for ccntuiics..Ard by lhc lxr': lil'rics ncrv luliurr conrp:rnics $crc mrli'rf lhc rnort spccrrrculir'ill)or(ls irlh lhc ncnly-lorrucrJ Comr)ron M:rrl,cr, hcrdcd by crurci,r!nc!'\ \'ith rfic ltind ot idlc \vhjch hrd :rlmosr di$pp$rc(l llo r lJritrin. 'l'hcy otrrinxrcll rlcir com!ir) tor\ns $,itI r n:rtcorxlisnr \rl)i:h rurrcrc(l tIc loFli)'ol 'rnnx[crs;rnd vorkcrs \\'l]o\lcrc pour;n[ iI rr) thc to\\.rrr Iio trhcti,rrs.

lrr sx;(l in rq$J,':rllho lllt I lrxvc ),rJc suurc biti li xn(ijl Jciniu s on ncv inv*rrncnrs, I hivc rclcr irlotvcit
'lccidcd uisclfin nnnrgcriil dccisions.' llc.s:rv hirnrclf:rbovc

rtrc pcly conjort polilicrl pirticr, \\'hilc his ru:rnrgcn rmdc thciro\\. dcxls \ri r tlonlu,l]ut r;:rt'j currupt;on, in(l prolcctior l'ronr ihrDorls, nr.rd0 ir drn[crously vulncribtc ro (hc rr-posurcr oirlrt nircrics (scc CIr:rrcr !o)-

lrols ol UovrrrlllrDr: hu runrributcrl

r0

'lhc most ill-c'Ibricin(rvxs l;ixl ir 'lir;r, \\'hich \ris niore liku I kiridon drin r tomp;ury, inJ \\4riclr provi(luil r lirrd ol'crric!rurc of (rmily porvcr. In rStg Cioril]ni i!,roclli, x )oun[ civxlry ,'fliccr firsuinircd l)y rhc trc\, xLrr(irloL)ilcs, r.r up n l:llnl)r^y rvhirh lrr
dcrclopcd into :rn indtutrixl cmpirc he Jorlirxlcd li,r lir(J-livc yc.rs, pliJ'intiiD $idr crcry rcfinlc. llc t]iclulIis lt!].rnnr!:crx isIc \!xllrt(l round Iis nrcrorics, dclcti linr hrut ru;i)onsihilirius s'llilc nnirtt:tinitt11 lirur control. lJr:lolc |c diud hi sLrnrnruncrl his trvr:'rtI-tJrr!c-IcrFoLl grindsor Gixnni.Dd lold hiN:'You ilrc tirc only {)flc ill lhc hnrily NlloDr I lrust, rn(l you rrrrh_t lrsu lc your rrsp0[\ibilitics.'yrn0\l Ciinni, thcr x rc:illc:is plxlboy, lcft l;i.rt ill chxrrc ol iis chicl rs(crtirc I'rofcssor \':rllctlr, btt ir !966 hc too[ fnll cornrur(l, i{'irc(l by l1i$ brtitlcr Umbcrto. l-lc t':rs rn unrsh:rnrcri trcrcditxry rrrirxli\r, xnrl rrlic.l rbour his hri;c cir\t);ru $irh x tIruNr\!xt,r"rri;,1c,)cc, ts il lrc Iiid nb fcrrr rbout losinll ir.

l"ll
i"lh'rlrcr ll ii

ti(N,\t.t51 s,\Nt) I'ul(!:luclr,\1

5-

; :l im \rlrit lrxl::,1r5 c,rll t atnsaailiri,' lrusx:d.'l iJclrit!virh (hc it,it);nik,' \c bcll-tolrcr nf tlrt rnhIc , . . I h:irc xl\vx]s rric,l ro cniur'c rhit'1'urin:;\ rhc dccision-rnxl:inf ccllrrL.' lji:ll h I irs (J$'
i

lJrh^v thc li\rtritic\, lhc con)l)i y Iri.r or rh" Con,;"c'rr *..r. "",'" rhi. ,ti'ir'h I'y AlnuricllD !rolcssiorrrl illxur(ctrrurr. l:trnir)cnns sct ut) rheil c'\vr l)usi,rcss s(lrools nrodullcrl or l lr.dr,l'r xn lylicxl systcnrs irtd ursr sludics. bcu;0lliig NiL| lNSllAD, srr rp xl lrrnrlxi,rrbhxU in rry59, Sucirl iLlcllirts hupcd th l thr nr$ lll Ilsciirl chss $ouhlco$rc lionr vcrl tlivcnc brclsroorrds, bur rnurr ol' lhcnr lurltc(l olll lt' collrc fro ths olLI lr(Jfcss;o'rxl, ,rdllri irtflrtivc 'or rnilitrrry I:rnriliur rl thu t ,iiLi{,r!rl lrrn,llu:rr h,rrqlcoisic. 'S! rrnrl,rrl rv;rs tlic rrriddlc-cluy orilirr rI tlrr: nsv lr:rurlcrirl clr:r.' \\1r)lc A4 ich;r cl: ltoslrur il t966,'drxt htrdly xr)y r(crnl socioloUic.rl srudr of irdu$'l nrils lo bri'rr it otr.' 'l'h!y cnrcrIcrl'fi.o ) ] linrirt(' elxss rvlether ii Sodxl Dc rocrtrr Scindillxvii or Cidrolic conrcrvirt:tr ll:lly,.n)d.tficy Irllicd rhurrsrlvrs n:'rur:rlly onrr-r rJru ririrccrrrh(rDlury lif'.irylc, \virh frJrDrill flrlcnri ll1c r\, ru ri-r itir.rry prorocut,

pifrr /,/' Jririlt/r, :urJ its fLrotl)rll rclrr 'irounds:ill brcr 'furin's rr:1ir\ . Jir:cntts, rfiich rvrs Aprclli's obstsrior'. llc sx\v h;s irrolvcnrurt :rs rotl\;dillcrcnt fronr rhc Anrcricxll !.ildilion.'l sould nr:vcr ur:rl:r::r dccirion \rhich nriUIt bc drnrgirrri lo'l'ur;n's loc:rl rd'nirisrr.rri(,n, A'l'cr:ur crpit:rlist ri0uld['l cilrc lcss.rbrrut lrrc;rl l:rNcrnnWnr, lr couldnl c.rc lcrs i[uur thc lttlcnl F,ttmucnt.' Agnclli \vis prord ofhir finrily'r conliruiry: \vhilc C.!rcril N1or .r might chingc it: boss crco. rhrcc ot four )',rrrs, hc rrn l:i:ll lirr NcnqLc;[lrt ]cnrs. 'l h:rvc ncvcr conrprtrr:d nl)rrll r0 rr nr:lllllllcrs,'
tbciti
I
r.1

riiininr-collc!:c, st)orrs

.j'ncrt:ri'rn)unr ccrrlrc\, rnrl lxrrr

rnd inrl)r,s;nli !cxd'tl!xrtcrx. 'l'hc Ccn)xn u,rrltrcncrrirl ch\! l,rrk,.l brrl: r,:rn c.ril;cr "yc r'l'slirblc slnrcturcs rltcr rhu l)ost-wxr chxos. Ar thr {ocioloUist Itrll l):rhrclrkrf dcsrrihr,l lhc'l ir rg65: ',\t thu lo| uf C(rr:rr (jlll(lprises, s[ll-ntitdc Dlc ..l rl l]rst-ljc cfillio! rntrcprcncur! l.rrc {)c':r'rrc tlrr crtcprion; tfic ovunrh!ln;nU of tcrJinU 'ru'rrb(r lrllrrprcncrrs \vcru born irlto th! lpl)er chrs, Urc\r Up ll l:r rilirs ('l clllrl,r'u|lr-.rrr* or 0rolcssiullil] pcuplc, :l0il su itll in utlivcrsirics, IcIcnrll) l:r$ rf rc{l'nicrl d;sciIliNcx, Circnt ii{r is ]hnDsr xr r,rre irt !IllcDrellcLrrixl pusiljrrN xr it ir ir thc Crrtrolic Ch njh.,. /\r rhr iirsr rn({i} rlllJ llriitity ot rllc Ufirot)urn ,rinclci 5ubrj,Jlrt i11 thr ruirl-sir i(l, tlrr itnr rcs lurrlsd lu lriftten r;:rirr irrro rr lirr rrl
rr5

..

--.-.*-----r-i!:ii

c0Ill ANI AlAN

I
nr1(l

nl

I.l llS V.Ul(SUli Dl.lllL:.^UChATS

burci'rcrrcr.- \vl)ich Urirish irxl Aorclicxnx I;rrJ rlwuy;, sccl r:r r l'rcnch or U!rol)Lrtr !irq:rc: ''l'hrr Conrinc hl n(nrnnc': cxllcd b!rc.ucrrc),'is'fl,o[r;'rCx!lrlch]ddcsrril.'c,.li{nrrg?,.'lhcc,[licr bu.clucrrt5 h,rd frorrn up NiLhir) thc rlitr po\,cr ul irbsolulr

rronrrchics, bur thcir r(iludcs sooD sprcrd into prir;rlc illdus0f, rcinforccd by thc coIlidcrcc of'lcchoocr:tts' \vilh iul)histicxt(d cnginccring rnd ,h'urcial skills rvho s;rv thcDrsclvu as i|lrJispcllsrllc lo hrgc-scrlc 0rilirrcIrcDt. Iir I;rrnec thc l\ix|olcoric clitcs c'ftuiru(l b, thc yakkt kol1 hrd bccr rrodurDiicd.rnd cx(crJcd to t'1,vidc rcclrocrirs for budr lrublic rnd privrtc iDrlLrstr.l-,.

It rv:s r st:Lc <.rfnrirrrJ rs ruuch r5 r itr(rcturc. liurol)crrrr ,nlcilcclt,,rlr (irio)cd loourU rlurr oI tlrr: rl,rrilicrliou ul cotrrPit'ry hurc rrr"rrs, bur rlrcl ruo $crc rrJt't)(J in uornp.rlDrcIts. I'1;c'rul Crtri(r, rlrc iicrch sociologist rvhorrrrd" .r pioncclin6 rtu,ly olburr::ruer;rc!' crrrrJuctcd lis o\y'r cornpJr:(ivu suncy ol thc tlilud$ ufcrrrplolccs ,rlrd ruptrriror:; ir r;N inssrxtrcL cor"tJ;llr;ts nltuo' hc siv rr thc bcj;r stllrbols of drc urrn rnd \vunrc \yho iuh:rbit tllr "lhdc hoNrs" irl'uur populrr folklorc'. [Ju( Crozi'jr cxorc tu dlillli. drit'in thc proccrj ol' our intcUccruxl dc!!lopnrcnt nc hrtc-.rll bcconrc ulcn in boxr:ir,

ircl of ncxibility risk-liklD(. As n sncUi ortrirrdcsctibcd,it: "ft,c US i3 r courtrj n)orc !dvcn(urour.drin xnnvltcrc \rlrurc c pir:rlirrlr. rodxy 'cor.rir)s clre. In Ijurupc ;('s n)r(h norc "crtrblirhcd",. nrori .cltlcd. In Anrericir it'i Drurc crc!ti!c , , . Our ljuropc r rocicLics arc nrorc "sct ;n lhrir rvrys", thc xrcrs iu lvbich r urxrl can nrrlic irrrJcpcnrlclt (lrcisions irc l)1t]ch so)irllcr, rvu;rrc hcdgcd in,' 'l hc Lurot)c.D! c.\torlcd $uirco|ccpts ofcot)pirty lorvr15, lrit| .ll rhcir p,rcrnxliinr, (hroutlr thc J cvltopn)f vorid, ivhcrc drcyptoYidljd :,rruD$lulds oI sccurity rnrJ coruprr,rtivc prosPcrity ]hich rllrlctcd rhc ru,cn,ploycJ (rour urilq; ound.'lhc Asirn o. Afric r ni:l')rfcr or'conpri,lor' in xrt irlcn:rrior)rl cunpiDy clioycd.a prcsti6c rvhich icplr:rcil irirr llour lucrl busircrsurcn. l lttrcsh, thc hcrL, of Viknr)r Seth':t novJ /l Si'h,l)L ljru';:ict irr Indir ill thc r95or,
lurrll-tcrru tlriuliing rttrl :itrbilily but d6$bxcks in

Youn6 pcolilc \vill hrvc to discuvcr, rs somc ol u$ diJ iD tlrc lrrc.6hics, rl:rr orsirisx(iorlil Iifc lrrs soruc irlr.rutaUcs for us i,r'pcrfcct hurrxn bcinUs ... jvlxss cul(urc lnrd rlss socicly, it sccrrr5, cxllnor corrdi(ion t)cror)s dirccdy.'l'lrcy corditioD tlrerr onll' r.Jrrough rlrc Uirnci pcrsons pl:ry, iu rvhich thc) usc thr circu0lsrrnccs of lhcir lilcs to Jilltrui*iiltu dlcDrsclvcii Iroul tllc rillillcss of thcic f:Illcs; but ouc r[uit dnril drilt l'hcy hxvu ruhr:r1s crisrctl. Coth thc Cortircrrt,rl bulcruclitic stylc rurd drr fijlrily t)illrflrnlirirr hi,.j c0r_crfcd fronr ;r quitc dilfclcr[ bn:jincsl lrrdilion lr) thc Anlcricrns or urilish. 'l'hc diffcrcnt rcrsioni ofcLrpitrlisnr (scc ChuptcI zo) \(ould rc\rcl li:rrc bccn lun:pctl to8cthcr if thcy L:ul not irll bceu
.

lu(l ulrutr Norldclud \vhy t)copl': rlrir(lc llh il lillr iih0ut lh! y0Lullj llnrlr'llolll ltttllclltt[ 1'ubrrcco 0l' Sllrll or solrlc othtr lofl:igu lirur rvhich rvrr bircd irl drt lovlt or urvcllirl8 duouSll, llril rcillisir)g thrt for r rllcrc Ll-.lilcr srch x nlclllbcr 0[ Uc col)r_ Ir'rLlor chsser wrs a rrrrl| inrpuftrut bcy,rrrLl his ycrrsi Lc coLrld (li:Jpclsc :'nd rcrokc :gcuciui, hc could uukc ot lirc.k onc's linrunu, l-lc ir)vrrirbly tri!cllcd irourrd irr '! crrnirJr a clrruffcur, tllrll il u \!ilh r chxullc r in x $1xll to\vl rvrs a:grcrt drirrl;.
Sr:tI's rruvr:l lilpIic-lly dcscribcs rhu IuullinxlionJl l}ta shoc corut):rnJ (wlriclr hc c.rlls I)..rh:r) coDtrollud by thc Czcch ISrtr frrruily rrdrieir lirur:dr"d il ir r80,!, csublishcd Jhoc lLctorics; l round thc \vr)r'l{l ind h,ri lrn thcrr liour Crnxdr sirlcc tlrc Sccoud World Wrr. l hrcsh viriirr rh! l)l1rh:r !onrpounrl oubidc C]lcull.l.r0d sccs

torrlrontin6 rhc srnrc gncnry of conrnrrurisrir. 'l'hc big (i,rrtirrcrrtrl r(,n[:rnici Ncrc uruclr lcss inllucrrtc,.l by shrrcloldun, rrrLrcfi rnolr b) bxnls or tlrc 5r:rlcj :rnd tlrcir crccr:tivcs;rnd dircrlr)l\ \!rrc llloIC irr,:lirrcd trr scc lhunrrchrs ir5 srnirU tlru c0nl'rrrn;tI. thcit u\\'u crrrplorccs, or rhcif rr:rtiorr.'fhuir cr.rnrxlinllcnls Ux1'( rrlr'rrrlrl,cr irr
rr6

'i irlj cndlcss ruwrj of r(rkcrs' huuscj; thc ofliccs iutd cincn)l; rhc tilr-r-Il p:'[n trcc5 liuir)B thc rord:urd thc intcuscly grccn '1il:ryirri; Iicltls; tlrc lirc.rt, w:rllcd f:rclory - Lhc wrll.itsclf p.r;Dtc(l ir rcirt ieUllr(|ls xdvcrLi\iIU lhc lxtcst Ii[es ol lrmhrr frrotrvcar; llru uliircrs' culort (r'lrnost uriclusivcly C7.ccl)) hirldcu.bchild cveu highcr rvllls; .rll thesc vcrri sccu by l.lrrcsli thnrrigh thc (liru)riliJrl :rrl Llcync;s r)1 :L hol, \vct nrurlin[.
I

!11'l

':,

::i:i:i

l;,

,l . co rrr'.r

ur

rr a u

u,i^,,'.i,r,, *,.,r,,r's nunr:n ur:rrr-s

llut Iiirz l..urr1,; iriglrrrillrc ot illrrrulolr, iI tlrrir sc6rc6rrcrl untlcr-

rcrs jut |r"irti|rtri cunprny, rrrLl is rltuwc,t rn tivr: irri,tc rhc " ofliccrs'colony;{Jrcrilt;shru.nrctir,1lr;,lcL:rlriisirsrlrr:corlxrrntl oflicirs' colony;WrctiltislDr0sDrctilcI r;rlc l-xrxiis;r( rtrr.',nr",,t
t

ll'"rtt

shc is rvcirried bj C,cjsrcnch rirJ cridiry of rlic rrncry, bul hcr nrorhtr isjirirprcssid bl rl'c olficcrs'cli:Lr rJccjrJcs lh:rt tIc c0l0ly 'rrrd rvoul<J bc'thc idc'rl pl:rii rir brirr6 up I:cr 1'rithi, the rcrl B:r.r con pny is stiil luu ':nudrorrs'. bi rlic f,lrn(lcr'r [rx,rdsul Thomxs Brt3, \vith x slror)lj.'co0r ror1 cullurc'bul \!ith lll|lny uonC?rchs runni'rli Jocxl lJrinchcs, rnd .llilltout lllc ccrtiirly oflitutiuc cnplbyurcnt:'1'odry's ccunorrric c0ndirior)s rrr:rkr suclr policics un vorkrblc.'

rlrrr . llut tir:

i post-1v:rr irJi:r pf.thu.,lrrn:rIcriirl rcvrrhrri<rn. g.rvc yuung

n',rnifcrs Iopui:uf libtnrion; ior it ironriscd poliricrl rs rvc rs xrhrilistxli\,c :rirtonoriry, 1'hc cunurrunist bossrs, liIc son,c rich c::p;r:rl:jls i thr Wcsr; orvrrr.tl i d \tiics ltrcy could nol conlrol or tlndcrsrr:d; rrnrl tltcy rvcrc findin, rhc,ronrn)lndirg IcilrrIl'jcrs corurn:rntlinf rhxI thcy l0okod. M rrgcd or1 bollr xi'Jcl of drc iroll
uurl:rill - tlll uooccarcd \rirh flrlir,|nl lrl;rntiin[, :rIroIon]), |lnd con(inllity - ich tlic $nlc r)acrl t<r rsscrt thcrlrsclvcs r6rrhrsr rirtir lronrir:rl l:osscs, :rutl cnjoycd hi6h.slilui xs dlc rlr:r*c$ of industrirl tro1rrfi.

l
:l
)i

\Vhcr

llUSslA S lNVlSllll.l: l:irl I'Il{l:S

T!i: ilrisirn vitlo \vc.c d,c lcrJr rblc ro.ot)c \rirh tr(rcrrinrc irdqsrq in x list-chxrUi11lt \\.orld, \yilhorr nl]j cDrrct)rclluurirl irArilics, rrrrl rridr r vrst burcrucrxcy.'l'hcir rllirlxtlcl|j cotllirsctl nrilitrry rvitI
conrnrircirl succcss

lir nrorc tlrrn thc Llritishl \\,bilc lllc:rirtucriltic ronlmurrist rrrucrLtrc .rr(l idcolory holh prrvr. tcrl rhcrlr ilrnr trllrlcrstindirg drc rc.liti.s ol'\rorkl cunrl)ctirion xrJ tlcricd Lhcnr tllcir' olvn ficcdom. : I I'ftigc conrprny iorvns hild bccu rhc brsir ol llusri;rn irrrlustl, rorrrc origirirting lront cncrnrpnrc,rts rur uf by forci[n currct)r'ullcurs in rhc ni,icrccnr)r ccnruDr. IthrushchcL \vrs brouuhr ul':r) r\c rI;rifl[ ro\1r of;Yuzovkr, rrnrctl :lrcr :r \\'clshnrrn c,,llrJ IIuUhcs 1!ho b,,;lt ir,r ionrvorl:: in r869i'l rvortcd rt r frctorv orvncd by Ccrrrrrrrs, ut pits o$'ncd by Frcnchnrcn, ind ir i chcnricll plitrl orvncrl by llct[;.rris.' /\ftcr tlc rcvolulion drc lrcii ford pl nl:; ln lvlichir.ri) xnd thc Ccrconrnrunism: 'Soricr porvcr plLrs clcctrili::rtionotrhc \!.holc courrlrJ,' Comprny torvus bcc:nrc nrorc donrinint xr Sttllil bccrnrc obscslcd 'sie\ hca.1 indus!ry: rvirhout conr,ncrcirl consirrirr{ or con.t)clili,rl

rrrn clcctricrl nhntr ot AUC irrp;rc:l Lcnin ir\ hi\ dclirrilion of

Allrcricrn nlfll..rgcnrcnt cipcn D.,rvirl OrirrickjrudlcJ corlin {lc lxlc ifrics hc rv:u: ruct hy rlrc rcrc[l,hnect r's n'(rh is lhc conrri$ts \virh Ihc Wc!: "l'l,r ;.dun,i.rl trr rxs$is ti,)Ur);,t nr borh !lc hvo [ixnt Lcotromics,'l,c \rrorc in ?,. |t,\t l:ta iuc ir r)Co,'\vhilr hc hol'Js x n,ch rorc rod$r rolc ur rst'rc r iD llril:rir.'CrrDick si\i'conullrurisr [r:rn Ucni ils sucuruly crrticnc[cd.'IVcll tnlillc(1, vclt discillir]cJ, politicrlly tonscioLrs rrrrl xctivc, lho ltcrl lirccutivc sccnrs:r liti lc p!:rnrrnc rly cstxIlislrurl iI rhc \.rls,rl lhc rfliltl,ty.' /1r thc Mosrov t)l:rrtrc's chx'rUcJ thuir r)ulicicr, rirc lircrory buc:rrrt flxnc crtrc;xl for r:rilllri|i I sonrc cofirinfiiry: ,k hrr bccn rIc only sllblc struttuc in xllofSovlcr in(lurtry,'\trolc 6rlnich. A llc ivibrco\\' roni r,rDd syslcru brc:llltc urorc ob];onlly ircfticicnr, indn,iduil liut(nf-rnrn-rfcrs prr.iscd Nirh sonr': cffcct for [rc:rtcr xuLononi), rnd irr r ry57l(hrLrshclcv rppu:rrcr] r0 nrovc ro.v:rnls rrrorc d!ccnrrrliritjon, to rvurlcrr thc hdusrirl cnrpir.cs. lluL thc l,rrry borrcs cotrld iill trlucl, i'un,vrrionJi which thrc.rtcllcd thcnr; rnd s.ithou( I frcc llrrrlcl rIcir :rrrononr) $is srrictly li itcd, lbr lhc st c srill fr-rcd drcir l)rircs. 'l'hc b;lttlcs bchvcrn llc frctoricr !0d drc cc|ltr! rcm!incd uDrcr;0lvcd; "1'hc ltussi:l)s:Ir still tirhrinf lIs lrc-old ]dminisLr: i\.c l):rlllr lo nr;rirl:riD ccrtrnl conrro!.'

rhc

risr inrlnslrixl;sls

thc hugc fictoiics bccrmc

c.lu;!ilcnr5. In Lcninsftd, rfioss rl'c rna:r r'o|lr rhc piliccr..lotrr.s 5nd spircs, i rlr( ind!lrLrixl Ur(\v un rvirlt r.o.ooo \(orh(rs 'jonulcx in i ringlc plinr, ovcrshido\vinu thc Urin block olrpxnnrcrr! \!hcrc rhcy liycd. l{crc, norc thin in iny Wcrtcrn cirl', \vorftc$ \vcrc liviru
l rg

ftr lcss rl rfcxblc lhin thcir

}Vcstcnr

hc stn'cturcs rsr)rriocd vory n)ilillrlr iviltr tixcd rrrrl:s :urd srcrdy pn)rroli(nr lvhich \\1ls icopirdiscd by rirk-trtkirU. Onc AucricrD nlilirx{ r(rxrht d$urit'cd rhc n,l!! rr..Don't bucl rhc syslu$, don.r

'l

nr

kr rn) \.r!ux, (lon'l fo loolti'rli for tsrri rror!. doll,r.pustt ror rcfu ns l,Lcrlsc th.r_nnins rhilnU:n! rhc $.ry ut'do;n[ rhin[r: iu:r (n!cr r.orir.sr.' )rr fxct, Irc rcllccrcd, rur tr,rlitc rhc US ry.

(: (/

iU.,\ Nl Nt^N

ti/\
^r

l. t

Iii

yt;ltsus ! ti lt tA U c lt]t1s

'l hc 5o$ct .llI,. U(nrlllrd rnurc lrutlr cunrt)urili'rrr I'r.,rr rlr,l (;llr!rtrur iodunrics. ;.lilirxr] l).iorilies olcflo(le 0thcrs, rurd thc iflrD, co!ld rr:rkc (lcnrrrds dl t drc ccrusurrrcr.could ln)(. l'hc nrilirxry r(eror. 5:rid drc l'oliih-Amclicn lirvycr Sunrucl l,is:rr, rvus'rhc outl
)ecror of L[c Soviet ccirnonry rvhich opcrrrcs lilic I ntrLrkct cconr-'ruy, in tlrc scnsc th:rt thc custojlrcrs pull out oftJrc ccbnoniic ulcchrnisur

rrri,tls.rl rlr.rrr Wcjrcrnrrr lil!d tu Lhi.r1,, Wc;rcnr i:arrprn/ h d brcD tlcrclupir)[ rllcir owD invisiblq c'Dpircr vhojc lirnirr$1)Lrld {,rl} elrcrgc ir ([c Bhrc oflrorld co'r)pclilion.

tlrclinrJsofivc;rponrythiltlhrJ,\vina.'l'hcorilirirlcrruhlbc:rrrilir6ty corlrt)crililc, xs tlrc) rhorttrlrvhcn thr:1 1:runclrtr.l rlrc linr Sputrik in rt57. Utrl tlirt ri rrrph uislcd thc \Vcsl rbr)ur Lhc ullccrivc|cris ol' orhe. SoYirt icctu,:. ln lnoit ilr.lLrrLricr rlre po(crr;xl illrovrtor iu th': Soviq Ullioll l:'((,J,,rurc tl.rrr,r{i,,ii uh:;l.teltt Ur.ur rrryorrc irr Ccncrrl A4or,rrs; Iis pr(d'cL,cDr.\r$ ri\r,Ilt convcrcd b)\,l.diuir D!dinlscv ir h;r r)urcl tl.r ut.,ht ,th h,lirsr ||!blirl,'jd i.r r95C, r Lrr Irun(hji xli(r ^\ lihrus|chcv h:rd r)rocli;Drcd thc ctrd uf Sol;o;snt ir lrir rlucch to (hc :orh P.n) Conurcis.'l'hc hc'o is a louc invcDtor, J-:rporknr, Nhu dcyi!cs ,r Ic\\'nrllchirc l<rr crsring pipcs iu :r rcruotc Crc(otl conrl)l;i, ot Io ltiurt, ir Sibcri:r.'lhc dliltl:rLicr l)rozdov ol)rtRrcl$ hillr nr(l r(r.ns: "l hc looc rloll is srl ol drrtc. Orr ncw rDichillcl lrc (hc lruir of collucri\c r.Jruu6l,r.' L.'portirr tl,c,r Urc:j r,r t\loseu\v Nhc'c l,c is utposed b) cn(reD(hcd ilsritrl!s; l)on\)uu:i rcicrtists nnd lh( rrll: cngrorscd i4;rlisrtf:'l-il:u:r'r u'romrour shir,, lhc lvliuill't \rxr rurnitrg rull spccd bcforc thc \rird; rll thc scxnrcn \vcrc cuoJ;cicrln,url) srJndiriI tlrcir $Jtchcsi no oni: \!nrrlc!l L0 bc bothctcd \r;rlr lhc l]urcbrrircd projcct of r rr:rchiuc lor drc cisd u ol irur pipcs,:r projocr
not inclutlcd

Lrporliir i5 proiccutcd lbr givirf:r\'rt olli;irtl sccrrls lrod scnL(n(cd to r l:rbolr c:rnrD, \,llilc l lcrv brlYc ullics pLr$uc his pi l, succcrsfully build tls rnxchilc nnd gct hiru rclcrscrl. llut thc burcrrc.il! rcn)xin iilsidc rhcir fo(r0sscs, xDprovirrU rn ir)frrio! rrrichiDr. 'No\L xt lrst l suc thc "irrisiblc cnlpilc" ol burqrucrlLJ,r s,rys l-trl)olkin: 'llc:idcs nilsclfonl)'tllosc rvlo irc its'ci(izcrri cirn scc iLl Durlintscr"s crposurc of l(ussi:ur burcruclrcy cr:crtrrl :r lurr,,rc in Lhc Solict Union :rld x succcss in lhc Wc:jl )vlicll crnhrfirircd lllc rutlor: '\Vc slc:rl boldly rnd horlcrlly lliout our dcliciclcics lud our difnculti5,' hc crltnirrcd to Wcstcrn rcrdcrs,'lrccturc thcy :rn: tlrr binh-prn6s oIl ncrv rvrrrkl iu rviricl thcrc is no irrjurlitc,"l'|c ncrr 5orict \'0rlJ \';rs rrc\'(r l)0rn; bLrt thc buruLucrrtic nillhlnr:rrr vrr\
110

iu.rul

pl.ru,'

'j
it

il

il ll
;t

'
:;ccttrs tu bc

lLll!

0l,l'

x bil

ol'I

ti
rrl

cllA P1'! ir NtNti

Ru,olt
'1'hc rclirions,rip bctr,cun rIc irrrlili,lurl ind tllr c0norllillI i'r tIc p0s(.\\'lt dcc0drs r,i1s sllll uncrsy, lJ7 lhc sirtlcs c0tnllit!ty tIrctr \t/r-.rc bcinS licrcciy dcllotlllccd in rirtrlliJ';rll \\,cstcrn c0ururicl bJ ndic-'ll studcnls, rs rurnrougcrs, li.r..i or pullntcl]', lr I'ccrnrc prrL ol' 'icisls, x nruch wid cr rcllllion rrxin$ !rncrsirics, rovcfi,rnc,rs r!.1\\,c!rcrn soc;ctyin [cncnl,shich cvcnLlilly lcd to Nil(l cxccsrcs, lon i$t'opuhr follo\y;tif xnd Dr0loLcd N rirhravirl; rd:rcliou, ljut thl: rrvull Irjrrlcd r Nxtcrs[rd - thc cud olthc conscrrsLrr bctrrccn cort)u litrts

,l

,|1

I 'i
I

-. (t tU sh r ..'l rrrr rcsponsiblc for nry xctionJ,' Nidcr \vrorc, 'brt \rho il rcaDonsiblc for rhosc of Gcncfll M0l0Bl' IIc Ixrcr rucil rJrc ronrprny f,:r irrvrsion ofpriv:rcy, :rnrl rvrs prid i.t:S,ooo ir) c0njpcntrlion _;hich hchcd hi r xi linl'rcc il l,uq ot iJcrtirric )ol' r lx\q.crs rId trcl|crr, 'Nl(l('Js rrid(rs', ehu \yrft inrl);rud bJ hir (xxnrt)tc ro punuc funhcr :rl)ujics oI corl)orxtc Fowrr. Nrtlcr rr.rr jlcvr:r :rnti-crp:lrlirl: hc wr\ dctcrrrrinr:rl to icclify cxpilrlisrl to rultc it scryc l|c corr!mcr. Jn r I titLrdc :rhcird ol his tirnr. Aud hc hrd sl:rr.l irp rhc tblly of6cncr:rl Ivlolors'scll-rbrol])tio . 'A CII \cillinr ro xcccpr rh:I big buiincrr

r:rIl:rirrctl. Glvl \rrnlr(l ri,

lhcif llxir

lirD\rti'.

nur rrr sorlrc tiintt ut r,!.rc\vbx ,. I) rnrr !ct sr,,nrthi U r)r lti,n,r{, !rt hi;r our r,t

indrcd ":rffcctod rvitt !hc Iublic i'ucrci",'wro(c l,crcr Dr!c!.cr Iitcr. \ould nol hxvc urNdr lhc rftrlixl nrishl.c ol'Liri f dctc,jrilcs
iN

ro i'rvcsritirtc ll.rlph N,t'lcr.'

rrrd socict)'. It \':rs ir Aucricr lhrr rhc nrolcruclll, Iilc N0i lxrst-$.: t)rovcrutcnts. bcurn, Courl'rrry u cn h:rd rn.uurly v:rrnirtl in rt('.1, Nl,cli sin;lc spcctrcul.rr rburc nf corpor.rtu po rcr n.vcrlrrl rhu xr11't:xr), ri xnd isol:1I;on of 6crrrrul .\'lororr. A crus.rr.lin6 yhurr6l,rrvler, ltrllnr Nrdcr, h:,: bcun irlvusiittrinti lhu I'our srf{.ty rccflrds ol rlrr |lc\vrjsl irrs,lprrticuhrly oT Gcncrll Molorr' Ir\\' Co vrin rvh;ch hc xnxlyscil ir1,3 scnsirlionirl book, Unttlc at 1tn, Slttt'/: Cc[cr:rl i\lolrrrs, r./ith strgscrinu crud ily, rcspondcd by Iitirtir dolccllvc r[uncy tu illrrsti. giic N:rdcr's brctfround, irc]udiqi iri! jcx lilc. Nrdrr roon diJi. covcrcd (hiJ,. rrt)ortcd it r,) x S.:D.rrc sub-rortlfliirtcc vhich \\,rs

Nxd(y's crLrsidr vxi only oflc rljrrl)lort of r vi(lcr xusDiuion of cor'0orilu bclxlioirr lnd vtrhrrs, xl x tirric vhc bif c0lll)xnicr lvcrc ttcltitlg $till biulicr. DuriIlJ Lhc t|cutl-our yr.,lrs fro .r9.l3 lo r96t rhc l\rcnty lxr[c$r;industrirl cr[p0[rtirnrN ilr lhc U.S illcrcirxc(l lhc;r (orrl1)l ol xll ltuilrrftlclrrirf rsscrs lir,nt ,lll djll pcr cr t.'l[i:{ i:otlcrDlnllior wxrr hxstcric.l by x ncv vxvr of nrcrgcrs rllich lrr.l l,ucn cncour:r;1crl : by tlic Vid'rxnr ho', . 'l'hc tln rciil ot)crlrorr bch:Id llcm \vcrc irr,'ri8l.i s rrnd outsidcrs - i clud;n6Jrucs Lin6,

'i :LbouL 11l'0ry. l'|c Sulliron; sr nnun'..(l Ccr! rludtng his co,rlphillls cftl i4otors oflicirls ro $iphir, inclullir[ (hc l,rclnlcl{ J:rircs lvl. Itoc|c, tvho rpologiscd t)ut diJ rot r*!,rl rhu llnrrtj. (lcrxils ,,1'rhc ixrcstiUrrions. TI)c cr'd0ln.c \vhich ilcr ulrcrrcd sho1r,:d th(.ULrll bct\lccr priv:rtc 1ud conorirc mrtnli!y. Gcnrlll hlorur.\'l:r\vycr liilccrr MurDIy crphir)r..(l Io\v $lrc fllhcr xtlIircd 'li,rlphi(-l,it]', l)1rl rln thc irlcnirilion rlJ r proltsjionrl chrllctrlc: "l hxr's otrc rhiru in Ccncril h{oriJrr. Yor;usr prcs! r trutton rnrl tor ttcl \rhxt ydu runt.' Shc rpprorchcd . \V:rrlin[lor iruorncy xrd cx-ljUl i[unr, i\licjrrcl Drnncr', nho iu llrni hirad il ,.{rccrir.c Io r)ursuc Nx(l!r.'llc

'l .xi thc bcsr flrrirs ofrclr;r!ir][ poliricxl dcniocrrcy..'lJur rhc xnri-rrurr rovctr)rinr Irtt bc!.onrc lcsr cfl'cclivc sincc thc bi[;In;llu of lhu cclrlutJ, i[l{l x)sl ol thc nrw uo'rcc txtit,ns \,rctr xlloNcd. 'l hr co llo rcrrrors pru(l.,irnrd rLc rIcory of 's}'rclU)'- i \rorJ lilrr pplicd-ru conrb;n io'rs of{lru[r - \,trirh rrtucJ rtur thc pcL fonliricc rficr'u trcrgcr wis Srclur ltrxn rlc rLrrrr of irs prrri: irr rlrinlh;rDd,'?.1.:=S'. Colrpruy urcn tlrc.rdcd rhrr rhc nrcrljrrs n.ork,

"stlblishnrcrrt .niJ rvcrc prct:,rrrd lo push rhcir powcr lo it: Ii'rrils. Uy bLrildinfi up thcir sh rc priucs thc) boufht otlrcr ronrpinicr lo c!'Lrr{'crlrrCuArcmlcr'wirl! x rvidc rInuc !l br'shlsscs w[icl furdrcr c(!rlrrlisc(l thc corurol ol i dustry. LcxdillU Dclll{,crir polirjcjrns (hr8crs: 'Lr $ir locicty o' ours,' llid Scnrtor I h( of $uflrcd 'rl'rlc thc Scllxtc Anti- l.ru5t CoIrnr;lruc.'\vc dcl)c on Jiffurior ofpowcr

Clr;rlc$ lJluhdor,'.1'r:r'fhorDtol, Srul Srrinbtrg rnd l.l:rrotrJ Qcnccn - Nho \tcrc nol iohibitc(l b) li[tr \r'irjr rlrc oH.iudLrsuirl

IlJ

b( lollo$cd.l'J l.r[c-!crlc srctirrrs: ]!/L.t,Lrtc t,t fur Cutrtawttt _ \'..r rt,c ri(lc of I book b) Isi,to.c urnni;h. l,r ficr
firorc c;\pclsivc linrrrci,rt corrrrots: ctc,r,ju.Ll;.; .,brord (rcc crl,prur ro). .frrc n'lrDciit rD r:rue,.s ylp;"::, l:ll:l' 5trl \rcrr lururcr j.cjrrovcd fionl tlc producrs _ rvhiclr cr.rccrbirc rrrc \yci\n(ss.rt rrx(urc i,rdrrrtrics.

R
.

D'/

(J 1..1.

'l !c

r:urr$ourel'ator.s

$nre urc),rcq'l,cLl

thcir shrrc Driccs sLiycd l:iuh iD rhc boolr. ]l v.s no! lnril protils colhpsr-J irr tlrc slurrr| ol rhc Irid-rc!cllrics rhrL rhcir bisic fiLhcirs bcl;xll tii ronrc tu l;rJ'(. busirrrrsnrcn

could,:unri uc ro sxrisfr rcir sllt\rc\oldc

rs

vhitc

ht cr-rr16l:nrcr-.rrcs urlJcd tu thc tuj.cirucjlrcy ol.lrvi-ircrs, bul orcu rtxin huDtorijls $ llrorc pcrccptivc dtirjl cc0flotuists.,!Lrcl_sr:r.iuus '.jrc tJss rnd princit'ir: h.rd orjdijr lcd ijr posF\\nr Drit:rirr, r|lrcrc SrcphcD l'u(cr hrd \yrittcI s.'rir;r.rl bootis .:tbout C t)ta"Lttuhi,, L;fun,t)Blti, r\,.t Ok-Up t'rt.it. Lr re57 l,"rusru. C. No,,t,",r" i';,iii";,,;;.]; rrro','ulUrrcd l';s r.'rtrout Li,v; nc E.ut nh! \\hiclt c:rptuirrcd rtrrr 'Worli c:ip:nds rr ir lo {ill r|c rinrc.rvrrillL:lc for.its cr.,r,i1ri",f,rrr.;1,, r96t Dr Liurcn., l)rlcr.:rnd I(ryrrrcrnd l.lull, p;ryir11 rritruic ro l,,,rrcr .,rrd l,irliosu,,, tlr i:,ttct. t. t\kt t)t.hrrAl,.; ;t,iclr h"l.t ,t,.,r .rr, ., l,'(r-'rLl'I (!(D c,',t'k'Iec tcnds to risc tu tris Icvulul iDcurtll)clc cc.. Uu( drc trcr,. i. )(: lrck otl tiU cojnllil iu! rrruc li.urrr u succrss'Iort lul cnlrcprc^cur, i:oL'crr't'orvnscnd, rvho hrul l.ruih ut) tLc Alis rcrr_ ,-:.,, b ,r ... jr Nrs r.rkc,, uvrr by rhu.cu,,6r,u,,"r"r. r.r-i: i,, lli.l''"" rr05. Clr )ou h.".: .r 6uorl curtrprn),.' tr! rdviscd ;trc,rv,rds,,Uu,)\ 5(rr oul ru .r cuI[1.,,n(rJ'c..) 'l osnsctrJ urud h:s est)cricnru l,) wri(c bt Itt< Or,!,inr;r|, \{hi(tr cl.irtrcd rt,"r t,;6 .o-1;,,,,i.:; ,_c."-f,"...,r u'.d,c _lrhe ,rs5u,,,t,r;onr rlr.rr pcoplc Irurc rrork, ircctl ro br: rtrivcrr Jird disliLc rc5purrj iUilily: 'liuI rhc hsr rrvu htr||drcj yc"rs ,"c,1" t ccn rrrirg tJrc Crrlrolie ChLrrth .rrrrl Cilcr.rts leLiu j ;rs our.pltrul s I.uI crrllrnU urf lrsrri,r)s., I.lu ollr:rcrl rlr:rstic rc rrdics fur Ui!: rrisur: Ju \!;rhour t)!rsur.rl rccrcrrlir:s, rrboljsh u11;,rr:is:rrirrrr ch,rrr.i,"tirc tl,t ,wro/( rtrrcfl,s ,U .,Id puruh.rr,i U rlcp.rflrrrcDrs, tlun,r Irirc 15Ju.rrcs lrurr lhc I.hr.rrrd Uusilcs School. ,lt.rh,: clrict'crucurivc ,locsniL , (r.rL.Ir.,ccfullt rricr tiIc ur )ir yu.D.s _ rtt,1^v rtr! r.rrr.,t our., .tinvnr_
'1

'l hc rs5unrpdorr drit pcoplc hrtc rlolh rlrs rlrcrdy lrorryilg sourc i'r thc si)iLics, iDlluc ccd bj crrl;cr prychoLo-ir.l rh!urics, rhrcotlr Ihc scie,,cu of 'nco-l,urrr.,rr rclrriors'. l.tcrlcricl ) lcrzUrr'11, ,rhu \vr5 r co'rsulr.Irr fo. A'l'&'I, prc.rclrcJ 'jul, ctrr;ch-

rrrrrrt':rnLl irrrlivirJLrulscll-dcvclol)nru)t..DoLrUlJr McCrcgor rcjccLud "lhco4',\', rvhiul irssunrctl t|r( vorkcrs hll to bc coi:rcrd :rnd punir;Lctl nr onlcr' () \voll, x,,d rcplrrcd ir. rvlth 'Thcory Y', wlich rllorvcd pcoplc to crjoy rvorli vi luux[crr wlo coull uorivrtc -.rnrl ir5t)irc thcrr. Al.rulrrrrr Al:rslurv, wlru crpcrirrrcntc,l in r C,rlifonri,r clcctrooics frrrlur} lnr,llrutctl"l'lrcory Z', rvhich iniiitcd tlrrt\vorkrrs rccdcd $cc!lc strnclLrrc$:rn(l r jjcnsc ofdircction lo 0rrirrtrirr hi6h

cuUld,r't.rxru ir.c0nrp.Iry, r,r rUu;1, \riLh his Drrthorts.,hc rokl nrc in I u\\1Ir.'s. !t r,r.r(hrj ;l l0r_ lrr,r IUt cUrrsisrrrrr crrrrullh _ ir,r?:. lr(5,,1 .rli\t. llc Jid,t'l luu(t .r:,urltrrry, trrc.ru:rr hc nscJ ,;ttcr n(,ittr'r: rr) !ccr,:r:rr), r)I,cd his buoL t.(,r hinr.,

Irr lrrrrrronsrs, rh'ruUIr poDulu, hx{l lilk irlp.rcr rnr rhu r,rr.rnn.,rrc LIi(ls, \i,' $ur(,r:ll srrhicrr rrr Lrrrr,,lcrpr,r.r,rr ,.,,t ",.,1':,.;',;: r r'l .

-J

r$n(hrds rurd r|{);rk. Nlrrl, uouUr:uricr; jriloptc(l tn!Unruncs lot'or!!nisrtionrl rlcvcloprrcnt'dusitircd (() ir)crcasc ! ror.luctivity by ur'.rkiug culloyc$ hrppicr. Chicl'cxccutivcs ltr:grn sr:nLliu6 thcir nrlni[crs to'Lcrnr-building' coulscs ro givc (hcDr 'rcrjritivily r'rir)i'rd to mikc thcrr uudcrstrntl riuh udlcr I d cu )nruoicnL0 uorc cuily.'.l hc notious ofUrolp inubsis rnd thcrrpy, Nlticl hll iri[in.1(cd rvirtr cxpcrirircnts in far-out Cxlilolllir, vcrc rdilprcd 10 hlrd+cidcd dccisiou-nrxking in profir:;cukirrg r:ouqriruics. SilcIlt lDd sclf-rcli rt irccutivcs rvrrc conrpclL:d to L:rrc thcit scc|ct thoughis rnd lrcur \ih!! Illuir collcillcs.tllouSht !l'thcll1, rJr to plx)' nurscry gxllrcJ Lo rc-cshblisLl dlc opcllncss tllcy hrrl lost iu (|cir Jouth. lJut thcrc scrc ofLcn caosr puiloscs in tlk tc:'rFbuil'lirU. Wltilc thc rclJcuric Dsycholo8is$ si\\. rhcmjciycs irs . rrrirhins pcirplc's iobs, scriur'iDirnifcrs \vcrc oflcll urorc il crcs!9d in Ir:rrilnlhlinf thcir juui(,:s to srlcrurrd tllcoliclvcs 7 uurch as tJrcy hr(l rc-ioturprcrcd 'l'xJIoris r cr icr ilr dtc ccorury. 'BcinU tltc c!sturrrcr rvho prrid tIc bill,'i$utc o c lJritiih coDsullant, 'Llc nran:rgcrs l'ctc qLritc orprbl: r-rfrlislrrlsir6 rvitJr drc lrorc cuilitariaD xnLl nrorc irrnlilistic :rsliccu ol'(lru OD prchrgr: wirh rvhich rl:cy did nor rrj/cc.' 'lhc lirlupcrus rvclc nrc,ic ric,it)licil rbout pslchologlcrl rhcoiics, rr.hctlrc| X, )' or 7,, buL Jcycnl biu cotll)inics in dtc si its bcg:rn scir(lirri llitir r;c i0r ti!lxIjcts to lrrnt.buildir)li arursrs rnd ,lljrlruj)r': I rclllc rt)cr uIc Sircll tricrul:rskirr6 hirllsclfround tlrllr th

' ')-:
: r..,tll

:li

i .:l :: l..i

i.::
i

l,;i
;j

'

rr''
rl1

.:'jl

'.fit
)r'

'

.Llri

l:5

.iI:;

ilj',

,jj

'i'li

. rl

'
pc,rits,rvithtlrcirkoly:rnddividcd.r":rllic\,touJiI',ru-buil,tilgL:ss

r.it r';ho icvivcrl tlrc i,ur,t

, :

rrr:vor..i tr:vt)t..r'

ii

scribusly tli:rn Anlcrictns, rnd prc-1,.rcd to shou lLcir dctxchllint by jolJrrg, .thcir tr:rditiolrl form of bondirg. Yrr nnnJ 'ljnrl)t)i".:llr conrprnics ricrc to turn ufrin to tcrnt.|uilding coLrrscs in rlic uirrrrirs.

,iurur.u'i,p"ny rg.t5. Lr rhc l'rDu[on "ti.r xftcr ,96o hc:rtpliijil xllhir crcrgy tii rxtiunilirirI lirc rrtrrcd forccs, itnr.l cscrl.lli[g thc victn,itn.wrr, u tilil hc lrclx t!:dly ir rli:; cd lllit bonrbinti c0uld no! \\.i[ h, rrd lcf! lo loirr Llrc World B:nk, rvhcrc hc
ru(:rcl(cd povcrty:ls sinflc-rrrirtdcdly rs Ic [;uJ rtt:rckcd Vicrn..rrrr. l.lc wrs thc Ilthn:rlu nr:rn:rgcr, "l'hc rcrl tlrcrr ro dcnrocriq,'hc lvrorc in ,,f,ll,'colnc$, not frd r ovcr'nr,urgrnrcni, but froru (ltrdcntrrnxucnruIr.'l'o rll.lcnll:rrxfc rcrlity is uor to l:ccp frcc. k ir ii'llply ro lct si,nrc lirrcc othcr thitr rcrson shxl)c rc;rlily,''l-o drc yourU rcbch drit \.rs xmlhcrNx: 'l( is lo lclcl litc dorln lo :r snn'lsrill ol ro-cillcd livill!t,'\vrulc'i'hcorlorc l(osz:tlt.'tlrrl tcclnicil cxl)crtirc c]r,iot'i \til.l.'I,lcNruuirx llcvcr xttru\!lcd[cLI t]rc drnUcrr ol dr! nr;l;trryirnh'srri.l corrrlcr *lrich hc b l otrcc hcrdrdi lrnl lrc rcp.(rcDrc(l xll rhc yourrr lcrr.! !rbi( l){si,'c!s lnrtcd l(, bir fuvcfl,,ncrr, cu ,nrisrioninr cvil in'clcIr, crrprtrJ, NrrN xnd \rcll-liUhrc(l ofilccr'. 'l'lrc Aurcricrn studcrls rl.llir(l rIxirut thc Vid!rxnr sr. trhich ,,"cNl!r(1,^vc,l lhcil iIrnrclli lc !rrrccrsi b!r tIcy \vcru rrBo rcvollirill ruxirst lhr $holc '':rturc of irr(k'stdxl socict) :rn(l \torl:, .l t tinrc ul' ru[rtirely li'll c0rfk,Jnrcnr - l]xri(loxicrlly ir::rcrsc.l try tlrc wrr itsclf. ll,'rl srnhxrt'r rrkl \trrrln:rrs lclt rrr',n: rlc trr rlr1, rtrrlt clrrlla: h,,rrcs or rx't h'nr up lbr rhcir jobs: ind rt,c biu xuro cornt,rnics wcrc (o -

sl
.l\
I

ut) t.:l.l'rs

.t
!..

'fhc rrlcn)prs ro liunhnisc drc biu co'ionrio s vcrc nor (rotrLh r|! rltr'rct r nc\v [!ncrirtion ol!lridrn$, \!ho rcjcclc(l lhc cor't)or:r!ioIJ socitrl bcnclits :rrd sx\$ rlt('rr rs wrcrki U rrrc cnviru r cIr,,,l)trrcsriIl: ruinor;tics ird rriniPulxli'rg dctrrxsd drrousl rdvrrriJrirfi flr(l i|,drsorship. Thcy rvcrc much lcss rrfr:rid of utrcnrplojlrrcnl lltrr !heir pxrcrrs, rid disill rionc(l lL;th n,rrcrirlisn, rn{ dct,cndcnrc !r rlrt 'consLrmcr.sociclJ'..4s lhci. iLlourilc !hilosuphcr l lcrl)cr ivhrcusc c\.I)liincd iu "lhc pcoplc rctolrnirc Ilicnrrclrc$ in lhcir conrnn,(liliusi thci nnd lhLir roul in lhci|I 0mol)ilc, |i-li sct, split-lcrcl |,rrru. lircIcr c'luipnrc'rr,' '1'Ic sr(Jc!ts licinU rlrlrt).rl itr co,trorrrr 'lr{xJc,l i lifc; xnd lookcd r; iltcrnxl;vc Iilcstyl{s rrrl !xlucs Io ritc nrcrnirili ro dtcir $-isrcncc. :fhc lllorc rcbrllious wcrc li5ciurcd hy rhc idcr <jrr cornrd-culiurc torillt libcflrcd fflnr ir)(lL$rirl lrcssurcs,,D(l illo\';nr thc hutn.n flrinrl to oxprnd c.cflivclt- \rirh !rc\v rdlcr)r!rcs in scr, dru(s rntl comnrur:rl liviru - x viriofi ol cscipc rLhich \rrr

'

tcrpcrurrtd in DcnIis I.loppcr's liiD! lilr.y liilu ir r969. 'l hc snrdcnrs' nrrifl con"crn Nr\ th,: \,ien)r'r \\'rr \rhich rlrrc,,rene,l tficru s,ith Ihc dmft, xntl rhcir ilrsr Irrtirt $i; lhc Anrrritrtr tiolcrnmcnl, IJut lhcy sil\(. lhc big conrprrnirr is lI)c tlcc0nrpliccr un(l llcn.clicitics ol thc s:rr.'llrcy bhrrcd llJlvl lbr con,purcrisc(l l),nrrbir)f, !nd DoN Chcnricrlx fi,r nxpihr, Nn;':l' bofic(l irs rictiDis rlirc,'l hr lnililirl-induxtr'irl co'rrl)lcN ic(ltiirll,r uorc sirrirtcr nlcrrrirrl(t fursonili((l by llobcrl N.li:N;!!rirx, ihr SrciulxrT r'l'l)cl'cnxc, \v;th hir po\lcrlirl frr|rc, rlnrlcss ghsscs, sui(llr-l)xck hnir nrrl nrxsrcry ol' logis!ics. 1\'lcl-lror:rr (is rn r!p.opriinc bo[cy. l.lL.I d nx'lul eliily bcrNccn bj6 brsinc$ J!l(l bi!: go!.rnmcnr: hc hx'l lirsr $ho\$ his 'rnilyicil sl,illJ irr rlrc \.rli r- xlr folcrj,l[cn ut or\t! ol'lhu '$l)i?/.,ltkl\' rr6

'

lllr)ring nu'cll nrurc xbrcnrccisltr xnd b:rd \voLltrrrnship rront you'iU rlorkc.s \vho htrtcd llicir.oh,iiriors. Gc'rcrll ivlotors icr up i ljthly ruronrxtc.l ncw t)lint rr l-or(lrtorvfl h! Ohio, drr;ititrcd ro rtrict )ounU norlcrs \vlr0 \\ould not lolcrric Dctroit; b!( rhc cnrplolccr fclt dcn nft,r! dchunr:rtrjJcd by thc xuronHrio;, iDlli'r st)rirr r t?: rhcl or[rn:. iscd N srilc \rliich sct brch thc rnrmucr$ fsdhcr. lI hcr Ccrcnl Morors, likc lhu odicr cr. conrp:rricr! hrd dollc norlir)f ro inrprovc thr hrlmrn tclirions iod involvcnrcDt ir ttrcirplxrlrs, \'hich drcJ.prncsc \vcrc:rlrcildy irchicvifli, 'l'hc iulolr]lion i( Lordilo\yn rvri rimplt cll0rldillg lhc ricclinicrl n]odcl, \vhich \\.rs irr1dtc0lr lo b0tll

Norkr irld studcna.

'l'hc btu:rd
:rlt:rcli.

or

lxrropr, ro sct r,lfr qricli succc:rsion ol studcnr rcyollr. vidr.p!.rcnll)' snonr:rrrco$s conrbusl;otr.'l'lic I:uropcrn studulllr \rcrc nor dirrcrll rhllatcncd bI Virirxnr, bu( litc rhr Amcricrnr thc).rLcrc borL.d by rl)c lrDnoror)J ofbusi|crs rnd oiicLs,rfrrr rhc ]crr! uf prospcrity, rnd no loi6cl s,orricd by unrn)ptr))nrcu; r,rd lhc

irdllsLri:rl soc;cr)i rl)rcrd fro r

/\nt(rici

ro

'

t27

(:olrrANY

^l^n
rrrrrrcr
ru,rLle

l(l:Iot,l
lirn ot thcir r)$1r coru)x y, 1hc chuirurau Gi.urni o$rr co|ceflr lbuul rhc xt)prlli[U reorl,crr' c,,rrrlirjons -'\\,uuld J'ou.lil! tu scc rhc or*icsl jobi i'r tlrc $holc l:1uruD'l'Aird cvcn hc hir(l Llorl)Ll lbou( tlLc (!'rurc ofthc crr:'tll t|c Iru:;( IiShly nlutorisc!l coLuruirs.r rlolr rcjrction pioccss ii hli.ins

;\rntric:rns lit thcir h:sc.'l hc n:vulrs ofrcl bcU:r) rlirlr prurcsrr xUtrirst

lhc urlivrriilics, rvhich lrcrc cusy trrgr:ts, :rurJ rhcn sp|crtl ro ,l(,ruIr;.riur,,f rr. cri,rlill,r rrrJ iocixl rc!rcs\io . l(c5clrcl'irl.; r boot rbout L$rol)c r( drc tiurc, I $rtcl'!,1 thL irJurtrirl sccrc bcing tr:rrslcrucd. In htc t967 I rvrs bcilg:horvn Loun,J thc nrorlcl c,rr plurs ofl(cnilult by (olfiLlcrlt Drtur:rgcr's nho crpl:riuttl rbout rhc livc-$ccl lr0lidrys ij),.J drc rrcc-coursc cuiiinc in thlj c:nrctrs. /\ Icw nroDths htcr l(cnJulL w s lhc prirnc (:rrl!ct oflhc (rdicrl sludcuts lr/illl.i LCt pcrsurdc $orkc[ lo br;D! inJust')'ll, tr h.rlt:.rtrd ir ;\ii) rt65 I ririlcd rJrc yrcrr l{crrrulr irulDrt iD I'rris ro lirxl it rl i i(in rtill, occupiril by ils 1vortcls. irr lhc DcNl nrorrlIr frcro'ics cvcD"rhdc sccrDi:d to bc tl'rulc'rcd lrr Lyurrs thc ruhcrs Jr rhc Bc.licr lrucl-nicknf rcvoll_cJ, rtxrrJt'8iDU lhc UirDt Iutl,jrs rLro*c rhu frci0rr ro ilcll l.ll.llil('l ll lrr Ccrrr:;rrry, r tir"rrP ol Nrrrl'ul\ rcUcllcd rr thc Drinrlcr-Ijcnz crrilxnt iD l'li,tnhc;rrr, und rl lhe ilocchsr chcnrifih No,s outsidc l'rxr)[furl.'l'hc Drusl (hcrrricxl I'!ol(5r $rs in llrlr, ;,r llll:'hol:rtrlunrrr'of rr6t, \rh.rr $irriicr'5 ir tllc l'i.rt hiiroD in'l'uri| rcruillj burncd c:rrr in prclcst :ruiin$L 'rlrc r)i:rtrllJ ofrhc :scnrbly linc'. :l'llc lrorkcrs rlr: Jort(ul hird ul0rc teorlurllic sitlliliurncc lhirr lhc srudcnrr'p.oturi15i i.r drc) wcrc pri( ol'r \Yr-rrldrvirlc rvlgc crplosirru' lr ich lrrrkcd tjrc , nd of thc port-wxr cooscnslll. luicr L\ecnr) ycxr'.\, " .r Dc\r scrcruliolL lrrrl bccorrc idrlll,' wLotc drc hirlor;rn lrric I lobrbJ$1)),.lfor r, I urr drc intct{vrr cii!criurrcc - llu$ Lrnsulpluy' rrcnr, iniljcurilt, r.i rblc 0r lllljng priccs - \'cru history rttld l)ot prrl ul crprricncu.' Ulr Jrc ,JLnolatic lcvolisin thc fJctorics ProrcJ shortlnc,J, firr r!oil,urr r.rrcly slraicrl t[c studcnts' :urti-rrr:rtcri;rlisnr:'lirr Llrs \rorkurs, lhc cJr iJ ir I'ctlsh,l thc l;fi:rlch:itudurt ltudur l)ilnicl (irlrrr-Ucrrdit conr;'l;riucd l.rt':r, ln li:rrrcc l)r'csi,lcrtr dc Cxullc xr(l l'irnll)idou lirsl rpl),:xrcd to givrj \vry to lhc l)r0tujlcri rrld cuoccdud lrrgc rirgc i'rcrc:,j,':u: Lrut rlc C,rullc soon'r'cirrrposed hir rruthr.rrity rlicr cnsurirg Jris nrililllr)' brclt;rrg. llur rhr: Iirrnrir,,,n cr)rnpirny urco rvcn: iil slrucl, luriu6 fuilcLl brforehrnrJ to tJutr:,:t 1hr pclt-np 1i,,r, rrrtl tlrry !.irc$ th:rt thc p[obl, rr Lr; rrrorr: wirl, rh( rnn,rUcrs.lh.ur rhclworktrs. l(cvisilir[ (hr CuDrincnt in rlt( . frcrnr:rh, I rc.ilhrd h,.ri". nru;h tt:u rwolts hrrtl rh:rk(n up rur xticrnrnt:i' :lttiludcs. ln'l'ur'irr l:irrt hird ucquircrl 1 \u(ldcn rrc\! opr:rrr-ss :rnd irfonrirliq, rrs t]riir yoLng frrblic-Lr:lrtious
r

AII(lli crt)h;rc(l hir

I I

I I

t)1.,u(.

Irr Sncdurr, ruhLl by r soci.r;-Llcruucrntic corsrnsus, rhc rcvolt l,xtl cdrrc x! x sleci;rl shock (, bus:cs Nlro priccd tht|rrchrr or) thcir cftrsc lcl:rtjr.rus siLh sLltdclls: r surrc)' b) rcir rcsc.rrch boil, SNS slr,rrrcrl unly r Ltuxrtcr i,l tl,u srudcrrls \vrDrinU to joi,r Pri!rlc cotrrprrrics. Ir rhc sunrurcr r)l'r969 SNcdish clkirnrcn hcld ! confcrcncc ri l lu (lisctrrs tlc cri!i:i *ith5tudcntcrilicslDd othcrr inLludrpprrctr( lruuili{y lhcy listctrcd to fcrociour-J(xclr i,,ta rtrysell-. Wirh 'lo:!rnd ur ll'rir rcprrj:rsivc rllitudcl. nrrlcrirlisur :u)!l xulocrirc); rrn'l tl;scrsrcd l)utr, tu unlc Lhcir currpruics rcccptlblc, !r drc lbllo\ritrf tr.rh V,,lvo rrnl ,,r1,t, 5\vurrish cutrrl)ttrtitr tuot' rltc lcrd in duYcloPinU trurr tuxnl\wrk lo cscrl)c Lhu rrrorrotuny ol tht srscrrrbly.litrc. Lr urihir) lhc rcvuit hid bccn nruch lcss lic,f: tltc studcuts rvcrc rn'rc privilct:c(1, rx)rc (li$lr-ustfirl of idcns, iu)d h'rd .rlrcrdy bccrt libcr;rrt,l crlrurrlly, rlicl tIu'lirvin$rr1t Sirtics'lrrtl rlchLrn!etl t!c olLl listutrlishnrcrt. Whcn Cohn-Ucrrrlit rlicd lo vlip uP drc Lorrdc,il School ul'lr,conorlics Ic w:ri nrcr vitl rprLhy rnd sccpticisrr' lJut c{cn Udlish stuLlcnLi llcrcLlJ' tlrclrd bif c0u)pruics and dlcir Iitrks Nilh x!x'.lu'rin, nrosl nulrbl)' rl thc ne\\' Uuivcrsity oflVanlicl.'llrc lurr fir-sccinU [orrp:lnici lo0li [otc, Slltll wis onc ol t]lc nrosl :irllriri\.u, ilnd lh0J c)il)osrd lhrir rlil0ilficrs lo s(udcnt critics it sclr;rni's ir lhcir c0untrf club, lJut tluy still rcicctcrl thc Norc rcbcliiouj irr(l rulcorrrn{ionrl potrnti:ll rccruili, in l:lvour ofdullcr sonfonuils, 'l [c rcjc':(ior ol rcbcls, lirllowcd by l[c rrtbiclis in rcsruilil]g ill dtc selclllics! \rJ5 lo cort Shcll Nrd olhcr coqrprDics dclriy lryordcc-.]dcs Iltrr whcr (h l gcrcBlion rcrchrd thc tr.rp.l\fu:r r968rvc rlidn't gct lIr bcst Ul'ldrr:rlcs,' thuiI pcnonnul dircdtur crnlJircd lo lnc in tgr]. '\\'lc rrcrc trrrr.rlrrrrI:rrrt, .,n,lliJ,lr un,lcisrj,rrLl rhc r t i iLr rl c : i fr . \Ve 'li,Lr'r iurt l,)rc th'c orl,lb.rlhl rrc k,st solrclof thr clcrcr ur.rirutrcrnr lslrrlu:rtrs. lVcic iulltriirtj llru i!suks nLrJ.l 'lIc liilurr.011\Vcstcrn luuu,rnir:s jto {ittr:rcr rhc brst sludu)lj ,lurinl rlre ',kc,rI r.rl di:,1i.rst' wrs .rll Lhc morc srri,rui in rl'c lrcc {rl thc roDriril; rIrl|:n1,r: lioru Juprli irr tlc rvrLrrJs of Ch.:r1rs
r

:;,1.

-,!

!.

,;.iii::

. l,rli ,:il:i

t..;iil

L:!',i

I r

iii ,.t.i
r.i:i
: ;:l,jii
.'iliii 'tll.t

Liiill

rll

t7,

lir:YrJr.

r'

hxltlc xpliDsr d)c trrccll: iicxl orfroilxtio[. AJ lhr vcrcrin Anrtric]n jud11c lVilli:rlr O. l)ougl..rs vrnrcd in rgTo:.-t'trc rcrrch ofrhc yourh

I
I

At prcciscb, thc tirnc llt;rt lhc Jirpilncsc ccurr0!t). rvrs groirintt. rl 8 lo ro.pcr ccr)t pcr rnnum, studcnrs in Nonh i\nriric,r and much,oflVcstcnr Iiuropc rvirlirl cv rhcir iJlcrhncc fronr contnrcrcc'cn m;jsscr ilojl cspccilllj, thc nl0Drbcrs ofclitc r(h!cllionrl ilstilutiors, iI flvour rrf rhcrioci:rl:ijhilllc t;cr {tcrcril)c(l by l)rcsidcirts KcnncdyindJolnror, lvhr! lhir'dccxdc ot 'Jijgxsf co5l rhc ccononrics is slill to hc c:rlrulxrcd, sinuc rh,,sc rvho droppcd out nritht norv bc Icx(ling rrxior corporrliotrs.
By rllc nrid-scvcrrics rlc SIL'lkr( rcvo! hxrl rpcDl ilsclt cnh-r lhu 1\'cst, \\'itl) lllounritrg uicnrployrrcnr [l^fi](rrcs \vcru firorc xtrsi,n$ ro gct iot's ofiny kind.'fhc irrii-r)rflcr;rli:inr (lvc Nry Io r rc\v Nxvc of coniuDcr;rnr, ;s yonrU pdol)lc bccrfl rc wilhir)s Dosrull', r(l!!iisir\t bcc., holidry rcsorrs or luxury pro(luctr otr:rhrir 'l -shirli or {rslicl,c^. I'hc countcr-cuhurc \vhich h.rl rc.rkc(l iri rhc $tlv scvcrr:cs subsidcd inrd n'crl crlclfl.cs: inro koirrcrJ hilipie ionrmrrncs i'l C,rli-

k,rl;r)' is fir'$:lys inrl nicrns_ tu urrlc thc urrchirrc.- :rll,.l rhc vrsr lrrrlcrrcr.rry ul tfic corpor'rt;o; ;rrlc :rnd uf UUrcrnr;rnr rlnl runs . tlxl c - tllc scrvrlDr 0f r:1[. 'l'hrr is lht rcvolulion th:rt k conli'Iiclli ti.i Al:rny ol thcir lerri r.crc rxprcsscd iI Chrrtcr llcich's book 'flr Crc{'it,r! [)]nn nt tt7o, \vlich tlutrjcrcd i cortxtrxrc jrxrc wtrori; fovcnrrrrcrlt $xr.rllicd rvilh ronrplrics;;rrd ncontrotlcd tcchnulon, crrit;rt nD rrtilici:rl uultln: |t'rd ruurDinflci5 \vorir,'l'hc shrr 1nd tIc curt)orllio'r\ \vcrc turnillU Arlcricr inro r v.r5( inri-conrruuniq, Itcich s,:rflrc'j, rtriftlinE (hc hnrily of is luncrions, .nrl cirsing . lrruic loss ofirlt ltc;q| t'rcc(l lhrcc lJhrsus i rcll'-rwrrc css- lr

I
I

r;nrilar Jjnulish vilhUcl $hrrc llronl)s,rl linrilici rnrrsn':rl rl,{ ti'nnl lifr:'l hc rcccss;o :of rlrc uritl-stvcnrics, rcuctr.nri.d hy rlc oil (risir, 'lurncd olt to nrrrk tllc cnd ofrhc {l xrtcr-ccntr'ry ol thu polt4rrr : boonriin.drc \\t{rt - r ccr)tury iftcr tirr lotr[ Victuri:rn I'oor)r. AId

, llic nlrcsr irc(l cu,rwcriti(xr ol rl,c flnn'r' brrotrr ldrl r,) rlrc sorhl chxor ol'lhc l)cprcsliur. I'r Cotrrlion$cJr !, l,c[;nDill|:1!irh Lhc Nc\v Drx] ird consolirlxtcrl :riicr rlrc Sccold World \\,{r, !l'c itr(livnhrxl vxs sxcriliccd ro rnrsf i drirhl rnd .ryIrir:lliu,r li,r thc supposc(l corirrron loorl, buL rviLl r fcrrfirl lorr of ittcrtny: '\\thrr lrrol,s lilc r lrhrt is orly r rctjrtscnlxlior ofx r)in \efio docs
Corscio{s'rcss

. rhi

sr'udcnr rcvolt, is I lobsbrwr)l pul it, 'scNcd .s .r \\'rrllinl:, r ji,11 ofnrcnrcnlo xrori to x [cncntion rhxt I.rll'h{licrctl ir ltl sohetl rhc n jblcnrs of\Vcsrijflr jociurl Ji'r [ond'. Cohscn.rrivc Iruiircssntcn could :vxri:l) \\'illt rulicl is ffi(fuxlus oncc lgrir crgcrly conl)cted nJr johs; nnrl rhcl ol)sci.rcd lro$. lhc shrdcrt rc\'oh hrd lccn dircrcdil(ilby ihrxtic:s lllrd:roffcli'$rs, b) rtrr \\tcltircrnl(n in Anrcrici, lhc lhxrlcr- .l.Jnrhol $nrt nr C(rnr:!nJ' 0r rlt ltrd Ilrit$d': in Ir:rly, \rh') pmvnl:crl I nr\tr trnrUhIcss li'I rt'(;r .r lolcfl rnrcnt\ Ird riUhr{rirrg Iol:ricxl l,:rclih\h. !ut thc rl\,olt rr.:rs;rhl,r),s rlrl!tr',11 rs iruch xs polilictl, Inllc l;lu 'J nc$i ronrxnlic r)torc tcIt thln il scrirJus rcfl)lulion, Vl(rst .'rl lht rchcls ucrc not $o nnrch rtrti-cx|ir.!li$ I.,'lru,sc,t ro ,ttrrrihrix,r runu,l(s xn,l rhc N"(J'.iri(al (,nlln,l{ rhL n(\( ir,trstrj.,t snciurr ',t sunrn\c'l tp h) rl,( Lrctiir-rr'lls l)u nor l.en,t. tilLt or rrrrrihiu.. 'tIcir rcLolt \\11!:rnorhcr chxprrr ir thr hislrnt nl th{ irxtil.idulls, t3D

Nlrxllhc'{arnirxtiinr'l.ljtl'ritur,'lhrlin(:'r,s.i,n,xr.rs.1:rrrartt(tru.xtilr \rxs c'lrcr[irI nrlhc h(c s;xtics, bct )'cd by drc ft'rs ul huur|ity rn.l rhc lorro$ ofthi: \,ict in) !vrr, bnt dutc rinrtJ to rccovcr rliir irurcr $ch,rjs illd ro rhoosc tllcir orv'r \tlly oftifc, drcsr rrrd hr6urgc: "l l,c irtdiridn:rl is libcmtcd, :rnd thc porvcr ol'cLoicc is no$ lris.' . 'l'hc c|oicc r,;;rs luit rs vidc xs it lool:uij fronr rJrc drcss rnrl ric lxnlsrxUr. [,hlly ofthc ll$v fcncr.tior] st lcd tlcir u\vn co rl)ruic!. \yithout losin6 rhrir uirl:oflvcDtiuo:llsrtlc: rhc) $lomcd dill'hip ]pi. rxl;sr)r' could vorl'wilhuu( rhc co lon isnr of ltrc tifrics. Ol,rc15 sl;pl)cd illto corponr': lilc, currdbllrinf in cxtrr c.cxtivit]. lJut morr ol llcnr lust thcir irlcxliirn. ID (fic cr.ly sclcnrirs Micircl i\.liccobt, x l)slclr{)l|lxlti! li.r}lr l.linirrd, i$trrvictvcd it)d tcslcd r5o succcssful crrqrLitrr hr hvu|,c ntilior con)ltnici, rvirlt I spccirl forus on trto ltCr-tcch nrultinjrlionrls. l.lc idcrtilicd four typcs: drc ,crrftjnrrn,, lhc 'iunUlc liuhtcr', lhc 'conipiriy rr.rn'- likc Whttu,s ort:u)i$lioll rr - rr'(l tll! 'grnrcsnrrl'. rvlro h(cxnrc hir rnrci.l sludy: thc

rljn.Irid, r*.rxlirUcr(culivrvhoc io}rdjnucin(t cDrc irs co$rsc - \yirhin llrt ro.l)orilrc conlcxt. l lc

\vrtrrs roinnU-

nc\. Iit:tr-lc(t! hrdrlstrirs inclurlinf curDputcrji Ncrc pnrduting hi[hlr ro'lrlcrir;\.c

rll

(:oIrt, F-t ,\t/\N

r:.',,r(s,luri $ !, r(e, r!;le'l rhc;r i.rLtivjrtu,,t:rt:wirt, rt,"ir r".,r,rs ,,u.1 (o,r|)rn) UUrh - Lul oltcll xr thc cosr t)rs:rio[, cnrotlonll 'rfd nrt)cllcd crtrrfli0n rn(l dcl)rcsii6|,'l'hc g. rcsrrrio \\.lr nol hjrhly rnol!l: hc rniSIl pollulc thr cnrironnrctt or il(rudc on priv;rcy, arrtl hc lookcd ro olhcr! l0 rct tllc rulcs of tJrc giunc. lvlaccoby srdly luurrrrcrl up: 'Oivcn our socir.r-ccononic i)slcnl, vi(h i$ stil)ul:rtion of grccd, ils oricnliliorr ro coDtrol un,.J prcdict:bilitj,, ils vilurtion r.rl porvcr'urrtl prcsligc.rborc tulticc ind crcrlivc hurllrrrr dcvcloprtrcDt, thcsc firir'
nrindcd g:rnrcsDrcrr ur:y bc:rs goorJ

l(r: v o L1'

rvc carr cr1)cct fronr coLpor.rlc

'I l'u \rl rLr'x libcNtnnr o!,rurrcnl brUxr pxrly ill D.i)rcsr nurinrr llrc rnilc dunlirrrL;or ol rhc sL!drIlr Uraupi. ltr C$rjr'ny rhc \!or)1cu nrcnrbcrs ol tlrc rrdic l SDS (Soziil;li5clrcr Dc($Lhcr Sludcnlctrburrrl) r'cLrcll:d to Ibnrr rhuiro\1rr lvorucn's Acriou Councilvho pchcd thc orcu rvidr tollrxtocs rnd insistcd lrt drc lc:ldcrs slroull rliscr:ss or1;rsnrs us rvcll :u clirss sLlugg[..lrr. Arnudcr \vomcn brokc xwlJ liurrr t/rdr 5DS (S(udclG for x Dcnrocruric Socicr) ill illdil;lrr(ion: 'SDS wrs rbsolulcl)' lhc rrrust scrirt l)lucc I'vc cvcr bccu,'said onc ol'(hcnr, U:trbrlrr Illbcr'. Militrnt rvonrcn cvcnturlly bcuntc n)orc

'l hc rcbclr, ol ton's(, ,lid not r(hicvc rlrr !ulitiexl lil,crrtioD lhu, hopcd for, bui drc olrpositc. lJy tl:c $rrly scvc$tics uonscrr':rlivc UorcDnrcntr hrcl bccrr. r'ctutrtcd ir Wi!l)nruLon rnd Lor)'lon. 'r'hc rnosr lisrirli ichicvcnrcDt of lhc lirjrch rtudcnri hrd bccD thc div rdir;',lt of d'c 'Ob5ulctc C' u rni:5n)' ol lhc lrrcnuh CoDrnrunisr l'r ). $|iclr lur( llroch of;ls irtellccr!il1 sLrIlx,rl. lJ) (h': ciUllrics rh( d;cxlrltxck on lhr pos t-N:r r crrn:;L: nsus ir botI i\rrcricu rrrLl liurope hrrtl shilicd to lhc l(iIhl, rs llrr Ieo-crpilili!lj :lltrrlcd thc rtr(c,|]ul lor itr uuthor'it:ui:rn opprcssiou, but for'its hi1;| trrcs, rrcl[rrc spcndinU ru)d inLtrfcrcncc rvith isc rjllltrtni:ic. l hc trc$ lli6llt, rs onl: hiskri:ni t)ut it, 'prt to llsc sornc of thii Inlib!rcrucriric, inli-irilist, liUcrlrriuu dircoursc i)l tlr! rgCos xirJ, !rtrdJin6 ir otr ir! hcrJ, arrcnrprcd lo r!rn ir ir(, x populist-stllc ..,1)irrlisric poliric'. Conrprny trrcI, rs Ne Nill scc; hid lxnc r(i l(rr lrolr (hc ItiUhr thrrr tIc Lcli. lJul Uurol)ct'r corporrti'lri \r'!rc Dcv\r j , (ourl)hccnl ifirir:rflcr rhcir birlcrinU frunr (hc sLudc'rls - rrun\.ol'vhonl $.crc lhc chil.lr':rl ol eonrp.rny rucn. r\rrd t\ro porvcrlirl r)rovun)eois $llich orifinirtc(l iI rlrc \irrics Nclc ro !ithcr DroDrcDtrrn nl]ril rhct c|x'rUrJ rlro \vholc fonrLIl ol eor polirlc thiIrkinLj. 'l'll('Crucr)s, rhuuUh lhc).hid dccpcr ro0l$, o\vcd rDul"h t{r llrc \r!dcnr rcbrls: in Crrurruy D.ury Cohn-l3curlir hutl suppr:r'rurt r[c (,)!i.u,rnrcllri,l;srs, rrIilc I(utli DLrtschhc helpctl rrr li)lrrxl rhc Crccrr l'rfll i,l,i(h Nrr l,'sniil'(Ll (iUsr.rlicr hc di((l) irr r9llo.'l hc ori6ir.rl t)n)lcsrr' :rgxinrl (lrelni(trl p',lhrlion rrr rril-rpills crtcnrlcrl irrtl) nruch hri':rrl':r susliilcd clrl)xi!:r$ ri:r'oxs lhc \Vc$t $hi([ vurc tll cotuprl .rll nrrjr)r corlnrl1llioos t(, h;l\'c llltif o\vI ur\'ir!)ltnlUrtrl riliir(rs: rl rr rlr.rstit.rllr. l:thiuli rrcr'|rlrrtr, r,hips rnrl pipclinc:;.
r:l

'uRl rvonrcll's IibL:rrtioll tnuduccd r ruhurt ul c)iccutivcs ;rr cornrDunic:rliollr, whu hcll)cd tu tr'rDslor' l o0icc xrtitudci (scc Clr!prc. rr). \\'ilhitr l)Lrriirc5s i(5rll dlc rcvuhs h:r!i rclcxscd llc\v cncrl;ici !ud crcrlitjtj'; x d ir /\rncricil tllcy lrcrc thc rccdbcd ibr drc ncv complrrl rcrolrrtiur (scc Ch.t)tcr r3).'l'hc nrxinfrxnrc courputcrlud lirst lrr:Clr tlerelopcrl s.itlr thc hcltr ol rlrc orililJrf-inLluiitrixlcuurt c,\, xtr hclpcll to lciDfrrIcc luIgc-rcxl! orulrisl]liors. IJut tlrc yorrn6conrputcr crlillcr,r's rutl prolirrolnrcrs, \dro duyclopcd oriui-conuuturs iI drc jJc!u Iics xrLl l)cr'sr)rrirl cunrpnlcllj ir tlrc ciUhlics, grcrv'out ol thc rrrr:;sirc.di:,illusirrr rvith Yisnrrur rn(l l)it:-court)11uy conlorrity. Mo::l ul'LIcm \!crc rUErcssivcly clpiLlliit, sn,Ulc-rnindcd nr d'cir jobs rud liulc irtcrcs(cJ hr \yidcr sclf-cxprcssiou, Bul tllcy 1rc.c rcrcF ir)f nUriIi! thcir prrcnls' rssunrp!ions rbout cotrvcutiou.l b!3irrc5j, :rurl rrithouL rc Llt'usrionitr6 of tiru sirtics lhu) Nould ncrcr hrrc
h.rt)t)ur((1,

lirrerlrrl Lhrrr Ircn iD !clr-crt)rcision

rclf-:rlvircrcJs;

,rDd

'l lIc rpirn of !hc si\l]-ciuhltrr or roirarrtc-,lriradr iircd ol iu ilId nrrcdcir, r)ut lrlt i coDlDlliucs nDd \vo.kshops, bur ';Luupc in rror'c cornrrlcrcixl crrxiyc iulovltioo:; \'lticir :rppcrrcd in :hop:,
rc5rirur:ri,ls, ilrchilccLurc rLnd

lllrlcliur. Ioullr

busillcssrncn \vitl1
.

rxr'c ul)crl xltit!dcs wcrc :lbh tir chn[r)cl dlrir cucr[y itrto !c\v vork:rUiu5.urd irrrrlclr for u.rlurrl locds, c|lv:roDutc lllly-fricndly prod- . r'ctii ur cthoic cloth$. I lip r|lrr:prcncurs irr ilorvcry shirG proycd rs rrorrel-nrilldcd ls whiLc-riIil|cd c0 rl)rtlry lllcn, rvhilc giviIlg sr:f[ nx)[c pcr\r)riirl licctlonr, rvhirJr bccrruc cruciirl lo cntcrrrinllrcIt rrrd c(rrrlrnicirriol in Lrrlr'ics. A,ld thu Jhruvdcst opcrrtors Jincw how lo cu$nrcr \rl)x rrbcllir)nJloullr r:Lrlluru\rilhlhc dijciplinc ollr16c-rcrlc
0rijinisjllirnrs.

rl3

,.:1

rl

i,l

'tl
ri l,

I
i

t, t,1.

r1

tl
I

- l IRLtNlis i!t) llRiNS0N

'l hc xirlincs pn)?idrd x jit)cciill c'rilknSc ti,r ncs, lhiIlti [;r0 xtrr.,cl Inc rr,ll.0nr ol y0 nI l0uri!h, prrticulxrl];,1 rhc cIIll)!lilirc rrxr)s_ :rtl:rDlic nrrrkct. ID rt7? i.'rcd(liu l.:r;rcr. ii ,t.vifl1l str,^vnr,rn tr,r,r ",t,o hccn opcr,rtirrg Uiirisl clrrrrcr llitiirt$, h'..tirn ilyi,rll lis '.skltrril' 'rctoss tfic Atlinlic! ofi'crir)[ cl)crlf, Jlil;|ts rvirJr,nrr l!ills,;rrrrl nruulr ritzL7n1xtiu. Bul trhcn rhc bi6 :rirlines cut llcir o\tr hrcs hc llls rut)[ ovrrcxtcrd c(l xDd L) ttnr! cd I!,Lrr ]cx rs l:llcr. ,l ltc n ill r os r :r )rrung lnrcricxI l;n.nc;cr, Don:rkl]I,rr, .sr.rrrtrl his .t,r:n1rlc lirlirc:rs,
t
r

l
:'

$,hiclr

l:lc I'x Arn vhich \v<:rc hoDclcssll ovc| "lb corrrt)cr( scr; otrsl','|c rold rrc, 1'ou nccd,r.e,,.r/r t,ctNccn 'l-c(I. rhr itrdnitlo,rl ind lhc clllcrl;isc'i- rd hc [xvr borh rcstunribilili6 nn(l $hrrrcr rD |;s louDg rnulolccs, l.tc rin thc xirlilc \\.irh rhi-.titld ol i ii,nxxlity rdvocricd in Ul tLc Orytilin' -\titholl ir scsrcrin or.Jlr otllcc, .nd for r tinru ir wirs il rotlrrntic sllccur-r: tcrnrUcf.s tioutcd tu rhc phnrsr iir hostcsics ltcituc lnilliotltirt]i. lhlt lj$fl c0(hl ol rrsjj,l
tulcrc:tprnilirrg..rlrl ch:rllcrrsirr tfic [irnrsi ilnrl !!0ct)lc collxDscrl. ' lt Nrs li:ft to ir []orc sLrr])lising linglishrr:rn ur l:runch rr succrsr;tirl popuhr rirlirrc, rnrJ to pruvi(lc i nr\y rolc nrodcl co rbi|ing io0lhlirl Dxnichc \yilh conlnrcrci:ll disciplirc. Il.ichrrd Ilnuroh hr(l l)clxrr) ll:t r boy-\londcr ol lhc si\ti$: I lirll nrct hinr $'hu| it s;rlccn hL.cxlrc lo isk ad\.icc nboul st;rrtinU I nrrgrzirrc crrllcrl .\?,ril..,,I. l.lc hl r l:rccz-j, innoccnr srylc bur hr rurl t(l lo hrlc lhc nrc i'rLlrrd;cnts ol' r rru( urrr(prcn$,r: hc h:tJ Icti sttr.r:t c|lltj, iLxx,icd x rfir,1,t,.{ rnd hid unlirnitc(l sclf-rontidcricc b:rcicrl br:rn rnrl)iriulls nrDrl,cr. l'lc \. r\ soon c$lriIrlir( lhc irrrr;c ol :r lIn-torinll rIrJ cl:rsslcji{ hipt);r., .\vilh I tirrrc bcxril :rnd Ihrpclcsr s\r'r:rl!rs, Ii!ing und rvorhing ii:unr : b:rrgc rvhcrc hc sccnrcd ro hrrrc nrr r:urcr in thc $I'rld. ULtl hc l!r's .rc|rlly:r sin6lc-rl1indcd $,or!:rI(,lic virh il linrncirt{ rhiti(,'r cllc,,urxrcd by his public srhool, Srorrc, Ntrich Nrs:r trrctrti tr-r:ro(l (l tb. shd$n!cn.nd cntrcprcnuurs. Afrcr Urrrrron's nrrrrzinc c;U:rpserl hc rlirlcil hj$ Vlri;in rcc'rd uonrtrny \vlirrc hr $rxdr shrard contrrcts \til)r outliurdis[.st.rs, l;onr Doy 6cor1;c rrr rhc Scr I'ijrots,I|d lcrr'!

rFlil cut tnnsrlLrrt;c hrus x'r(l rcNicc tl rhc lrlric. ttuLr rvrs flrorc sc;ious crp;rilill innovlk,r, ctr n1'rlinll ctstxblirhc,l x' nrcji

q' ofp ubliciry, :rs hc cldlcssly rctruncbcd rtrc junrbo n.;rh chrnrl).\:r1c I.,rrhu c:nncrxs, til[:rl rhc.ltrnc I.irtr pop srrrs d cutcbr, 1r)(t rlrc$c(l hirnsclrxs r:r:rliIc t)ik,r i,r rhc c.,bi;. t.tr: coutrt rr.rrrrfr:n.r flr urrlinrr17.17 irrro:r 1sl:rnrollri,l)jrur $,t,;ch couht rr!rrtr l)drI iotrrhrr x'rl (xUcr slx'I r,rd hc xt,1, brourjt i,,!iuinrrnn, rr,.t innovrrn,,,,
l
r:rsr
r:

:r vorrr':l; sllrri th,rru;i rr\r'o,,s;iril;ry x,,.t ll::l: ':l ll*"""'i: Ijr.,,,,u.,. '. nrnq txil Inrnr(t. Whc.I I'c srrflc(t tris vir[;,r xirtillr i rrllt ir srclrcrt x rrstr . ,1 sflq) jil'rlt !\ur(h: .t dcc; trl rhcrc rrusr bc rror iur rrerhcr .;rrirrc wnen r sDcnt two d.ys jryirrf lo fcl thruu[h lo I,ro!k..ht)rcs!,. Ic ri'lLl 'r 'n Iris brqjc. "l hxr $,Is rhc sr nrt ryr t,.r r",c.rct,.;tt.r. rr( wils xi$r i fl Cnccd l,y his nr,,lficr, rvho h:rrl hcurr x pior:cur rir ln,sruss. i rl hu k rn ttrxt:ri i'rcs ncrrtcJ rhow rr rtriI ro n,,, .l)ru,, on scxts'. lrllilu rJn thc l)ilirlcr) voyl[c I lirjr rcxli;cd Brunson,s

incl'r,li U ridco nlnrs iDil I D$v.ur,pcr ct.N\', inru., r.ort.r.Li nninrrUnr ivc I,,rsincss, l.lr tr)xJc rhc nx\r ufpt:1yi,rU Drrid ttrrltcrig';rrt !hc C;olirtlt Dt llriti!h /\i'rvilys,litc his Drc(lucr\vrr licdJic Lrfcr htrr rni'rf slrrc\v(llJ, r'r(l\rhur tJ/\ rsrLI Jily riut., r.j.r:lst YirUid hc :Irctl thcm rvirh tlc:rrlly prrlrticiry. lrrrrsr"r'\ urihibilir, isnr Ixllcrt co,rrc rrl hxnturs lj(r ,rr r

';, lrirrr tor pLrslrin6 colle.rIucs: Sir Jrrrrcs CuldyDirh L]:d nol Io4.;ivu hirrr intrr lhc po0l ofhis l\luricrn cxrllu. IJur hc rrror".,r,,rioui,rn,l l)rorcrl rn,rrc lxstirrU lh:rr lro\l orhcr hypud hulcs 0f lhc c;UlIliur, likr liunsll, l(rtncr, I I:rl1rr:r'r :rnrJ Nrdir. WItrr hc nrrrlc Vir;r x prblic cunrj\:llrj in rgq$ r Nr{ {huoncd b} nr:Ir) b;[ finJr,.,ut rt," O,"r"
rlqncsstrl

Il( dcc;.lL\lrl t ')r'ic('$1rs

wlc

'!c;lt:

I'Hd! x r;,tiy lrxnrrllJllrir h.r oon t,;p.

trrnprrry irrsr (l"u:iD1 Injut:tl hxuti rhr sh:rrrs,rtr,:r rtrr 'r)ir.'xrxt J(xrr, UII h( lhc sold lris nrusir busintrr, r.irl r pcrroll:jl prulil ot. f,.toonr, xnd cinrccDtritcd on crl)xry'hri h:r r;rlirc. IJnIsr)'r ilfl1;cilxltcd lxrcr idcls rhour nun.rycnrcrrt lcxdclship. l.lc us((l lrir l:rnrou\ ftcc ro givc :r rcirsc of Urrily rnd p(Aonility r!, rlt his hrnirrcs,ics, :r d his cur,url srytc rs $nrourirgu tu. t,;r ,rrur" ttc,t_ ;It:', IIc lrrcw how trr hx'nrs\ rrurr;v;r).ro crirrlnrcrtirt ror:UI crs: his tlnul'..rcirl.Jir(cr,r t'rtrt Criftirhr hrd r rJu6rcc in .,il,i. ,,r.t :ll', rll,il:"'l"l dirrcror Nick l,o s bc!:L xs rn opcn si,,rrr. 1,o,,, ,n\alc,rrh t.rr',,,rlvcrr i,rt,wIiclIrcrnrc lhcburr+rontoirhc nirrcrius, llnicill'. c\ists r):riurxlty wirh )'ourh. !iIrr r xlld s lx r)crr in

x'r rnrrctlcncur.rnrt 'rc ttr,. ch.rnrl,rn

olr

prrblir

'l.l

c(,i\r rr1.Nf l\r^N

or6rnis.rtioni'. lJut !rirson'i rcrrl trrc:rkthroufl r .n;u" i,, .oulccrir,6 up thc frtrtrsic: oltJw sili(i(i $.i!h thc h:'rd-hcxdcil colllnrcrcixl rcrliti(s of thc ncrr rlccrllcr.

Cl'lr\l"l'Il('l'IN

MtLl.tirtutional .ilIen
irr

lly ttr. crdt si\lies n n(,v sl)cci(. ufcorrtprrry urrn rvrt cvolvnu

rtre \Vcsi wirh rri6r'.,rr:r'y hJbirs vl,icli Irtrd,bccl unprudictablc trvcnty rr:rr s clllcr. l lc toukl 0y uon-stop across tllc Atl.utic irt rcvcn hoursi irr euukl sr.ry nr a tnr'ciuri uoIntr7 for r-rrrly orrc niIhl, :rt I holc! \vhich

luukciJ nrdbtirrrjuishrblc liom irs countcq)xrt rt homc; hc could hii' hotrrc ollicc urhis wifc\vithot (dchy by:r dirccFdirl lclcphortc 'u I l( \\,xr'. nxn c vklcll rrrvcllcrl th;ur irny r:lllicr busirtr:ssnt:ttt vtryngittg ll; rtcrus|ips ;rurl r:ritruutls. llc rv;rs bcgirruirlu tu scc thc licc \rurlJ

lill

rs

Utrt co'upnrcd Lo rlxrsc $ksvcr rrrvcllcl.I, lic h l corrcsfun(lin$ lirritrtio[s.. I lis rcxl rxpcriuntirj of olhcr coulrlrics lvns Irluch. nro.s lirnilrrl; hr vrtr morc irsuhlcd fr(nrl l|cir il)hrbllnllsi .uril drc furdrur trc fi.,vellc(1,lhc nroru h! rs,icpcrl(leuton his courprrry,Soulctiult5 hc " his ultiu)Itc loyirlty h!: rritlr his nrtiori or crrrll ur bc surr rvhcr: hii cunrl):rlyl Arrrl his :rltcrl:rtiyc sourcc of sccurity, his hoirrc irrd lris lirrrrily, rv:rs h:rrrl tu,junbinr \vidr t|c const,rnt uprootinj, \Vhilc llc sxdicr wiyri$ ofirl:y olllusri, rcrr-crl)hins ;r Lr.rdq.s hxd rccogri:ic(l rilil(rri illlil slructL(cs i]5 drcy rviritcd.lhrir husbrDds', rcturn, llrr \!irls ol tht ict-lrxvcilcrs cou|l bc nrorc ijsnfuscd uLout whcrc thcy rcrl\'bclongcrJ. 'l hlrc \.r$ nolhirE [crv rbUut iuLcr'rr;rtiuuirl busiur:ssurclll in drc r:ildrtuclth ceuturl thc r,llir:r:s r-rf tltc [:rst lndir Colrpitny sailcd to blrts Irllwry l:r'os:i tlrr: ,lrr , or bthirlfol slt;rrchollcrs in I.lolhrd :rnrl l'urrulirl rr $.rll ui IJ'il;lir. In tIc rriuctccnth r:crrtury 'Sirrgcr, hu:;trl irr Ncrr.\trh, hutl tlrcir bitiJc$t scNio[-ir]chirc pl:rnt in Scoll:urLl, rllrik 5tultl:rrtl Oil hrd sublitli:rritr irr Chinr irltl tlrt, Swtdc Allirrl Nobtl built l:rctr):irs :rcurss liun4rc tu rrr:rIu rllolutitr:. Uy r9o7 lir1,,l I)utch-ShcJI rlus juirrlll orvru:Ll by l)uLch .rnd llritish.
r:l(r r1?

riiuglc lnrLdcrs!'

ulit

likc drr sludcot rcb'ils \ih'j shoutctl 'Dorvn rvith

9,::.J

ccJ"

!:

u? a 6Ldrr,.J,ur lJ,x:,:l: : t.:: .r:.

..;..,.

:;r,i.

rir. r,:..

:-r

busincss dciyinl r'r1ld tionricrr. l.JuL llrc0c ciillur b ri!trr!rlrcrr \vsrc ,ll iIlrj,rcl t! Lc,r-clrrIliLr,lrnl . hrJ to rrrl:rpt to ft,crrlr;orrlllrl0 .:rt lIrt\r'rr r s..r\i.rc, rrhir,:rlrr |lcr!

nrulrlnrtior:rl .lcrr ivirlr'rhi.ir jct ph,r:, .rrrrl rcl,:,rlrr,rru: ,"i,,. ,,L,rc to proiirlc r.n rrr4rrrrllclc,l r',ril,.r ir'r-ry rlr.iclly. \\,lrr.n rtr,. rrr:r. Iiuropc:rl Conuuorr i;l'rrIcr rv'rs Ii]rnrr(l iu. r956 /\nnricxn bLrsirrcssurin rooh ,rilvrrni:r1;c of ir rvirl I it)cr(l xu(l (lirrctr)c:;s \ftriult rnrrzcil rnd :rmusid tlrc llulopcrn::, is rhcy ncN trrnvcur l,rris, irrrncc rntl Rcnrc, ltrly, :r:; unrrr.rrc rfJiltcre r hn!u,r[!ri rurl !'rs, ronrs rs drc lrirh-lt)ccd (ourilrr ol tlrr Dq t\ltr Iit'! ]:l[,h\ tt;! Lt l.lti n. lfty Ntsonrcil \\rcsrcnr liurot)c wr\ r rirt:lc.onrincurrl nrrrkcr-trlr-c litc rl,rir ^lxtt ',,r.,. 1'L( A,r,e,icl\ ! -r r.'ll.:"rl rbout sor;cdri![ cxllcd Sourhc r li,rupr,' Ar:,rcllj ol lrixr r('rrt,lJirc(l to rnc.'l'h.J thoudll thcy cou scll thc slnrc tro{l,,cr e'c,}$h$c \.ithort nrlionll diffcrcncci; xtrJ (hcy $,cr: olirrr l)r{^rl ridrt. 'l'hc ict-rnrclIN iliIorc(l \'rlflrirrtis:rltLrll (lisloe:rli(nr. ln rIc cx ] jct rgc sour,: conrl)]n) uclorr rrill irsislc{l t[:rt rrLeuti!c|; shoulLl tr!c r dry olf:rftcr:r long lliUhr, rr) r\'ri(l thc (li:rulicurrtiuh (,l jrt-hLi; irdd !oulc coluprnicr rjD(ourilUc rnrnrlrlxlllie rrlcl[rs lo rc rrrl hJ. scr lo:rc-oricn!xtu thcrrrsclycs. lJt rhc r.!crliui llro:ir l,r5i$csslrcrr roolt drc .ccclcr:rlion 0f lri!cl for Inrrlc l: nrxo) lictrl lhcir $rtch iel ro tJ'c;r lronrc-linrc,:ilr)d \ccr,r sllrit:l,t lr,. n ,, rJn\:rrl.r"ir rrjj:LI-'Ii|1Irr :rd:r nifftirrr:. Br't rl f;ncvirrbli L'cr.rrrr:rill rrorc Llcrrc\c'l ll,ri (u,r', x:,\. or mtrc c.rrhh, 'r.l r,-u.)l(, i,(1,,,1:,,I rl'(ir 'lic:l:ics ,\n,.1 rircy coud,r.,ir it,.c.l ur) rh(,r,,'.r'l llnl, jcrivir;,:1 . ,'r ' rl;i;ki'ir-.. rcr,li.r' oi,l.cniltl:. j l hc slobrl lilcsrylc oih ':irc::,,i rr ii" ir.,l,l) l'."1 r:n:.,r li,rirrriu,r':, rs I riil;5ctl whcn Itric(l Io fDllD"',hci $,'J::,,t:r: n):,ru c(tr:,rr rl) inJ!nrboJ icross r'ic rinrc-,; cs, nroliriri Irorn onc l--shrfctl horcl roonr to :ulod)cr, w;t[ ,r dNindlirrr 5cnvi :rf rirr)c or t]h.c. 'l hc hrl)il of-con5l.nt nrovcnrcjrt .orld bcco|l]c in c,1(l iI ilrclf: r! J. li':r !rlr C:lLrnirh rcnrrrtc,l, ir r.r: c.rry ro cori-r nior-nrclt " ith tl,,r,rlrr. Thc scll--contrincd vorld oflrorcls und xit)ort\ l)rlixr lo ipprrr rjl rhc rcrliit, \vhilc thc hinrcnrod l,r)od(l rl:c pe'itrrcrcA srcn\cd fnrcxl fun.lirlinc boj! cvctrrlcsiUtrc{l lii:; ,l.rtr,i,rt roo,i, Iiltt '1,( li,tr,' ,'l'i rii,,rra \ ',,,t l,'a , ,,( 7.17, ro n,il:c h:11\.lf ll-l rr ho \r). l hr .,i t,'nt {l'c soci:!l c(ttri\'trlcnl ol lhc rirr!l.cr\tl] :cllrr!\' coitlrintl itr'r, rl'c

:-, .-n 'rli,,.$rl\::lin\\.!.. \:t'rll,ltr, r,.,i\,r\t).\ r,nnctl l)(,1)lc 1,, lrrn dc l)rrl ,rlrro\)hcrc or !rlucr. Nlrrny otthcsc rcv nonr.,d,; r;crc rrut rurpriri:r;l1.ircri|lcrcrl :bcrr tlrrir rl:l:rtiorrsIip rriith tlrc nltiufl: tu rrhich rlrtl rLirc (l1in;. In r)rr sirtie:r Ir ly cr,lll)ilnI chicli lorrlicrl trr x uuN norl(l 0r(lcr in \yhi(| nrri{inrliJlu \\,orl(l:$ilhcr iivirt llDdcr lonrc l:ird of rrprrrrrriorr:rl rrltl'(nily. ''llr! \\,oikl', t)irliticrl strur:trrre:; rre corut)1,:rcli ob$lcrc.' s l.lri,tUrr Nlriv,:r nrl;(, rhu lictlcl,,rnr rr"' l.rr.r. :.-.t,1, l llllI \\'r'rkl'li:rdc C,rqrrr|rtioD rurlx nroru forrlrc rr$r 1;lobrl ru,Ln. "l'hc prrliticrl bornrhrics ufrxl;on-strrcr rut l,Jo urrro\v in,l corrjrricrcd ro rlLlillc rhc Ic(,Iu lnXI !\y{ul) ul llrulcm bu!irc}i'j,'r:ri,l \Villirrl L Str$re{r, t)rrs;!lLnr uf liirrr Nri,,ril Cirt (:orrnili,,rr' :jon!c ehr;',,re,, l;L!s.rN r rrl,l) i, l)n rti(n,rl uxistcrr(c. 'lbnr Ch,Ljtn. rhr t,rc1i_ rlL:,,r,rl lJrrlt ul r\,rrer:ici, Ii,trricll tr,1llb'r,rr,l ir C.rlil,rrrl.,, l"or:r,l ti,r\rnl r,''ri' i,rrcrr,rrio[ cort,o$riln, rl,ir lhilr.,l ill r'rr;"!,! i'lctrrir)r. Cirl A. Gcrihtl,cr, clrriirr r of Do$ CltcNi.rll, \!.,r cvcn rIer: '1 lrrre lorrU rlr$rnc(1 ol'l) titrli ir] i:ihrr(l 0rurtd L,y tto urttiurr rr(l ol sr:rl)lidriril lhc \vorl(l ht;tl\luxllurs ll tIe l)o\t c(rrrl)rlI orr Ih,r lflrl) ncu( l 11ft)$r(l ol srrclr rn irJ;urrl, bchoIlcn rl Ilo r.rriorr (rr s,,Liriy.'llc rvrr rnli|ctl rlre n'lin,:rrr rr',ll r,,:.r lr;ji. 1,,,r r,inre(l ;r rl,r\qr is hrlir\: l o collsurrrile r !i:;i,nri Il,tt',c jtr,r lc,l I, \rirl, li(lteBrn,{rrl,' cclliricl,dr s'crl urr to 5l)ceuhrt irr\':lrri(irt)rl' cor]n)rrli r; \'hich \\url,l huv! (lircclol1 frDnr vrricd oriUil!:rnrl ru!i(lcnccr: ';r x scrue irlnior cu$rlrcrpirrs ofrhc Unir!d lhrioui Sccuriry Corncil'. ll;s /.nirrtr crrrtrrrlr;rctl r lxrcr chxi nin, I'Nl O'r.llcc, slro cr!nii cJ ir\ rrlir lhr Cerirrclicr rcrl\'oterrrl rl,rt l)(trr l$tn:,1 ro (l,r h,,rir'ej;r 'rlr( lin,c,\v,U rlllv.r rlc rv),1,1 . 'l-he L|t,,l,rl,l'cr!ric rorcgletl nn'tl' hrn,hi!. Nlr,:r,\rrtc'itr e,A\rxniur xh!!xrl rcufli,icJ li nl] corLrt,llc(l by /\.nreLifitr {irii.c r, irll'r(r(c(l hy ,\frcric;rn lirrciUn l)olicy ,r),! (lrfeDcc coIrr]clr. l'hc lirrlesr-lluIt, lirrotlcxlr conD,rrics toul h,: tlrr: nror'ctlnoc!nri(': likr rl'c rirlircx, or liltc Nc:;tlI,lhe 5\vi1n li'o(l liirnr \rlrojr rlirccro'j illl nx({ rI lc S$ir; !irircrr. l.irr rhc rnurr J}rl],ri,: Anrcrir.rn D,,,lir:rrior,rls \rcrc rIrloul)rrrllt brllirrri ! lr I'rurli rlo\,rr llrtiorrl !lirrincInrrs: rlt!)' "Lr(,||sch,,xnc nrxrir,,.rxr;c, lcrr rlrrr-bounrl or r:!nril!-h,,un(l rIx,r rrriutrrl c,',,'l)r,!i$ in li,n,|r, rnd rl,!ir l:,'.,t,N,' tr,rnrtltrs lh$,tr1 Dr.re s(r,l)c r1 |n'1,!,ri,',r 'nrrrirl( rhri fl, cIrrrtrl NIcte thty rouh r:l!1pc lirrrr its erDrtr,rirrLr..'l'l'(! ori\t(l nt'
r:1,

rlll

t:,rr|

,,.,riu,,.rlirio r,'i,( rhn,n,uhlr rl,rr .;.,,1,rf \i,, hrlitr liit rl,t Crrlrolic Clrurrh, th! Itcil Crur:i 0r llc |orrjUrr t,ctrhrll. l hc tiobrl corl)orxlion, rl,rirItil r\urclio Pc(c(i, x dircc(or ol Iirrl, \rirlr soull, iuir;lic.liu'), 'i:i rhc flrort poNe ul xIerl lur the irrtrrurti,.rurlisrtion
nrorc ru iIrcUrxlc lhe rc\y liurcl)lr Ihirn lltc iJc.rlisrs ol rhc l:uropc,rn Cunrnrunity; lirlby croir-t)osriDI rrtiurxlirics -:r D!lchrDxn in lJlitriu, r licuclurr;rn irr r\nrtri,:u, rr (icrrrlrrr irr l'mric - tlr() tr!.rr( ruolc 6cnuirrely ru:rrirrrrrl i)rlcnri rhrn rhc 'Uurucr:ts'in lJrusr,:ls. lhcbi6gr:sr,iuclur.linilCclrclxll'tulr)rs,lixd,

^r!t

Jt.\N

trNi't toNA , i\lt:N Ic\r \vhiillu-l,L^!cr:i vhUr lIc) ilblsed lhcir !ovcrs,
AlIrr,

'l'hc s'rrl)or.rtions Jid

hurrlrrrli ol errtt,D'ccri ;:re$. rboul il, 'l hc rirnfonrriry rvrs al:rnrrilll t(, oursidc15; \\.|cn tll( l)o$, chcnricxl cornpilny \vls producinS lhc (ki lt,lr( )i!; r Auclr Or.nU!, thcy frcrd no \rhisrlc-blo\ycrr, olc htyrl conrl)hirrcJ,'b.:r:rust noburJy brlic!cs drcrc is :rnyrJring ro hlurl tIc rrlristjc un'. 0rrlI:r rirc poli{icrl uss.rult fronr \Yrshirgron cuLrlLl Prrr!irl,: irn oucisiollrl Ulitnl)sr.: ol eo4)c,rrtc \!orlillgs rhrouUh
(.jrrurlr us;iurrul

cvun \vhcll

lrcrrints.

l:irrrarerrns lrrrl ur evcrr rlr.rlr)Ucr lm(litiul ofcolrt):ury:;ccrccy, rr,ith

llJr\'l ;rnd l'l-1, crc.,rrd ncn\otk ol liurrpc.rn lrL,snli:rli,:s trhich cuulJ illrcrch:llrUc Lurh l){lr iIJ pcolnc.Jcrrn A'lurrrret, the llurrJet of rIu Corrnr,rnirl, hl,l forcscuu lIitt rhe pr)c,iss rrl liuc tr'.rLle :turl hirnroniritio'r woukJ gIrrlu,rll.l lock drc nxrionr tufcrhcr ir),r rrrcslr ol corrrrrron.irrrcrc:;ts: bul lhc rrrultirritit'rrxl5 lirrcctl lhc prrcii t)) e\rc,rLli ri rlr(ir (urpo r( I{,)'ilr} l)ct n(l liurrritrr' \\'l'ot I rnr,l( rhir puillr ii r spc' ':lr il| I' ir i rr6, I wfi:tlrIIt':rl l,' tx,ricc A4(,r,ncr Irirrr,,:ll (rr|u: l Lrr$ :r,,1 x'Irir(,1) il rlt rLrilitrrecl l,. r rtt rri'l .'henr.'r,1.. r'r.., lrc.rgrcerl rrith rtc. 'l-ircrc ,rcN eurrrIr,r) nre,, scrc hc[irrrtinli l,) rl)l)err rs'rvrrrltl tttrrrUcrs'. As l(i(lt"rJ J. lh ,cl rrJ l(otrrl(l C. i\'lilld (ltrcril't(l tlt(!t in !97.r ir rl,cir boot Crlr///i.d.i, rhct\v(rt'rhc li$t itr histLr) lirh Lcclrlology, trrotcy. rtr,l idcoloUl ri' r,1it( r !rc,li1)le Lt'" rry "rlrrrisrri,r, rt rnrrrUirU rhc \vurld n5 rD irrlcUmlcd urrit' Nrliurrrl Llo\'crn_ rncnts srrchcd rlrcir poncl vith gioNirrg rnrbiv;rlcncc, On thc onc h:urrj rlrcy lcl,J rhc lcJii (o c'itic'rLrrtlr crportr :rrrJ ttch$oh'fics, brclcd b) lrr[cr rcsuluers thtllr urrJ Uorurrrrrrc l: thcir rtnrll(i, \vr1^t Andrc\! Shorlicid, rtcrrrcd to bc'/\rlthinS yuu crrrr {lo, \!c c:rrr du bctttr.' On thi (,rhcr lirId llrct i\'cre cIrll!0[ih! ircrs ol rrrlir)rrxl
rr-rrcrui6rrq pvlrcius.
,rrrLl

tr;rrlirrli rrrl;o,rrl

eorrtr gls, i!)cludirrI cl]r:ctivu lir)irriorr,

nhllc thc nrost

,rrrrbitiLrLr; r'cr',: bc6inrrin6 to

pulsrc

lIcir

owrr hrril.irr

'l lrr n'nlritrrri"'r:,lr rpptrrcrl inrl:rc6n:rt:lc bchin.l th,:ir u*tlc rvrrllr $l,i(i' coulil rtp,:l luc;rl iru,J,:r:. l,i['::rnrtics rhc) cl('srjtl rl'cir rxrk, (u enforcc rucrst) rtrd l,yrlrl \vhcn l:rc!J Nith distlorur(, rntl rcxcrtd 5t.trrl.r,rl "'rh crrr,Jc 1,uri:hlrr:rrr, -.r\ h.rJ e rlicr 6i.rrrrs irthrrlirli (lh.rpttr (sr:i: 'St,rndrril rrrtrr collrrr slrir:lr irrrlor,:tl itr Oil r), lr Oil. ,r'hcr r,er',: r'try it pcrstcutcrl ll.rlph Nrrtlcr.'lhert Ctrrtrll i\lrtun
I to

'

rurrl'c:;srl'cpcnrlticsfurbruxkirrUil,'.t'llcl ostlclfifyi gcriilnrllc\ils rlru trrt ol Stulcy AJ:rrrrs, w|o rvorhcrl for rhc Swiss phrlnrccrriirls qrr1,rrr1 llolllrrrll-L:r lioclr,: irr llxscl rllrl r,:rc,rl$l to thc l:ur<rpurn (:,,1rIulliry irr llfLr,$cli llrrt thel rvurc LrIe:rlirg LIrr rults by clinrirrtirt. c0nrt)crilidD. Ur)dcr S\!iis h\v Arl|llrls \vrs urrcsrcd, jriled $ril !lltcli!cl) ruincd. ll wils x \vrnliug,:ri llocllc iutclldcd, lo urry lulurc N|isrb-Llo\vcr.'! wullLlcr il thcrc :r|crr't otirct irLlividulls;' Adrnrs sriLl :rr rlrt errrl ol lris orrn accol'rr,,1'Iisordcil; \vho l,rvu tollo\r!!l rL(ir eor!LirDccs bur, r'rrlil,.t rrre, lwc ur:vct l-rurrr hrrrd of xE!;I.' r\Lhrr:r rvls l vioJcirt urrrr, .rlrrl Iis pclsccuri,ru Iunhcr isolur,:rl :url rlcsrrlriliserl !irrr: rrrrrre jgrs l:rtq lrr \rrs elrr{re(l \!irI rIiL\: r,' l,is re!oll(l $.iti: r)rl surleDecrl lu jr'il. 'i,!kltr U) rhr hrc sij\li(s ther r!r5 r r.1sh ofwJnti'rgr ibo!t drc cs<JhriDs t)o$crs ul'rhc rirulrirrxtionilr. ln r9(u Prufcssor I'lowxrd fcrluutltr (rl thc $'hxrtur SehurLl, u tushiunrUlc guru, p|c,Ji,:tci1 d)rr b) r9S5 L\!(, lo lhrcc hurLlrcd ctrrrl):1llics \!ould dour;rrr(o thc Norld's iDduslriirl r)ultx{. Cornnrcnlllors Irrrlictcd :r lr)lljor confr0Dlrtion \vidr tirc $$rl'rrc(l rirti(tFrliltc:. 'As thc rolc irttrl inllucr)cu 0f irrLcfirJtioilill (unrt)rnici incrcxscr,' \vrotr Christophrr'ftr[cudl]Jt ;n rg7I,'drcir terrsious rvitlr tlD!rrlunerls \!ill bccoulc \\.orsc,) l.luUh Stcphcnson j,r((liqfd 71c C'utit!:.:1 h iu r97:: '!\,hr:n thc ListoD of drc lltc l\\'urricrI ccrLr]l ir \yrirt!r), it rvill sulcly bc siid thrt ir \vilJ thc r)l)cmlionr ol in(lLrslr)'lili!l did Ur0 (hitn:ltyLhiug ilsc to r..rndcrnrirrc the or'unrlrr:lrrirrg Llorllirrulr,:e ol thr: rrrrtion-strrlr: ovur lltc (onditiurr ,,l rir,Ir lu. th( t. i,l tlI c i uclll riei'.' 'l hr t:ir)r co,nt)rnics it)l)crrc(l iDercxsiolily r\yusornu rrrd nlsrcrirru:i. 'l hc rrrlrr:s olllUlvl, l l-l', llord und Jllobil rlronc our :rbovL. thc c,tr-(urrr{ .rrrl .rirlxrn Ii6hn:rys lilic s}nrl)ul:j 0l irrr..dinl; p ^rcrs, 'lheir lrrrruriucrrct urrulc lhrrr:convcnicnr si:rliegorts, Iilic SrurrdriJ
I

lt

.Jl

.:3.:

.l:

.i

colll.iNI

itAN

Lr

r.1'tN n.r,r

'i: .j:

,t.

'il
ii ii i,
il
i

Oii r tcniury lrrlicr, lor rrll r'rc fnrstrrriorr rn(t Nor1ics o|orxl cilircns rvito bcclurc nlorc tr,rrious ilnd l)urild!:rud:rlicr rlr. ritshocli of dlf scrcntics, '1:hc ,,\nlur;cru l.cscntntlnt llxs hrillixnlh. ciricrturcd by tirc filrr,V./,r,,r- iI tt76, \,lri cn t,y l':r:1.\'Ch,rjcvsk; rnrl dircctcd by Sidncy Lr:rrrcl, rg:rinsr r blcli6roulrl 0t risin[ oil, pr-iccs, ,4r:rb rvc:rltlr rld lrunrilirtiorr in ihc \\rcrl. t hi Lcr0 I.l)\$rrl Rcrlc,;r tclcvision contnruJrhlor. cu'Iplx; s {rn rcrctu:'l tlon't !rrurv t|h:rt tb do ilbout tIc drt)rcssiIr':r'rd rIc intluriorr rnrl rtrc Ituriri;r'r! .nd lhb crirrc;n lhc :;trccrr.' l lc bccorrres I nrrbr:rl hcr, \rl'cr hc :rslls rll his vicu crs to sricl: thcir.Icid:r out ol lhrif rr.irl(lou,s rrrrl t ctl: 'll)r rs n)rd as hrll rnd l'nt nrrt 6oin6 rrr l:rkc it :rjry or!!'lJlll cvcnturllt his boss I)uu hinr (loNn Nilh x lirxdc rborr lhr rc\r cLorYou gcr up on yorr t;rje r\'unr}-or)e-inch srre(r
:

i,Nr r. rlriN

trlrtlt

nr.1:lt )r.,rc rLrrrru r)t). Ils

hi

hphrc

\rr! ir) t,Icflu

l{:co

:r.y,,r,r1: l)rnish-tirnr:h srr6.rrbrukcr, So:,Ltrcnc,; llcl,". rrcrpirr:tl :r tirrl tclupholc brsincs: rs r bxd dubt rn(t bc[rn lo rurn

in r1:o,

i.j

it irto

rcscnrhlctl

.:rr

intr.in:rtiorirl ionlnny rvirh :r

tht

cst:rlilishcd

i:
i:

11,

Lxli A )cric.r rn(l tirrropu lLy pl.ryirr; ir Nirh locil !lirrrtrrts. irrr:lrrrliitls l.r.rrrcu in St'r;r ltrl Ilirtrr il Cc,rr..'ry. t.tr \rr rtl lltir)lts to xll rr!u I'l'l"s Ccr rxll {.nrt)JD;.!, $,Iich i cts{le(t r 5tt.,r! iD l.i,'".to-Wulf l)orrrl)crs, I'ucru c cluriilt t(, rhc i,t:r?i \v..lr nlrctriIc, bLrt rvlel l litlcr.rv:rs rLfcrrcrl l'l-l'rutccsslLrlty chirrrcrt colrpcns:rion br rhc dcstructio ofthc lrudkc-W lt l)hlL! by Atlic.t Lortrbur. Alicr LJchr (licd ir r15? thc l'l-i l.rorrrrl Nrs in disrr'iy, rnLt li'llo$.itrlt r \!orrir ;ntcrinr rhuy rhr,sc :urorhcr xutoc r. I t:rnJl
\\srLnr'in

rr:rnrc irhich Jclibcrltt;. /\'l'N'I.llchn buitt ul):rn..inrcrlrrionrl'

(i(,'(r,r,

itrd dc rodrct. l'ltcrc is oo Atrrcricr.'lhcrc ir no 'nc.ici .lcur.cmc),.'l'|crc is orl). lLli\l rn(l l'l'l i rl A-l N'l Ir(l d$l'ortt Dov rnd Utlk r Crrrl,i(lc, lisor.'l'hos{ irc rLe niriors of drc $Drid lo(hl . . . \fc ro l')l|t:cr litjc in r Norl(l ot nrtionr iId;(lculoUics,VlrIlc.rlc. llrrrx,rlJ i\xcoll,tcDI t'np',irri,r'r', incxoribly dc(crtlrircd by tlrc inrirutrblc by-l \rr ol hUr;;r!ujs. 1'ha Norld is r businc:rs. Al' ncrlc. lr llNr t)ccI !ir(c Irru cr!$lcrl our ol'rLc lli 1..

r'\l

ho(,I

rl)o!l

:
nolorious.

r'lrI crNl:r:N ]\l/\(;l

N r;

Ol thcsc nctv Ilobrl bot;cys, ir lrxr I'l l \vhicl Li:!:xnru Ihu l),'rit I'l"l'\vis tlrc bitucs! ol thc nc\1, co Ulo|)c.itcs ir\ Aurcricr r.hich lrrd gobllcd up fiuntlrcrJr olcolrpinics il' thu sirlict. lr hxd gro\rn into r firr-11rrnf ntultill-.rrioIrrl rritll :r licruc qslcnr ol lin:rrrci:rl conlroli ir!C i hci!) politic:l clour.ro brrlly gorcrnnrunrs, Irrricul.rrly

ils o\vl], ADd il r0(Jn bcc:lltrc lllc li)rus of lcxrs xhi,ut thc llnilccolrtrtrt,ili(y or nrul',,ririonil nrc' : I'l_l''ookcd lorJ /undriu ,: l'!r \$s rcrlly rr urulurl !rs( ot r comfin) which hid il\vlls lrcctr 'r oursi ci \!ith rru rc:il nn,ts xnrl

$rs born o,r rn olrrl,or. irlltr(l

(l': ti'rlul

ii

or;Ui C{}rrcI"'

'il l)or

xs (l,iirnrn. c;{trcc \vrs f, u\rlirl' rc.o(rrLr. l.\l Ll,rrii'rrrlir !l . rr llcln, I'ur $ill' r'rc srrtrc btre(.rtr(rrin[ 'nu(l' (ur''n!tirct ucrlc(l bcl'irxl Iis st)ccrrclcr. Ilt \vrs ilcrcnniN(l lo divcrit I't-l', ,,:ircnsit,l) k' bxl.rocr llic unccrt:rir f,{irrc uflclrp'r),jcs, b!l hx!ictrltt ru crlrlld his o\!tl I)o\1cr. I.lxving buurl!tl the rhxru pri!c, hc r.rirlrd r strcccssior ol'!onrpiuriex rrtrtillt lronr Alis .rtrt-i-crr ro l.cvilr ln^rs!s r! lixI.trr"iur li lsts r.' (:' rtirrcrrrt. tht:i I r., SLc,rr!n .lrrcls.l.Jr rr?o l'l'l hnd tirirltrrr(lrcdscl'rr c !o, t)r n i(j ot).r rili ir' sNcnty,!illcrr,)t co!n0ricl, provi illu r \yorryinf t)ohicrl tuycrisc: rtrt ycrr r (irlprcrs rcporr orr con6lurrcrrtcs rv.r rcd dtxt l't_l'.t,.1! c!.$tc.l r rir'trnlly scll-co')txincrl uorDUr.tc srrLrclurc rhir c\irlr 1trd rcrs oursidc r|L srolc 0l-xlly ol rhc un lr;cr ill \rtrich ir proridcs \!11iii(s'. . (;(l'rcn rcrtnirctl irnL,rrc d$lis iuri rn(t rn'c(ticrur frour hiy rrrrnr1;rrs: r4rcn I inrcnitrvcrl lrnn i lJ'!$!ls;" r97! trc rccnrc,l lihc, g:notuc ijl r fiiry-trrb, spil|rtillf thrfl(ls into 6old flrd \vcrvinli 5l)clts rrrrr' Iis unrlcrlirrgs. Il: tlcviscrl rr 'Culcrln urrclrinc,shich rool: rucourlinli ststclts to rrr:w crlluirris, to cDnrr0l rn(l nloti!rlc lil Lunl){ry lllrn -: $.ho r\.{rc llnr(lc sti'l nror'c rlcpcnJcnr by consrjnr nt)nx,tirlt: rnd tflrfcl. lllury uro lh l Uurillli ?o? tlcry t'j'l'trcftrncs tirrrrt Ncr, \irrl,to llrussclji lirr rr rnrriiil ilrtc uli.lrrl nrcclint:. \Vhc1l I nrrtr,rlt{(l to;nlilrrrrr.: onu I srr, rlrcnr siutuU l0url r hrrlt horscihot:,h:rl'hl r: ,1(. i'r:r tlrrl(,rc{l n,DDr. cDntfi i,\t rhc in,l)rssiv( ,:1.,,.! ,,1 (tc,r((r'. ,\ hilt rcrcrtr rtirphyc,t rhc srxt;!ric! rholr cich srl,\iJ:.,q. \rhilu n \l q):rroN $orkt prusc xr i i-;[nitici rjr:Uru _.r n.i,ji

r't.l

(:oir ",\ N1 ri,\

\ irl

;,t r) t..r

It{^

r.toN l\ l. Il [N
i
I

lox, or s(rio,o diicrct):rncy - ii)d Octc!n Noukl col,lll qucsrirrrr rtrc in clrirUc, nd iflruc!.yr!r)' lruIlrili!tc hirr, Ir \\',r! l r(rritiir( 'rrrrrUCr ('r,lcxl \drirh !rxdc rolrc rulrrUcrs phl.ricrllr.siel,. tjur jr l)ruvj(tc,t lllc collrul rhirl CcrrrjcI dcnr;lr) rd, to ill5])cct irn] orclljprjlldillrl c\rcsi collnrti(rn\:llts or urisl:rkcsi'l virrl no su|l)r'isqi.' l'l-l'-crs rvcrc nruch-rdmirsd n):rn.rucrs: lhcl crmrd hiuhcr srlrr;cs rrrrJ grined rrrrrre ert)cricrcc tlr:r! rhcwhcrc, u(l url!!r' cor't!oriri.'rs $erc brsiIriII tu li]llJ\v rhcir r(elrri,lUcr. IJrrr (ieItci w.rs.r corrol'lic.l,, \!irl! i rclrirnc brscrl rrrr lirr ir(l (lurrililiul nlriclr tlcrr.rndcd ro|rl priorirl orcr lillrilt in(l conrrlluniry rrrrl rvhicI lcli ,r s rlc of b, cxldos,t:r rrrrj tlivorccs. lVhcn I rskcd unt cr-l l-l' 'run.rgcr rll lrc hiJ rc:iiU,reJ l,! rcl'licJ:'l rv:tnt trr lejoirr tLe IrrruI

l lc tl'uIrisc(l r ll]iUion dolh$ ro hclp srop AIlcndc. ) tcnD l(issirrycr', rlrrrr Seclcrury ofljrrrc, (rrrcd dofn rhc o0tr\vhilc purui I lr;,r urrr plrls (o srop .^ll,:Jrtlc; bur l'i-1"5 DrcD iu Chih }lpr closcly ill rDUeh rlirlr rhc CIA Dcn on drc lj|ould, W]lcn Allcndc \v:rs cycrlhrlc:is rlcctcd rurd rvcrrt .rherrl rvi r rutionalising drc tclcphoncs Ccrrter srvitchcd his cfforts te [iirrirlj co n)t)cr]s:uion. 'fh cn in Mrrch

Cc,,cgi! rrrL,;rivr ur(rcr(fieJ ;lscll irhin hr

ccuIoriric cortccrrrxtk)tr, rn(l uieJ kr rn,rc rUtrirlt l l l,1vl'ich hi.l ir5r lrJJe ir L,;t1l:csr .rcrtrisirioll, th. !crurll'lc IhItlirnl irr:;Lr rrec eurir1).rrry (rtIcrc rhe tr'(t \\',rll,,ec Sle!urs llll(l trr, rrd), Cljlrcur fo![ln hrli, ]oLili:,inI his lobb)i\ls;rn(l t)lc(lUir]l: E,roo,ooo l;r lIc l(rt LlicJrr ro hol Ll'cir conrcrrrion in S r l)i,:rlr. Soon rliclrvrt!l:r .ur .,rtli-r r\r 1.tllchcDr \$! ]r)tro(lru':J vh;!ll rllL^!c,l l't-l r,i l:cct) l l.', rloll, but rlrer .' dou!nrerr crIrc lu liUh! llu$ L l t'r e[icl k l')rrr, D'1.r UcrrJ, $ lriclr clerr|ly :u6gcsterl r lirrli rvilh drc t)l!dt c. l'l l's
.rt)t).rrcIlr bribc brcJlnc

.l'i(f in \\'!!hi"Itun, li.icl,]rJ

furcrnflrc,rr,

li15r ir]

rrrcricr, thcn rbru,td. In r t69

A4(l.,xrcn,

\"rr'rlctcfu,irrrl tr' :;i,4r tIc

rrici.l Io corlrol i rc\v ilrli-rlliir

r97r ll'l':r corLcsporrdenc! wxs lcrtrd, rcvtrlirrg drc con]parry's ,:|rsc rrrrlirrll:; * itI r!u CIA rrJ (rtrsi'rt; x I!rurc ir \\'rshiuUton rlld (lirilc, tulrch l:rrcr lhc S.culir;cs:urd Uricllllr)tic Cor)inissior (S[C) rcr$lcrl.thlt l l1.l'lrrtl;ltcllr lutil 0l $3-7 iL)illion or illcgrl ucrivirics ro(r(l thc \!o,kl, ir couDtrics ;rrclu(li'rU trdorcijl, lrJlr, drc I'}I;l;t): t)itr.:t. Allcrii, lvhrico, it:'ly rrJ 'I urtcy. ll l s.r:r rrcrcr (lre s$trc rIriD: itr ir(curitioril r.dibiliry \r:rr hrttcrcLl l,.y tlrc scrrdrls, w:rjlc iu rl'c ilrllo\yirg rcccssion its .cquisiriolls 1\'urc Iuolijn[ rn(lch I'rii l,rolirNble. ln hvo ycxrs its shrrc prict, ,1.'hrrllc{l bJ tIc'rcin(| , discrnrnf, venr (lu\rr f()It 3ljo 1o 5rt. Crn!rn's i\rturrxuy \vrs brcunri S ;r Iirbiliq', l,ur hu Nis hrnl to nnjiliL: ir rr?7 hc \v]ii !)ushcd uDsrrirr to bccon)c chrinuu undcr r l!\s r:*er(i!c chicl crcuLLtivu, LJnri'u l lxrnilton, \vlr0 bcgxt scllinB rrll srrlxirlir ries, 'l\*r lciiri I.rrrr (;!recr li,urCrt hucL, h'rrl Ihntilr,r, lirc(t $r\l srcccLJcd l)y l,ir, irc\v l:rvorrirr Ii r,i n ikoU- r cul,Jl)

r r)cs'Uili

to llrc Dcnrocl.trls irr tllc rcrlIdrl-

r', rlri CI/\ nt l,clp t\nrulJr onc ufhis rlirtctors,.lohn N,lc(lorrc,:r .li,:rrrer Cli\ chirl Cr:rretrr r;gtrttrl,:i:. hc rtcrlltrl htrr':'l)rrr't r,)', llrirL {L !Uiilll 1,' tlL:r lol:rllrrr \rilh r lrl:rrr:rrLl sr'll lrrt nrurrrr
r.1l

lirnr oa \\'rLcrUxrc. r\ Scn;rti crrrnnrittic tooli it Lrp, rvithout proving ., dirccr l;'rL bur crpori'16 CrDccrr's fclcntlcss u.sc rrl'his lobbyin6 lrorrcr. 'l l:rre rre luuclrtd l point il oLrr r(,cicl),' :r!kcd StrrrLur l.llrr, '"hcr- thc.' h.r\ Urc,, t,(11rillcLl rc' rlcrelup r prir.rtr e0nrclltHtrrrr olporIcr rvhir:|,l-rec:rr:sr ofilr! eIoflnityol Lhci(rr:ruh, rr:rliqj iIrporsiblc rIc xt)t)lic'iiun ofPuLrlic policy tu rlrenr)' l'l'l'irtcrlclrtl rrrur:I lrulc r;rslrly in Chile, to c.\ucu(c its olvr h,rci6n pulirl. Cc'rccrr ru.'s \v{)riicJ thrt.tIu Chilc rulcplrrrne cirrn1r,,rry, his bi6gc:t bu'rincss in l.r'rin r\nrcrici, Nould bc rntirrnrrlisc(l ,l rl,c co,r'nunist lcrdcr 5rltrdor Allcrr<lc c:rnrc ro tn)wcr. I lc L)ultc(l

ttlicitrrr Ssctli:rI-AnrtriLxn $it|ort irnt).rirl prutoisioDs. CcDccr) lirrrllt rrlircil itr r95o, to run hi5 o\\.r invcrtnrrn! co$tp:lry. Arrsko[ (u.,liruc.l sell,,rU uli Il-l s r'.,8b.,U ot cuirrt[trics, to couccrltr](c on llru lriUh-rccll curnllrur]ictrLioDs boLrtvhich il kDcw Dlost-illd \vhich rhr,ur,'tlrc rrrort 5cul)ti iur Urr)\vlh. \Vithour Ccuccu's oLscssitc rrrl);ri0rr, llrr ILrsirrcss c Ipir'c ln;Rlc liltls 5c rc. 'fhc contponcnls t,'(,\'r!l lo l)c \"o'i| 'ro,,j "r' rrj)rrllc ulritie:it :rrr!l I'l-l'bcgrn'dcu,r'rar)trrelrrin['.
inl'icrt,r rlnrcl l,i !l tl,( Cunccu A,huhirrc Prorcrl rLi bc rhc u\lrurlj il ir 0l tll! rc,rtHliscrl u)rlltiDxlio rl con[lonlcfirtc, rIjJ rllrrerl irs rrrrrsrrt.rbil,li Ilc ll'l-ur'u.rilud bl Cr:nccrr rrclu rorrrlirl'lu linlrrcirrl.cor)Lrlrllcrs, \vith extnordirr:u) (liscil)linc: brr it sln sirrt)l) rx,r l)rrericrltc lo rulc ruc| r \ridc crupir.c tirh:LLch IrsI !l hnrnr Inrsr xrLl cr!rlivity, urr(lsuclr crpcnsiru supcrrision. lVirhr'ul lltc zcrl rt tlrr cc lr! iln!t tllc l'err xl lIc pcril)hcrl, lhc cn)l)irc

l.:i

:i'tl
l .ll

'lir!

::li '
:

':il

lill

'llrt ll l

.rr,.rr.

\r:|r(Lrl: lrtr(l
')nv(,1.':11
I

AIro.i(rjr Scnrtor:i lo tj)nl

t5

11n

cl,
lu r|c

could no\1' fi J oul ll0\y.thcy rcrrlly ,r,orhcrl, u.irh rhc Icll, ot r;ul,frre r po\\'crr iId ] rc:iourccfulchicfcoulr;,:l,Jcr)rnc Lcr,jurlrrr. lr rllr:r rhcir i,n'csri8rtiorr ofl'1'l'\v[ich rcvcrlrLurorv Ccnccn t]rlhlcssty rtct,tr)]e!l

::,,t,-(:..r,r rijrc.. ,j,r At,r,r;r.,ri.n,rl Coqrontions. 1t w;rs chrirr;{l by Scjr rror lirx0k Clrrrclr, :rn clrrqrrenr populisl fiotn ld;th0 \'lto w;ts irlrcrklr \rirD, oI lllrllitulir)lxI rrn(l vlx,

uri,lr.' iIv:r:t.,torv ,urlt: rl!r

,\l u t.1

ti\./'.t.t(rlL\r.

t:

Iis lobbyists, spics :rrrrl lxrblic,rct lion:; lx'l'lo crrcn,t t,ii i,rr"r"irr: rrrJ their vor',nrc; .or ertrlclcc nr,n;,t.:,t u,rt,r"!.,te,(,,,t,,,r,_ tl rt.rtiorr rLo rt 1,u(at:lol,.,t (,/rNrry (,'U'tt Ii ,l,itijr. rj,j\(( ri\c\
ro c\plojr its l)uliti,.rl Doscr.

!icrhcr iI Drirxi,r or /\nrdir:r: '\Vc ,Nrsr rc,cr-rrirc rt,e Irj!i:,,: llxr \4rrfs fooa for lhc oil !onrfitricr iii lj,,..l li,f rl,e I,r:i.' :,1i(l Sctri()r Ch{rcl,. llis con,,nirtcc rccodeLl \rirl, r!r)ior:' (l(rril rl'c diltonixric rolc ol rll!ii-c!etr Sirtcrs', rhr ltirtrr.;l corsti ,ius n1,t l'rd trt'rsurd rIcir o$1r [,iciri'r loliu)';n rhL i\4;,l,llc It:l.\r \irlr r
fool'i, t,ifurli:,c ol-ch,,rtt oil. 'l hry hi(l hc*nir. r ,lt \rorld urxnrrLrr'u thcy nrf',Liir,rl \virl, iicikl(lo,ir\ ri,{r tri,1(!:, $,ilh occisiorrl pron)frifl[ xnJ stll)l:o]1 IrttrD rhcil li.]!rtrrllrnrr, rl'hc Wrtcrl;rtc sc:rndrl IrqrDvh;l(: !,xr r co!crinli rlcrrils ',i::ecr(r cor't)or:tc iif$ ro (hc ltcprbli$n I'l:r) nir(l oLle11, {r(t b,ihuri by h\'o rlclospilcc collrl)ilIicr, Nrrrthrop rrrul Lucltlrurtl, liiltrr lIc Churulr Conr ritr(c rhc cl'ri)cc lo nun, t..,k th. Ir\l .t.rcti\'u ufrll r'{,rl,rd} rra'r, rhc intcmxli.rril rn)N \.rlc,'r I '. 'J h,,r. ...I,1{ ,'t :, l'trIn.'('t docurncnrs rrLcrlcrl ho\v llcy lr!'(l brilc,l $1)rl{l ,lil; iririur - irlclL,rling Irrincc BcrDhxrd of rIc Nc(hcrhl]rli, \v[o \vrs rhc]r conrl)cllcd ' for i rinrc to rcsiIn itl t)rblic posiri;rrs, illrl liikuci 'lrnrLr, thc .Jit)incsc prcnricr \r|o hrcr r$iyncrl. Lt r rhcr rl!' rN$lc,l rhq pred;crorcrr of rl)c $rlcrnlco, \rho \ycrc frx:,ticilt) icct;Ill !kl!rs t! miinlxin lIcir ficrorics \!idr r licr.c lr)ih) r,, thcir'eo.t)or iod::,itrint in thc;r hotcl roonry, \'orryi g lcil ulhcrr rvcrc o tl)r;Lrilllj lheIr, !nd L5;nU 5hrdy it'{trlr lo !l'p tJclrind l.c l.l.rcl. c,' .'i,r' .', .1 I,,'.nirl thir crrl' pr)Incnr5 NouIl ,lirc r rI.:,l.rl. l'lrr tir lnr rhrt ii'.'nr(!l rbroid, th! n\o'c in\iourl) Ll'Ly i!t:ilr\dt,t otr rtr(ir n\r\lrrs Ixcti cncoudgcrl
shorl-jiShrcdruss which hr(l

Odrc rulrinfl;otrxls lrcrc I'DN rl!j !ulnrhhlc. Aticr rl1,:,:IoUy crisi! of it?3 rho\vcJ rp rhc \\,!i'i drsl)cnrd it0pqr(t,:rcc,)o A l, oil, nrrny politicirrrs !c6, r (o dollbr llrc ulti,lrll': i',y:rlli$ ot ,,il t .

p,

e0;l);:rrcrl rl'u li'f,n,,riorr ol Ol,lr:(:

irkl

lor16 rurkc of WxtLrli;uc ttr! Clr,rrch Cour,rnlct coul,l rllt.l,rr1 cu,r)t).r ) suflrlj jnrrrc rlr,,ro Ul,t) rtr.rn :1 r, ;n\.1rjjrr.u.r iircc tl,c Su*,n(l Workl \\,rrr. lhc utourtr lifrcrt ru rtrt.rt ririr rtrc li'urhillii, thrr I'rc t)cxl5 0[r\nrr:rlc;rrr crrpurrrr lxwcr. $,rtr drc ].r,Jt_ cr)r;c dcl]il\ of s'rl,l)ocDrcrt ttocu.ncnr:: rn.l , ri.t.^cc ,, rtcr o)rl. 'll,r ric\v tlirl flor rcIrr;n ctcrr lor tun[. l,r ,r?j CtLr(tr r,,rnc,t Li: ic.IcIl;lJ,ra,r rl,c i)renr:'ri(nrthr k.., r,,iti1r,,v.r\\t,rrl,(r rt.i,rL,,ri. {lqn,:rirs of Arxb rroncy ruighr tc rrc(t lo jAlllcncc forc;ljl poli;;. lirt thc rol) l,r'rleij rcJu!ctj tl rcvcrt rlrrir irfllivirtrir ,r.p",iir, ,,ir llq( to Wrrhilljuxr to 1,7 tl, Jlop ttrc trrrrinU5.'l'hc ,cllrtnrj \r.rc r|clly lrcro rin[ rnorc !rsrillrj rr A rcr;$tr lorc., LccInc t)nj. occuIic(l l)y rlrLi.-cconunric cririt ird uvcrrcr:j uon!)cririon. S.,jj, .rlr{r1v.,r,lr rl,c Ch,rrcl Cornnrnrcc s.,r ,t;:'..,,rr1-,t. ir,. ,.,,",', ,,r iDrcirilninti id,.)rli!ri rv.rc rl: (l\yiIrlli'rl, i,r rhc t,rr.n,rir rtnrosl,hcrc; corl,o ri: crcurrivcs.\,lrc l,c.ortriolt nrorc '!!\, iti:rrcct, rn(r I'x(! rilt(r to !Ircd,lirlt; i'rffirrrinrrinls rlocrrnrcnr:r, irt,ite ,,cv ,'\,rr,i. (!n lx!vs wcft or r.rt!,riru co ul't;od.'t trc !lo,,rt! ,ettrnrc,t, 'o![l,cr rr(l rlrr !i.,r (l;rirl)l'ri'l.l:tl.

riul(or',:l\tl:i I lit

r:i(

tfii

'Iltc liuntl,crnr'iI Ihc si\tir:r lr:r{l ,lcl)icrc(l rrnlti'ri i0nrh 1ri rrr /\rrerie$n I'lrcrutrlrilr,n,'1'hir u'ii rlillcrrrlinll, frrl rrr,rn; lirrirprurr B utrhics, N icuhrly ilr;rirl, kl l)!rrlr, trll trilllc L,bri,tirric: in rlic Unired 5$rc:r. ltrL tlrr /\ rrric:rN vrrc rorc yiriIlc, trortr bcflur. "l rl,e;r r.rt,i(l L\t,.rn.,io xn'l buc.'r,\( rhc) ir prj..!,t .r rr,rc rrrifonrr rr)lr rrr rlrcir,^crscij; cor t':I)i(r - xr rlpitic,t by Ccnr(r, n.'ro t,l.!,t jnilirls

'.lr;

to scc rhc l'l"l'rs|crcvcr hc rvunr.'l'trc Jiuroprrn lgirltr, ,rccrrr{.}ntrl to rvnlc rriiurrl rtitfercncc,, iI rl,"i. 1o,,,: .o,,ii,,c,rr: \1cru n'orc d;jcrc.t i (lcxliIU \vill' forcittn (o$nrrics rnrt rtctcIirc(J n,,rc tD\rcr tu loc.rl n!:!r \\,hcn tlu lijrat,r. l couruur,iri ,r.,r 'r:crs. rlj r((l ir r9tn, illos,;;rr fricr cxch.r Ur uf t;o"(t, .,.,",, u,it""..t ln'nric.s, (rdr I)fi,(hr!l nrjtrxU(r :iN hirnjcti rr uri,rrl iI I.i.. o\ t,cuj'l(! h.,bi$ xtrd lJ\tcr in ti,a,rj, (t,;r)t:r. clu r(l or r,(!nr:: LrJnt! \Lhnh lool: rfiu s.r rc, Iit:c;,,rr.,nr curtt(. n,.,rt,r,inc r, ,^,,t. 'lli[lll (lill(rel]r thvou$ ifl cxch colnrry. trur rrr ry lrrll s l,tlj c"rl,rlicr
1,11

ttL

r:r,,\

L,.LJ ., jlruck \rhi,, (oinu AIr(,;r N N1.,, rc.,lisc,t forcigrrcrs could bc porsur(lcd by D,x:;sivc id!u,1i,i,,1,,,,,.r t,r,,,",,,i.,, r' rh.ric tlrcir o\1r r.s(cr. 'l ht clii5ic blrlc \,:t bur\vccr {llc L\s) sort)-urt-(telc{iurt [irrts. UDilcr;cr, rhu r\lrUlo-Durcir cu,rbi,rc brrcrt in li.orr,".l1hrri ,rrr,l l-ondorr, lird plidud irrclt'rrn :r rtcticrLc brrt,rrrcc trcrwcc,, trr:rd_ ril(,1)lJ rlurrtrl:. rrrrJ Lrerl rrrlnugtn. /\ll xll,;crtire r(,t t;r rccrrits i !rrr rurtrrrrcLl rr 1r tlrc rpplorch:

^Nl. rc(t \rirh

\t^N
'rh.,l
1U t_1't i,t

1-r o

I,r A

L IltiN
iL)

rrtle
rhcle

rvx!'lrrrdly.r.;[nrc

tlrr::n ,nucL rrorc rlihc, un(il (rs oirc Unitcvcr r.lirccror pur
c prt)cr bcr\vcc

d]cllt.

rr.,Iy Luropc,.ri: \rLrc "hrnrcd b./ rhc of /\rrc.;crn u)ul(ir)lrionil5, x5 drcy outsutpcd or 11r,rvin61urvcr
br:uglrt up corrrpuLitor':.'l'hcir fc.rrs rvcrc focLrscd.nd nranrificd in rr67 bI Jcrn-Jic(lucs Scrlr) Schrcibcr, L|c lfrcnctr firrancicrt)olir;ri r \\,1() rhen o\vlcd the rvcctly lLrpro:. Itc promorcd Nidr i)r)rclrr lri:r :jcrrrriulirl b ook l lteltttriu Chalklgr \yhich iccurrlcly tlcpictcLJ r rsv {rx riLtr Vic(rrr whcr nriliLrry rv.rrs rvould bc rc|l,rcetl by ducl:; Ii,r' rcchnr,rlogy: tNorv rvc nrc Lrc6inniug ro discovcr rrt srs conccricrJ l-ry rrvcrrry y{r:; of colonirl rvirs, \yirs rlur doDrir)rlc(l our rhoutjht:; rrrd oLrr bclrrviour; rllc confronrxLio ofcivitisrliurrs \vill DUw likc l)lic': i| tllc brLdcncld of LcclrroloXy, scicncc

lJr.r U.rLlr i,r rhr L,re:irL:ci

,\yrll
r.1r:

uiLt

th! \'orld. l)isli ciivc clrrfuulcrisricsr l triSh tl).(r..,l.hc t)irls \rl!J run Unilc!cr !i,It! i,r Irrn).str pcr rt sizc,;... U',ilL\Lr rrJn."lirlruLt rtrc l:,r( it;t;ncriurs ut lo(,,t r.,rtus, liLL rlrc i! !t,tir t)rNdcr O ru. tJur (lrc Irrnn:uiuu rrt.LLc Lurupc.rrr Currrrn,rrriry l)ruvol.td r.,ssi!c irrrrsiorr or tiuropc L,i lrLc(cr s C.,r,bl , rlrc ol(t jr,rt1 court,rr) l,:rrcd il C;rrrirrrrrrl "tr,, L,J JlrcJd)' LJc. Ur l,.rul. UIit(vcr's rj,silutrs,, thcir /\ rrrir:llr rc,.ritory. lrrocLer'r higlill -rrrincLl lr:rllicLers rtrc .l)rr,rcLoi,ts, rs rhcv crrrc ru Lc i.rlli:d - h.rJ no rc5t)cc( fur nrriourl rlit'fcrc crsr rhc\' l.rurctr*t rr,c 1J'r,( trrorlu. r',, lit.c D.rz o...l.iJr, ir,ro ljurotrc.Ur .",,,,.;"" "i,t, sl,rc ro rru're, .,rJ wiUr rhc,.,,n" r,r 'hc "66rcs,i"":rtcsrrr,rrship drcIr i,,ro rhc strot,s rrJ bulxco,,i,ru sr,1,",.rI",r,cr,, r,:r,it: Lr.uilch Utiilclcr's.rrrtionrl orirrrr6crs rvclc d:rzrd by ric l.:liuliricU. E!;rLLnlt), Unilctcr ltrd (o xppoiut strpcr-ntrnrgc$, discrcctly cll[d coordinxlors, lo 5upcnisc rllsir sc!rr Lc products c,| n tilobrtl scrlc, \ I'ich ir)crihbl), rrl:1dc tIc conrl)iUrt Irorc ccj rrliscd; Iilic l)rocrcr'j, . ln.l.1tci )c:ur tlrc rirxl tills liclt clrirrlilrg :;h:rpc, cclttj.rlijilg lr tlccertnlisirr6 in rliffcr.clr:rrcrs. Unilcvcr stitl bunclitc,l li0ur scnsiriIc loc.rl nr:ru:rgcrs, !xrLiculxrl),in rhc dcyclol)ijrg rrorkj: it coukl irrtrodLrcc ncrv idc.rs rrrrl pLodrcrs frorrr rtrc pcliplrcrf Iikr,l.irrulci, slrich bcgrrr rs r irilcd dcodorrur in l.'jnhlil and rvrs rJcvclopcrl irrLu i !lobll5hxnrpo0. thr rhc opcnirrg-Lrp ofrhc sin6lc liuropcurr lr:rrkrL rr rror I'rq,s(rl Urrilrrcr rr' Lcc'rrrr lrurc (cntf.rlil(ri in Ii.r,rl),j, $ h.l, I'rocr(r's \crr l:irint;nu.c rc,,t,c r,' rhrir curl,i,,',t,u.,,.,b,,,,,1
ro

lrl,,',,.,!:(: l,.L:l'tJ r.', icU.,rurt. It.rl,irj: rou IU,rc,,\,:. r,,

t,t:yt:tl:Ntit5 (^1,\N/\(i ji(ll\r.lli) Iill.

I l.;1,;_

slrrrlcs of colorr

.rI,l rr,r,,rt;crIC'rt.' Scuir-Sclrrc;bcr bcli,:vcri t!c Arrdicrns lhd nrrsLcrcd d'c roots 0l rci:roI, in s0ic[crj, orl;i riiiliuu ri)d |l|rnrfqDtDr, \ylrilc l-uropcxo
Ir:rrrllljcr:; \vcrc slill
by r'cliuncc

hi dercLl by. irr.ruir-rnrl rrlrdirions, by hmily Iirnrs, ol l)rir r'rthrl drxlr systcrnlric rirou[hr. llc saw Anrlricin

ccolro0ric pow,jr

pulk(l tllc lcvcl\ ol' rrrlrelt'

rilll] iuto p,)lilicillpowcr, is llrc corl)oirtc bo$ui rr!l trchno[,Uy. 'l l'cy rvcrc rlre:rLl), collqurrirr6 ip:rcc crpL-rrr!iou rnd sup\:rsoDic lt.lvcl, bur l-uropc could lcston(l Io rlrc An)cricr', clrrllcl[c by rrilirgyounU pcoplc forlnforrnilion syrtctrrs, rvl,osc ir po(ir1cc drc A \cr;crnr did no! ycr !cll;tc. fi hc clrrllcrrgc rluuctl :urd cxcircd r]lc Ijuropcaus, prrticut,rrly drc
rvhcu thcir Conco c sccmcd rlrrcircncd by ,Arncr;fin l)lJlli for supcrsonic plitrc!. llut dtu rpprrcri! crisis rcilly hirlcd drc l)c:rl 0l Aurcrici[l inllucncc iI Uuropc. lJy rlc scvc|tics invcsuucnt \\'rrs xlrcirdJ ntovjr)U io drc o|rl)oiitc dirccrion, cllcourrgcd by rllc chrllurUe rDd thc coll:rpsu of thc d0llxr. Luropcrn nnlLinrrjorr:rk bc6:rr buyi116 Lrp Aurclicxu tollplnics oD d)c chcap, sonlctimcs \vidi rlisuslr0Lrs corrscquclccs 15 thc),olovcd illto busir]csscs dlcyidid not , rurrtlcrshId. lJdtilh Alucric.rn'l'obrcctr l,rought Anrcricau storcs, ircluJiur S:rks Iilih iUcnuc, Ginrbcls.rnd Mrrshall lticlds, rvhictr ,'r,tcd lris tnoIl:rblc.thrr lhuy.lo0l(cd, rvlilc Impcri:rl'fob.rcco l,uu llrr I lrrv,rrrlJulrrrso ru:rJ riJc trsUuf. tr :rt rn !)iorLitrnl pricc. lly tlrr: nirl'rilllrricr tlrr" Alr':r'ic.urj \\'crc irjtj;ur;lr: ro corrrpl:rir, .rbout UrrlrirrU llrrciUrr ,.w.rcrr'ip,..rd c0nlrol - l,.rrtiuulrrly frr,rrr J.:prn, rr rlrr'ler.1;c rvhirh Sirvrrr-j:rlrr,:ibrr tliJ nor lurc:,:e.
1.19

I|l

licrrc|, jurt

trh

rrr:rc ul locrl Lliflcrcners. IJ;,rhc ruitl-nincricsi,:orrrpcririrru hurl

t.1ll

i'lVl. t lN l rONAt. trt:r{

lrr rr?0, irccorililrg ro tllc UN Ccltcl on'li:rn:n:rriuu:rls, rhrrc rvrrc 7,ooo rruhinitiurxls, of\vhich ovrr hrllwcrc brscrl irr rlrc US rntt lJriI.lir; |y rhr: rrros rhcrclvurc lj,ooo, inclurlin! hunrJrcLls brscd il rlcvrloping counrrics, furd tlrr nc\v nrulrirr:rrion:rls iucl0dcd ncl.rccour)l1n(s worLr oli'rJiviJurl opcrirors -\vt)crIcr b: it(cr:, lx\D,crs, r)r s-ilcJlrcn - vho hxd rhc cxpcdcncu ro colrpruhc rt drc [loL]l rnrrkccphec. ll lvrs !ol io llnrch rrnrllillxliourl corl)oritions \vl,ictr \rc.. no,r uIl,lcrnrirind !oc;erics ind govun)rncnlr xt rtrc llorv ofcrpilrl, $hich Inuri(lcd cr)r)stiIr! scopc for spccul:t!i0r1 rlg:1i sr curlcncicj or bond:. 'l lrc chicl bcncficiirr;cs 0f vorld ridc lvcrc nol rhc coutp:uy nrcn I'It rhc dcxlcrs, likr tlrc'tulirstsl.r of rlc U ilLruu"lcscribcd by't'o r W'lr'u ;n h;s ,2;y'tu,y'?r. ,/",r;, (tt8it), ,pcndinLl rtrcir Ltrr I.cIi l rlsrvcrri'ru rs rhcy Ltilbilli,n,r in bun(L rc(':,r rhc tiouo..l:v.'],r,( \volc (p lo ir \vlctr lhc Ar.rL,s !u(l(lcnly jirlc nr, oil t)riccr itr qr'y tr7os,'rs Wollt t)ut ir.'ln I'o r;Drc, rnrrl:cr\ olrtl j rl\

'l'l

ti \t,ot{l_D,!llNA(itir{s

Bl rJrr: ci6htics, liLrropc: r rnd Arrr,jri,::ru n rlti :rtiorlrls \,crc crxnt)uring rvith Jrp:rncsc conrprnicr :rcross d)c \\'orl(l 1\,ithrcrcr nnxc . rcsourccsj tv|ilc t|cir nillionr $crc Jilo\'inli \\,cirIcr. Covcrlrnells wcrc lcs$ iblc l() conlroril l'r rqtul tc rlc nruliIrrionrls rs rllcy rlrrrrsclvcs bcclnrc |rorc irrJccu rc

rl.l

i'nr.

rd -

o\\'n coililions logcdlcr.'lu dlr closins

lur$ olthu t\ycnliclh crnlurl,' wrolc Riclr:lrd Bxrnct lvcnlylcxl.s ilftcr lris C/r1dl /iLr/, 'tlru "drglc
brlis:tion" ofrvorld poliLics ir occLrrring cvrn:rs thr Ul.n)rl;s:rtior! ul' ccononric rclivilici procccds.''l'Ic hhonr un;rrrr in r;ch ci,runr;c! .ould ro lor,fcr t)rotrct wrU.s ns rIc u,,r'prnic:r l,uilr rirer ielr ibro.d to cnrploy chcrp$ lilboor.'I'hc Ahlcric $l'fltcr cuul,l rd lon[cr $sunrc lhxt '\\'hrl's llu(trI li,r CcDorl lvl,,lorr is rrrntl li'r

loolin f,

rqirt

kr hol(ltlrr;r

'fhc chsI \';tl (hc rlrLrltirrrlionrls Ic!cr c,rrlr!. Iu liel nro:il nrli(trs - ind rcgions \\'idrin nrl;orrs - \rcrc {:orrrpcling drrl)critcly lo rllnc( rhcm, is r prccjons $oLrcr: ol irecrir ronl, i.)l)s flr(l lcchIDIoUJ.'lhc nrorc drc flob.l Durhc! opcnrd out, l1c r)rorc lhc ruullinrliurtrrl rrrcrr could -phy 8ovcrnnicnri ind rcgiotl:i xl';xiflrt urch ot[cr'. choosir)ti
\rhichcvcr offcrcd drc chclpcst hbour, tirc [rcxtcst frccdot]r, 0r lrlo:jl gcncrous trx conccssionJ. Dc\clopirrli counlrirs, Nhich hrrd lcrl thc rtticl oir nruldrlrlioruk ir (hc rirtic:; ilnd.h:rd tlxliorrrlirttl tlllnt ol drcir i!scls, \vcrc [0\v nrbst xurioui lo xttrxct tllc,11.'llrr:y rr'crc lcirnr ing tlc p:rinful lcsson 'lfrJrcrc's ond Lhir:g rvorsc LhIr bcirr8 crploilcd by i nr!ltinilior)rl, ifs not bcinr c)itloitc(1."1:hc rcvilcd \lotl(l rnxniIcrs ofoDc dcc.rdc.h.rd I'cco,rrc rl'.: Iuc5rs{f-lr"rrurr cl rhc ncrr. , Bu! Wcstuflr nrullirIlrionxls \vcn: 'Lcn)5clvcs bccorl: f lcsr r)'ino-

'l,e l,(rrrc

; . . '

iirliic rs rl)cy

ficcd

!6rc conlpcririor\ $';rh c:rch i'rhcr.'l'hc ollnrilitxry

onrnund struclurc b.scd ou :r nrrssirc hc:r,ltirr:rrttn \!.I! 'ltrldrl'al; ind tlli nrodcl of lT"f, vitl) its dr.xd conrrols, provcd tlrr\orl::rhlc. Byidrc cnd of Lhc cifhrics, is wc \vill rci ir Ch:rt)t{r r4, [NnI ol !|i bigrcr conrpJnic$ lvcrc bccouirru nrorc liku ltdcirtilrs irl snrxll comp!nicr. Mulrinitlonils no lonUc.Iid ro bc lixtrrs. /\r u,rnh,!tri. c:rlions qlictcncd :1rd opcncd up, qLritc sm:rll conrprrrilri could I)tu' yidc aeNicrs xcro:is tllc Ulobc, b:ric(l orr ipcriixl rtills ol tcthnohl.r'

lrq!i!lt .rxp-slouls: Uohl, :iilvcr, r.l)t,(r, euricIeitr, lrrrt: ccrlilicrrir, corfo rii norrs - c\cn bo Js.' !y rlrc Lrrc eiutrr;cr 5.too l)illioll \yxs cro:isirrf rltc fronticrr cvcry dily,0rovidi Ij optorrr]ilics li,r irt!.irtors rn,l rpccUhrors Nlxr finrhl r\u jrvint5 i,r ,'rrc ci 'ri,rL,,r ru l,uy xnd scll xsyirs bctwccr) rlc hc isplrcrcs. Loc.l conn uniticr Jirund lhcn)sclvcs irt drc mcrcy of dcrlcr5 it rlc oLlrcr ridc of rjrc tr'orltl wlosr: 6:rnblcs corrld shut rlorvrr :r rlholc pl:rnt - or I loNn. 'i'hc tttost succcssfLrl lrorrcy.lr:rlicrs vcre ir(lividurl 5pccuhrors, lilir Ccoruc Soros, lllc-l.lun[irrixn-An':r'icin lvlro jn rgr3 nrrdc r t{rso[;rl Drolit 0fovcl i billior: rloli,u:; - purring hirn il]onf thc lot) r!trllioxtionxls. Soros hxd no intcRsr i ,i\cd iDrcsrrncrrrs - [c jolcd thrt 'xr ilrvc$tor,i\ itst ll llilrd sj'rc$Lrtor'- rlrd nr:rrlc Iis fonunc l.(xn rlc irslllbilil),:ofcu:rcnciu:: nrJ crpit.l. Bur hc Nrr rho pl$s;onrlul)'corlcurncrl lr)jhuild:up slxblc dcr$dcr'rric illr;titutiollr in lislcrn lr:r'flrl)rj, m which hu (lcvotrd lto:it of lLis tillrc ld ll]ollrjy: inJ hc t'ccrnrc (lixillusionirt, xi:hc cxphincd in Lon(lon iuJuuc r99.1, rvirlr \\'cr;lcnr govcrirrrrints rv|ich h'rrl nor follol,crl his lcud. lJui ;orcrnnrcnts wcrc hr'uonrirg sul,jcul tu tllc sxnlc slort.lcllt prc!,,lrrcj :r\ toq)orrtion:ri xn(l lilc rp(crlxrr,r:r rLLy vqr! r(I!crrnr ru nrrtu trn6r{r1n (utr,trrirtrrcr$ to rli . llr (utr lrics.

'50

t5l

c 0,\r l,,\

Lhc p:rcc ,1r,ictencd, rrultirr,rriun,rl jnrn bccxntc tirurr rul ull' fro'n IIc cxrdrbou|d llusscs, rs drcy rrorcd bcrrvccu illrcrur(io[rl confcrcnccs, corrvcnIorrs rntl frlnd lloicls. |or drcnr Lhs NorJ conrnrunily Ion6cr DrciDi r nc;UhLrrudlood or di!L.icL b!( l Uroup ot' 'ro rpcci.lir!!, likc tllr lc[rl or nrcdictrl cor:n)runiry, whorc bou d:t Ncrc stt by s[ill: rrtlrrr thru 6 unticrr.'l'hcy hid uorc intcrc:its ir] {orrnron \ idi lhcir forcir:,' coulLert),1rll tIrrt Nirh must ot llrc;r !$[ Dcoptr, sho tcrc bcirr: lcfr br:hirrLl by rltu s,or'ltj nr:rjicl-t)h{c. !\s thl: lol) bccorrcs c!!r,irore riUltrly Ii kud ru rlu Ulob:rl ccr)llonr),,'\\.rot!

:\:

^N

CI

I/r.1,1'Ll( LLtVI-N

l,Vitzl Ji'.otu. tlrc East

'l hc Allrcricrur ruiLl lirrr:pcxo llrrlltinrlionrl nrcn ryho tvcrc conrpcring irr thu scicnticj rvclc rer:rnrLrrl-rly rlorv to rroticc tJrc irrLrudcrs fronr ir tlrirl corttiDtrrt \vl'o Nljlr to l)rovi(lc x ntuch morc:;criou: clrrllcrUc ru Il,( , ir' (lre L;IhliLr. 'l lrc Arrcricrrr ovclsilltt rru tlru rllorc :;urprisirrg, ;rftc. tlrcy hid rlc,nc so tr:uch lo ruyilc rrDd r'cfo!rn'Jirpirr)cac busirlc5s irl dlcit 0lvn irr:r1lc rlicl thr SccuurJ Wolld lVrr. Likc tlrr llritish in Gcrur:ny, thcy hr(i t)ccr) rlutc.rni'rc(l (c, rlcnrocrxtisc thcJxpl!rcsc politjcrl syrrcnr, !o brurlt. up lhc t)r'r.:-\v :i,rtcls, to purlc busirrr:ss of rvulikc lc.rdcrs rrLi Lu lirrbiLl xuy lrililry inilustry. 1'huy (lid nol ri:rlisc llrrl thc
corrl)ir:rLi(JIl \\,rui ru tn'(jvlls thc i(le,'l scuLll'cd fut x spcclrrcnlir io(lusrirl rc'riv l,'!hu disxst(:':; olvrr hrd illrcird) providrd drc corrditjoDs

liobcrtlicich irr itrr,brforchrbucrnrcSccrctrD'ofL:rburil\\tritrin11ou, 'it 1r;rs l. rs ol:r sr:rlic in lhc fcrlbrmrurc Irrl polurri-JI ol'il:; lc:: lortlrrrte (:.'ltl)itr;urJ.' 'l Ic $ u' ld r,.1|rUcrr' Itcrc irr solrc rcsj)ccrri rcvr11iljf t(, tIc \yorlJ I'cforc rtr,r, b,lorc ir \rrr brolicjl up by rhc lrirsr Wurtl !\,ur: rihcn Iuropcirr b:ltl:cis \rcrc nlrrc colccllcd \vidl rcit loirnl rrrrl ilvcsl"

nrcnl5 :lc.o!s Llrc occ:r$s rir:ru Nitl l:ss prornir;i 6 pro:;pccrs,rt honrc; $1,e,, l.d$.,,.1i...r c.r,ri..rli:;rs ,:rrerv rrorc rbuur Jul,lrnr!bu,U ,,r lireno, Airci llr:ur rlroul CLrsgnw ol Lccrli. llLrt sirue L[cn Lhc irdu:itri(s ir lhc Jc!,:lopinU lr'orltl hurJ nrultiplictl vhilc liLrnrpern irrLhs(ri{i I'rd rch!i!cly 5hrurl:. And dlr biuucs( :iul)t)licr uf irlcnrirtionrl

irrrc:rt c:rL 1!r:. llo lorucr cidrlr Uritrin or Arrrrici, lrut $lricl, \.,s onl). jf:;r u erIiII ill r9r.1: Jrp,rn.

count')

li,r rhc ltin(l olcrurtjvc (lcfcrr'\yl'ict' cl,xllc,iucd tliJJprncsc - likc rhc uirrh(turlc ol rgal, \vhich h:rrl bccll follorvcr.l bya ntrs:irc l-toortr. 'l|c Arrcriexr:r NLo Lnsurcd lhrt thc corporrtiorls woul,J bc mu b1
rrrorlcnrised ;inrl hiIlily-r)rutiyxtcd coD)pirry rncr.
uh.l Jrpanc:;c owr]crli'rilicr rvcrc courpcllcd to scll tJrcir slur,:s irr tlrc thdirrg 6roups or z,ibarn lil,c Mitsui, ivlit5ubishi or Srruritrrrrru, tvhich rlrtcd buck to Lhc niDrLrcuth ccltury or crrlicr. llul rlrc uld cor)Iccljons ilill l!rj(cd bclolv tllc surf:rcc, rud L-hc corubircs s00ri pLrblicly ic-cr)crUud iD ! tnorc dynrnlic lorrn, run by )onr)Uct rrrirrxl:cll l;unr drc ! ivcNitics Nitll no capiUl, \vho nrudc thc;r owD cort:lc(s *iLlr t|c sh:rrcltoldcrs, :rr;rngcd crchingcs of slrrrc:;, ,rrrd riaurlly hijrrl.cJ lhc con)pllicr. "l'lrs busincss rvodd in .Juprrr,' rvrute l'fofcsior \40risjrinlx,'v:tj tnrhsfolnud fioll ;r club of rielr IrcI lr) u cirele cl urriversitl UrilJuitc buiiDcryucu.' nnd r:; lIc uecul).rliun lor'ec:; rLlrc;rterJ, lhr Dcry 6r0up9, c:rllcd tlrc lrrr.rrrr, r(-rrrrl,lishcd closr liulij lo llrc UUvcn)nlcnt, \\4)o lllrouIll Ml'fl, tllc rrrini:try ol irrl!:;try, hcllr:d ({) ljuiilc llrru Lor!rrrd:j IrLrcccssful cA-porrl

'l[c

ii;f

r 52

lJl

;1.ri .tit:

| .1.,::

cr)

r,\

N. $,\

rvliiD i,t(ui,i 1.ftt I:.\:i,t

cngircrrirg llirrnrs in Anrcricr:rutl ULir:rirr tcrc cirily riltirtlcd \!i(tr l)ro lrl c dcfc,rcc ordcrs, J:rp:rrrcsc cun1t,:lric, \(crc chrlltn6crl ro dtvclup pcrrcfrrl rcrv rcchnolo[icj; cx-nrilil:rry cnlinttrs ru,:rJXiucn civillun tr.rls Nirh spccrrcul:ri rcsuhs, tilc rLu Irultct rmin, ;hiclr pittttccrctl hiyh-spcr:d rrihyilys. 1'hc n:rinc ,brllcr rnin'-

irtrJustri:rl Ilnrucc vit rlcvis,:rl'. hcsc trcrt contprny ntcl \icrc il gcnt'inr-. llclitoartq, nlutll lloti chsrlcss lhirr the old firnrilirs, sr:l:crcd rhror6h hiltht'r u'lrl)utilitc cr_rnriu:rtions froru thcir'con)lrnies' liyollrilc rli!!r:riti$. i\4 jlsrl)islri lr:d rhvrys l:vourcd'1'olyo UrrivcriirJ; Sunir{,1!(i tlrrl rr;riorr:rl tirrl,s vilir Ky{rLo; ivlitrui wx* liDtrLl wirh Kc;r,.'l lr llr)itcrNirics u(h n\orc prxcl;cil l\lr.Orfoftl or C.I),hr:,\:(| rlrrl h:,(l I, h lrrhir,l C,rrLrcirrr ldc.rs rirr ru.hnjfll ,d io lnurcirl ,tr(yi'n,s $erc rrtil tj,.

lo 5lrci)gdrcn tlrc econu|lt.ll'hc lrlrtlrr, rccorilinI to Lur invcstigJlion, cu,..r , r bc'rhc r)lu,t l.l r,l ,:,i xD(l e ;ciflrr $str0r ol'

Jrprrtcsc :rdoptcd

(cre

\vcrc rs nrcrilocrxlic irs lhc Iicneh rraa,/cr ,rral.y,

:rs rcicncr. lhcl lil r$ l(0[:rl.l Doru puts it, "fhcy rrcrc brilt lur r corrrlll r'hicl root in(lrrrriillirlrion, 1rd cspcc;rll) nr llUhctrrrinli, rurio sly."l hcy \vcrc r&l horhc(ls o,r

Ectlllchrcn, xnd hrd cnrbnccd cntiirrcdr;r)6

Ir

wcll

rvhich rhc sccrucd ro :ynrbolirc ltrc co,rrcrj;on of \!rrljt:c Irb;li,)nr inro tc:rccful pmjccll.'1tr. t)ri.tc ;n rt,i rcUinrcnr o.,h( bflrlcslil) \vir ln'rlforrc(l lo rh{ con\)ruy, x d n!! xLcncn! rct!ook chrr ncllcd irfrc:isioll ifilo s:rlcr iflshit). Nlil;rrryD.n \vx, collvc cd {rl0 conrpx$y nrxD. 'l'hc ruitudc to busincls lr:; i fiiurl ol v:rr s,us rruirisccnr of drc nirlctlrrrth-ccrtinT Allcrimn ol bujinc:;r;, 1ylrcn Rocl:clcllcr or

forcing-hou5cs: thcy kcpr thcir dislilnilc lionr rhc Narl!l of t)r('l;r, rn(l rllolrctl J'rprncsc rndcrg drrlcs lo l)c rcnurllblj itllc. Ill'( rlrct

i: l,

\,,lrich c11rl)l'id citr)rt)xrics lo l'rit| snlhisl;riro!;dc.l Ilc 'rotnxlion crrcd crl.iiricc.r rr(l NirI r ri(rNr i ol lil:c-rrin(lt(l liierxls. 'rrrnrIurt Unirc iry fricriJs|;ps Iool: rIc t)lie,i f i'!rily crnnecrion!;, rxl rcir:forccd t[c iufonnil;oI jiy\lcrr r:ithin cuch 13lrp: t|c uLlrsr c\ccutivrjs w,j.r f:u bcllcr inlon)1cd rl)',ul rl)c \vorld ll',rn lhcir ljrirish or iicrcJr cquit:rlcors. Co rt)xJr] Drcir lir:rrr ri$l 6rrrupr roultlwrrrlr togcthcr closlt \vhrn ncccrs.ry, rhrouti, rhc chilinncn't ronlccriurs o!c. brcrtfilrr or dinncls, rrrrl r,llcrr r|.) l:rcrrl I nrtn)tr:rl cri\is lilt tltcoil"s|ocl olr973 - llcy uoukl (iuicklJ \vork ou rrn cnr".{tcrc), t!h'r. I

C,rnrc6ic bclr:rvcLl litc privrrtcrs or pir:rrc'; bur rhc Jrprrrcac rt'l)roicl, nho lrxrl (lccp Asiln n'ors.5nn'l)n. rIc rlxrric xurl,or;ry {lll llrc rfl of\yrrr5ooyc;rrs Uo,liccrnrc rlc [lidL.for oriri)Jr|jrncrc conrl)xny ch.irnlcn, llrovidilu utuch:ldvicc \rhich rrrs rclcrinl lo
crrr'errrlrrr.rry I'rr;insr:

lri

All rrrrh.c ;x hxsc{l (,1'l.cc'trnnr.

'I

':l'licl.'c\of.rdcl("c.ih.lu-ryI,-:r:'lJ't,.,.r'sI'il:tL\r r,lex,,r.,l:(, r'or ir' rl.p.neC.c" r'1'rniL\ or' r',1 Ic.r.l.rrhc,l.,'l \.'lc t:'^cnrn,,jnl orrJr:r., rr Irorrc rI,J crrIl)cile(l rh, ,i, ta c'rII'r'u ':(rcull rhr'.rrl. r\t.;,r I Ioriir, rhc son of:r rich indu:jrri.ljl| n I,,,r rt /r ull,:s Irrr!L it::rtcd up r srnrll clcctrrrnicJ conrpury 'r(,l"(l $hich lxtcr bcr:Urc Sflr)t, rlrrt rCalircd thrt his onll hopc hI ir cripolr.ruilrlicrs.'lrr u tlcfcrrcc iILlLrstrr ifr'c rchicrc r rrrgcr wc don'r Irrc ro l:rv too urnrl! rrrrlli(nr to rhc
coil,' hc tokl llu ill lglill. 'llr( ir
;r

h'0hi lo lhc cflccr uf r co rbill,"(l cr{1l', x0tl rlors lnit rcrl irc ror) nnruh rrolD i,,d;!i(iurii. llt11ftl yorrr roklicrs rr y,rrr cl!jll,d,, lxl rltc) rrjU folto$ )',u i,r'r rlc (lc!|csr v.rllc):,. l(ccp )or. xiDy (o ri'Lxlly otr rlrt nroyc, Irl ,lw;:i! Urrf:,rtrrihlc l)l.or. ' lic:iuhrlcl lJr rrbrlc! Anrl urr }riL,, rt'ic\ li,r c\cry l.i,r(l or' hrrrirtr;.

ll trrr krrurv thc cnr;rrrJ ;rrrrl !rrrrv pLrrrclt, r',,rr rrrr,t rrrr ri:.l rhc r,".sult ul x thDrls r(l l,xfllcs. lincrgy rnry bc lilcl':J ro rl". brl(lir!1 Dt r crollro$,i rtc.iri!n, lr) lhc rclcxsi U of i rr;UUcr.

'I'lc rlcver {ornl)rrinr

\:0irflriIcr iIrl[$tIj ty( ll ru r,) crc:1lc nc\\'t)rodncls Nl il rcrsonr!lc corr. So ue uccrl nrr'rc crrrritirl rlrin t}c dcfencc lrrJlslD.'SoIr hr(rrd rhcrd r.ith lrrillirnr iruroutions.nd globrl nrrrkctill8\rhich n dc it n \yorl(l lcrtlcr, co,r'pcriirLi wirh rhc [i1nr trhrsurlriru (Prnrsorric) lor clcctrrrric $iz:rrLlt-r. \\'hilc
r

II ,) Wrst"rDcr:i r(ti.,rlu'l
i{rr(lJilliUrr\
r.i:rl rl,rrrih.rri,r

. lj,rr rl,c trruiir.iri,nr crrcl,rd n..rnrr'l).tl., I,rol,tc ttrool' ol;-, rd\ \':rtru t tlrc;r $ho l,r(l ro cxpuJl ro rnrai!c.'nrc olcrridioU nccrl for trporrs cor _ p(llcrl.Jrt,xnc5c .orUxr). nrc!r ro brconrc run:;r;1,c ro iIc prcci:,c
r,r.rrt:

ll,.5c lUUrcj:::rr :r., ([ic\ r.. t,.It uf .r c0tr}-l)inc) t,) Irl)ilCc nlil:r:l|) ,,r,rrtUqIt \\.ilh c0lI trr-

,tr crur'ltll

j.t

rJ5

(:o.\rr^Nr'rr^N
rt,ruir(',rcrrs ,,f cur\r:,rL,s rlt ruurd rl.: wlrt,l, Ihcy irrsril;.rrrrl (l.rborire rrr'.'.( rrs(.ueh .'rd irrctl;Ir,]er r)srerr:i which utclrurt rlrcrr ro !rcD clrrol;t irr Irshion:urrJ rrrrr.;thcl sruJicrt tirr.ci6n cllslolrlcll l5 I,ccrll)'i! Lhcii o\ut, i$ lllcl dcsiUlll:(J typr:nIitcrs, rort|pulcri ilLJ crlculxtors for thc rlictr lVcstcrn ulphrbut. lt rr.:r:; tlrc oppo:,ilc priorirt ro A0rcric:lll nHnrf:rc(urcri, \?llo rvclc colditioocd ir-r:r prolitrrblc lrurrrc rrruk{t rr(lrc turcd xbroxJ ls lllr nlicrtlloU6ht. 'l'hc Jrprnt : colrprnics rvhiih cnrcrl;crl florr thc rriri of \rrr $(r,: .'l\ )r n' .c hiUhl)'nrolirrtc,l th:llr (hcir \\,citcnr iitttrirrlurr:i. 'l\ro /\,,!cricrL, co,,sulrrr\.itr JrprD, Jxtr)us AtcrL;lcn rDi Ccurllc St.rl1., obrerve, four rrriir ehnrrc{cri\tjcs uf lhcsc colrr):rrics: lhcy *erc,lctrrrrril ' r(' lccI lroNir\;i rlrc), \'crc lrc0,.i((lt)i!(l \vilh thcir
cotr,t)cri(oi!;
r.,Uc;

',liNl)
)o$"U

l] rLl)

nt

tlt[

51.

ird llrc) : rrc xblc tu borow h.reil) ro linrncc rhcir 'lhc) \!crc rl5o rr(,rc lin'rl)' cull1rri(Lcd. to provi(lilrrUft^*th. Ultti"rc
t

I!' r ((tIl$sl) prciscJ Iornc ll,.ir cur't)rlirivc

x(lvr,t-

t li.1, llrort \\'esrclrr c(,Irjr;urier - rvhich crrerrrr|u6ctl thcrrr ' lecp 6rr|rif;:, ro r)roritle jobs. lr) rcrtrlrr thcir cIrl)k,)eus $cru !rpcc(rJ to b.rt'rl' r'(,rc llcritrlc thrur \\'!stcr1\crs, urd lu rhili i!hcr Irccc!s.ul inlo or\r illdullrics.'l'hu rlolc sccurc thcy \ycrii, lhc ruorr: drc) coul,l .rdrpl. llris lilc colrtrritrr)crL hrJ oDI1 b!Ut!tr itr b;I corrp!n;ci rfrcr rhc Sccorul Wor|J \\'lr, panly ir rcst)ollsc Lo riotirlist 'rr,,der uriorrl, .,rrl),rs i convcnicllcc nhcrr I:rborrt bcc,ture rc;ttcr; -rn ir \!$ eo,,l,Nc1l ro ilbour r thifd ol- tlrr \vorlforcr. L-hrt iI lhu Li;6tr conrPrui, r it rn:rssircly lcinforccd thc cr|liclJxt)xnc:,c ! r(liti(rr of f3nriliil con,t'.uricr :rltl paLcolrlist bo:;sr:s: sotlc$ rDd uuLurucrs l:llcN d)ci. corit,inry \\'0uld looli rftcrdrcnr li[c nrdrui's. i\!rd lilic (hc llJi\'1 pcoplc ir r'ndicufi, tL()' \villirrUll ioirrcd in tlc rleruorrst|rtiorrs

.Irt)lot rrcn

t.

.r

r,l tr:rrrprny:.',,r1;r:

lir

buillilg ol :r lc" J,rprn, put l-ct':; uur':,trcrgtI rnd n)i J l0U{thcr, l)r' r6 rrLrr lrrrr to lrru,nute p.r,dncririn... Cr"\', ir(hr:iu),, Uro\r., tlror\,, Ur(,\rl Il.rlnrorry rrrl sinccriq ! i\'l.rtrhu:hitr I-lcctric!
rl,u

'I lrt Jrprucsr cornprny rrcn :rl4rcrrcd tu Wrsrcrnrll ((' br rurniullly. iornrrl rrrd conll'rrrri:,t. rtferrinlg to strict hicr:rchicr. Al thi: l,r,lorn
i5(r

vrrc uudcr?xid xrd:;ubJcnicrn lo d)cir cttlcr; rr rJrc rop "rrrrrurc truruu,,J(d Lt' urtrtcrl;Dur.:jcDiotiry rrrrrr r'u ir't)u,rd.o r rlju: L, rl'!- :t(,o5 r osr prcsitJcru: rruJ chrirnrcrr "pt,.".,t ofbig con\l);r'tirr wcrc irljcd bil'nlccll rL\qLtryo rnd :ji\ry-:iLt, rcn ycrrs o|Jci (l) t thrir Arncricro counlcl)irrtr; !rcsidc ts slaycd in rlicir job for :rD xvcr:luc of rJ.4 ]c;ri:;, contllrrcd to 5.7 tcirs ir) tltc US. ln rhc rf iddlc wurc drc 'sxl:rrlucll,, rll in Jxrk rLliE, bo\yjDU ro crh odicr, erllttrUinU buJircsr crrrrJs, srridir; out Lo[cdrcr.il crgcr groups. 'lhcrc Nerc rcci(!llcd lo bc rrycitrl-livc nriltiorr Jrprrrcsc srtrryrcn l'l rlru L,rr sirrics. A5 fu. rtru tircroil rlor'licr:, rJrcy sccrrrcd rJrorocghly rrrilit.rry rrrrl rl,cy p.ri.r.lud ,l|r.t r.rrr ro rrorl: ir rtrcir ',bc(li('t(:,r ,,,,.rt,.,,,) L,!ili,,r,r. 'l-l,ir t,i!(urc (ouobohred dr.l diriollrtWcrlcnr rr5unrl)doll: dDt Ilt,;.'ip.rrcsc wurc i l)coj::crvirlr r collccrivc br;rir) bulno rc!l indiyidurlirj u. oliUiD,rlity, likc lrtrs - ,jornpur;rou lovi 6ly icpc.rrcd l.ry rhc l.fcllclr t)r'ir)rs nririrLcr l-dith Crc:;:ron in r!9r - Nho wcri;nrirrlri |j \\,csrur i(l!xs \villr0!r( lnrdcrslnoJi U rlctrr. l]ur irc xppiu!,]cc $ r rnirlcrdir(. 'l'lru t)isic cLrllurc of rhc Jrpinesu crjll]Pxny \rrj i.tcrivcd llUr liu r Wc\lcll) llrudclr,l) l fiunt lhc ul(lslructur: olftIrily cIrcrInii;q; l)cli,rcJrl)r,r tyls iDr:nfil up, iI rvhicI rni*uns rvcrr: inctLl(tert \!iLhir drt I:Ir)ily crclirc.'fhc liruily t'cctin6 iuJipir')csc conrpirnics cor0 ibrtcd llrorc tIxD prrclrrlisDi :rrrLl loyrlry: ir ]ilorvcd cxsicr cotl].,rrr:c.'(iur bcr$c( ils nrcrnbcrr,:u(l .ul:bility lu brlillcc rlc slilr;l;r) ol'rlr! uldur 6cIcflrriull \vidr drc yittour of drc youug. Whilc drc Jrp;rncsc conU;r ics loo\c{l gcloltocr:rtjc, drcrc rvcrc olJy r fcrv c,lJ rrerl u( tIc lot).'ihc 5,:nier 1n;111gc1r glrc ju:rDy olporturitjc5 to loLr16 rtrerr i| lc$, tcchnoloui,jj, :lrrd rllorvcrl irlcrs -,urd su8gcsrlons (r llrw 1rt) rji rrrucI u:i rlurvn. \rirh (lrc :rlxorbin6 'uiddlc-r)r:lni,Ucrc ll,,r'. hurlrj vlj.l h.rr {,ccl u.rtItLt ,ririddlt-r,p-duvrr ru.rrr,r6c,ucur,, ,h ri, ri.r'.rtjcln( l sljirh :j rlj.r.UrJ \r.tlr i tcUrr{iDU drc r\vn 'r'r'r(ttuvicrvprrirrtr; crrrrrr:rrirrU li(lIr rut) xrr(l bo oIr,' ert)liriDcd .l.rd:rsIi l(urnc rrfi.lrrrnl:r. 'llrrr't tirrr b.: nrL Ir'ogrcss vitirout sucll iDLcgrltioll., 'Ilrr:.l:rI.rlrrc, in 5t,ir,: ut llrrir [tj,ci,)Itiul \yjrh rnlch.r)c\, h.td l rrurrc rrr'i3uic:rutl lcrs u.cch:rnistic:rttitudc ro Eontprnics dlJn drc /\rr(r r.[$ uf crcrr rlrr IJ rrrrp[trrrs.'l hcy likcJ ru usr: urcrrphors frorrr rlr( l:,Iril) ,,r.tl1, r jr.tlL l:. t).urirrJ,rrl, tio , ttru furcst, r|ld (o Crnicl c(,ln, tir,llslii\r: lrces \!ittrbrxouh!s il (l ro0Ls.,l.o quorc lhc:lutliors of Tilr .\.r,cr Cnlrrtd I l)1it, iut,'1hc conrpirny ,c5cnrblcs rn

rIl

ll ti

ii

;.1
urgrni:ju lLrL gnlvs
iurrJ

\ tNl) r,rl:1il
rlcrcl4rl;, cltrr rnrrt,.ir ,lccp rrrrl :rff,.clion:rtt bon,J,.' Jrprncsc conrp;rriics, Iilc sun'1zu's rrnrics, u crc rlLruh ntorc lltribh: orrtl fist-nrovin6 th:rn thcy loolic<t; :rrtrl Ircprrcrl rrr :i - lroll dccisionr rnJ uct on thcnr suiliJy.'l l cy scrrurrl r,r tullrr rth.rr srurr Wcstcincrs cirllcd tlrc'lJo-10 rrlc'i lhcy rl)u $o l)cr ce tlt thrif tiulc rrirc|ing dccilirnts, xn(l ro pir ccnr in i trlclrrrttirti tlc'r compircd to Ihc opfosirc ill Ific Wcir.'l|cy htrd ru ti,nrxl orurni\r-

1.t1t: t:,1:;1,

ir

tiruily rvirI

l1
| -' I .l

]J )':

lcIIcs, w. t'ra\v thxr rhc intcll;t:cncc ol r o .rrr, lrrrrlr:rcr.brillirrrr rrrrl rnrxl thry,r:,y b,:, 'rIxtfLrlot.tcch i:; rro lonIcr crur,gti

tLu lrrrrrh rrl l:rLrrur,.. lirr us, tIu crr.c rrt rul :rf,:urcrrr is tlrc x'l iJl rurbilisirU :rl(l pullilli rrrliclh!r th!. illrllccluxl rusrtrrr.{ ol rll crr[loyr:rs i thc linl).llccxrjt \rc h]!( nru:t: rcd bctrcr ll:rrl )r,u tlc scupc uf ljrc ircrl, t(([ruL4;ir:rl ]r(l cculor!;c rh.rl_

rrt

:r rcrrl

rlj

tcC

fil slr(re.l,

(ion ciil.rr, nirron, ipc0hlirrriols or ,r,t) (lc:jcr;tniorrs: tlrct sjerc lurl;cly run by gcncr:rlists \!ho orovrd r,f lhro uh rlillircnl tlct):utr\tcnts, \,orling closcll'rvitI rtlr,rll lcrrr- tlrroLrljh r rrJlcriors l)rt c(rcixl procc5ri (,f c(nrrrnsrs. I Ltrr tlid lIcy rcrlly rrrsl ,lr,i;r;rrIrsa \\rcsrurncrc i!:iidcJrt)rn.!. c|rtrD:rtries rre.c l,.,lllcrl- As rrrc rlGrribcrl it lo nrc: 'YoLr cin'r lcll rllr;r scniorilJ r,r Iicr clrics Jfl)rn their Jc:ihr or offccs - tlrr:y l:ccp oD rorirlf xrollnd. tJur lhcy'rr vcr)i $cn\itivc to \!hit odrcrs ,rc lhinkinr. Arrrl drc)'rc in,izi slr $ILlirl irr rhcir \rulll ryotpr rthich nrcct crcq mon,irLi.'lhct rlol'r sctnr to irtc cgos,]ct thcJ' cxn bc stubborrr, l hr:1 r'crrllydusccnr to h.rvu crrrrrrLrrrl rurinds'; rlrcy'rc scrr!(l ol lrlir\i (lcuision\ iL)nc.' By thr sittics tlcJ:rprncsr \cr! r!r( ly dljYr.jririnU thcir \\'csrct1r r:vrL icross.r \vholc fl11[- of; dLrslri,:i,.:r, r rrrlios rrrr] rulcririuns roirotorqclci xnd orllboiftl nrotors.'l'lrcir slcccrs scc0\c(l xt tj.$t ro:dctcnd orr chcrp hbnur:rnrl e(ur)r'ruic! ol sdrlc, Ih tL() \vcru lc:;hir6 fio$ ro ichhru ron5ir'cIt rrU::l:U ., J rclixbil;ry, \v;rh h! llclp or drc lmcricin cxrcfl \\'. Edvidr DcDrirU, \vho hxd l)i..cD I.;Ucly iInorcd ln'his brn courrr1,. l'hc] 1 .,(l cnrbrrccd l)cIr;ng'r tciclii f llt:rl lhc ni\s,in trrrsslrorhrccd pr0hcts $rrc (ltr'lifllt uf i1.rnlycrswlro rr:lctl r', Dd'viJc h,,'rivxr:,,n. r,xl.r',() li,vr \v',rhcrr nrbri rcsponsib;l;iy rrrd ilvolvcirr:ru. tt). rhc'socnrics Jrt)rrcsu cdmp:\nicr $crc incrc:lsingly iruproling rfuir (lurlitl. . 'lhcy \ycrc conndcr)t 0r:rr orhcrs ur)uld nol retliurru rhuir o\vrr r!stcnl ofnl'rn:rScnrcrl.lr lionor$l:! i\iitsu\lrirtl lol vi\iriD[ \\'cstc'r)crs:n Miy r97t:

0l o ri\

iltAN

I:) Il,c sc!c rirs rhu Jr|l.rrcsc c,,r,tit ct.rlt,.rli.. rt,c U,,irLrt Sr.,l!J ;rr ,,':.l.ir't rhc rxrr A'nLr;c.r ot t, rhc crr, $,ilh x :,,,c(.s st,i(lr ^luch, $oLrld cvc rurlly.hrlgc thc Norl(l,s i,tcrj rbo l tro\r to rorr. roi,t)xDj.'lhc.sk,q cx bc r.kl rtlro t rhc (tulctopnrcrlr ofx linslc u,rrIi )., Iir)1irr. 'l hc I'olui:r nrni'y - tjrcy !l, rrcrr rt,e cornpr,1. s rxnrc l)'jcxnrc lhcir irN,r iIijr\r ,il1)u drnl ri;c ictr],_ lrrrl br:yun ru ruulc r.,rls brlirle rhc Scorrrl \\trLtrt \!rr, rvirtr nrc"p" ,..i,tr*.,t.tr"y \LUrc rlelr'r'rircrl r(' su(c!cJ xrl(r v. , rd iI r)(o j.:ii; ti.r rI.; 'hc lrrc Dcftrrrv ot tlrc lontr,J(r, r;sitcJ l:or,l'r t)lx ( itr Drtruir, H.e jo nr:ll0, \Vcsrcrlr ;rrd!slrixlisrs jrr !cx.ch of. rtrc ytcrcrs ot llrrrs_ lrrrllrrcriLrll, Alicr rlrrcc nnnrrhs sturtti'r, ti,r(t I,c ,lcci(rcrt tt t hr (o1,ld inl)rorc dr rhis riU;{l sysrcnr, rr,l r,rct. ;t, Jrr)rn hc $t:cil h;, br;llijl|rr ,Llruinccr, ,'h;;chi Olno,.ro dcvisu sonrdl;in6 bc cr llr:rcrl
rLj)(ri(i\.! trs[s. : Ohno proposcrJ I i)uilc nc\r l:;nJ of rsscnrbty linc $,hich could rurlr uut r.!rriery ui rilrs by [:!iDU nxtifntuJl rLsno,rr;bitiry ru drc '\n,*crs. I lc .tcviru,t u t]r' rtLricl:cr rrrl uf clrrr;irg dicr _ rirc hrr,l rrrrtrl nroulds rvhich shrpc rtrr rhcct-jtcct lo rrxlc pirts ofrhc rrr _ \'Iicl, rllo$,ert for rxpid efiiln[rs \.;rh0ul trdl(lir)U lJp rtrc lirc. l.lt 1:lr' n th llcrrrr scqrc ro rhc wortcr, b) pufii,ri, tl,r.,, i rr.,.,r, ,est),ds,htc t,n rurrt JtirI.rr u.rch rrrl;c in rhc r\r(nlbt)., ,rirh rl,c. 't tinu \vlrcn ]n] nr;ht ru uul) ttrr.'sicilrbty frutr rv.,s rliscov;(d. tr *.h nor u:rli) ro I'cr: hdc Lhc n,jiotr, l\ Oh,ro .(crltrJ: !\trho{d, rl,.rc
r59

\rrrr srill irrrl rtrrc(l I'y ccrri ih(tiri,rr: rtr(t ,rl,,crxnr ",,r",i,.t," to Jc,lrIc

ru llrr (lillcrcnl rlcr'dr ofboll' rhcJ:rlx cscco,rsunrff -\vhorcquircd x $,nlcr,r)rl nl- e ;ctirblc n,ntrc qruxrs - rdJ.,t,.,,,":,c

\\tc.rc

Uoi'rg ro \!in ind rhc indurtrirl \\,!:l is lioitrr: r{, l.rsrl rhcrc is nothinlr nru.l\ yo{ crn do ib,r,r ir bci,i(se rl,c rer,r,trs for )our rlilurc rrc Nilhi,r JorrrsclvcJ ... llor yo!. rhc c\Icrcc of Ir:rnircrrrcnr is UctlinI idcrs ort or rhc ]ruxrls ,'l ho|rcr inro

r5ll

(lt)rlti^Nt,;\r,'\N
ol. fl',,lcD. J"d rl,cy !rro,,Ut). rc!;5rc(r ch ,u(..1.t,c] .jr,i Iur ctr.rrrr:e (.,r,lJ rrur" :l.r r)51(nr ol o C rDr,r, (,r,c , .,chi,rr. lo rhu srrrL,,,;,t. urrc rrrrr, rr ir,., 5cque.)cc or'ditIcru,)r pr,,er:j:(s., 'rU,rlrrclirrcs OI|lo IJ;r] :d Lhc co-ol)cj.i io of drc \vorkrrr, \yho soorl l)roridcd ricir orln solrrrions, ;rnd \\'clconlcd closcr irrlolycnrcnt. -l o :ryoi(l rIc build-up.uf l'!rc r(ocl:r frorrr 5ut)j)ticrI Ic dcvi:;cd I rcvr)lutiunxr.). s_rrtenr ric| $o!l(l o cr l)rrts olrll wh{n rJrcl, rvcr.c lbollr ro be us!,J. si,,rpl) Lr rc,,JirU b..dt Jru uDpr).cunr.,i,,ci fo, rt,",u;1,t,.r r,r lill , t) Ir $.r rlij, h"1,,, j)rrll, \vtrich \\,eslclrcrr cr cit ,j,,sr-jnrin,e', vhich \rr! r}i. rro:,r r\t)ccrrcrt,rr txLrrc ut rlrc rr,..,v iti,).urr l',oJucric,'r 5tj;rcrn'; ir ljti,,ril,itcd rlrt hrr;c. irn.!lrr0r.ics rrrrt \],:rsru $ijch cl(i cr,:(lup crr nrtlo'ic5.lt\vi:ir rurhlcss discil)li,)c, srtLrcczint; rl,c suj)!licrs tir rvcr ctreil,cr rld t[rc. pxlts proilucftr; xri.fu),ot: rr.r:, rrlrckerl .,i 'tlc f:r.to,) of Jcrpxir' ill rupo j ut lh( ,tlh,unr). J.'rIr':r! ol rl,c ]u{q kirrfdern', uul ttrr rcxt sucrcr ot .li4,rrri rvrri t;'(rtcLrtturi.!) (o L[u indjyidurl: boLtr ru drc rn:nonrcr, \!ttlr eutrkl urdcr irii rj)cfirl crr \\'irlr(,ul crni cost, lud ru rllc N(,rli,:r.,.Nho vxs llrorc i,jvolrcd iI lr in|lini|lg (ruitir], rrLrclr rnorc'irrdrsrrirlly 'ruch lirrh(c', *dd rl3o bc c. !(tu lc(t l;l:ncrrlty. l.1c Nrrs pr|r rt.r hurDrr r(.,,,,, rrrl,(r rl:rtr !t j trrtrct,itr(. thc collvcy,r l,(lt \vrs trr11ri,rLi r)rr rror orll .r r.1il1;:rerrt err, l)i,r,r (till.rcDl .,,,,,tr,,,,y,,,,,,,. 'l hc co tr ,ir \!irlr rle old-rlytc \Vusl!llr ptinrs cill t,c scL,, irnrrcdijrr':l) xr 'loJ.oli Cir),, Lhc h![c contplcx ol'c:u-[rcturicj r)Lrtsidc

!( ir lIc rlorr)t ofrvor.l: or rruLtrirrg rinrc, rtt: rhitlcrl ",1! ,ro Norkc15'n:J rr rl,( lirc $.crc icllo\\.r \villr (L
rhc 5rr(jnU p!r.rnrclrt

,,rrNt) rrrL(,,\l 1. t;

iiA!f

lrcJry:ruc,c trrvc corrrirrucrt ro t:irr rtrcir c,rr* iirltt;sir nrnrcs, irrcluLlirrl; thc qrriu Cloiir :rrrr.l Ccrtric _ whirl, dcL;ivc i ro ttrintinti rhrr rhey col)ir{t rtr(ir Ntxrlc inJrrstr}
rrrirrrrres.

N.r6u1r, rr{ 1,,,,r'lrcJ ,,rites \vc5t ot'l'ot}u, $,hictr lrrs llrr\v !ccu rc .r l,l.rcc uft)ill:rinrnj;r krr \Vcsrr:r.r c-rr-rrr:rkcls:rs Dclro;t \r.rs ir) thu l\rcrricr. lt i5. ooc.0f tl)c \\'orld's Ul.url coDrl)ilnr t !nji, contxiIing Joo.ooo pcrrl)l!, ut wholll-r,ooo \\,url l .'l.ototx. tr sr:; uril:irr.rlti c ,llql (r,ru r , ':irl, rrru, irr r tJ. ; JUstrf, t)u{ :rr r y5y :r ",,s r urr.rIr.,f .rlirr 'Lr.r)or.r, r'hir:h rLr.rly Jurniu.rtcd drc ru,r,,,-ii, rt,. ",,,,r.;".,, Llre corrFDI troilr thc i\ir:rrrrnrchi pl;rnr rrhirh Iirs rurrr!l (,$t (;n^v c.rr: in srrcrr::::irr urutlcl:r evrr sirc(, \vith rrrlc c.rr r:r.rcrLlirJi $ury

()rrtri le, rrrrl.r ,lrrr,r ..ut)t)tr(,.r u,,torJ c r,L.,;ncrr tIll ofpr s rt rhcir scr',',.,re s,.'lh, .',rt r .c t,,,(t, qrt)r/ cullriiDLrs,ro b. ,"U.ri".,",r1i.,, i,' ri','r'. lrli(le. ll,u rrsl sltu(l tuol.s r,ur! l:t.c rrr cJribiL:,n hilt ;. i sirh trilnurs trurr6 :rcrr_rss rhc roor Lc"dnr rt,: si;; l!..,,': l':"1 : 'O,r^l I',i(l ,Jr', .u,.t ,r t0rU \..rtJ.w.U riunr rrtr;:tr visirors c.rn liot ri'\\'Ilrr tIc LriUll -L. .,ullr!rU..r(lu.r]l). c,rrvcrUiIUon rIc jillishcd urr. I lru crrrlrq.crr-tr,xtici, p:rirlrJ (titl!rur! rolourr _ rjrosd) rrhjlL, rl'c.J:rrir(:;c hrou,.ir.: - rrunLUu rtuwl).rc,{.rrs rhc n""r, *i,ir" rr,";. Llu,r.i rrrovc rl.I:vc rlcnr, lHr)[iDU tiollr xlloLhcI ljuc, lyiriri g ro t)c juirrcLl urr, 'l'hc c:ll-tixrrc5 pilrs throrUtr il succcjsiorr ot..rssuubly r.xr - \rl,iulr i,ol liIc rrri:;:rrrs'rhops n,irtr rlruit.colecrjoJr ofpJrtli, :crur,:, rltl sprrrncr': - nhilc tlc workc's ctx,nl,cr ovcr lLunr, llLting rlrc scrtl, (I'rlrl)orr(b (,r l)rru)l trults, rnd cvcrrui ). lowciu6ltri crr:il$ iJ ,) rIc lir!rrljs. lircl' C r's trepi,11rc nccds lru iD!ticrrud L1,r rIcct ol ryrrrbuls, irrulrrdirrlr r srroNrrrrrr indicxri I icr{rcilltrcr (( xliri, r::,I r(crlrt:lu l'tr.Arlcri(il liu;ltiri, l t,firr.1:urvcr.rvirrdovr;. ,\r tlr( lir rtr(l ol rhc slrr(l rl'c tiDishcd c.lls dn{$c tronr.hlcnr). lr0urllrl xs:icn)bly r(' bc rc!(c(1, !rlr i ro blizzild bo:ics ro crsurc rlrui lhcJ'rc \v: crlitlrt, rrrr tlrivcn nrrrnrl t1 lrxch.'lhcn rlrcy rvrir ro !c rlrn cn 011 - xn(l ro c,,r)u ro r rrir(lsrilt ir tl,{ rl.ltfnc-iirrrs 0f Nrlr,),il. l:ivcry tsr hurrr:; lcn.lsPcrlii:rs I'h) rlrr tuhc ot !trc fuyor.r e9 1:,irry uJ,ti ('()rr erirrtrrrJ' ,r Jrrrrrll lrrrl clur'11cric,), :rurl rhc ru,rkcrs rctrs lirr lur i'rirr lci \.ilI rlrcir tcrllr, xi(illI LjuD(t I snrrlt t!UI!, s!|okiDl; ,rn!l (lrinkil|f tcx. So|rc rvgrr.jcl;cyr \virh,'foJoLr'on rc l,iclt, bur rro:,r N(nr c.lsr':rl clorhcs. 'l'hcy rll looli irr hLrurc, rs if lhcy o\vurd lhc l)lirrc, wjthou(:r s,:l|sc ofdijpcnJcncc on nlirnttcnlcnt. twc rcgrrd bluc llLi rvhirc colhr.:rs rlc sirurc,, I w:rs tol<1. ,Li tJrc US rhc [luc cull;rn cirrr'r rlulc rrl) to rDrrxLjcller)t, \vhilc thc MUAj c.rrr bccoruc

rr.Ln[(ri ilr,r;[l,t .r,r. J i ir's .r Irij,r.,rtc1j.' \\tlU Nrs oyutl :i, oj)cr, !o prcprr.crJ to rho\y forciulcrs ils _'l scurtil I :rsiicJ llr;. lpidc ls:ro Inour:'lVc'rc torc opcll buciujc rvc'rc.n0ru cunlidcrr. hL: rcpli,:d,,\\rc trrr:rv ir rvill rri.c 6vc ycrrs

li,rr

(l

),tl" f"':ll.'i

'llrt'loyor.r

rysrt,rr

i: trirt

trrr.c:rr rLc 14rrrurn,rclri ,r,rcntrty pt:rrrr.

liri rrtlrcrs r,r cupy ru. tfrvc lo:c cuntirlcrrcc rvc,ll bcconrc cloicd. \yc rc,:rl lrr Irrve cr)urilur,.r$ iltl)lrjvcrlcnL: ifNc Lhink lhcrc c:rt l)c no ir,t)11rcDrc t, rhu li,) 't.r 1).r,ductiojr SJ5lcnr \v:ll t,crish., l lrn' rrrrrrl tirrrhur., .rr rhc Il,rnr nove ,.w:r), frorri fiurrrrrr rr-,luf.rc_ rxr':? I :L\l:ul rhL: ,lire('r,r ut 'ti).ur:r irr ctr..16: ol rtrc ptrr.ri ltiti,, l\ rl. ru, r (\,,lri.urr Ir:Ir I r,tLHr c_r, I)r.rr.l r.jriJ rt..l r:nl:tJ l,t.c,l '!irtr
i6r

coLlt,1Nl {tlN

rri'lc [riu: ''l'hry rcUird; rc:\s:rn Dnuti\rlxn[,.so I lr:rrc lu I)rorc l'm r Iuu)xn bc;r)Uj llc;wis rccpli':xi xbour hrrrhcr curr in pco|lc. 'You c:rn't rlrlstic:rlly incrcl,sc Crc rirlc ol illrt0nliilion,'I( rcplicrl.
'r\sscmbly is for hurn;rn bcin6s, rnd m:rchinr:s rvon't lcphcc pr:uplc.

Thc systcm i5n't mstlcmiricil or syst(lrlriicd, ia$:r of 'tucsrioll . .tmosphcrc::as i iluilc diffcrcr)t flrrros0hcr c froiri rrrrs:+fltlrrcrn
Thc Toyor3 inir shouldnl bc x spccixl lcrron, but x nrlurul huilrxn bcin[.'i\4y [lJidc lnouc took rlc clnrc vicrvr'CcDCr.] M'jrors h;rrl l firsco vhcn rltcy usctl robotr ;n rllc Lol]lsto$1r, bcciluric rlcy hrdll't tr.incd hurirns to conrrol drctrr.'l'hr liNl tcrfcctnnr of rhc cil
dcpcnds on rJrc hunr:rn bcin5.'

i,
rN\,A

DtN(i n\ti:trlcA

'ccss \vhcn in rtSq il5 ccor.l nrodcl I'cc:rD'c thc bit:ticrr'scllirrti flr in tlrc US. Dut 'I'oIor:r renuincd drc lrryr:st Jrrprrrlcsc corrrprny ComplctcJrprncsc f:rctorica rosc up Irorrl lrccn lickls i,r rrlcricr, l'lrir:rinindclic\!hcrc,l)rinrinrJrnrncscNcrlrorl:;ir{'rhc.oltlIc:r|rl.nds ofWurrc \ iflri$stryi jh'l \"ith thctrr tr;rc cohons ol.lNDrntst conrpiny mcn, vlo dr.mrli$lly irrcrtrscd thc pro ncLili(y ol locil $ orlcrs, Thc cniFn:lric PcoPlc vho wcrc llirdly hcl(l ufr\vo dctr{lt! uidicr \icrc noN cr ciil lo Wcslcar ctononrics: by thc trrly rlirlclics

DurinE thc scvctrricr hpxrcsc cxrr flfnll) Iullo\vc(l rlccrronics itrru Anlcrici ind ljuropci by rtTt'l'oyoli ixd c]iporrc(l lcrr trlilliurr c:rr5, Lly drc clghrics drc J,:prncsc trclc irr:rc:rsiogly brri[]inU their or!ll pliDts ibroxd, to n\{Jvc closcr lo rh{;r n!irlcrs.rrd ro x!oi{l licirrtl shur but by protcction, ind lltcr 1985 lhc co rb;rril;or) ul rhc fii[h ycn :ud'lov irllcrcst nlcs crrcourrrficd Jr1lxrtsc corrl|inic$ i(t.bolh build .nd buy rbrord. DuriDg lhc ui'ihlics lhcy hrd inYi:slcll slyo billion ovcr:crs -jcquivrhnl lo Lulih: rhc \tholc tcurroDry ul Ausfor hrlf or dris forc;In ijl\r'rLrtrcnr. ltr thc irjll.'. Cr.s l,li.'4" kom'ciounrcti rgSi rhcJrFrcsc bgrilr rn rhc r:d{ecrr nrAnruricx i .c,ir in,lusrry bitscr dFn rl,1r of Ur;tiitr, lrrll or Sr).ri lrr rlrc \1,r1':: ol-tlic lciin frorn i\'tlTwhich n$cs(irrtr:d th cir :tchict.trrtrr r 'Nor hirrI iil,c it has cvcr occurrcd in indusu;rl h;rtoD.' I'londr, Nhiclr stt tlp i trcrory in tlrrJslillc, Obio iI r9Sr., hrd tlrc rlros( spccrxullr suc-

rJur:rchr:rt tiorl rhr tn..rj,up"f.,riour, inr ;I l:rvour;tc JrotcL; u,inIJxt):nllrc rcsr.r,rr.r,rrs ,,r'1b.r,.1 sIopr, lnrr'li nHr rl,c rrcturicr. IJnr llru l'rurrJurJrpr crc IrccLss w.r, inl)rr(rrl ll( r lhc \vrc of l)rrrchrrc:; r,lfi Ulll, v sibtc rrr01,c,r;c,, l:ulI iI rncri(x, crrhrinrrnrg ii hq. tjnr,,rr I.tu J1r,,u(t 1r.ra;c,,i,,,liu\: (iturlrhix i'ictL'r'js l,uuKhl l)t Su'r),;'D,1 AICA (ivirh U,,ifcrs,,t SI(l(ln^J hJ i\4rrshnrir,r. Jrpllllcsc llrulritr: io,'rlr cllrcrrcrl rs trogcyr r(, Allrericxfls in rhc cilihrics, rt'A Icrio$ rnulritrrriorrts tlxd cnrtilrc,t r,, litrr',1)crnr ;n r'.. -:-r:( i. 'lh( Jxpx'rrrc co'rlxry rucn scrc contktcrr r|rir rtrcy brouUlrr r I'cfier vorliir![ lilt tr, thc !\,cst.'lhcir rrrrs:;-pnrtll'r:riun rysrcni srilt (l(re,rJ!,1 o,, rn .,{s('lll)t) Ii"ri hu ir p,ovi.t((t x ruch U.c.ricr t,,n,.,,, (iqnc l Nl,;ch di\pelluLl rt,c riyhrrrrrc risiors of Chinti 's ,t.t /.,, 7;,,,! or Irrirz l.. rlastrc//,,/,,r'J .r AIdtr r I.lLrxtc).s lthNt tyuu. ^wtr lt nr;rrliul ir lirct lhu cnrl ul li'r(lis r, l rl ul I.tu rt, Io.d,s lcftit)tc IxxlllDt)ti n thrl'A tir.crt b si rss is Iuxlly tir) bif tri llc IL Ii .'lt \!rs trrr'. lilc x r.rrrn n' tl'( gdirr vi:rnrr ,,t'i rhisrrirt t,xrrrr,), (rurlitcJ bI lirdcrick'l.xlllr bulbrc.ir wls co uprcd rnd Lrtrrrtirc,.l h)' lfic t)1 rry (Jf I)ctroit. 'l irc ircny $ri so;king: \vhib rtrr:Jrprncsc lclc bcirg Lj':picturl [y Wuslcnrcrl ls x cullcclilc iru-trc:rl;ryirh no rcrl irxlivi(hrxliry, rhcy Ir:rd fionccrcd .r syJcn of nr.rss-pro,Lcr;o rtlrich 6.wc nrrrch flrorc ruuIc rtrrn \Vcsr(flr r:tcro,ic5 br ;rdi\i,trurls. hutl' lrorlc's xnd cllsronrcrs. Aod it $rr so 5ucccrsn,t Ltrxt rl,c /\hrcric.'tr crr uartrt,.rtri(s cotrld o ty !trriy{ bI nu50ti.,titrg I 'tIurr lorJxt.r'rcsu irrDurrr, ru ;n:c rhtIrsclv.*. r,r",,rr,i,i1;-1..Jro

t,

'INIr rlllr/\l . r. r:.\\r' IIrr.Iurrrbr:r' cl.l:lnrirrt :rbft,.xt (x(Lorditr; ru ill I.irlnrorr '|).n,IU(rI nl lht llumuirj \irs i[ourxt ]oo,oooi nn, t,roflrJ thrir (Irrilirr s ilh ll'l:lr, rn(l jilxyi(l bcLwrur lhrrr xl|d tivr yrj.r$. ,thc, ttDr . to\v
,filu rn,l_rcnr.rincil discicr:lly

rr:r)

cxtcl llp.

Ji t/\Nt.:s!; rN t:utiot,r'
'I l,c Jrt,.,Ics( i,,,t),,cr ,rr I:,, ,11c., c,,,r,t)rtri$ \1.,r t(s\ ,t,.lIr;c L(t Irss t $r ric, fur ljurup$j,r hrJ xUU losl rhuir ! o u ,i! (td,,,i. n.tliotr..llrir:riI wxr bI rrr rtrc blrUcsr 'unU rccc;vcr.rfJrp rcsc i rc\r,n(n llru Lur.,Drin co'lrnnrnilt, \rith ]7./,.rr ccnr i rrro, ux,r.pxr((j 'n
r

r6!

I6J

[ll'\N ] ]l

wllJt) [ltoIt 1.lll:

(lir uririrIl,

uA:i

r.

ru I

stnrc of li,rUcriIU )":rrrillrc rllcrnorjcs, rvcrc quirc fiospir:rbtc ro rtrc J:prncsc sho rvcrc prcprrcd ro buitd frcrurics in <lcclying indusrrirt rrcrs. Alio Nlorir:r ofSony rvis crtcour;rtjcd ro build I fictorf in \\':rlcs by thc Ir'incc.oflV;rlcs,lvho opc,rcd il iu r9?,ll lNobody coul'l bc ntorc s!ryri:;cd th:rn nrlsclf,'Princc Ch;rllcs srid;rficr dcscribirrg his lirst nrcclir)f r\';lh lvloril:r, \vhur trvo yc;rrr lrrrcr LJrc surilc on rlrc f:cc of tie i scr utrblcJ:rj)inc:ic chiiriruD ruflrcd iDro:rD xc(uillrclory

iI

lolllrd s ,,r Iiur ccll

11d Ccrnrny.s IJ.r pcr ccnr. Ar\d

NoN cvcr;r,lrc is;,$,,r.r orl,oN rlrcJrIi0csc hr!c N0rl,(, s.

So',).

.,,.11

ullc.

Uriri3h ;r!c3un, ,rti lr{r bt .ltc li(c c;U[Lics cirs wcr! !riltilrLt Lhc n,or;r ;Irt)icr, is irt /i,rcrictr. lliisir !l)crcd i hctur) Dcrr Surrtle|hrtl irr

J.,p.r.,cic ctier.u,rc

,o,,rp.,,,i(t

,,1r,r)lie(l

ir,(ir

rl,c Do'tl,-cisr. 'rhicl' hr,l r hiitor) ul lol'clu:;r lrl,rurr rtlrtiurrsi Ilirndi ot)cnc(l , phnt irr Srrilldon vhich ]u'rrr doublc(l in !;ze; ,, (l 'l-o)or., ut)crc(i r Dcrby.JrtIrc5c ccotlUrric porvcr rLr: rLo breorrr('l(l ((,,i',U ,r!orc ri:.ibl ;rr l.-orrrlorr, irch,tlin6 llt':;h l.lo":;r r!rl 'l'c rr.il t)urr ollic( r (Ic CirI NhiLll ()ecrIlrc lhcl'lush lrcrJ(turItcrs ul Nc,trru .Jipx,, .c rc:;tr('11,trri ]rd rhupi, lt(l t)J Mirslk',]lti, t)dilt'' .rc,l .'c;or, L, , tor. l lrcJrp|1l,c,. irLcrcrt \vrs lc$ llitLcrinU th:ur ir lurl,crl: rhcy ehorc Drnrin p.'rLl) tr' :iurc ir! rlorltt: \Lrrc chcrpcr thx'r lrosl ljurot,ex,r$, .rnd nrorc prcl'.,rcd ro do borinU $orh. Ll!( thc Jxtflrejc rn'rr.r[crs r(rrrlc!l l,o'y rr"rch Ll'uy c,,ulJ i,,,urovr o', LJ'irijh I',.,tr.,Uc,s. 1hc) Jtlr.rcrcd rrorc corrDirj h,FIq. 'fhcj ucsotiitcd vllh i rirlUlc trnio| ins(cxd ofLirc Li?nL tll.lr ll'lt] (:r!rscd su rnrrry dispLllcs.'lhe] rrpirlly irrrcr:cd Dro,l,rctiritL.$ithout strik5. Soon sorrrc f:rctorics could cotrfcrc \rirh ihcir c(triivllcnrs in J:rprru. Aud by lhc eilirrics llre l.1piIc5( i,,ll\', rrcc:r \(crc trcUinDnrI ru rlu,r[c thc rcl]rioDrhip lr(r\v(Ln liririr:: rn nrIcr,:; iln(l rvgriicri ir nr,l ) ilrlLr:itricit.'l'o (lu(,lc 5ir.ChriLtulrh,, I Io6g. rhe eh,rilrrrrr olCoLrrrrrrltl:;:

'l h( l-lriti'h-J !. rrl c.ll r:rcturiLs l.,tl rl,c.rLJy bccu Jevrrrrrcd in tIu r(ycnlirr,:rDd hrd oDly Lcco rtvlrcJ by rcrcSirr6:r5rccnrc a rvirJr Jrpxirrsc. !ut rhc b;6liuropr:,ru conrpl:ius lilic l:irt, Volkswrficn !nd l(err:.ulL pcrc.,l l,rr( l(si prisc(l lg rc5t)olld loJrl,rrcsc Irclhods. lJt lLu $i)it;$ th!y hxd ollly bclxrcdly ci$Ul]t up \!idr drc full ;nrt)li.iliort ol thc Dc(rui( rrsrl)ruductior ol-liliy ycrri c,rdicr, rr)d lr;rd lHrrlly r:oriccd thr( drcJIt)illcsc \vuru usinU r$r mcdrods rnd tcanrr!r1, ro ;rn|rlvc (rurliry rId criicicrc). 'lIc Lurotiurrs, vl'o l'rd t'ccl r'iL!lt(lJ, t)ruu(l ol thcir err( productjor ol'crrr, \vcrc r)o\v lrxpl)cd ;,' ll,c Artrcricrr r)itcrtr tLcy lrrrl:o Jcspi:;ctl. ).)y tJrc tjnru drclCecolt'illlr irccll lhc llllLl rir r'l \vorld colnj)ot;tiur iu thu crrl) riDcticr thcl l,rtl tu irrrposc succr:srirc I:rloll.s, \vi![ dc!rrrxtiog l)oliticil ird suciil (,,',:.(,t,,r,,c(\ G(: (ll..ri,tct |r).
'1 1,,:

rucur:;s olJ,rp:rrc:;u eornp,rrrl'rrcrr c,rusctl irrcvir,i$lc tcrrsiorn

$itl' tlrrir ljuroprxr rDd ntrcricur cuunLcrt)uts.'fhry hrd quiclly rr.rr:rLic(l lo corrvcl'l il)r \vr,fkcrs lr) lhcif nrcthods, but thcy rvcrc rcllrclllllr lu l)ri)trnrlc \\'tsr!r1r rtr nrlcrs to llrr;r ltitllrcr rinks. thc

'Ilrrlll; to J.trrl, \'e lilrrv \v{ rccil Ilrr ir!r'lvuurl ol uLt \u,t(,\: tl,, 1.,t,.,,r$r l,.,rc clrrnU(J rhc $holc \r.rr rl'r lJriri:,lr
flr.rrJUcri rlti:rk rl)our lhrir rvurllirrecsirhcy'rc rrLrch nrorc cuIrerou5 xhi,,,r ,nuli\,ltion

rlJ conrlitlrclr. lVhcr I wrs xl thu l.l.rrr'.rrrl lJrr ir(s:; S(ho,,l .rhirry ).uu'! ilio rhcl. rrcrr: r;rlliirrl .rLroLrt lhc ni.r\irrLrr j,Iuci:rliriirlion fu[ \vr)r[(ri lr irurcrrc lhcir plr urtirin it rrrs rhr r\t.rnri: ol"l rllo.irnr, rcly crplrriuriuc.
r6r

cu|rr,rxtc ritxJcl ol 'l'uyotx ir NrUr,'ya sccnrcd rnuch n)or'c rcllvirc tlun Lhc lr!il{lLlurrtcr f Irord jn Dclroit or SIcll ir Londorr, lrd tl'c.lip'ru{sc lilcrlllc rr)rl lirr[ur8c rcurrirtcd a hiUh brrricr. lly tlrr ciglrtiCsJrprt.rcsc nrLrltint'tiomls wcrc bcltilDiug to loonr.r !iLl irs in \Vcstcrn licLiol md lrovies liLc l/rrrt /irnr, rs Anrcricrn nrultir:lLior)illi lird lucurcd iu Nctruorl .r dcc,rdc bcfor0. Thc \vorst rc\r Arlcriciur fcirft \ycrc rcllcctcd in./lurirf trr, drc novclby Michacl Gichtuu puLtli:;bcd iu t99t rn m:rdu into :r succcsrful Dlovic. It I'r)rlrrrlcd r nD,slci;0us rnurdcr itrsidc Lhc slyscrill)cr-hcid(lurrlcrr of lhe N l.rnrotr) Corpoftion iu Los ArUcics, Iillc,l \virl1 sul.vcilh[cc tcirhrx)loLjl':rl(l nrt|hs:; urccutivcs rvh<.r rvcrc bribi g Anrcrican polilicixrs, p:rlir)[ otr l)olicc irnd jourrrlists. in his novcl CricliLon utgrlrirrs thc :iin i:;tcr' slills olJilpxnrsr corrtr:tlry rrrcn, ryith thcir closcInir rr:llltnrr:rlrips, tlrcir iriscruhblc f.r!rdcs, thcir coust:rr irnpro!cnrtnt irr rcclrrroftr6y:uxl druir rrii:ixDcc ro forcigucrs rvho crn orly ruecccrl in thcir corrp:rnicri if rhcy !uon, t[cir J)lilcc. Ar]cricrni nruil rorl()l tl!cir o\\'r (lcsLin), 0r hc 0vclrrhcl lcd, JirP:rn is not :r \\,cstcrI ;r nslri:rl slr(c; il is orUJlrir,rd {luiLu diffurcntly,'hc cr-phins in his
r65

cot!tr^N).r:,\N

finrl clrrptcr. 'And rhcJrprnc:c Jr:rrc irrvcrrrctl rr'rreu, liirrrl oi rr.rte - :dvcrsrrirl rrrrlc, rr:rdc Iil:c $,rr, rr,r(lc iDrcr)dc(l ro $ipc our rtrc conrpctilion - \vlliclt Anrcricir l)as ltilcrl lo ltn(lcrj(:||t(l f0r su!crirl dccrdcs.' l3ul drcrc ryirs nothin,i nc\y:rbout x(lvcriirixl trx(lc: thcrc Amcric;rls Ird ftilcd tv;rs in crtcltirrg Lrp \v;dt tIe globxl l)rcc 0fi(, J.p:rn \yxi no\v proridinf Vcitcrn icicDcc-licriou wrirc|s:rntl crrIooIlists widr lJlcir niIhtnl1lrc v;siors of rhc lLrtrirc; hrrlrxll t'cilrljr progrlmnlcd by iupcr-coD1l)urcrs, trxllJfo lrc(l b) l,irFlrch imo nruritrrs rnrl \!fiirlcd rauud rl,e Ul.bc rl)ovc,le!r,hlc c;rieri. \Villii r Cibson ir ,ror',r.f Chomr conay: r Norl(l (lonr;n.!lcd by Oicnrtrl multinidon.ls \yho corrrpcrc for LJrrirrt)ol,rr NirI irxlrriil .rt]iorrrI. rrd co.pontc crinrc, \vhilc drc hcrc slc{rr3 iI r t)h:;ric qp:r,lc in r colfin-rick lrolcl outridc -fol,)o iir'po11. Ll!rJit). \vr\ extrortint! irs own !iUhonlrcs to IIc wc5', Nirl, ill violcnr con,ic-srrit)s i,(l rnin,.tc(lv cos rbonr'l' k Girls in:l:rrr.-r-killcrs:, 'l ir:; $ti(l c,,,rri,sionr berwccr rncr rd ll,x.1,irrr::, !| i0 rl!c lil'n t'trri, r' tt t ,lt',. vhcrc tlcJh (,,h:i nuo rnrrrl. JrD r \vr! i,rllucncc(l by tI! \\r(ir tr!)i i rhrir rlrc \\'(sr \rrs inll\Lrnccd by J1pan. Tl. cLxrl;cr on rLc strl:rcc or r|c [ilt ciri.:; \!rrc brciLl,r:kir'6- \Vhc,r I l;rjr lisirc(l 'li,hl', ir rr?5 ir srill sl,,^vcrl x fo'biddinu ficc to x r0rciutr$, *irh bc$; criru (,$r or'iuu,ln8l n^" buildi'r[s co'rcrcd by Kinji s]nrbolr I),1 hoir,li Llr, flr(l vert lc\v Iiur'opc:n lcrrcl' or [,rIl;sh-it,crl.irrr t.:,:l'lc ro rhu\r rl,u wx]. 'l\vu d"ci'lc, l.rcr rhc ilrlirc $.,.. b.,r_\' r,,:rt i:"l l(, rirl' cl,,.rc \ "l slyicropcrj rrd shiny rirv brrilrlinUt: er") erornt.r'lr hrd I:nl:li.hLinxvjgc :rs rvcll ri Jrr:trcsL srrcct r.r:rr"s, r,rlnrrl nr''trs rrrrl :l oI 'sirrs,\vhilc hoirrlilr;j t,rocliin)c(l D.,, .iI' l)or\ rr ''r(l Kcnr'(l:y li;;d Chiclicn, l+circlr..srrtrr.,!,r" tr'l l,rlir rl,',r'!. r ,1 rl,( sr,'rr" rjcic f,.:ll olliuropcrn tushiorrs llvourerl l:r rutrrrirrI roLrrirlr':jontc of inclciry+.isrrs .o l(l bc trri5rilrtn li:r i\'lx,rhrrrr ccrling nrrro\' l:rncs hct\vccrl lLc slJrurxpcrs \!lrich :;(ill conlxiIr'l :ushi-brrs :rnd crlts r rich nr,rdc no corrcc:sions lo IL'rcil:[ctr' '1'Ic cIrngcs iu J:rp:rrcsc. rttitrrrlcs \vcrc c!crr rlore sil]nilic:rrrr.

.r.llr: j:,\:,I . \1'l'rr rI.)i.r .rcr,rrrt:' ro :rt :rr sclrool. rr:lrr''rl. 'l hcy'lrrr:crl' Icy'l.rrrri x,sl0cI r'slrr:ct: x; r., .rcxrnrrcj' ru nn,rr rtrr,r,,rc,l rL' oun(lintF, bril:,ro srricrJup:rncrc:r:liootr .r,r,t .u(,jt :e,;r(,:.lliur: lrrnrc' rr gcntLr:,, In'l oyot:r Ciry rhcrr: rrcrc strcu lu,n,t".f ,.r,,,"".r,
nrrrry oIrv|onr lirccrl psychotol;icrrl problcms.,lr r:rl;r:s :rbour rrro ycur:

r .l tcchtrokrlay (lrrd

lo Lc rcibs0rbc(l inro tlrc Jrp:urt!c crlturc,' clil)Lr;ncrl irnc l olot:r chikhcn bctvccn r]vc urrd rcr.'llut rhc relirnr.c:i \vilh lorc corirro!ol;lrll t:rslcs rn{l rlliur(lcr; \!crc ity) ,:'liinL rl,(r!{rlvc:; f.k, pr,lie lx,tt i','ti,trro. ri,. rlc),t,,jttl rt,c trq\ lo rl,c Icxt srrt:c i Jrt,'rtr's,lcvct,,lrxort, rs rt,c c!p. $ or'e.,pirjt

nxn.ilt'r |rrdcl lor tlc

thc \vu d.

i\'l:lny conprny rrrcn rvho h;rtl spcnt ytrrs rbrlr,l nuirnrirrcd cotrritri; $'irlr farciUrcn itr rhir cornropnlirxr $orl,l, irxl l-ull {lcrxele,l fn,r!

thcir c\t tn(litionil N:,) of lifc. Lirintt xb('rtl lhc) hitl lucutrrc iccusronlcd ro x r)rorc .chxcrl lircirl lr, rl!ile rheir vivcs rl'jo)'L(l ll'orc frcctlonr from tl'c honrc, x"J rhcir tltil!lrcn ciiolc,l l'::is tlis(illirrc
rC0

t61

'l

tIl: l(i

ID

ltlt.i

cl.tAl''f Dl( 'f wtLvti

Th.c Raidtrs
'flr. l,{uj( .olc ufrhc crl'h;" ufn,Junry n rl.( uI i rl(liL!rcr rr .',, cric$ xftujirss trrJn.,Iu,,u,,r. ' ut buri,'s! r,' Ur rl,c d,icr ut' lr ir ., L,ni,,U,trr
1\to^s1l.tN t n.t.N,'It'. n$t.t ,f
t1'unkt Atkt r'i!,
t

tuul'- r sLry:rrr rvhiuL hc bl,rzurcd urlols 6ir.crrviry slroppiug-trr6s :rs lrr trtrrrrll Lhc Norld uD lrij j.:rchr, IJJ Il)c nriil-scrcr)lics LIc rrco-conscnrrirJs lvcrc hcrrldinU Lhc rc(r11 ol. tlrc unlssLr.riucd crt)ir lijr; :uld rhc clccriou of l(onrld
ItrrUxr ;n rr$o - prrccdcd l).r N,ltrryxfcr Thiltchcr irr r979 - \vrs lhc cuc lol u rlujol rclrxbilitrtior.'fhr crpitiliil \riLs rcir)lcrprcicd:rs l lrclrric Iili-l uc, :r bringel ul'fnlvrl, iulovirriou and riuhcs ro ot[crs rus tvcll ls IirIscll,:rsrr:ciiltc(l \\'ilh Uivir)U rDJ UcrrcrosiLy $Lhcr !hro t'nd rvaricc, Ar Cildcr. r:tpl.riucd:'Crplrrlisnr rfiusforlus "rei'nrcsi rIu riili irrl)ulrc iD((, disuij)li cd pruuc5r ofcrcrrivu illvcrrrltcnr biscJ u, r co'rlinuinlt xDxl)sis o,'(hc 'rrcdi of odrcrs,' : 'l'l'( ccllr.rl hcru ul riri! llcrv rl|rrrrrr rvrs thc r idcr, drc el'xnrt)jo ol opprcsscJ slr.rrchuldcu dc$r rdilrr h;[hrr slrrrc vrlucs rnd rlivi(lcrdi, rttrcliirl.i thc sllolghol,.ls of bi5 busi|uss. Arrd co uruy rrrcu
Lec.rrrre sutldcrrly qrLrcr,rblc, birdr

t)!.1

riUl[ic An,.;i I i British coDrluo) mcn rrrrc tirdinri thcir '(l rrcuriry tllrc!tctru(l Iut oltly by Asitul cullrpcLilul.lj, bul by r n(ljcill
In rl,c

burcrucr.ciei.'flrcy hrd colrc undcr hcury tjrc

ch:ngc irr d'c polit;<il nrood, rvhich qucsrioncd rlrc b:rsis ufcor'l'or':rLc fr'<rDr rhc Lcli irr drc sirtics aud scrcntics, for minilluh(iu1; soclcry, rlcllyirrg pclsrrrrrl lricdorn rnd colhborrrjrU widr $c rilhxry.llu! nory rlrcy cxrnc ulldcr Drorc dc!:rritinU x(xc\s frullr thc l(iUhL Ior bcitrr buru:ruur.;rric xtr conrphccnt in tJrc frcc ofUlobrl conwctirion,'fhc cnrrcprcnrut rvrs tl,c rlll of drc [!:o-conscrYiltivcs; llld con)l)nn] DrirD lhcir' c'rcnrJ,. 'fhc nords crpitrlisnr rrrd c.rpitllist nr:rdc;r triuDtpliint coorcbicti.
ch:rnrpions of l'i.cc rnrcrprise rvcr.r: tlufcnsirc, rcry con:cious dru socialisrn, comrrruirislirnd orlcrirlcrlirnr: r|crc frr nlorc irininI ud conlidclr fc,rccs in Dluclt ul tllu

ru rriJ(rr .srd ro politici.,rs: Sccrclury ul'tlrc 'lrc,rsLyl undtr liuirUirl, t)lurud dlc rluuuirll[u$s ul tllu n0rcric;rr] cconoury oI thu 'uor'pocr:lcy'Nho Nc[c prcoccupicd vi(h thcir o\vrr conrfort rnd thcir currl)'rrics' iutcrejts, 'l hr nrcn \'hu \!crc :lccliliurcrl ;r dccarlc cirrlicr rs crptrirts o t r ll-putvcrlirl i'dust'f \vcrc row t)n,(kcd xs uorprcrx$ irxl l)lxrrcd rlorus; c tlrc Uovcrlrurc,n bLrruxu$xts lbr th! tlitior's ,lteliuu. 'l'hc chxtrrl)ionr c'l'Lht ocN crL!cl)rcrculs rcycrtud to drc.uldrr

liicltxrl l):'r'r:rr, thc l)ct)u!t

In tlrc post-*lr dccrdu5 dtc

sorld.'Tltc l)rrvrilill8 dlcot] ofcxDit:llijDr sulfcrx fiorll 1,nc ccnrnl rrrd dirxbling lln\\,,' Illc nco-conscNrliyc ccor0ttljst Ccorl.jc Cildcr nrotc il r934: 'r pr'ofould distrurt:rnrl iucorup!:hclsion o[cxpitnlirr5.' l)clcr !(rUcr rhc politicrl scicrrrist coDlrl:rircd irr r9lJ6 tltrrr: 'CJp;trlirnl, rr rrr instiruriol.rl :rrrrD6cDlclt, hr. trcr:n siu6ul.uly dcroi'l ofpliuriblc n1!llr:;. Uy coutrlsr, rodiirli:nr, irs rrr:rjor ulrcu$tivc undcr nrodcrn conditioru, Lrs bccn 5ir)Uuhrly trlc!:rcd rvirh ruyrlIcncrrrir)lj l)olc[cy.' Ollly i fcrv idvcrrlurcr:' citollcrl urrrecorrstnrctcLl opitrlisnrj li!c lvlrlcolnr Irolbts, llrc crhibiiiuuisri orv rcr of,lirrl,s rr:rg:rzinc, slriclr irc proclrrirrcrl (rs clly irs rg6j) ,th,: rlDitrlisl,5
r

.rrj,lholott of lIc Lrtc |irctcc[ll] ccDtury, \yhjch \,rs irllurllccd by llcLt:crt Spcllcr:r', Sr:cirrl DrrnviDisnr .rurl 'd)c suryiv.rl of drc tiLlcsl'. Cul)itxlisti oncr lgriu rdoptcll tllc nlclrl)horl ofdrc junglc and occ;n - li<rus, c:rglcs ol s|;uks pursuirg.urd dcvouriug drcir prcy, \\,hcn lhc Ur'iLish cnttcprcnuulSil Orvcn Grccn lcLircd lronr'tllc chlinllsnshi,) ul thc congloulrjrir(c U'l'l( iu r936 hc wrs prcrcDlcd \vith I stonc rcull)tur'! of irl ulcl)hrn(, rvhich lre sLill kccps by his lircidc, rvirJr rJrc irsclil)(ion 'lii16 of(hc IndustritlJurglc'.'h r'r x[ il)dus t.irl' jun Blc,' hc cxpllil)_, 'bul it riccds il fi:ultc\vork of llry.' r\4uth oftlrc 6l<.rrilic:rrion ofdrc crtrcl)rcucur'\v:r:; duc to ccunornic rrlrhc.rrrls, irrclurliuI tJrc hi.U.r: of WLrtcrn cu rtr.)I:c: lo comp'.jrc ir, Norld .rd:ch, tlic :;uryr ul duc6ul;rtio[ :lnd rhc frow(ll of Dc\y opponLrIitics irr clcctIc,n,;l :trrrl c0lupu(crs. Uut iL ryrs rlso l)xrt ol l plolrrunrl ch,rrgc in t[c rjirl lnro\phrrc.ivhiclr \vxs tunlitlti rgxiNl;l lll. thc ussLrrrptions uf ,;rrllccLivc lcsporrsibiliq, r,rLich l;rl irchiur_l
th9

('lJ

i rlI
,l
.i
I

-).

,l
,l
rl
,l

.lt,/\lDItr_'\y/1tS
'I'hc brric,ot'trurrLrn;ly-for rfic rri(tcrr Lry :r) rtrc Io$, !.rh,trrion of rtrc srtrr(s ot urf.orpoHrior)s :r.tcr dri hiUh ilnitioD of llc 5cvcr,ri,.rj or bbrro,vj t'| inLr h;:;,rI crrir.,r, i,,cr,,,rin; .i"nk )lll"i l'." "l:'"'

lhcrthcorics of group-iclccrioD promull''lrcd by bool$ lilc ltobcrr Ardrcy's Tltt Sai .Atrna. rvhic| rvcrc popuhr, hc $riuurrc(l, bcc.,u'c drcy wcrc 'droroufl)ly i tunc \ridr tJrc ltror'li :rnd polnir:'l idcll5 dr]r nrost or us shxrc'- lnslcrll, hc :rrntc.i drir

ri
I

l
j

Ill odrcr .niDrrls, rrc rr1:hiour rr$rrd l,y osr ljc,'ci, succcssful Chic.rgo Uitrgslcrs, our rcrcs hxlc irN;yc(I,;n sonc c:rscs for nrillions ofyciri, i11 i l]i8hly conrpclilivu Norld. 'l'his cnritlcs us to c\'l)cc( ccrt.ir lluilitics.in orr tjcDcs. I shrll :rrglc thrt i prcdo$rirxnt qnility !r bc crlccrcrl irr r srccesslul
Wc, rnd

Li\c

gcnc :s rudtlcs5 sclfidrncss.'lhir: 1lcnc s,:!lirhlcss gilc risc to scllisllncss irr htrnnn lr,:h..rviour,

l,ill

usu,rlly

l,rtlipccrr rhrly inclcrrcd iI v:rtir., \!tr;rtr \v,rj IUr i..jlccrcrt j thuir rh:trc prir:c. Sh:rrchulJurs LrLl rrrr obvious grirv:rncc, $.hich tlri LdrrJj \rcrc lo" c,,rnt)trccnl lo ftcc uD ro.
.'l
lrc firsr to cJiDIo;r dris

o u,r,,rc(cdc,rrcC s,,rn, orrnoncy \vidi wt,ictr rrr tjld tor rhc rltircs. 'l hu nrosr tcnrprinfprry\vcrcd)c u;t coIrt,:1ric:, ;rrctrrrtirU sonre of rl,! 'Scvo, SisrcrJ rhrcc ufrrrcnr acs,.crjcA r,(J', ,1," U,;,,(jr.,i,., oJ ,rll corIofirioDs, Srindird Oit, t:rcciJ \v:rtr drc \ortd ;it st,orurr or rl'c rhcy fii', t,oIr(d bitti,, \ :r,ru rrcw crr)toAriotr,rhicrr v:;j rlwrF '9?oi cxt,i:,rrivr r(t oficn rj.uirtcsr, \vhil. rtrcir;risritr[ o:t ,$c^c!

Thc nco-Drnvinirtn t[co.ic! wcrc xl;r

onc vho

'ln ill humrn sotictics, c\cn thc thnosr cgrlitirirn foruting brnds,' lre irpl:rincd, 'rlicrc is compctitiotl !i]r co,rtrol 0f drc lriuri ol producrion, pcrsursion rnd cocrciou:'Cut ltuncini:llr lbu d no lj\.;dcncc thlt cornpcririon \vi!r worl:irI ron.,r'l:r y rn'l.5rrr., 'l hc ircrr cntrtnrcncurj of thc hrc t\rcrr;c!h c"rrur) likcd ro pr(sutl rh(nrrLlvcs .rr pxrl ofi Urrnd socirl Duoorc lil:c rhcir frcdcccssors r ccnlur) cirlicq .Lrut lluncinr',rn sccs hunrxn cont)ctil;on :rs r rlrndonr proccss likc th:rt iir thc rcjt of tlrc :uritu:rl tiullrlorrr. Wc Irvc to :rccclt rll:rr 'r)xturc is
rcd in toblh irnd cll\v, II1;rt thc hr:Irrir spccics is llo lcs$ hxph,r?iftl in 0ulconrc.ofcvolulion ih:rn thc dinos:rurs $crc'.

iLround,l lllc fx tstrrJillrnry FIoffa h1d illc8cdly bo*tcd: xnd thc l,:;rdinf Llritisl) socioloriit LoRl Runcinlin took ihis is his roit I'ictllrc oll coml)ctitior ill r993.

t|;n!s lifc iJn'l;r junulc ij:nl

h\!I

rp bysociolouiii.'Ariy-

ir)

illrcr-hc l,1d D shcd up rJrcir stl]rc DL:cc. I,ictcDj c:\5l trinrrctfr5 rorri-trcr(r, rtrc ch,r'nl)ion of sh,r:uloklcrs :rlrinlr rhc,UooJ

rrlrr, h:rd bc11n his crrccr rvirh l'hillipr t,crroturrrrr :,rr,l lcfr irr ,Jn1:,,*i ,y. llle:r t' r,,lru,,,. Aticr \r,\r;,,1. h,itri,,,: toI1" il:: q"rr of rvlr\ico rrc,uxri\ud;n rerj u;r n $rs :]llllli{ cruill)cr, ns hu ^ l)ut it, 'to b y oil 0n lv ll Stj cc( lh l t;Uo out rr)iJ. Ioul: for it youl'clr'; rnd hc unb:rrtctt on i jrcccsrion, ;r ,r i,lr on cunrpx ics vhicir, c!cn vj,(.lr rjrcy [.;tc,l, t,jfr Jri r wirl, i,nUc proti,:
1

vrls

nrlvcr:cli'l.cxr.i,'I.. t)oonc :,ict:cn!.

pxy, t,crkj,,powcr.ind 1:rcsriUc rniJ cr1;rosrutt iI rJrcir conrp.rny l)h,rc.r, ):'cJljr: x d h trr;r'U todIus.,tr's rtrc cr|lptrc r1.n,Lrunr",,r,l tsyrhincrl,.'l lrc tuuk ru rt,,..ir snNir.,l :,n(l ri," iucr.,,,;n6 'rin:,Uurs srzi: ui lhcil
conrprny.'

rn lrrc b,l; cu'r1'xDiT rr!u rvcrc pruoccuPicrl sir,r d,;ir,foLrr I,J _

ol, bo)r,

I
1

r\frcr I'itlivns fiiilcrl tr: c:rt)lurc hij otJ colrnrnl t'I;ltipl hc birJ for ^ Ctrll, rh c rrrr:rblc. S isrrr \rh;ch I'rc j\4c orr f.rnrily hrj csrrblistrctJ .vc xr rn( orlirn'r'r)lt ut Ulc ccntury, r!n fronr il, 0flrrrc th;rtics sl).jcrrl)cr c$rr \rrs Do\\. rr,c \.(x\csr or rrr" s.t0r si,rJ,s, j:,,11'l r,ar lll,ll!;1. rrs hrlt-nr trol)uty ofoit ;I titr\vr;r. hir l;rI"", f,;t",1 ,; "rrcr 'r ;,i,, Lonr'il, bul L;\^cor t).rry nrrrJc r qrrict: pr"utir ofS5oo rrriltiol t.ionr Ilrc ,,'criixsr.il Culf'r jtr,rn. 1rict, I.lt rv.rs nrrtrirr b-y l.1""f, ;,"f"j;,,i;
171

li

(,Irf/\

Y N/\N

'r' I l\Ilt)trr:i
rir;rttrltttl rru irfljcc-boy in thc rv;rshloorl. l.lir fricnd Lrru c\chirn!: 'l lrvc'r'l iccn yuu 50 J.ou5cd riucc drc \yrr.''llui ir i Nlr!'5iys Chit). 'Aud tlrrsc t)eupl(i !rc !5 btrd ii lny vc'fouU[( in drc ltlrr oric,, lrr Atrclrirrlr.rss's rrcit rrtrvd,Diq, olaYrlpl,tn loulurel lallcr cn)o;.s ru rriLl rllrich irrcludcs c:raurinrtlon ol'rl-rnndoncd propcrty' - r crphcnlirrl for ic chillL: tnrlFbislcB for iucri0inrdnf docunrcnr5. I lc rliscc,vcrs lhlt t[c rivirl.prcsiden! hxs bccn trotccting his tlcuholic trrotllcfrvlo ir;u cnrbczzird con)t)xr)y crsh; Ic is dctufl iDcd to crploit rLir irlurrlrtior, tu drc dii(r'c!rj ol'lrir idc.rli5lic \vife. As h\vlcrj bcu.urc t|c br-rccarrccr: of corrrprny rv;rrf;rrc tJrcy rvcrc rcquirir6 ;r mrelr lcis rcst)cctrblc I)opu|rr iur:rl.;c, plojcctcd iu John Gris|rrn's

nr<.rru pr(rsl)cr'(,u3 Sirlcr bnscrl irr Sun 1r,.,,',"1"", "",f cnrichcd liy Srudi oii, rr4rirh irrllo\\cd up Gulf. Cult Nrs lusr ro l'ir5burEh, illd !hi: skyrcr:rDcr'\\.!s bot[lrr by Nc$.Yorli infcslul\. r\notlrcr 5i:tcI f;rccd 6rcrrlcr h u ur iiit(iolr. 'fr\-.rco, \yhirI lilic oLhcrs n.r:,:rf{lictcrl rritlr drtirrrllin6 ru:icrrcs iro(l urrsLrccusr[ul cripluIutio , r;ndc r bitl to b'ry Ccu) Oil, rvhicl h.rd bccrr torr:rp,u{ b} rilrr in rIc Cclr) fflril).'l'crirco oulud rhc-l'rNxr cotrl):ru), l)culzoil \\'hich lrrd just conclurJcd rn 'rUreuu)rnt in plircit)lc', but |currzoil ur'6utrJ tlxt rhcir xUrccllrcrrr hrd to bc hoIoureJ, rrurJ sllcrl Ic$co: they

Chcrron,

rerc tmLrilJ rclorJ Jnxgcs - llcr r',jJ u.:d l', S:t billiun. Icstu rcnrrincd r scprirtc cr:ur|in), but;rf(cr i l)criud ol brolir'uptcl thcy rokl off Ltl :,,!s, ,tld ctrlcrlcrl xr ,' rcl:'dluly s'rrll ph1cr. Ouly ri!e S:rrcrr r(r\r rrr.rillcrl irtrcr;.rr,J thcy Nu|t i t)i(ll) rc-inli.,risi,,Li rhcnrrelvcs jrrto Dro!h Icrrrcr rrrd nrolc rrtioorl orUui:rnri (rc':
Clr:prcr L1). 'llre r.,nls

\iJc'

ol rlrc ,,H "il t' nprries \r C rl'c tn(! ',l r!'u(l' uplrrxvri.. U)' rhc llriLl-cjBhri!s |riLlct's Nct,: !uIinrinti rt unsctdc rll coDit;!r) rlrcr, bodl iI Arllcricr iuld Uril:lirr, xs dri:t chnlleu6c,J LJrc sccu'iq, ol coqrolutions, A ncrv brccrl rrl lirr;rncicl rlrrs lr.rstcrin6 cunl,lcr tlcrls, urr,JcnvLiricn by rhc b,rnLi wlx, (rrr hx,lii'r1l firr proliHblc loitl5, J,1d b; thc illvcnrir.rl ufLi6h-irrtcrtsr 'jLrIlL br,rrtls' bI i\li.hxcl i\'lilltco, drc'6rrurl sor'ccrcr'rvho coniurcd $p billionj; U finJDcc i\,rcricrn rrids i,rd $ircd hrlfx billisri dollrlx x ycxr bcli,rc -; hc rrelr ro j:ril- hc lilllrrcicls rrcr'c srpporrcr.l rot bl cunrprniu:; bot U) !$[rc5!ivc l] i Iirns.rd irncs(rucr)t binlcrs rvho srrv ilrrrcn;,: l)roIrr in 'nlcrt:, 5 xnd ri:(l$i:iiti0ns' rfid \fho could pcrccitc opponurritics rrrorc clr.,1)' rnI cr.)rtrl)rrt criccutie!s. 'fhc lrrvlc|s rrr$;tur'rr;ndrd tc.rnrs . [:rccourrt:urt:r, public rchtion: ()ipurt! :r'rd trti*rlr: J.rcctilcl to ., iirclc Lhc trrrgct eonurrrrics, wjtI x :,iIUlcrni0dod .uti clirasr \rl, c! rvxs olicD c<.rruP4uJ to mt. 'l'ltcy |clisLud thc lrrr6r.r6c of c'.rb,rt is (hcy lillcd thcir wnr-ehcs(r. hLrrreLcrl tLcir' dltn raids frr:r', rvrr-rr.rours, spr:rycrJ thlir cncnrits \vith hrlltu xr(l Iuol no prirorr, s. Ol,J-srylc rrr, rlcls rrrtl irrrcsrrcnt blril,crs rvrtr:Lcrl thc *arriolr tirlr Jisris(c. 'J l c ll\rycr-rovclirt l,uuis Auchirloss in ! h Dnllttllut (r9$j) dcscril-.. I i fcrocious rxid il which:r l:lw li n hirci l)r'iv:rlt ir!cstil;rt0r5 tr, trrrrirre thc pcrsorlxl.livcs ol'coorl)rrrrJ ollic(rs: lllc, h(ro Chip rc:rl uloutl r rtpun rl.:out rn c\rculirc \ x' lr.r\ in(llturllt
rJ'tr:\
177

'Il,rrc lrrJ bre,r Iu,.r c,,.l.er \v.r\u5 ol r.iL:crr rnd r.r:Jr.'lhc lir:rt lrr(l lrcxrc(l (hc Uixrnr uf lhc lxtc ninctcctrdr ccntury, i cludirl; Sl:llr(liRl Oil.'l l'u:rccorrLI lrrd u[crtr:rl thc rrcw girrts of thr t\vcrrt;ci, irrelrrlinli (icrrurl Morbrji xn(l lCl.'lltc ll';rl I'r(l t)rq4rucd rhc e,rrrglLrrrrr:..rtes ul rJrc l.rr: si\r;cr, ILl by lUt rc!!:vr uutriduts ;rtluJin6 I Irrr'old Ccrrccu uf I l-l'. IJut thc lourth rvuvc rvcrc lcss ir)Icrcstcd ill corrlllurrrr:r'ltir6;rnLl crrpirc-lrui ing.'l hcy hr(l lo rcsLr\rct\rc lhsir rcqui:ritiol:; ltl cnt rlorvr lhc conrpxnJ nrtr to p,ry for thc ltugc hnns t|ut hrd rliscd. 'l hcy \vrrc lliorrrcicrs lirsl, industr'irlisB sricouil. Onc ol drc most crduriru vrs Cnrl li:rlln,'r Wall Strccl trrdcr \virI lirrlc l)rcrc cc or cLrri5nr:r ivho turncd to buyiDI courprr)i,:r .nd trccrrnc rrrrc ol thc L:irilc's lur'l'cliirco. l-li \vxs cvcn r)lorc criticrl uf rL! rurj)r)cnLr thxo l)ickcri: "1 r-lu':o is Llic quintcsscucc of rvh.rt is
rrr,rrr6 $.ilh coqror:rtc Aurcric;r,' hu tolrJ :r g|oup of anrljsls. 'Wc Irlr.: r eolpor':rte rvrllirrc rtrlr ir dri:j couulrf, rvfiich is why wc c:r)'L i:o!nprtc,' I lc irilc,.l liJ buy 'l cNcu, l-rut hc ,.Jid buy,'nVA, which hrd

l,eer ollc of llc rvorlC'r great lidirrrs twcnty rqrlJ carlicr but $,:]j no$. :itn'UglirU rgrinst bnulirul?tcy. l'lc rlrrsticrlly rcorg!niscd ir, . !r ch(d .ur .rtJ cciucllt \vr(h lhc\uniuns, inJ i nrrUcd to !ccp it nyiDU. 'lir hir riv.rlJ surPrisc hc b,:6:rn JcploriIU lhc'clliDo nrcDtrli(y'of Arrcrie r burillcs!, und thc dcciinc ol bx5ic suF/iccs: "lhc ir)frrsrrucrlrr,.: is(11rrt)lirrf, n!,lhi,rti llc\v is t uilt xnd notlrirrrold is rnrihuincd,' ljrl l W/\ itsclf \\,xs sllll llyirf or) lhu cduc 0l bnnlruptc],loo lrrrrrr:tupitrl $.irh irs sIr.rrt-1,:nu sLrnivrrl lo rrruIc long-tcrrrr plrns.

i;.,;
,.?:ar.

r7l

ti;t
iiltl

'.
1 i

f
I

,tti t(lIuul(ii

.l:'l

,,rl
I I

.-l

col,Dslltlll

]:::i-.]:

l'"

optrrly lcpr scp.rr.rrr hor:schohls ior succc:si|c rvircr

t;li'iti:

t.
I

I I I I I I

I I

I,

il

til. :li:

ii

:i

'l'hc ntost drrrilgoIthc r'iri<lcLstrcrc ruuch tuorc thc:rtricrlrll:rn lcuhn, puirllclty trtor{ Iiltctcsttd Irr nntl l-loll5'rvoorl.sq'lu glrrnout frrr rlcy nccdcd fimc lo ittrrct ihrrchoklcrs xnd l|lisc loflrs, Anyonu ol)sL.ninU Lhcir nlid5 (s:rid tJrc licnch ccoronrii Micl)cl Albcrr)'rrr.r1'Ic forgh,cn for rlinling tfirt hc or shc fi:rtI rrccidcrrulll,strrryctl onro r film sct'. 'I'hc nloJ( liLIic, thc AlUlo-licnilr SirJl tcl C0kl\lllilh, ';ltlncicr bccrnrc thc spolcsnun for:rll thr rritlcrs. Ilc bror8ht Nilh ltitl ir lluropcm historicrl pt$pccti!c, xri thc dcsccrdilnt ol r Cerrurrrr. Jcvish finiily \vllich lllId hclpcd tr) tiurncc rlru lir5t lrrdustri:rl l(c!rnuLjon; ind hc now prcscnlrd hiurs,:lirs ifi ilcliviv ifi :r rcrv rcvohrion, brscd on coN'nuriciiiorrs rnd inDrnrrtion, r'hiclt rvrs dcstincd to rnnrrontr old sr.ucturcs, Ilc nri(l.j r pll!sit)lc cxsc Ii)r ri;(ls (n' r;rtir.rvcn rs drc rrdns io libcrxtc rj(int)iricr liorll conrtticcnt t|rillrgirs for rhc Lrcnclir ofshrrchollcrr, rnLl ro firrcc thurrr Io c(rrrccnlnrlc d.r,profits, llc firnrll crlLr'ciscd rc ronUlolllcrrliorl{ xlicr lhc cxrliur 's,rvc b f urcrgcrs iu tlrc sirtics: rlcy lrrr1 undrrprlrforor!d in UroNlh, profiirbiliry, rvorrh\,rhilc c.pitrl inv.strlcnt, crcrriun of c ployllcnr rnd ihnov:rtion'. l lc slv his o\vn opl)orlunilics irr brcxltinli thrrrr nP, rnd rr:liing drcir conrponcnls nroru pflriihblc,'fhc rolc oftr!c0vcrs, hc.s1id, wrs'to inprovc ufl sxtisf rctorf co,rrpfl ri0ri :rnd to rlkN lrcrltlry conrprnics ro Urow itr,lrcliicilly by rc,ruisitior!'. Goldsnrith dcrpiscd :rll burc-.llrcr,rtr, l)ur capcciilll), Ihc inrhslr;rl cort)0crirs,'l rlorr't bclicrc lh'.r{'r.rDJ'1l;ffLrcIc! unrl.r thc trricrlF scopc,'hu told rnc in it8r,'bctNorn rhc burcru,.r'rc' rJl Ccrtr.l 14ordrs, drc Pcnr.gon, lirc Krcnrlin, t,rc Viric n or xnl'oftl]osc rlrjor burcrucncics.' l-lc rclislcd tlrc rolc ofprcditor ir lhu \vorld's i$n[lc ind loycd ro dclicr conrpinics in ?ooloficil tcfllls, coDstru(ly nccd;rrf clrrllcngcs to rcvilc drcnr. 'Onc-of tht bxsic nrlcr of rtrlrrrc,' Ic iiyJ,ris thrt cycrt or[dristn inchdinf tllc ]lunHrl urliilhirur Lloc\ llr( nrininrun nccdcd to suflivc. Ircot)lc upcr"ic uc.y rlillcrcrrrly rvhcr
thc prcssurc's

orr.' . Coldsmith vi! in ilctor on llic st:1[c h( lli(l crcx(c(1, \!l(h :r llll fnmc :nd porvcrfrl cycs. IIc could hsci i(c bo{ir hl,sillrssrn r'rtl '
r?.1

x't i lic ti rd x sh: l _,,, trc :u.cpr ir rll 'Ic(i ol.tr;r lvr)c do., r\!ry, cvcryrtrirr[, is,lcl (;,t(llrnirt' iu',rd lisbrsc roArruricr ir: rtrccrrtl cittrric\, d(rr,rirrtrf ot rc cor)srnriIts ir Irrropc, prnirutrlty in IJrir"iu. I.t"Ir"iLf.,l ,lr w"I srrccr, buyi,)r u1, U,rttcrvrtr.rcrl ;n ,r.. ll:lvill cr_Dcclxlro (rt uconoDlic rccovcry. l.lc sl)rciililcd "uu,p.ni.i iD rinrLur conrp:nics wilh.ftlu\rs wllich \vuulJ bucultu rrrurl nturc v,rlrrrrLrlc jrr:r liorrscIruihnrr boorr. l.lc_bonUrrl lhc Dirnrh,l Cd,t,oHr:!rr. wh;ch hrt ji^r ,ru1'utrc(d rc {xtclI-jr)rl.L tu Anruric.r i rJ[, rn(t tr:rt r rrc,cd ll or\ (livcrrily;'r6, )d rol(ti.rffir, $rcrs ro [;vc hi,r r profir otS5oo i,,illio,r, l.le rric,lrd buy ln,rlcr ri .L,cr curi,r)rny, Sr tiu[:s, r,ur i,.,,1 ru I'rck,tu,vn, rrtiinli:r protir of tso ,r!; :oI. l.tu rh,,r tu,iXt,L tlrttO,. nr:rns rrl (jrorvn ZLtlulb:rltr, hcc,rrrru irs ch;rilrnrrr, ,rrrt ,rr,r,tc r p,prr I)ft)llt ufuhou S.;oo nrillirir! in x r)onrtrs. I.t;s rirnt,"r d".,ls,,j;",",1 I'kc nx'dcnr lcrsiors ofdld [url,j)cl 'cry nrydrs ibo,.Jl inlrdcrs cu :nU ,ron1r torcsrsi hc ry,rl crptoiri nxruHt rcsouri.cs rrrhcr rt,rrr 0rirrgini U Uxrovxlio s.or irltprovi u ntxllunrcrurc, lhr:rdo.rir:r y hc rr:rs ro-r"l {Ircrtjcrn thc rrr' cticr i,r r crusrtliuy crrrirunrrrcrrrliir, pcrsru<tcttby l,ii: Irurhcr'l'd(ldy nj IklI Drorcur rhc s,urt(t\ rc5our.cs. I lrc.nrc'st ,lirn: iL. of Col.J5r ;rjr.s rriLjr, lUriIn Coodlcrr. $.rr Itrn,('l iD'o .r l.inr'.,r'Ir;r]-r.,tc, ofr ntr(irrr b,aic) rtrrcrrcliirl: rnp11. i1r,,t'.,',J ,r'(,'. 'l lc ,'ltt ryrc c,,,,rl)rnr rrlt t,.( cv.,ht:!t,nr llr:, ,.rtIrI iA rrre n,bbcr.t,,\vn ut Arru,r, Otr;u,:n,t tr.,tt 6ruwn rictr rrn ,tir' rhr cxr-t)liDts ifi Dclru;1. Cuodycjr s,.,r now drc;nl),nujor /\'rcrci'r-oslrcrt tyrc cor plr)y, cllrDlol; t: rlr,ooo I,cor)lc iI hrc r*titilrl cu lricl| i[ Alrotl rtrc sorrs rnrt Ur.rn,lsols r,f Coo<]yc':r \q,rNcrs cnjr') ctt :r piltu rillis r rlr(t lurrl pridc synrbrrliscd b1,irs l;rcrr rlc Uliurl..'thc rtr:rirLr,,,l t{oburr trtcrc.r,'r,.trr,"i*,.i II]]]:i:lIrl']l s])rrl rrxrlrrhrcr )cirs \rirl Crortre.rr. rrrr rt,.t rtr.'n. llr':n in trll0 Ciut(t\rnilh Luurt r: ",.t,",_t,,,i """.r,.;;; rrrr c.,r ,,f O.r,t):.,,,; rlrrr(s. AlrrcullcpicrcJ coktrmirtr ri r nr*i,r ;i.;; ,r," .,,,,,r,,,,,).,,,,",,1

tj":,,, nrrrry brirrrrrr n,(n, r,r hrd l;:lll.,j:,ll:, rro.tL,, un oc:ru cor{1, Ucti,r,rir)ll:rr ilbo hvchc, Frubrbly, \rirtr O,i roi.t r.jcc,Iruir c0nU ofcxlnorLli xry rcIhl t)orycrs, llrc ,,Scc I;r(: ', to tlosc rnrs rs :'lr wro _ x _

:;H;llilTii:lJ,';il :iTi:l,:;l,ili,ilui ,Lftc

u!

;;;;;ii:

j:,

lj;,,r1

:.i;i;"",:llli

:lij::if ;ll

ls

coll lrN t
J\Lrt.r

nrAN inLo rr liglrreuu: clusrdc

't t: ltA

liLt:i

nitlt tllc hclp oltlrc.JocrlCongrcisnr.o, (|c $$ud:ton ol Cuo(lylir's fuurdcr, \yho colllp.lrcd lhc rhock uf CiJtdllnirh's xrr- ulL tr) I'cid
IlJrbor. Co'rdIcJr took lhr c,rjc lo tlri; Olrjo stirlc kUislrluru, \vhit)rt;Jinst thc lorcixn irrvrdcr. (ool rlso i( ro Wrihin6(on, Nhrrc CoD6r'cssrrrn \\'clc Coodycar rlrcrtll'lroldinS hr:rlingr rLrout lritlcrs. ColJsu:ith Lirrscll t)ot)p!d . !p rlitl' prDlchc, cliill)irr6 th:rt Goodycrr hrd sh) rcli'lly ncduct(Ll its corc busilcss rnrl r.:utcd uoncy on Jirrstous projccis iuclrdirU x l!rrrric oil pi1:elirc. l lu pttscntcd hintclfrs t[c :,rvi,,rur slrr, .rrs r(sror;,U'rhc lifc-UirirU lilli ol (,NncrslriD t'trd nnnr[cr!rcDr' Nr(l Nllo lrrd rcrcucd nnry conrprrrics flout tilcJ corrglomu'rtcs: 'Up urd Jo$1r tirc.couru-)., irurd,edr ol crst\vhilc si:iljruu( divisiurr ul i$Uc burcrue,it;c cor't)ori(ior5 llivc bcco ficcJ.'Wilcll hc wrr xccLricd uf uIl) buinr irrtcrcsrcd in his o\vrr prulil hu rcLrJr.tcd:'l cilr thirl (Jl ro udr(. rcJ!u,r Iur duirg l)us;Icss ... I stlorrUly rccr)rrrrur(l thrl rl! Uritcd St:rtcr, rvhich rvrs bLrilL oll liltlt iilei, r'c$lllir or thxl i(lcx,' I lcrccr conrt)ltri rd thiL ColLls ritl hurl loLecrl CurLrJyljrr tu ubrrrrlorr ir! lonU-tcfllt t)hnr fr.rr tJrc sulc of insLrllt gr-rlillcntion: Lc could ngt cotrrpctc \rith Culdsrrith':; Icruic stylc. B!L ColilJ,nitl, $N tl,c lolilicrl trloud tt'r,ritrU rEririr Iirn, rlicr ot)poriLioo in Ol,io rtrd Wrrl)in8(un a'rd tlc !flclL of drc Lroulid r;nr!rciff lu ljo$lt. Ilc dccidcLl to scldc, rlld iold brrk his slrnrcr to Cootll'crr rt.r l)ronr ofS9o urill;or. Coo )qr o!f:r'riscd x !icror) rxllL xnd Ilcrrer l'Irr:rrrrd tllxt thc courl)ruiy hx(i sol its :rcr.)il):ruc :rnd oil inrcrcsl:, rnd cor0 xrted hc{q'.icb$ to fcuri ofl lhc rxid. Uu( ir) rcrl;D Coody! r rtili lrrr.J r sLrrplus bu|caucr':rcy, :rrnl rvbr'' lvl:rtcrs dtpuu,'l'onr lJ.Lrrr:tt sucrr:ctlcd hirn :r5.chriflllrD lri: soor cullrt)lrirc(l tirrt ''l'hcIc rr, rc still loo rutulJ lnycrs r.rf c:tccutivcs. Wc'vc 6r.rt to brcrll dor\'l rh,: rnxlrix s),rlclr tllrt's bcclr bdildilll.i rt Cuodtcur o,vcr rlrr )c,rru.' 'l'|c nrclorlr':rnrir of Gultliurith rcrsus Guodycrr tltc lulri Ixidcr ri(lir)U into LIlc corll):l[] l(n$l - crprcsrrcd tNo cxtclllijs of:tttit\(lc tos.rnls bu:rirrc:;: t[o protccti(r, pxlclr.rl cillp:rn1,th,rllcn11ctl by rhr: .,UIre5:iirc, sho! r-t':rnr fLr!.rl dr.rlcr. N,:ithr-r. crtr.crrrc rn:rtlc rrurt by irrtli 'l'Ic corrrp:rll1.rrrcll c0$kl ot xdiu!1 firli( crrcItir n, llr': t):i':c l,l wurkl tntlc, rlhilc Coltl:rurirh lrs rhvrys i dcrlcr, ircvcr.,r buiHcr. . r\rd thtrc nrrruirrtrl r L.,sic contr:rdictiol tr:twccl (ioltlsruith thc

llc

urobiliscd thc loc

l comlunir)

pilg up politicrl fcclinll

rxi\ltr, :;LrrliDI or thc virvrjs of nrobilu nroncy, :rDd Goldsrrrirh Lirc co,)icrlxiiunirL \\ho rcsl)c(tc(l rc cquiPoirc'of sculcd cnyironurcntr, 'No nr rrcr ln^! brillirrL {lrc luchr)olo8icirl rcvolutio|s, uo rruttcr hoN Lrsclirl'thc r-cr:nouric rurJ !0lilic.rl iDjtirtivc5,'hc 5rid irr Ocloircr rgS9, 'Lherc crn onlt bc hcpc if ru.ru cln c.l:t r\yry hi5 ind)ropoccnlric dcllrsio|:j xnd sccli lo lilld hir pl:rcc irt l;rturc, r pl:rcc frour $hich l,c c r livc;r hiriDolly 1vi(h hir u'rhc..5c.'

t\lo1

l :( oI, ti

1"fLlis

l,v rl,c htc ciULris thc r.iilcrs hid lusr lruch ordlcirpolitictllsuppo[L rr(1 c\:o'ron)ic jusLilic (iuu, Uul lhcy rct:lincd rcjr IliDr0ur, iDd could srill rflkc forlrrrs. lv.ur J..locsky,.rt drc pcxk of ltis Ulory, hiil told tllr(lLr tu, irt lltllir:lcy tlut'Iou urn bc 6rtrrly artd still fccl goorl

ll,oul }uuritll.'AlLcr lri:; hll lrr bccurc t|c nrodcl for tlc ccrltrrl clrxrrctcr ul Lhu Iihn l',/irl.ixlrr iu r9S7, :rpproprirtcly drc )crr !f

r[c CNslr, il' whi',h CorJo,] Cckko, plrycd by lvlich.rcl Dould:rs, rs:,rres slrrrcl)ultlqs rlrir 'Crcul ;i, 6oorl.' Cckho, likc l-lutsry, is

c.',,lrhr ulru.,rirU $uuUl, i "i.lc irl!flurLc,r tllrd U,jcs Lo j.rill bur hc rlill rt)t)eirs x rr uch nr, rc crcitiyc forcc lhJn drc coD)phccr,l conrlin)

rrurr. Ul thc l.rlu ciUhlicr Lorl)onLc rr.rrrIcr5 rnJ dircclors \yc!c crrrrrtrl'rttlckirrg thr: r;ri(lcrs tlrrcufh lhc st!lc courts, ind dcfclldinU llri:r$clvrs $ith Icl.j:rl dcLc crls cirllcd 'rhrrk rcpcllcnls' or l)oi5oI pills'. Llut tbc sh',uls tvcrc slill nrorc cxcitiof lhio dlc rcpcllcnts, :rnd rIc conccpt of cL'rl)olrlrc luyrlly wrs rru\y ir :r diicount. 'l'hc stocli-rrrrrlict crrsh ol'l9lJ7 iudLrccd l nclv sol-rricty rrrd rruiicr). bul rhc rxid:j rtill conliuuud, urorc hcctjc t)d lcls r;rtionrl. Uc(wccn ,rlJ7 :rr(l rrt, lncr.jcri rclcllcrJ:r ncrv irrtcnsity: in tJrc US 17jo linns \!crc rcquircrJ,..rvitlr.irI rr66rcgrrtc nrrrlct vrluc <.rf 5360 Iillir;n. Arrrl iD rrllJ llr c.,ilrirurdilrry brttlc f0r l!l{,-Nlbirco, rJrc lrl)ilrc{,-ilIrl-l)iscLrit Li.:!:1, providcd I !liIlrrclic cxtr;tvrrgr z:r iu rvhich lirlllrcc rrcrLtc(l willr r.;rurvbiz. 'l l c ,,l'.rcco ulnrt, i ry lU, ltcylrrlLJs L,,rJ it:; ruols in rLc l.\sr (!rlrD,, li ly b rcd,r, Wirrstorr-5:rlcrI iI NoIth Crroli|;r. lu r9r3 it irrtrrrlrrctrl its CuD,l ui1:ulcttc rrnrl rcrpcd lrugc prolir:; lionr irs (i[,irrrrcii r\'t:r ullcnr'.Lrrls, dauriurtrirrg lhc cornl)i ry to\\1) frorr] ils

t't6

ti7

'-:.
(:olll,{r:l
nr,\ N

'| i: [i
rjTo:: thc :Irli-\rnoliiIi:

I t) t:

t(t

l\\'c11lI-hro-slorc), sk),lCrxpcr. Llul by

rlc

nlovcnlcn( \yxi.lxl:inf ilJ Ioll: lil:c orhcr rigurcrrc co rl):r[;cr, l(r\. rr :i loolcd for r hcrltltici p;trtlcr, rlnrl i0 Itll5 il:rcrlirtLl thr Iur11t biscuit conrprnl' Nrlrirco \vhich llrd oritiirxtcJ lion) lllu 'biTcLrit t111:ir' Inonopoly sct up ;o r893. Ntrbisco's conscrr,;rrivr sLylc hud rh.r:rdy bccn disturbcd by :r nurv chir:f urccutivc, lior\ Jul)rrsorr, x rclirrci rnd fun-lovirrs Cilurdiurr rcco , xrrr \virh :r tlirl'y yo ,)U C:rliti''',iIt wifc, \vho wrs dcpicre(l rs I nol kirrl rl 'rror-corrrp:,,r) nrrr'r l,( rtrs borcd bi bisclrits, rnd rulishc(l tlrc Lorpo lc prrki, lhr lll\!r)

.frrrrrH\l(,

thc Ilc"t ot thncr rrrrl gol'inr;lroliLl:ryr. Ilc s.rL I Iir; l:Irl borrdroonr intrigucr, 1rn(l :rlicr IIrc bisc i{s \tere nrcrric{l Nirlr lIl( cigrrcrtcs hc iook o!cr rs uhicfc\ccuriv: ofl)r,rh. JohDson wis ifrpxri0nL,,l rlrr $Ulri ,n1l i;Lirrr c r,tr!,r: I'c rohl 0lr'

lobrcco lincr, norcd Ll,c lrcr{l(tr'J,1crs r{' n rlx'Ir.In.l sl,Lrr rutchofhisrirncinNc$'Yort$,irhcronit5 rrrdcelcbrirics. 1.i!\v[,re,1 morc nninci.l xctifity, , nd in t 93? rhc br r:l:c r I lc'nf lir.,ri:r tJ, opujr.l r lc\'crlUcd b!) -ou! \1,1;ch, lit L)ol11trlirla h!rlc r! r1r ol oi,, c),, $1,tr1'l gircJol)llsotr rd sit cu- irucrd,s nui un\,to rrolt)!r I'rrl rrl[iitr1 of up lo 5! billioll. lL \\'orhl l)c r rrnrntrh liir inrlifi(ln:rl inrhiri,,i
sdtr1c olLl

orcr collcctivc rcsponsibiliLy, 'I hcrc follo$.cd thu nrothcr of{ort)onrtc brrtlcs, IelI{riIt; ,llilriJ ol' lhc showolcn-n'rruci0rs ol lhc c itlr tic5. .j ohr)n urxdr Iis li'rt bi.l 'rl lhrough Pctci Co|crr, rhc yourrr c|rifnrrn ol Shcr$on l-chr)in, $l,ich \vis ir ltrrn controllcrl by Jrorcr llobi,r\or lll uf Aurcrierrr U"-prcss; r.IcnJohn C$rtfrc ltj ofSxlun)ons i0inil(l rfic rontcrri theil I'lcnO'Krl\'is, cnrigcd il bcinU lcli out, ctlurc brck li[hlnr[.Juhrirr 'rnd Cohcn rriscd drcir bi(l; but irt lbq,hsl til0lllut)t lirityis Dti(lc r olfcr rv)rich Lhc dirccrors ricccfrcd. I(oss Johr:r,rr brilcd oLrt ol rlrc conrt)rn) \.itlr his roldcn p:rrrrhLrtc, $onh 555 rrilliun, Krrlis h3d ro rrisc Srg billiorr in crsh to lirlic ovcr thc Uillntco|rnrni. I i. rc( rbou( rcllitr[ off conrt,orcrrr:: ru ," i,rcc rhc !r't 'l"hr, ind hircd Louk Ccfirncr lrom [xprcir to bcco,nc nc$' chicf c..:ccutilc, Cclslncr brorglrt'ncrjcln in ;\4cKi'rscy's, rllc c('nsulrir'i\

rj\ucd, c his Ss3 nr;llio", rr.rvrllirrr.. pl:ryirrg ;oll ,rntt ttcil-nrrl:ing, quirc urr:rrh:rlrtJ rf_r\c ru:rc\s on }is Uii c(t. .: lorc rt,c nuro,i"ry,i t," .rri,l r;vc y,:rr{ I.,rtr ru ll'yr,' ttu(ouUt,. c,,-x,,tt,,,r ot rt,( hc\r_rcIcr t tttt (irk e\iclt lrrd rtctrcre,l r,i ,,. i,r .rcIi,ir,.j r(,,I): !J.,:thtN',! 'I,:vo)ltnly t,nnvs o,r troN. I !ri[ si[n ruro[r]t,hs., n1 for r[u.oDrpxnt, ir sotd ot scrcnt tnrc!, t;rcJ rtto!$ndr ot (l'l,l,,ycrs, veq!cLt ,', hxr,ti(rtncy xnd sntaircd ir:, I(ircr for ,. tJur rrrrny irrvcsrols D\v dout rc(t tIc rc,tsc of colltbi11ir)l; biscuilr ltt. rol)rLuiir (l thcy t lkcd r)fspti irrti IUI{-Nll)isco up iriro rtrc orillinit cort hus;nrsscs vhich lr:r(l hccn rct rt) irj rlc rrincrccrrrl r:cnrury,

liurz.i: so'rn rticrrrrrtls iviicLxcl ivlillcIl \,rt|1l ro jril, Couijrclr nrorcLl .,1:.ririrl lx\ 1,,,t)h,,lrr, lhc l)l kt clxnll)rd tlupn.on rhcir Io:ur:, :rrrrt rtrcrl:rrs jl'rd xcrlUkitiorlJ Jlnlurl 5lul)fcJ, Iiivc ycr15 hrr:r c.rrly :rll lLc chicl t):rrlicit):rnrj hrd coltilpscd Irotlr tficir DCJcurls. Shcrr,on,r crruc closc ro b:ukrrptcy, ),crcr Cohcrr rns tirctt by his boer t(obiIrIr, wl,o in rurrr rvrs cjcerurt tlonr Anrr:ricru tirprcss. I.tcnry Knvir \Ks.drv.trt.rtc(l hy.rhc.rlcrrL 0f hi:j sorr, rcrrc cJ fn[r rtrc pult;c v,, (1, L,d ("rrrnrcJ tjn'r Jri: rtrcss-rtr.;iyrrcr rrifc.Jot,n Cufi;LUn,t rvrs rlcposctl frorrr Srlonronr rficr r scxldrt ovcr fl\inr iucrion5 Ior 'l'rc.s'rry ho:,,1s. Only I{o.;sJotrrrsorr r11,c:,rcd L d joyinU

't't I t.:

Itul.tslt i
tlc

'lhc chr'rUr iI l]rilish (ihl(lcs

'I lrirty.)cilrs c:r

':'r(Jrjj
ciL,htius

fionr his olJ.linr, nn,vcd thc hc.rdrtuirlcrs t,, N($ 1',rk, rn(l l;r(rl rn,;ici ornrinlU(b.'t hca,^iv;trU (,,trrf.rny',,r ..rr(.cl) n"1,11',ir$l lltc phccr 'l don't fccl I \!ort irr r conrprny iny tr!,rc,' rs o,,e nr.n.Scr put it. tl ltcl I vork fdr xtr invcshncnr.' Thc brulc ior RJll-Nrbisco nrrrl:crl thc cliuu ol lhc rritliirt:
r?ll

$r:rllgroup olrrirjc,.s irrcludLrl:Ch.rrlcr Ctorc, l$xr Wolliotr ivlirrvcltJ'Ac|h h,J tccrr r.vitcrl tor unrtcrnrirri,rrl "d finus; crt)loirinf.\rorkcrs rLst)cclrblc f:rnrily rnd rcvcrrinI to drc t:r\\; jurrglc. 0lrJrc Lr.rrd r\rrlcc, drc fomrur Lxbour ltirrrc lvliiisrcr, crllcrJ it Jrrr'Ilc rt(l in roorlr.:rnd ch\,, xnd.:rr:cut:rrty Ctorc.,dur rr;vrl otlvlr! l h rlrrr in :979. ilnd rhc lubscqucnr ptivirisingrIc ot Iiriunxlircd indrstrics, clDnUurt rjrL. whotc.nloort. Thc nt,jcrs ct-rJrc r'Ihrics.\vcrc dLtlitluLi by lhc rrcrlir rs n.rrior.rt hcrocs, IibcrrrinU tornt)rn;cs llun rficir otc.l'rnn!d burcrrcrrcics. tvcn thc uori rcctlcss t:.,nrt,t, A \vLrL rrrrrrc ro .rl)1crr bri irtrr ritr_.1".,, r".r,Jiu Asil N:(lir. rhu 'rirltilh C).priur ;io hrrr nc,t t.rcr, ro irr,ru,: rr,l Ausrnlirn billionrnc Atrl urirrtl, rvtro rvcrrr b:rntrupri ird rtrr rrooltd t79

icr

\.ils

toru

lJ)cut,rcIl

(:olltlNY rl]\

't'r i Li

tt lDIti,s

l(obeir A'lir-scll, s4ro htcr tlirrpperrctl ll,rnr Iis

uriDti Uur r hrnrllirl ol scrious cutrcplcrrr:urs buill up r\)rc Lonf lorr)critcs \rith nlor c dylurnic rrrtl lus conrplrctlt currlprrlt rncn. 'lhc rlosl infhrcnti:rl rvrs 5ir'Olcn Crctu,,rrr cri-"ccc,urrt,rrrt li.rrrr

cl

Srochron:onjl'ccs rrhr: c:qlrrrrl:d his rubbcr conr!ir)y U'fl( ioto .r gr<rup of uichc conrprrics \riih Lonnctlcd iirLcrcrLs which hu lrrc\r sourct[ils rbour: nhrr hc cillcd'con(igLri0J. I-lc dcrpircd lhc ctrrlicr llnrL,rciil (onrrlo,rrc'';,r(r likc l'l-l'('lt 1\','i just rlrilkinI cri'h uoNI, t'u)inI curnpxricr lo I'r,:tent drc bcnclir Uoing tu $h:rcheldclr'), ilIr(l l,c t)u( NCh c"rt)lrrsir; un ldJcrshill rn.l rnnivrrion. As hc ctpl'itru(l r,,,,rc: "1'llc r(crcr ,,t'rri,,rlclNrt ir corrriLtncrn ro I11^!tllr;( r)usr rrcrcr bc sr.rric. Lrru lu rcDru(hcc thu nrirsl csi,lirrl; lirrrr ul' t)cot)l('r li!cr', (lp u) lhc:rtc ol {iv!nly-livc, whcrr you Lhi,rl yorl clrr d(' rD)d'inL;. You c:ur crt)lrrc th:rt rrl ir x ronrt):ury, !r'iDging oLrt tlrc Itclioll uf grrt[, ro rhJl )or( ertr 1;rr hildrcr' rrrrrl hitlrur. A'firrrticrls' rroIle clcpcrrrJs orr tlrrjr scnst ol id!ntil)', tIc ltclil|t: th:rl tlrry'r'c rte,JcLJ: rhcy rcslrun,J lu lrrirl; ri,riccrl.' 't hc ruo5t r){bliclscJ ol Lhc lJriti:Jr r'ri,lcrs wrsJuucr I lxorot, \4ro lr.rd bccl l:ri6\tcd by I l:rrold \\'ilsou rrrd iri r9113 rv,rs unrrobl,:tl Ly ;\lrr'l'hr(uhcr. Litrc Col,lsurid) hc dcvclulcd a tltc,ttricrl ptcuncc cllrx''ccr: hc hrd o'rc{ bccr cnrr[crl t(' Atldrcy Llcp.,ud 'rrihinI b{r'r. l.lc crn,c f,o,n r Yorliliit! fuu)ily.\yl,o, sLrrrinI o!t \vith prcL horscs. hll built up rord-hrullUc bLrsiucss nnlil ir \rs r:rtionrliscd '1 irr r9.1S; buL irr rlc priqrliscd ci6htics hu could rurssciL llis crllrcl)rcncurirl blood. ln rL succcsiion ol'buld r.rids hc clpturctl old ljlitish conrp!nic! includiDU Lvcr lr.crdy, lnrptrirrl 'l'obucco rrrtl Go|l I'icltls, sold oll'ploptrLics anrl cur ;rsrl rlrcir rrxniUc$ ;rnd 'rvcrhcids, crrhrrrcctl tlrtir ijrofirs. IlclrilrJ [is str6c-crrfi hc r{rr rhvus wi(,jhiry rhc irurrrbcrs: rlhcn hc tuol r-rrcr r corDl)xry, iN hr r)it)[rircd lo in!, '\\tc'd do noLlriug fc,r'sir nrr.rrrths, rvhilc \vc l)ul thc lcrrslr ir).rlli5 lcrrcts, drc accounl:rnts ljrr$ & Yourlg, told hinr horv lo rDxriorisc l)rolllr: :rI hllpcri:rl'l:ob:\cco hc Iilvcd thcJlurubcr ol lrllplolccs by rrrion:rliilng tlrc corupttiu8 Lrud:i o[ ciU]rcttcs. l.linsol c)itcndcd icross dlc Ad:urlic, rvitI his crrllcul;uc GorrJorr \\'hitc, :rrr0lhcr shown)xn rvho duly bccrnrc l"ord Whitt, :rrrt-l hrlrldrt :r succcssiorr ol Aurcricxn conrl)tlliicJ, llltllson \'/irs ni,l d0nlinillinll tIc cornt)i]uy nrcn, lrc cxpl;rirrtd, brrL libcr:rtirrg thcrrr. As lri:; viccrllo

,:Irirrrrrrr i\'lrrtirr'l'rylu.r0l(l llrc:'l('s rxir rhc bosscs \.ho jutt6c rhc rrrrrrrsurs, iL's rl'c t$irrl:rl.' I'l:urxoI's hcil'dqurrrcrs ill Loudoll h:r: onll r huudlcd pcoplc, ryith lrodrcr r50 ir) Ncw)crscy, rnrl hc irsisrs tlrrl his conUlonrcriLtc fi./cs nruch Dlorc op!ortuDity for cffccdvc n1.nil[urs th,,i) t]rc scpJrxrr cunrl)l irs cv,:r tli,.l,'if pcoplc rsk NhcLc rhcy'll bu ir) tun ycusf (irrrc, I crn't tcll tlclr iu rvhich indusrry;rv|ln onc i:; up, :rnotlrcr is dorvn: "WhrL 11ocr rround, conrcs iround,'., lJririil, cu,rti.,,,y,,rcll fclr !L,lncr!blc ro d)c !ridcrs who hrd i:cnelitcrl slrrrrchuldcrs .rncl shorvri up rr',rstclulrrcss aDd incompctcncu. 'lhc:tt'lrIt c l \vl$ drxr|rliscd ir) M ch rrl.l9 in I lriy,rt.cdcbirc iL rhc lhnk ol DrtCin(l (\!hjch I iuliltlrtud) on rlru Droliol drat,Conrc5ru l)ids rcrd l0 l)! brd lbl ild srr)', ill fror]t of ru] ludicrrcc irclurlirr; Lutlr li.rrrrcicr., .,Id i.rJurtr;.rlirls.'l hu ururiuu rus lrroposcrt l)t Sir Julur I Irrrrcy-Jr.rIcs, thc lu ncr chliflI r of lCl, aud llul i\liclrolsun oltlrc Vrux Croup, un opposctl by SirJxmcr Coklsr)ridr :ll,J jUrl1ir 'l ryl!r li.uIr I hr:ro,'. Ihncy-Joncr j)oirrru(l ro.J:'pllrqic arrrl Curru,rn cornplricj \vhlrh rvclu cllicicuL \virhoul rhc l)cl! ol' rri(1cru, iurd prorcslctljtllri irdusrry wt$ rlol l clsirro: it Iccdcd lon[rc r :rtrl)iliry ii,r rcsclrcl', \vhich shorld bc llrilrirfs stror( poilr1. (jokl:rrrrith dc;cribr:rl how \vholu ir)du$tfics in lJrirairr'h;r11 roucd irvry ur(lcr corirpliccnL burulucrxcics; \yhilu r.ridcrs clc.rrcrl drc rvry lor rc,rovrrio,, x (l proipci;(y - a vic| cndorscLl by A,!rLri['fuylor ol' I lxrso'r':;. 'l hc inrlic!r.c rootr sklc(l virh rhc nidcri, cr)cour1Ucd b)' sltrry irrrcracirrion5. Sir OrvcD Crccn aurckctl thc hubris orco;Urn). rrrcll xn(l clx;nrcd thur rukcovcrs shuok rltcnr lrp Inorc dloroulirly' rlr,llr cornputiLior. l(obc|t Ilor'tou ofIJI droughL rJrc.rppc ro public irturc:it \y:rs lhc hsL rclirUc 0l thu scuurldrcl. DvcD SipJohn lJrnhrrn, rl,er l)i.c,l(,r uf th,: ClJl, currecLl,:Ll tJrrt rrrrr..r6cnrcrrr nccdcd ro bc ',,rr,l(, l'rc llr.r'ul l'J:c,,1:.'l r.':(lLrs - druu[h rriJcrj, tou, Iccdud :.,,,,,e (l;i.Lil,l.,,u. '1 h,.: ev(,,(urlslruw uf h,,.)(l:j rhu\r erJ nlJ::ivc srLppur r l(,r th,: r:ridcrs - io Coldslltith's surprisc. l]ut it rvls:r votc noi so DrLrch lir rLc rriJcrr is irL;:riIrt Lllc ciLl).:ri s ofindu5try. "fhcy rvcrc ir rlclcu:;ivc nrood,' sriJ Sir.Orvcl Crccn :rlicnv:rrds.'1'hcy sl<.rrr.cd lhciI rl{rr-lci(furslril). ': hc bi6 cr:rnpurricr ;rrc still f;rr t,..ro burcrucraric: rl,c) c.rr t,rr(lllr rl,uir ,: rcrr liir yc :; :rl.crrl.' lr rv:rJ rIc bure:Lucds \vlru w!rr th{ \.iil;rirs rj{ thc lilrc, vhrthcr in l)i.ivrlc or l)ublic:jenicc. As (lu[]sruitI rr)ld nlc rftclrvilf(lsl'All 0li:ulisl(iorrs hiyc rlt iubuilt lcrr(lc1ri:l lo elicr)criu t.'1'h,riis tt uc ol golirrrrrrcrrlr! politicull)irrlicJ,
rlJr

1.Ilt: Ii ;nlcr)rtjonxl or[lrrrisrti0r]s, chxririrs, rr:r(lc unirnt:i, xrrl :rl:ir l,'r:;i'r(\s cnlcrprircs. TLc rllnorl univrrs:rl s) \) (q r$ ol dccit, \rllrn it ,l((lll'r in such org:rnis:rtions, k thc slcllin6 ol'icntnlturc',lrrlrrcy.' But thc drxs(ic midirtg, rlcr'[inf rrnrl lirirg bruu6fit thnlsu* irr Britrin rs rvcll rs Arrrcricr.'fhcv grvc urutlr nrorr i[crntivc tu bll).inli xrtd rclling ritllcr lhrn luil'ling rp c0iriIr ties. 'A slitcN \r|irh fivours rlcalirrg in cxistilg:rsscts rrlhcr thrr Ucncrilting lcv irssrirri, physicel rnd inhngiblc, crurnot irr thc hrl6 nrn bc dyrrnric,'llotc Stinlcy Wri6l)t, rn crij!:rnlcr l'rorn LrzrrJr. AtrJ lhcJ i c{;txl,lt dclrluc,l tIc 5pcciili{rrr;h tro,lucrr ;r h!our ol xc,iuunri r{ \!l!' vcrc i|cli'rcd ro scc ll producrs ir thc.Jlnre rrfltrrl Cors(nrcr; (lur
lrics ncrc tikcn ovcr by m:rnrgcru rvho h:rrl littlc inlcrcst irl lhc llt\luctofdrirlts Nhich lhry did rot drinli, lohirco Drr!Llcrll 'urnigcrs ,rot shrol,c, put)lishinI nnrrc!\ who {lirl rlol rcxrl. \\'hixl.) rvho did crFc.!r \rcrc j\lcpl xsidc by trrrrkcrcrs lnrinc'l to scll tunlpislc or chocol.tc.']'hc nidcrs i$ dirni n tly .lcnic,I rhir q ,rlirJ sull!rc(l: I lrrtron cxpliirrcd Llrrt his .Arucriu.rll corl crnrDiny \! s rrn bJ x lci(lintl rurhoriry on cor!. lJul pcoflc \1'hu lrol lni(lc ir thoir |r{r!lt'ct \vcre cisily dcuroruliscd by thc fc$rls. Nlrny t)ir,$rl llrilish lH(litnrnx slrflhilirlt llccr wrs fcrcd fronr dri: doflrinition ofxcrou0trnlr 'i(cu ovc..!hclnrcd by 1 nood of bctttr-urIrk(!c(l rilxlr Iiullr Auslrrlix, Dclgiunr ind crcn ivlcsjco. ADd in trrintrric(rtir18 iilthsrri$ thc nclilcct bf drc producr wrs st)ciiirlly drn[cnxrsr li)r il l)h)L,l inlo rl.c h.nds of thcJ:rpincsc, vhu $'crc obscst.tl Nilh rhc {ltrrlhy ol't|(i. But thc rrids ind ril;onililrtioui broutrltl r [rtxttr dxn[tr li) iior)r_ ill nux: of urorc conccnlr.li,'r1 ol l)o\!cr rl lhc l.rp. l lnvcvcr uch m3nigcB \\'crc litrcr.lcd !ud rlcltrrurrl;sttl, lhc lir\rnc;xl fu\vcr \rrs rlorc I;Uh y hcld by tl,c iir\[lc errrrctrrurrcur:rt ll c cctrltc. ]hc tcrsor'rliq, culr, dlc.clirnin.tion ofscrlior Ir:nril[crs ,,rd thc irrtrollint; ofoulsidc consultrnlr, ill tcndc,l ro strcrr6tIcn lhc rrr'rn ( tht (ut,. 'lhc corurniltics of drc nftics ind siJilics, wilh irll !hcir lvcnlncssts ofi;dccision lnd sclf-irdulgcncc, $crc uftcll bcing rcphccd by tlrt oppo5itc crilrcnrc, by dorlrinint lcxtlcri irlrrotrndrd by ycr-ntn rrrd plicc-nrcn. ltcpublics \vcru trcirf succtclcd by nn, rrclrics.

ry'J r:

k:i

(:oi\
l.rr11csr

Nll.:ti

^Nu

cont,\tuN;.t.tr:s

rruJ Urirriu rtru :rntl longiir in hirrorr'!ltr,r,t cnLtcJ.'lhc r\r,clir:rn public! Ic,rrr rhour rvcir: dn ,:{iscJ ;n Nnnn{, Jc\!is,j,) , ril;, O//,.,. 'lridcrr 1\11'lti tl DA' it\.it)rtiin wl,ich Dr rty Dc Viro [jl:r)(.t rhc boj, ul' OI'tuI fio ;n[s. \ihich rlulcs I bid fur rn :rnri,tuxre(t c]btc con,t)rfJ. 'llc cl:riflr:rr, t rycd liy Cr(lirn.)iI'rct, rD|cJIs ro his rhrclollurs ld supporl hinl iDrl :rrcuscr tLi nidcr of l)hyi'U God \trh otlrr ,l t)codc's ntollcyr,.\\,hilc crc.t(inB [od\inf.'I'hc ruidcr rcllics: don't nrrlic :IrytIirrr. I nrrlc nrrrncy,' rod Sicrnr:rdcs rlrc rh:rrttroktcrs ro $(ll ,,trr !, l|irr. 'l'h{ cotrIllllrtilJ ir uycnlllitt), srvc(t I'y rhc Jrthnerc,

lly t99o rhc nr:tirr ur:rvc uf n\crycrs irr Arntric.r

Nl(' 1,tr) trt, lhc l:ictD't ro nr.rIc .,irb.r6\. 'l hc r:ri(ls hx,l h(ctr pxlt ol x dccf(r [n'n1(l$vull xr ccu o ,i(

prnics

li're':I shiclr vlli co,rrirnri|li lU tl.Jllstunll llri: b]hfle ot poNcr i'r ll;U rl,r'porxriorls. 'l hc hi[h intcnisl ll(cs ot lhc nr;d-cightics hld trrrsir.cly inclcrxctl lhc cosl olcrpilrl, rrr:rlirll u*h-llrir.r irr norc prccio!s. Cruprnics \.crc I)rcxsu'l lry thc rrrrlcrs r,, pry rNr ttr"c rxnlt) tu s|r rchol(lcrs. 'l'hc nid$s hrd lrcrily ilcrcrrcd rhc burJcll ol'Llcl'r, \vlrilh rotr'prllcd r: rxl.icrs ro irrptulc rtrcir pcrfofl$ rcc kr trrclrnt rhc br l,cls r tiru'trcruonout.And ttrc bi[Ursr shrrctrotrJcru. thc irsurlrrcc roflrl)rnics :rnil lcnsion fundr, rvcrc lrcconrins Nuch n rc corsciour ofhus, thcl uorld txcrcilc po\err, w;th vc.y diftcrcrr irrtr:rcsts fr'orrr othlj$ conrcnrcrl \yith co.l)urxtioru - n1:!nx[cnrcnt. t-nrl',,n{rs xnd colrnuniticr. 'l'hc tn.\strrc llr shorr-r!.rnr t)rulirs u,,d!runrc'l rttl: $trotc corccfr ot tlc souixllj,rcrtons;blc cor.pdrrtior. 'L I c p cn]rl coDrprtri$ ot' rlrc sixriui, liir Goodyci\r iD Aliron or |Ipcri.rl 1'obicco in !rislot, llrd sccr r'rcir fulLrc boutd up virh rllc ;o )NUDilics in ufiich rhcy Norkcd, ilrJ isupportcd lhc .\vitlr do[rdols, xrtistic p-rtlon.ryc 0r sul)po''t lo unh,{rsitics, Now tllrtrvltolc rchlioo:'lril) w:l! bcirlf undcr. rrilc by thc prcslurc ro llcr$c lhirchokicrs x rj rhu rhror otrlrt rxidc.. 'lhc confrotrrrt;on bcrwcrn Goldsnrirh xrrd CoodRir \s\ p,rn ol r nrLrch \\iJcr roirUir( bclNcctr nrurc rJr,,r,n,t;,r6 c,pir.,lirN

rurl prorccrivc ronrlllu'iricjr which L..ruld r)or trc rcconc;rc,.t. ..t.tru irrrprorcrl r,crLrrns ro Jl\rrchoklcrj,' xs tIc Anrcri.rrr re,trr,,litt

'$l

(:uNr'ANi

ir

,\'lrr6rrcr Nl. lllrir rvrorc in lrct s\!t)!.Thc Dc Dt(tLrlc, ,lrrl io !c rcLiclcd nt thc cxpcDtc 0I orhcr'lociil go:rls of rlrc corponlior$.' 'l'hcrc w'rs x clcrr conrrJdicLion !ctrvscn rlru r\vo pe.ccpriols..l.tovcrcr nruch rvc Nrnt our'conrp. rics lo bc lcrn.'\vrorc rLc A rcric.rtl Llord Cutlcr, \vc (lo no( \!int drcnr ro bc nrcrn.' l( $!5 [ot dlc iinrc cycDlvhcrc.'fhc frcnzy offlrids, Dcr!c,r :rD(l buy-outs hxd btcn hrgcly con(rncd ro Amcrica inrl Drir.riu.'lhc Jrprncsc :rn<l Contincntul l-uropcrrns lor.'lcrl orr rvith Urowirjti xrrtucnrcnt, rccing raidcrs cncourxging drc sllort-(crlrr grccd ofrhc:hrrc. lioldcrs, :rs drcy.bcliuvc'1, l1gxir)5t tIc lonf-lc'nr i'rtcri:st:l of bolh cornrrunirics xnd corronr;ort5. Ccrtru'r <onrt)rtricr, prorcctcd by rhc bir brtrlts \.hich lud li![{ irocUroldinUs xu,.l $.cr{ s(r'orUly rcl)r'cicntcd on lh!,jir borr(ls, hld rhvrl: bccn rnuch lcsr luhrcrnblc tlr n rhcir Uril;sh rurl Anrcri$rr counrcrt irrs to:L.rrehohicru; rrhile nosr lL:u(rpc:,n co rl);rnics \ve.u closcr to rhc Ccrnrrn tl|xn lhc Arrclitln nrorlcl. llut thc uphqrvrrls uf /\ rcricln corlrl)rDics iD drc ciuh(ils hi ilrxrtuncd thc conll.:lst b!L\vccn diffcrurr( vcrsiors 0f crIiL:lisr) \vlrish !xrl (luitc scpxi'lt! lri,roricrl roots .urd sociul :rssrurptions. lt rv:rs orrly lhr c('rnrr(n!

,t.llI t(AlDl:(s
lhu licreh $cr,r b!i li lonr bcnr;cu rhc nvo moLlcl!.:r,rJ ururd (hcllr ro Lhuos,.: ihc I(tr: r. Uur trc fcrrcd lh t (tr..j Utunour of rl,c l;nsrri.rr_ lr. txrxlrrur' \!.'s rtrclJy corruDLiDE drc rusrurc rcstrrinr of drc L$;nc

Alb!rl's pic([c ofrirc lthi c c,rpirrtisr lvas roo n,(tcrij)g; pr$Jcr]cc t)rl;cncc cor (l nnsk r 6r.crt d.rt oT cunrl,lxclrjq ,;ri r;[i.tirr, 1!lr;cI l)ccrr)re !rorc cvj(lc,r( itr rtrc nircrirl' C!",,n, c-,t,"ui;s "s nrJ AIbcrL irrgcty l;,;lc'l t,, fr!c !t, Iu rhu cl,.,llcnU! CornJilt)Ir. iU ir!(l rl,c JIt).rrc!u urr:Jct ur' erpir,rtisrn, irhich tu,j t.rucrr .rt:li r<r culrl)iIc rr5t)u'rsil'ilirr ro rh.: c(/ rrr iry \rirtr r,')rc nc\ib:tiD, .rrd icflririvirt rllrn rlrc Ccror:ur rrrorhl. uur hc providcrl .,ll) irnporrurrr rcrrirder lhir co|tn)rxr;rrrs \vcrc xl\! ys prrr r)fthc socicdcs jri\vhich th!)' ut)u'.itc(|. llc sl\n hu\\' rtrc rridcl1\ hclDcd tu t[rnsfoflll drc cun(,ir)r ul the LUrpurlriu,r Nhich hlLl tirs( crolvcd iI riru l(cn:risrx[cc:

eurrrr.rrl rr or'rlrr! rlisrrcc( !t,.ulus of r Zur;lh brnLci.,flrc t(hinc ruorlcl, hc l.rrncrrrcd,l'hrs rro lrorc stxlul; drirn sonrc unmxrricrl cousin 6oru thc provilcc: ir) durvdt nrLirr, I:rrlcu dol,rr *ith oU_frshioncrl lnUr.rl j,c, uJ)lcs., d ,',rnticrut" rrirh rtrc h-6hrbtc vtr rLres ofIrurJcucc, l,,rl'cllcc .trrd coilt)xssiu

rr(l

euc l.of

corrrrrruriisrrr th.rr hlrd lbr{cd rlrerD ill(o (h! s rc cxltUrr). xltd \yirlo!.rt connnunisrr thcy lootcrfr)xirc dirlirct ru llcy collrpctcd rrith rrcli otlrcr, l'[c Uurcpc'r'r dilltrcnucn $cLc r.l::;cribtd iu r99r b) A,licllcl Albcrr. drc ltrcrch cco|or)rist rod currt)xny prcsi(lcdr, ill \n bool C r;Iihh rla'iryt Cdltnrilt,r. Albcrt disdoruiihcd bctwucu

'I hirl1s l,uvc corrre

(hc rco-Arrcricxn uro(hl ol rxl)itllislll ulldcr l'rrs'rlcnI l(cngxr

tl

Nhich dlso hclfilJ irllucnccd lJri(irir - xnil drc 'l(|inc nro(lLjl', cnrbrxcirrg CcourroL sriiv,crl:lrd,rnil tlrc NcrJrcrlirnr.ls, rvhich s:nv rhc coIrl)11rI rs il ri0ciill initilutjon :urLl rll cId!rintjcr,nulllurit]i \\4riclr crrncd drc lotrltl ind rfltction ol'ils nroubc$ in rculll for ir:i cxlc .Ird prurc.riurr, , Allr,.:rl ol'rcryc(l thr: Arn!.ricrrr rxids rnrl Inrrcirl ntlniIul;rtiorrs $itl rl:trrrr, :r6ainst x broir'lcr bxclLinmnrl ol'Anrcricrur in(h'sttiill rlcclinc, llrvlcs(ucss, r|u1r urLl u $idurirli ti:rt) llctwccl lich unrl po,,r: lrr rrr')\ 'lirnr \Vollc's lhn/it I thc llaitia,rs lri:i tc:it. I k s:rrv cilricxturr ol ixpitirlisr|l lvhiijh lhc iIlluc|lca 'rf5howb;zr:i lt[i,d$cii)lj:r srs unrJcrrrrirrin6 rJrc rJlsciplinc olirrdLnrry rrnrJ curllrprirU rrtrrpruncurs: "!'hry hivr bcconlu pcr:io$:llitics io :r rlruur:r, :rrrrl thcy rnust li!c upro rhc scfipl ',tdisrppoi'lt:rn:rurlicncrolnrilliorrr.'I lcbrlicvtrl
r

r krrrti \!rt sitrc! thc Nrrll ,cot pitl), rrcrrt, xs its cDrtrolotiy sL,U[l.:sr'r, u co|'nrrnir), of illtcrssL, tl rrru(u.rlly hcnclir:i,rl p.rlLrclslrip of rrrplofrs, clrptuycus rrtl :rr"csLuri. Collc is Ll,c .:/,rtr rr.r,,,/' iurtt,c;r ill incorporuriorli cout)r ics Ilc rrow rrur'ull cirsh-0ur nr.rchirrr:s, subjct( Lo d)c $.t1i 5 oC lirtrtrcc r:Id rrDUsu,J lo lhc crurcllusr clcnrc rs of rlock-ulrrkcr r1:rcul,rtiurr.
!:

lJ.l

IIJJ

r:o.\t tlr.l.L tiii

t:{J

i\t

.,l N

l).(r t(

l:s(:l I l:]

cI.llt,1'nR 'l l.l l R't IDN

ContDutcrs: ConnnauL or Escnpc?

,i

tourputcrirutl honrl.ring ofVir:rurnr. Antl rhu hig corupulcr conprriuj rlrclnsL.lvci tcn(lc(l to bc conlolDisr ilnd li;cr.:rriIic:rt: M\,1 cffccti",:lI nniu t:rincd ..r strrri-n onol)r)ly, rll thc [lurc rrrr r its rrrssivc irrvcstrn,:rir ort its ncw 36o con4rircr's: lhr ildusrry \,rs runrclirurr crllcrl ,ltli\l xr)rl ltrc Scvcll ]-)N:lrvcs','l'lrrouuhout thr scvc[lirs thc trustbultrrj lilrd soutirt to chxllcngc dr;s ohotot),, I.hich IlJivl rcskrcrl $irlr:r

hufc rrxllr of lx\!]crs who cvc ruxlt), ir

r{,

'fhc crricrr \viy

ro

slo6

t)klicr

rl,c rrru,c
hu

irvcrt il.
'r7o

oaxciu{ l\lo

ll.hrcl co!t'.

lhc.n$v inJ srrf J;r rcqtrkcJ .. li|,llc I'rcriJctrtirl r]I(titt:rrc liors

xs

\vor)

srlcsnr:rn,

f/hilc nidcrs entl Asian nr:$courcm r\ir:rc b;{Lcrnrqr conrDiloy nrc fiolr tlrc oulsid0, n n)orc ir5idious iriicc rvrs slou'ly u rlcflnirrirrg
6cirslrongholdt frofi virhin,'lhc computcrw,rs rriil only co rpctinu widt tlcrn for ([ci|jobs: itv:rs pr'oviding drc rrrc:]us to crcrlc ntw liinds of corrpiny, run by irrclcrcnl J_orrr\[s(crs Nilh no rc$l)dct lbr srruclurcs or lolrlticr, Nho tlrrivcd on lpprrcrrt trnrrchy rrrd rc.lrchros, I3cforc trying to rsscss thc trrrrslinurLtiorr ofcotrrp:rnics

':i

cishtics
.T

ll :l
:

to I'rol .t lhc rtctlcrxli'ir itrlhlcncc ol ric rvhich insuurncnB bccrnu crudxl ro tllrl chNnuc. . Thc computcr bofcynt llrsl ippc.t(lxs.rt cril{nsioD oflhc lunli_ runnin( dr:rml of mrchincs vcrsus nrco. AlLcr drc Scconrl Wol[ iV:r manyicrpcns lrimcd iborit ils likcly soci conscquctrccs. ln irso Norbirl Nic ur, lhc brilliirnt []irllcn\:1tici;ul Nhtt ittrurrlrtl irntl rirnrcd tlc ncrv sci'.:cc ol.abcrnctits - tlrc thco4 ,rl drc r:ontrol ol ioninrunicrrions - rvrorc Ttu llntnvt L\i "f IInmtu ,rn,ri,, itr ,icl, lic ivlrncd tlr;tl iJrc poricr ol conuuLcrs to rt hc dtcitions cotrld dvcflitc hunrrn i)r;onrica rnd,l.c;siuns, x-d rli.rr A',,c.:crrr nuril;p cjt tnorv:horv cor:ttt picviil rli. ijr.jr tno\(ivfiJl.,,\Vhedrrr \!c c lrust our,dcc;sions to nrrchlucs ol nrcr'rl, or ro.(hoic nrrchincs ol llcsh rnd.blood ivhich xrc burcxuri :\nd v:i5l liborrloriss rrrld :lr0rics tuld torior;rtions, r'c shrll ncvcr rcct;!c lllc ridrl xntwcrr tlttss rvc ;rsk lhc r;ghl (trcrlious.' Ovcr thc ncxt tNo,lcc;t(l.ji.,ntfnlrrr rt)t)trrc(l r,' ltirc , i(lvxn_ r.uc ro bif or|ilnilirio'rs olur srhll- iirrct rh() rrct(lcJ 5 h.Ut scxlc ro iutrify rhcir corr - xnd to ruroc ct rl rhc lolt. l hcy htltcd lu

ir

thc

il is iNlo.rrnt

dchunrlnilc crucill ccirionr-x trLnd lllxl rtic'rctlr clirr\ix Nilh lhc

'56

lcrll l:vcs ot (luicr dcst,Lr ;otl.' .lf I hrd jr..ycd.' trc sr;d tjrur. 'ncn 'l \vu'ld hrlc hrc,rnc x Urcr, tniddtc-jr,.nrrc rcIr tn.oLIcnr.'t.lc,.r ut) hh ovD ro rt)xny, DlGrro ic Drll Sysrcirrs irr r;6:, rcllinU IULI cdnpurcrs itrd rj,$u re; Lru! lrc lvxs rlctc nincd ro rvoirl rlru inrrfc ofDcrJs nud irct)oll$ irr jc:rns, llx,rrr ind boirl,. l.lc rccnrncd nrriy ruvrl:ultl rrrilir.rry.ollitcrs, i rislir)r rLx( !rcI (tit:r lfivl-crg rvorc rlxrli suits x tl \vIirc sliirlr, xnd llxr rll \votrrcr \$rc srtirrr. l-ti! |ll{ocr c) prid iill: hc n:rt[ his fi,rru|c - iron;uillll, cnrrulltr, lsivcn L;s.hrrr p,niri(| yi{\rs - t') },,t,r,tJi l: c(, ,rarrcr:i tiJi rt," t.,qr,,,;,,u \rlltlrt s)srunr ;rr rhu sijiricr, xld bI thc :r;t of Orhry..tldrr tic rrr i hi iu,xirL. ULt! rlrc llriJ-si\rics xlso s:rN drc c rcrrclcc of r;I;-cotr)purcrr, . \hich rYr:ru sIHItcr rnLl rrroru nc\il)lc dr. i lIJNl nnclrincs,,rficr rh,: irr(lrliun ol tr,lltsist0r's ilrtd silicon cltils, 'l ltc1, 1;rvc sc0,:c to uroru ,cocltrous youDlj prourxnrnrcru :lnd crrrcplcrrurs, lr:ry of rvho.rr \\rrc ru!dr illdrsr drc Vicllll, Nrr.'l1,( Dionrcr D;U;r:rl Lqr,;pnrcnr LUrl,ur. ron (LJLL) wils soon rivxllud Lry DJrr Gcncrrl, scr up by iJ!rcrtors fronr DUC i'r -:rt r ri rc oftirrtrc;rt Loorrr, V;crrDnr 'tCS olitrrsir,cs rrnd stidcnr rcvoh. l hc .ccccnrlic;srylc of thc rl:rnr;crs ir J prourrnrnrrrr.it Dlu ^ U-tnrrrl \ws I;\';(lly dcscribcd bJ 't rr^. tiiddc. in his l.root: I/rr.!orl fr ' tt rh.ini !.9521. 'l'hc1, hld discovcrcd rhc sccrcr con:puirr lxrrll0xgc ^\ xs rcho"lchild,cn, rntl sri ljvcrj irr r rrortd o otrctr;hitdlnn'l r:,nr:,{iu{ jI(l s(i.,rcc licri.,l': wtrc thr] t,x;tt ,,", pr;,,;Dt,;, rhcj (rllc(l olc 'Colu'. lhr orhcr ,cottu,;, - rrrc. . c,".rur" ;,, ''rrt 't.hcy crltcd 't.inkitrt'\ Lo,t oltk Riry:1, rt,cir bo:s .Drlt, vxdL.r., rr,c rillxi'\ of Jir,' ,J1,.', 'fhcy $.crc urcrc cluUcngcrl by nncl;rcs rhrn
'r37

rrrd;nU

il7i?rri

btr Iuft \yicD

,D,j;rrr

l,cnrr joinuLl tUi\.1 r-rorr rtrc D,r his conl)ri\siuns w(,.c r(rrricrc.l. !rrr; qror,rrio,i riotrr.r.trorc$i: .'t.hc nDss ot.

o l ;n rrJo. ubrdic, coflrtxn),, {tr..t.t,(

c0Atr,\Nl
br'

l.t,\N

coAtl'u t,Lil(5: coi\t INlJ Ot( !5C !Ll

o\vn lil,nr tlr! trrp btrrr(1. silrtrLlitrU i

Spiclbc16'r crrly rroric

!toplc:

orrr:

ul

l!rrl) chrrcd

by

lt Nork ro St;vrrr in rvhich.r c,r dlircr is rclcnrlugcrruck \yhosc driycr hc ncrcr sccs.'l'hcir vic\r.
rhr:rrr conrp:rrcrl Lis e;icitcnrcnt

Dlrl (r97r),

of lifc rl,rs clc:rrly influcoccd by tlrq co0rputcrs' binary systcnr, thich xcccptcd oniy t\o c[oiccs - r'ifh( rnJ \tron[. 'lls r l-rirrrry rvorld; tlrt conrputcliriUht bc :t p;r.irdifor,' vrotc l(iddcr.'And mxnl cnuinccrs rcerr to lpirc to bc birrrry pr:op|: rvitlrirt it.'

'l hc lcrdcr of Drrr Ccircrnl, 'l'urn \Verl, lud llli n urhc$t lur r Ir.rr ro plrl rJrc 6uir.rr irr coflce-horscs, rnrt IrrrJ Lrccornc .r eurrqrrrrer crrginccr prrtJl'ro l:rcnlc d'c dr.rf( to Victrrltrr, prrdy lo []iI sonrc cortroi ovcr conlpl$iily. 'l virotcd lo lcc hon corrrIlic:rtcd thitrlls lrrppcn,' lrc siid. "l'hcrc's :;on1c notion of c0utrol, i( rccnls to lnc, rlhr tou crn dcr;rc in i lyodd full ofcgrfusioir ifyou nt lcrrrr rrirJur' 5unJ ho\v drin[s Icr pullcil lo[cdrcr.r l lc 5ho\vcd xll thc ryu)pt0rr15 oftlc ob5c5jivc curtrol-flerll: :rL borrrc lrc rvor'!cd irr x b:$cnlcul lill (lfrrrch;rcs itr(l or(lcrcrl [:rdllctr], rvith r rruticc Ii'r lti:r (vilt:'Wht'l'r r lrhcc Likc tl!;5 Doinf ro,r Nitc Cirl Likc You?'
Kirlticr corrcludcd dr:rt corlll)irlcrs \vcrc Dot rcirlly !:rolutioDnry in rhcir inrp.rct: rhcy br sicrlly :irppoac J lhcstill{rs (l(ro: Uu( hc clldor$ud Wicncr's vic\v th;rLy ycirr !rr,icr rllil thcy 'offcr!.J irrrh^rrrrltrl passibilidcs for food and cvil'. And Lc prolltclicxlly vrrncd drrt 'tltcv rliuh! bc u5cd c)itrnsiycly to irlcrclsc drc rcrch of Lop nrrn{Uurrj c.rzcd for cfficicncy irrd thu! \yould rcrac $ lools to dcrtroy lhc I.$t r.iriUc:; of t)lctr trr, i,rrcrcs(ir1r work'.

ufrn ;.ltric.lc strLrc(Lrjc rnd ,rrc sor(cd rnd dis\ribcll u rhe) prss. lr)sidc rI. cxtr;birion r Lcv/ uf clril,lre - I(.rrl) rll bu}s, ErD $idi i\sirD fJccs - frzc rL nrd pli)'vidr [il(luutrf: i robor lvLich r r bc toldt(o duii i tclcl)horci holour.rnrs rvidr rlugs rurl llorvcrs in rlr,:i I diurcusiols, ':s r lir':it stcp tu VirLurl llc;rliry; tinj chil)s !c;nu \yircd up to lroridc ,hu corc ro cotltr)rtijri. 't'hc bo)s rrc cDUrosscd in lhcir prilxtc Nurld ol rlisrolc'f rnJ d,rlLrul, on thc LIrrcsl(Ju of drcir rhigic 'lhcrc \yrs nlrexd) r clirnltu.ofiiruol,llioo itl SiJicou V.rllcy irr rJre liliics, :rs lhcrc ll.ld L,ccl ruould Nuvc;rsdc rvhcrc Gcorgc Stcp|ensuu lruJ built drc'uxvcllir)U cngitc'in r8r4, or in Dttroit \\4rcrc I lcruf i;urtl hud lntlt his 'qurdlicycl:' in]r396, lrr rtJrcsc cliur:rtcs idc:E flrd nc\vs tnrullcd (luicklJ, iDspirir)g iouDB inycntorr lilic ii,ftl, \vho i:$v x copy r)l-thr rrrgrzi,ru 'ncltncricn Mltehhti'I rvlrir"h crtrhircrl l).nv ro l,u;l(l r U rdinc crUinc,:'r'd o(ulnirncd::r l'.,r !t ul nnru) $.rs lu 1," ,rr,rlc irr ir'. Sr:vcul yr.rurli coupu(cr iuycrLr)r'ri drrilr( ol'liug0 fortuncs; but tlrq rc-Jl l)rizcs curc (o tlosu liho rrliLl)lc(l othcrs'.irlvcrltior$ lo lhc lr:lrlicl-lllircc, vith u rv'rry i:yc on
r:r4:yrililrts rrrLl

.',]i

i,:
'!'.
i1'

Liqlrloru.

'ri

,li,
, :;::i,
';;.rr:

5tl.l(:oN vAl-l.liY

il \rrs rrot lill thc rc\'cl]lics dr:rl n Dclv cr\l)losior) ol itlllov.lliort ill coriipulcrs [rYc 5corc5 oryouDE irrlcDtors tIc chiurtr.r Lu byprlss trll

'lits. ol'Siliuur v.llcI \vrirc nol iron oru' coll' or xrry rrN nrutc|irl: unly u,lucirLior) :rDd brrins. ljul its sr:cccss i"]5 not,rt irdnidu-rlisric or:rrirchic rr it could ippc:rr to'v;iiloru, for i! Illd bccn tr'nlcrhil bJ lirycr or1;rnisations brclicrl by c:rt)itnl lnd iDspircd lcxdLrshit).'l'hc) \vcrc cerLrc,i,u Strnfold Urivccity in C:li(orr)i:r, Nh;ch I J cirilblcd clcvcr jounU c0l.iiDccft tu sct ui) ncw conrproics xlorLisi(lu tllc c;llltt)us itsullir p r( ol drc old r.rrch \vhich i6 louodc. lrrrl entlurvctl ttl thc 0DiycLlily. Ncrr tl)c cruUus:{ No r.6? Addison /\!cIuu, r lcnli s0cct of hil1L6;rblurl houscs, i: ;r 6rrigc bcsidc vhich is u br'ouzc pllqur:, pu( uD in I\'h). !9$9, which conlll)culorltcs itr

'Ihc

ctrrl(xl

Lcsourccs

e.\i5rinU corl)drltc rlructurcr.'l'hcy rvtrc corrccDlnt(J i| ro xlcil 5oulh of Sxn l.'raucisco hnorvn is SilicoD Villcy, which bccxnrc lhr surLl ccrrtrc of r nc\! tittd olconrD:rn) Itrx'r. llis st)iril ij; cri,rcsscd in thc "l'cclr Musctrir of tnriovirtirrrr',;rn cxhibilion btriL.lirr6 in Srrr Josri still rr;ritir6 for :r gnndcr honlc. I! i:i it rll:lUncl lor yorrrrg cottt' purcr frcrls, \\to clurtcr oulsidq tlrc crrlr.lncc [iuin[ .11 iul'rl$ i(r'

historiu lolc:

'l'his Lt.r.r6e i5 tl,c b:rLll!l.,c,r ul thc wo,ld's lirs( lri6h ruchrrrLluxT le6iou, Silicr-rn Vrllcy. lhc idc.r for such :r rc6iol origin3tcd \rith Dr trrcdcric['l'rfl]r:ul, -r S[rnford Univcrsity profcssor

rvhu cucrruflUcd his rludc,lls (o slart up drcir orvn clcclronics rorup:rrici irr thc :rlcr ilj(crrd ofioinii)l; c5trblishctl firmi it thc

linclic s(ulltlulc' c:,i6rrtrl by Ccurgt l(ho:rtls, irr lhich b;rlL roll

Il:rst. l'hc

st t\ro

s(

eulri l0 folhN his irdvicc rvcrc \Villirnr

rllg

I,
t.1'

irr

0 tlt

t' tJI

i\rAN

l.

(:{rrrru1

ll.

[r:i: r:oirrr,rro or lric,rlr:]

l'ic1!lcIl :rnd Drvid I'rcl:rrd $ho irr r9311 bcLirn rltrclopirr6 tJrtir lirst procu:t, tn:rudio-oscitlruor', ln rlis U:rr'rUc. llcrr'lctt-Prcli:rrd pcrv into :r girrrt corjror,rrion rviich br:c:rnrc tlrc conrnulcr coDprlics, l.nuoLrrxuirU rrrrrJ otlirs rvho sor:6ht:to l-rcrrc4r fronr yourr6 cngirctri fro0r ':nlcruillg Strirfdrd rnd clscrvhcrc. Dit tJrc l.Jc:rrcri bcrrcftc(dr ol tlc ncn conrputcr rcvolution rus tJrc:Xcrox colrprny, rv|ic[ h:rl rrrrrJc irs tLnunc lronr : nc:rr-nronopoly irf coplintr mxchints: in r97o il rct !p thr I'ilo AIto Rcscarcl! Cc'itcr (P/\lrc),'wIi.:h it hop.rl \eonkl pUr rlc con1plny in drc forcfrort ofdlc oflicc rcac'h'rion, TIc) hircd a l,Lilli.nr Tcx.n psychologisr, Bob 'frllor, \vho hrd vorlcd lbr NAS/\ rr(l drc Pcnrl6on until hc lr.d bccn disillusioord ty orgxtrisirli clrilntrur s)5 !c.r5 i n Sii6otri ind hc hi.cd lolnr flrd{xtcs \vhor husul)cni';cd vcry infonnllly, crcilinf onc ol lhc firlrlll:rf orfxnh-xtior)s witho$l nrid.llc-nrrni6crs. Xcro.- l'jiltC invcrrrerl rhc l:iscr;)ri tcr xDtl l;rhrrncr, drc nrst dcricc to conrcct contpulcr tD pritrltnir nlosi irtpoflxnl! ill 1972 it Droduccd lhc Allo, t]ru [fft Il.Jrrunil t0rrlllLrlcr. IJUL Xctr,N coLrld nor work our llov Lo :ipt)ly.ir, irkl thc rhi':l'bcnrlici:r'irs r,l' IARC rvcrc rcscrrchcrs rvho.srr up thc;riu\llr $rxll runrflltcr corrplnics. l)Al(C lo!t uur, tlloruh it \qould shov:ii[ri ul ftcorcri[li it$ ligour in tlc niuctics, rs it loolicd for rntrcprcnurdirl |i ncN $llilc f,rotccling its o\ln ;ntcll0cturl propcrt/. Thc o drcr hi5roric scudbcd \..lls Itirchi Srnriconrl !rr)r,rIccur)f,rnyscl up in r95? byx froup ofyouDli fricllLlr-includin6 lJob Noycc, thr son of iu l.wr pruxchcr, \rhn lrid bccn \utt;ut: vith \\tilli:nr Shucllcy,tllcinlurruruflhc'r.rn is'flr.Nrlcci v,:'rrcr'rhc;Irur:rrrcLl ciicuit,'rsitir r;rr.ornfoncnrr orr r I'iucc olsilicur \vlricl, l,n*nlc.l ric crucirl 'chip'lol rhc pcrs,rrrl courtrLrrcr. llc.rlsir;xurJrrctrl r thoroulhly inf<rrnrrl nc$ lii0d ofcumprult \\ilhonl hicr;uc[y: \\'lcrr his ]:istcnr shilrcloldcls rcfuJcd Io lcr hiill liivc hir cnll)loycls sloak op(ions hc lcf( to louud i nc\v c0ll)l)rl,rty, lutcl, \rllic| rcnuins tudiry thc lc:rdcr irlprotlucing rrricroprocusiurs. Oth:r rltlictrrrs Gorrr l'iIircIild s'crc rc5p0!riblc Ior brc:rklhruuIh5, but l'irirchilJ ilscll' I:lngrishcd: c\cotd:rll) irr rgTt it rvrs bouUhr by rllc SchftrnF bcrgcr con)piny, ,nd \':!s riDill)"orcrfc(l our ol c\istcnrc'lry Nx(iuNl Scnricorrduclorir tt37,. Undcr Noycc, Inlul dcvclofcd tlrt :ilicon chip into r 'r irru-

grrndftt}cr ol nr:ny :nirll

j
I

].
l
I

i
I I
L

iii ili
tii
il Il '.tl

ti:

I'linilr1l, llill C:rrcri, rr:r{l rbour rhc Alrrir:rnrl r$lisctt riir hc couht r frrltunciby dlvisirrg 1 r1rn1r11 pron.ruullrc lbi r orr:splrrluccrl vclsirrr. lt rvis rlc rlonrcnr ut rrrrh for pupuh. sofrw.,rc. In sir wccl:r crrcs, \yith I';r tiicnd I'rut At,cI, t,ur ro6rrJw r 1,r,r: nrIu crllc,l Ursic which tHnrhrcJ ljnUl;rl, \'o(t' iDro coirt,u'cr comtnrnds. Grtcs lcrrlisud, rs his profcrsor:l'ollr Ch$hnr or;r.d, rl,rl thc curnt, rcr lvri xbour c,rusc x rcvolnrio . Ilc Jruppcd oul ol l li'arkl ro(l lrovcd ro Ncw 'lvlcrico \ddr Altc ro $rrbtrh i ocrv eutrrpxtry, lvlicr{,soft, \dth i n)isri(,ll to I'ru'J!cc'r co rpurcr otr rlcN (lcri :lllrl i cvory l,('$i:' 'l'hc Alrxi| corwurcr, (vhich hxd no ltlyhoxrd, soo,! r;zzlc(l our, rr(l irs i:lcx(n l(r,l)crts btrilnrc doclor iI GcurUi:r. l'lc rcxl bri:ill:tlur,Lrgh lur' tIc pc|.ron:rl c(rIrl)r!lcr, :ls opl](,sc(l Lo thr sofivxru, c:r0rc Iidrn:r ntuch rnorc:tn:rrclic b:rclitil,(nrnrl- lrotlr tlu I I.jlrrll.(w Ox l rcr (:lul) so rh ol'5xrr l.ixricixco. \(l,rrc Srcrc tVoznirtr. r yourrlr 0rill;Ic{r lioDr I lcl\.lc(-l,ircl rd, iIvrrlrtlx sruxl,c0 rprrtcrrvttich hc rxllcd 'Al)Dlc'. I l,: iruprovcrl il lo lltc ApJrlc II rvirh rJrc hctp of fi;s stilt yorugcr friclld SlcvcJobr, \vho rullisrd th:rt rhu rruchinc could be n,l(l ro.r tr,irss-nrxrt:cr.'\\,oz'wrs rhu Ucrius rrtro diviscd drc pruinrrrnl!, t[c disli conrrollcr:Ird drc vidco di:jphy; brr ir $rrJobs wlur srs thc firll possibilirics. Jobs n:rs r crurrivc [cnius il rlc r (liti,'r l,f thc i vcntor-piUrr,crr ccDrrrf $rticr: tit:c Crr$, hc conrl)rrcd hirrsclf !o I.lcnrt l:ord. l.lu prcsillcd ov.r lrir yo! [ unfinccrs or'rrlists' iI icxos:rlld tllrinars vilh ltrc cr5url stylc of! prlrlcsior'it iI illttrnrlivc ti!crsity, rclisltitlf ficrcc rrljll0lcnt Iikc :r scsxioll. l.lc vxnlcd his kintl ofconrplrry town to bc i ntodcl 0f 'irD i librtltcd roryoflliiJn. I lc snrr hirusclfrs r ribcl lcxdcr -,lfs nlorc li!|r r0 bu r Dirxtc rhrr rrr irrirr rlu: N vy'-:rnrJ courp:,rcd ,\pt,lc to UIlis lshnd, r colory ofnrisfils. l.lc rvrs rhc ch:rn4iorr ofdrc i,rdirdurl: ,Wr bnild i (lcvicr rh [ivus pcoplc rtrc srlrc porvcr o,cr inlonrrrion rrrrr

1tr',rucssur'sLich rr:rs itscll'il l;ry uonrt)urur, \iith irnrrrn\c potcDli.rl but_rru irnurcdirrc usc, II:r l-rl l(obcnr,:r ti:inrcr rir torcc cnUirccr rr /\llrrqllcr(luc,. scr ul x conrn.lny! illt'l'S, nlriLh Itcd lhc nricfi,pr,rc,:ssor Io nrrlic ;r snr:rll conuirrcr rvhith bc c:rllcd Alt.r;r. I.lc rolJ it to,;r lcrv crpcriiutnrcrs, in(t iIJx Uxry r975:ur unrJcrgmrlurrc rr

nnlc

corlDrrriorr rd fovcflIllr r hxvc tr:d ovcr pcoptc.' Il fourd in c)iciti|U ncv ipplic i0n \vhc Drn Ijriuhti , r )orlliI pr0grinrnrcr.:1t l.lurvrrd I]usini:ss Sclroot, rlcvisc(t r rothrjrru
lxrttc

Applc

rrr

co,\rrANf i\l

N
i i

(:r)Iltu1l;tLri:
runLlcr'g|rrrlurrtc

(:(J

NnlANl) oll uScAt.Ll

rlcricc crllcrl Visir:rlc Nhiclr c iblcd Lirrinc5!lcn Lo rurkc r:r-ruiplur crlcuhrio15 on lllc rcrccr, oD :r'rl)rcadshccr', Aplrlc wns iccp{icil ul nrrl, l.rul cr)lcryr;rinU $r|rr6cr! found Vi:ticrlc :r drillir)tj \vi\j to worl our iccounr: $idrout r)ccding i big colrprny conpulcr,'fhir cxr!r: iutr i( drc lirDc rvlrcn busincss schools rvcrc ruri)i,rli out Lhousnrrdr of MBAs, lnincd in . nxly:irg brhncc shcctr, ca:h-llorvs uud business plrns. Visicrlc nredc Applc irrrJkpcnsrblc to rcnr, lrd tlc lirry corllrt.rn ofbi6 busirtcrs. ti:1nl in :r lt.,ritic irnltr:rl,:J 'le rvcrc slorv to uDdcrstirnd drc riUr)ilicrrrce ol' IUNI'i cornpxn, Drcrr rlrcsc ncrv rrrrchincs frorn nrr ilicl \vo il \vhicfi tlrrcrtcncrl botl tlcir' ccrtr:rl pr<rdLrct rrnrl tJrcir sqlc 0l u)xnrgcurcnl. Uul by rglJo tlrtir chrirllrin,.John O!el, rool x bold s(cp - to sct ul) n 5cl)rrrtc (livisiot), dcrrchcd fronr IUM's ri6;d hicrurclr'ts. l lc told.i(s dJrr.rrric birsr, Uill L<.rwc, ro prodvcc a pcrsonrl corrputcr rvitlirr .r ycar' I)JM Irlsc' nccdcd rn olrcridrU syslcrll or hngunSc; :rnd lor tiriL tlcy turtrcd (o Uill C.tcs; $'ho h.d rro\,'csliblirhcd lvlicLosoli irr lris hoDrc.ru!ir ol' Scrrtlc. Crtcs rt tvuIty-lilc \lxs buth n rrlllstcr'ol l)ru[l'irunlillI xrr(l i slrrcwd r.Uo(i.rlor (hi5 ht[cr n:rs r crrr'lorirtc lrrrvltr): lirr $so,ooo lrc Lrourl'l rn crirl'rrf irt'crrlirrU slstcrrr frurrl xrrutlrtr SutrtLIu corrrl)xrry crllcd QDOS (quic\ Ld D:,1y OPc ti,,U S)5rcrrr) irrd Itxcctl \vrtlr Iulvl ro prc,vidc r Drodjlicd slstcru, !o bc crllcd I'C-DOS. ll \vxs x doirblc whJlrr)ry, for Cr!l5 rclJircd thc ri6lit to scll thc plo6r,tnrutc ru xtrJonc clic: l'ril lrc wxri soo[ cstxbli:ihi']6 hi5 ovrr nxnropolv, \vltil! llJNl \!rs lolirI thciri. 'l hc tlJlll pcrson:rl courl)ultr trPl)crrcd r Uriltiirll( srlcccss: irDyorrc (hl,: nrysclf) who wxs drcD corrftriLdly lDir)U toich0osc bchrccrr rntricd rr.rcllincs forn(l iis Inmc rciissr.rlin6 Irrr{ s:r[cl il soorr oulsokl rlr! At)plc flrd g.rirrcd r |l$v l-roust [tour rn itccourllin8 prtrgrlrrnntc, Lotus r-r-3, rvhich rrpirJly ovcrtook Applcri Visicirlc. IUM csllbtishc,l rIc Icrson:t conrp$lu :15 rn cssclltiillvotk-horic IiI busirlcsr;, \ridr I it:rndard opcrrliil6 r)Jtcrn, Iikc n rhrrdrrd gl\rljc for rrilro di. Iror r short tirnc thc po$crful giiln( sccrDcJ cvcn nrorc po$cdirl, l.lur rhc lIJivl l'C rvrs nriJc of$tindxrdiscd pxfls lhxl :rDyont c0LIld topy; :nd bl ,rlJ.l ir r,rrs ronrl)uliDli \virlr ckllrcli rxdu by:;rllxllcr iurrrprnicr rrhich cor.rlil rcrl)0lld lo circL llcw iorolxlioll uu,rc quiclily. lrr'l-cr:\ thc Corrur(l conP:lny, ict rp in rrljr, \lrs roon rrrrkirrli ehcrpcr rntl nrorc irt:cnirrus vrr5ions; 0ol lcrDL; rftcnv;rrds lvlicLrcl Dcll, l.hr-r llrrl b,:6un scllirrg: lUlr,ls ulr,::rp rs iur citlrlrco-yrjxr-r,ld

I
I

in'l'c;i:rs, bc8ln nlrtkinU hit oNncloucs,nhich bccanrc r:rju. LUn)t,cr;ror, ll..lAl, lrrlLl brcl, by ;ts,collmrirmrnt lo mxillffxnrcs, coulll no( lccr I'rcc. 'lhL coDurrt bctwccr rc nrdiv;du]l l'C r|d (hc corpdrnk nrri frrurc bcc;rnrc ,! $rtrlhor for opposit\) Iirrr.ls ol court)iDy. Brrl thc nrr-rrc uxtr'crnc contrisl v15 bcbyccl drc nr:licr:, of hrrrhrirrc l.rnrl solirviuc, \\ho hrLd lriud.scts \vorlds rp:Lrt. Ir \yns llor uDt;l r rJ.5 ll)rt 11r llJi\'l chicl !riccuti!c,John Alcrsr lisilcd Siliuon VrllcJ. U/!ilc lUA,l \vnr h(rlily collluriltuJ lo its h0Uc or',lDLrl:'c{rrc, Ilicroiuft ncctlcrJ orrly l'rLr;rporvcr rr:rJ slrrctrrl l.:usitrcss r;cllrc. And thc rc\r solt\y:rrc liiurtl Nurc noN conrtcclir)U ul) v;tlr rrrr trirnruricrtiorrs rcross lhc $orl(1. 'Il,( r,'lrN.,rc irrruv.rtur.. *hr rr.tLlc l..rLr.,c:' irr rlrt ci;lrric' c.rr'rrc liorr ,r $ i(lc rxI[c ul t'rclt[rourJr. Nlitclr t(rPUr, who irrtcutcrl Lr-rtrts r*r-3, r.uuc lionr lJruoklyrr rrrtl rxuUlrt tnnlccrrdcDtll olcd;ution. CIr:uts Siuroryi, rvhu rvurkcd wi Crtus rr lvlicrosoli, Nrs 1 tccnruc {onrlnnrr ltxckcr irr Ilurrgrr;, thu son ')lrUr cll.iirrucrill8 Pr(,lc:isor. lJl.lrcc lJriliiur, il A,lurnrorr,lr:rs slu(lJ'ing coirlptl!cr sciullcc tlt IJriIhrrnr )i,u,,L: Urrnc,siry ir Urrlt rvl,crt hc bcu.,r, wrilinU a pr!U rrnut vi(h Lis prrlc|,s,rr \vLich Jcv,:lol,('l irrlo WoLLll'cLfLcl, or)c of lh'.: rr)ost s$i:cc$lirl ol rU slslcrrs, Johrr \\t:rnrcr' rvho irrvcotc Atlolic' whi(lr illiti:rlrd dcsktol) publishirrg, Ntrs rr fr;ldu;ltc studcnt tlt 1c Unilcrsil)'

!,l tJlrtr.

piollsff \vq( ro( t)oliticrlly rcbcllious. rnd rrros(cxrrrc fiorrr rr;(ldlc-cl $i Iiuurcs. tllL lhrj $crc cu( olf from ordintrd liurtr.ro
't'hcse bciutis nu( jur( try drcir t)r,JfcsJiuu bul by drcir boli5h Iifcslllcs irrrd
hobl-rics, ilclu,Jirig

Dc\'-rtc rtliUiotr$

nrrd vidcr.r grnrcs:rbbui dun-

Ucuns, nrorslulli 0r loDclJ l)itt[s. l'hcy rvcrc ]lcld touctllcr b)' thcir irrrnr'x,n ,l,scsii,-,n rni irnuo..Uc, r rcclct flolr) odrcrs.'fhcy cirrc 6r:ui our"idc conrultiuD,rl Lusiucr:,, nuC rirru) \\'crc psychulogicrll) rijsir,lunt (o xny kird ofoifrlr)isitioD. 'lt d0cin't nlilttcr \vhcthcryou'rc nfly or Urlcclcss or cvr)ir h:rlt'uiuzy,' as 'n:rc1' lii ddcr dcscribcd drcir iltliludc. 'lfluu prcduc! rhc ri8ht rcstIlLs iu risworld,)outcollcitgucs Ir(l|\l:rcerFt )u .' 'l hry fi:rc:rlctl rltuirj iijohtion irr tlrc voclbrtlrrl' ol tlreir sufL\riuc

prrrllrrrnrcs, rt|ich sccnrcd rlcsigrrctl trr LrcrvikJcr urdiniry cus(ourcrs r!fiil( clNirrirlj to bc 'uscr liicldly'. 'l hqy lilcd lo Uivc cri;sting Nord$ (luilc {lillcrcrlt uriruirrgs; likr:'dt[rulf trr rrtcrn stunrlrrd, trr',lcrlic:llr(l' lo ruc.rn rc\lriclc(1, ur'icon' ttr nlcrrr syn)bol. lr4:ruu:rl:, \llhlch

ttr

lrl

.
wcrc iuppo5cd

c0^ll'/tNY

i\t]/\N

ct|\ltt

1.t:tts: (:o$it/\ND 0,r

ulicl![J

.'htrl crror', 'iboil,. I'ltiDtonr Iuboul or ,x

.vlohilon', Thcrc rhrc occrsionrl
grinr jokcs:
:r

to' instrucl sccrcr:rrics

rvrrc.full.ol srrry ptrrlscs Iitr cDlptcd vritc-t)rotcct

n c,rriyWorrlsr.rr bcgirrI

ncrs: m.nu:rl shdrvcd r pholo6r:r1'Ir of tvo policcrr:cn :rrrcsririg :r youn5 r'ornrn rvith dtc ciption:'01)crrtor pudlcs trrong kcy.'lV[cn it crpliincd drirl'J'rtoo(l for l.lclp ir srid: ''l'hii i5 :r jo!c; rhcrc is rro J in "help",' Tlte cryptic hunrour_\vi1i l iynrplonr rJf rhc irs{l:rtion of drc 'ncrds' fronr ric rcst ofsocicty. i

:'

Al't'r,li
'll) c isolitcd indivi&rxls hrd ti) ronr! lo lcnn! \eirh sollru orltrnisitiln, l-rut oll tlc icnsions clllcrgcd in tllc jton y Iistorl ol Apt)lu, lhc pionccr of pcrsolil.coltl)utcrs, As it dlrxlCcd Stcvr Jobs rurlisctl dl!i it rccilcd rrt;onrl rJllriIi:ur:rtion xr(l r1r:rrlctin[, lounLl I 'rnrl ncrv chicfcrccuti'c iuJohll Sculluy, r nnstr:r-s:rlcs rr:\ u .rr l,clisi-Colrr, i comprny wiLh lcgcndrD conlon ity rnd.nrrrlcrir[ skillx. Scrlllcy \vii !thc Blly from conror:rtc Anrriia'i Isilcrcribcil how lhc I,cpsi nrtn.rvould grt[cr in bluc linsrripcr, \yh;tu shirts rrul 'sirrccrr:' rcLl liis, lo in.lysc sxlci ligurts. I.lc rvxs dir flrosl c gcr olrrll:'l rr':rs just soing drrough pc;plc, ttrc\vi'rf rhcnr ut). i .Jo!s JurcU Scullcy j\qiy \vidr .r qucvion Nhith bucxnrc n,,,lour:

,:,'Doiou\vinltospcndlhc.rcstollor:rl:l(\cllirrg:Lr6:rrcrlrvrtcr,or'lo

clirnl;c thcrrortl?'Ar AIplcScrrllcy rcJcsil:rrc - yor r!:rnt i chncc'to ', :t Linrr;lfri i shonmrnjsrlcsrnrur Ncrrirtt in Anilc 'l'-shlrr: lc rntJ ' : : Jot s i slor;oui ho'rcy ooa cUlo,: 1r;trr id li,drch;,rr rl,a I{rri,,compurcr rv;th. gr-6- illio,r'fV co )n)crci.r1 prochirrrin[ it rs ,: Ioih l,Jd

urc cnlmFion 0l lhc,ndryr(lrrll xl;rr sl txc urL: I'rorhcr ol u-or8c Onrcll's ,rsl - rhc yc:rr ofd.i l. \rlch. IJui rhc honcyrrroorr:.oou frdcd, rnd thr lrch-indiridurl \\':1s ol his.\yi). ou. Sculliy rxs|l),

prumotcdJobs to ruu thc Mrcinlus| frr)Lrp ind soon rlctirlctllc hrd 'crcatcd i nro slcr'.'\\'hcn I.lool, into yuLrr cy':s,'.ScLrllcJ':r \vilc k,ld Jobs,'l scc i llotlonrlcss Dir, xn ctrrpry holc, r tlcll zo c,'Wtrcn s.lc! collipscd Scrllcy, prcsscrl by his t)r)rnl, cl,c(lJulrs liotrr rhc conrprny \c'hrd r:rcrtcd. 7\fplc rccolcr.(l s;rh rhc hclt, ol rhi:itic cull,rcks, ncrv rrorlcls,

tlc inrlustrirl :rnrl lcw-:rtr rimcsi, r prophcr oI crc:r,:vc nrxnrfrmcN lilic rhc conrluctor lludolf IJiug, or l.l:rrold ltosr, rIc lirrt cditor oftlc Nrp Iorl,rr. "l'hc clucs :rnd inspirrrion for busircsi slsrcr)s in tltc lirturc,'|c lrnrrc irr lit book Otruq (1987),.rrc ro nc\v dircil)liDcs urrd ncrv p:rr Jignrs. l.'ror1r bioloUiclt ccll crrrrr{ 'ronr r[c0ry, frorr'fxo, ffirln.rrrhilccrurc, :rnd Irotn ir1.' lJcLinr.l ill tl'is vcrbirgc Applc vis filliul.t xp.rl, un<tcrcLrr tr1. chc:r1rcr forcipr nrorlct, n d rvirh no rfit rrcrv brtrti 'rvcrsrrflcd rl'rotrrhs. In Junc rv:rs rcphccd r! chicf cxccurilc bt Scullcy '991 Iis licurcl]inl Michxcl Spir(llcr, I rntrch ll$d;c. inrtr$cc, r Cufurrn clcc icxl cr8irtccr vhu h. l bcgun rviLh Sicrlcrrs :!rd hrd n]ldc lrir rri!$r :u ,r pirlicll cosl-lllurr. S0ot! xfLc^rirds 5cu]lc, lcft lo lcrJ x rrsh ncrv lcntr.r,.vlich cxurc rrlluck, Whcn I h'I(hcd xt thc ,\l)ph IcxJrlnrrflcrs in Cu!r(ir)o crrly in rtr{ lllc contllirny rlrcildy sccnrcrl nrirJdlc-r1;cd, tlrou[h lltc ircri6c :rltc of i$ cnrttoycrs rv:rs srill only rIirly.fivc.'l'llc syrrrLrol of rhc tutrrrrclrrtl rpplc rvrr rlispl;ryc'l cvu,yrvtrcr... :,x x ,c,rn,rtcr If irr rrrt1 clsIlillncss; :l,ld thcrc tvcrc rxhibiG ol ils drriDti,rc\v ;Ivcrrdo s, dr! I'olvcrbook hptop xnd dtc Nurvron ncss:rgu:prd. Dut drc llnorphcrc rvrs ,ros.srrid rnd u[r\ciri,rr, rvirlr Ur;rn rcurrhdors dn dru w:tr, inclrrlin[:'A14rlc]prohibit\ sl rs or iotrr blrcd oI rny prorccrcd rl:rs\.' ,\r't,lc h:rrl i:or crir:r dcd for rivc ycrrs, rrrrJ <li<l nor irrrcntt ro csprrrrl fultIcr. Siriudlcl fird cxlihirrcrJ rI;rr AJrptc rlrs nrr!Jng tlrc r nriliil 'frorr cillcUc:ci'lpus iu rcrt busilcsj': hc Jrrtt scrlp r 'rcel"rolouy coutrcil' lo \vtcd uur dru n)x y unprotiribtc lrojc<'\ wliich Scullcl hrd cndorscd. lpl)lc \u:$ conccDrr,rrnrl; on irs.corc conrtrclilivjly',vhich rcstcd oD its ilbil;ry to rrlitc to llc.honrc;rnd Scullcy Nrs no\v x rron-pcruoD, urrscd rronl r\pplij'r nlrnrory.'wc ari jl)rinl:lirr x scnrc of; sccurity by crcrlinf c\, cncnr:c!,' J wrs rold. .Bill Orttr is rrorv our iconic rl:nron.' .tJut -l _Aft c lvus_etill vcry rtirrcrcnr lionr:rny convt rionit co.Por. flioI. hcir 'c!'.fur:rrc.llx'lnhtircc' t..fl !i O'j\4ihoncy. \rhn tr]iJ flrccnrlJ nrovc'l frorn .Londotr, rtcrcriUcd fiD\v trc rot;d Appt(,j
Lrctrvccn

pru6unrnrr:s und rlcsltop publishin[, x nd cclcbnrcrl its rrnt[..urnircr_ s:rry irr trll-? wilh triu,nplr. IJu( Scullcy \ire norv crullrr tp in hir orvrr h1pc. Ilc tlrpicrcd hirnrclfrs :r Ircro ofrtrc rlr;rd wivc, .cruUhr.

crlrtrr0:

trs

(:r)lll'

Nt'i\rl/tN

\trc'rc 5lill vcry IlLrirJ, k,:s lurrl to hrvc:r clrcer-:irILrcrurc: viru cJn'r ilrl)r!ss rh_.^ bou it you'rc rvurkirr6 rtonc irr r quicr nrirur: Jou lrrr) bc Ioliccd bLlt noL. cccssrrily rccofni5c11: yuu lrrrrc ro do rorrrc bullrhiltirtf. LJul ).our t),jcrs knory Iruch thil|r 'nurc )oLir bosr. AfLcr i ncw |rorJucr hrs l-rr:crr hunchcd jo t)cr rcllr ot (|c tcrnr rrc luohi|6 for i iol, oulsidc, fr.rr rlrc rrcrr c;!hr $c.lr. '1'Icrc's sLjll cor5t:lIr rrovcrrcnL in Silicon Vrllct: culhrcri crflicJ froDr onc [roup lo ilnodrri., crcxlirrf:rll lirklj ol |)brills \vid) thc hclt, ofvcntlrc cupiul. Comp.rrics:rrc ulrv:rys chun6iug :l,rIc lilc,rrrrotb,rs. A d i('r fL,ll rLi irrJjvir.lrrrls \vorIirU lioll] I'orDc: thc) oAlI ttccd i Uooil b irr rrlrI ur)dcl'Jtrodirlirpouic. 'l hcrc's uot rnuch ;'lsLiLUrionrl rlrcnroll tit n t)|lc. Whull $,c rclcb tcd lhc tcnrh rnnivcrsxr) of t|c lvhcinrosh it rvrs lrrrrl ro litr(l pcuplu (i'o renrcrnbcrcd it. Wc rvrntcd to hxvc rr' At,tnc ,ruscurr brt trot cruurCr qrly I'rodoers hr(l l)ccn i,.l)l. l h( consult.Dls sc.Dr Io Lno\r nrorc rbout lhc hir(orl ol'Applc tIr

(:oNI'U1 r:Iii: (:OIltt,tND O[ !5CArt:: tl(\rltll-1,.r(krrJ hr., ltct)r hr.rd ofrtrorr Alrcriciu co,Dr)auic5 iD lircilU uI to w{,rld cu,rpc(il:,r): drcy n,ovcd i Lo Ccnnrny ;n r.l:c lillius, kl xllicJ virh,','okuuirv.r iI Japrn iu'r.trc r.uirics, wlrich srvc rhcnr ,r hc:rd rt,r'l in 5rrrlcL.jc ptrnrin6 !rd qurliry rcchniqucs: i{c [ol rclili('ll,rri rhcy put ir.'fhcy rodc h;Uh on drc clccEonic:rni c<.rrrryutcl boonr oftlrc carly ci6Lrrics, rvirJr ctcvcr ncw p.oducrs includin; c!c.r1r Lrscr lrrirrrcrs. Uy rhc cllLt r:f rJrc dccrrJc r_hcy tootcrJ nrorc slLrggirh, hcld brck by xn ovcnvcighr burcaucrrcy, bur drcybc5rD rejir-doo' lo S(rDlbr.l Ul|ivcLsiry.'l'hcir Dcrv chicf cxcdrivc, Lc\rir I)htt, \vr:; Iti!iDU l r,jv push rorvlnJs digiral courrnunicadans, ind rhc co'np:n'y ippcirc'l t'r hrvc tLc rit;lrt funuutl for rlc nircdcs: l b;E l)l',)cr rvirjuh could rctrir) jts t)rulir,rblc corc.busir)c5r, \!hilu nlrti r ro'r'Hnr xllixncci wi{h ru.llcr ljorr|txnius. "!hc l.ll' rvry is stitl vcry r,rrurr:, rlruulth prol)lc rrc xlNxyr criticiritr[ ir,' rhcir'conulluoiLrror, lvlrr)-Arxr rssorcd rnc.'!Vi siill dor'r rcaruit from odrcr (ornprrie:r: 'i:rcluc x lot ol pcoplc lsr!c, btr! rhcy rrkc drc l-lP culture rvirlr their. Wc'vc t:ruuruc lrss l)rl!rluilisL: \y,.: otlcr LrDployorcnr iccuriry b(r not i,,L scu rily. V,rc gll il i[srittrri,nrl pir tro;x.' Or|cr L)ita corrjhrlies .rdl]rircd lU, lbr its brhucc but$cuu orBuisrLio dlld lircdonr, big iurd :iIlrull, iurd lLolcLl firr irs sccrct. llu! rnuch of dtc sccr'ct ctrurc fr'o r lhc rrrc corr(irliry ol dtc r$o nrcn vho sct iL !p i^(r h.rll ,r ccIlury ilUU. lJclord l.luwlc{t-l'rctird, Silicor Vrllc} bccinrc lcgc drry fur irs l:rcl ofloyrll),. 1'hc lLrrrovcr.ol'r'rllfvcr)t up ro 50 l)cr cqrt l ycrr, xntl rn:ln) top coull)utcr cluir)ccrj htcw rlrcy could c,rsily find jobs cl5cv|crc: 'll'l 1v:ut Lo chxnuc iobj,' sirirl onc,,,l just turtr nl). crr irrtu,r dillcIu t rJIivcu:r1:''lht clustcl ol vc,ltutc c.rpirrlists i Sro lixnciiru ulc(rulh[cJ yuuDl; clttiinccrs tyit]l llo lnuitcy to brcrk i\v.ry .,nLl st:rr't thcil urrrr busiur!Jrjs. Conll):tuicl iccllurJ lrorc Iikc rcntpur,rJ rr,llIi:l;liu il_Ihu.lLl\rly lnuJJctiull (ils (r c,llltcl cxccutiyc l)ul it) lihui c l)roduc(r brinl.ji tol.jctl.ct I crst ofrctors for r pl:r1, afrcr rrhich tlrr) (li$pcrsc und lrLr,rk folr ucrv pl:ry, lhcy rvcrc rcycninu ro lhc -:r ',r'itiirnl rrern:rU ol x urLnrlirrry irr rIc.siricrnrh ccurr:ry, :rs rlri,is coItlr:rrry ur crrrup:rrry ufi v(st(,rs, bcf0lcirltc ju; l-slurjl s)rtc l iljrJ
du\vnsizirif ill1d dcccDtrrlisillgl 'i\lruosr no dccision:i:lrc nlrdc hctc!, I rr,,rs tolJ irr r9r,t .rl rhcir hc.rdqurrLcrs, i r:bbcJ corcrcrc bloct< sri

I I

lr

tlrc slriltinls srnrls ofSilicotr Vxllcy I lcwIcll-l'iclir(l $irlNkn^l rhr sinJs ]lrd ridcs, rcLilillirl.j its spccirl uhurlc!ur', lhc t\yo li)ullJcrr, 'Bill rtrd Dirc', *c'c bo$ billioruircs in drcir cighlici, but rtill c rc in(o tl,c ofiicu. '1'hc conrpilnJ,prided irr!ll on r l:!,hil) ltcliuU, xr i"!u'd,ilit) rn.l sctrsc ol'u(l!!xlit), c\prc:;sr(l l)y ot)cit drr)rr:rn(l lll:sl rrrrrcr: drc chi!l (rcculilc, iilc ri r} ul lhc shll; rlrivlJ i'r :' lind 'frurui.'1'hc III,\rr)r, r i(l co.foglldcr I)ill Ilcrrlctr, \\,ri U,rs!J o 'd)c lrclicf drir rnco rnd Nor)run iu,:rtt.to do l Uood job, r crrirli\,c job, rnJ Lliilt if drcy ur'c pr'ovirJcd tllc l)i'(rl)cr cnvir(inlrcrlt thcl \vill Jo so'. llP lihcd to '6r'crs rlrcir us,u pcoplu', inrltrdiuU llilry rrs,.:.rchcrs lloDr Stullorrl:rcru:;s thc ru:rd,:rrd lirunr.l rrcrv rvirls ol rioti\,,rlioli xrxl rlilcctin6 thcnr: through *irlcqrrc;r11 !rolil-ih:uintt, tluouUh flcriblc (irirc (iqlported li'orrr Gcllrlnl) iulJ.throuuh dclclopiu6'nun:r6curcrrt by objccrivc' (ivlll0) ro !ivc jurrkrr rrr:rrngcrs rnd supcri/irors niorc rcspclnsibility. liy ih!: scvdnti,js thi.: piilrionrcl chicf Jr.rlln Doylc wl L:rlkilU rbuut 'DrinrScrrrcnl by rurndelinl; rroundr or'5lrtir)U irr toucll nith.tht tc$itoty'- Nhich nr\irt:itrnr ol)!i0rs lcchni(pre:,, bur \.lrich olhcr cullp:ulici lilcr wclcuurctl :rr crnc;.rl Jirr,,rcr,l.

llr( r.ril\y \::: uru.ttril iIrpcr':()rr,rl 1i:rrrrs. 'l lris tli:;e rrrrtirrLrity cirtlic lrxDy \ll)r1.ic:\.
t

lo l99o lv(,

\.cll"

t).1

:,; i ,
.cor,

'^Nr

^N

r:t,i.tItrfLlrj.: (.r,It

r:
^n-

D otL

t:jcI fl:J

iirfonrrcd irirics,iRicl]rii IlortJ,r ,rnrl )i,rrrir, I(cn,,cy, irr rtrcir lrrrrI Tlrt,Lrcal:thnn;i, /riiiro,r, .rnrp.rlnr:rl tLilr thc 'lrr)clnobilir)' \v,r\

\\hi-icful.irld tlcsiluciitc, rcscrrcl pro6r,rnrirrcs vcrc rlisr'uptcrl, 'rs conrprnics Iost rhiir irirtitulio :rl Dlcniur), xrd cnrt)loycr:s brrnrr rlrtnrsilvis out,irifrcu cnrJirig rhcir c.rrccrs:rhr:r tcn or fiftccn ycrrs. \'culru r: crpirrlisnr,r rlrryrrvrlrcd, couhl bcronrc 'vuinrrr: crpitrlisnf rrs it conlincd ils vict;nrs lo sllo -rcr r Jr!r.{t)ccri./cs, whilc rhr Jtrt)rrcsr invcstori tooI i nlrch loDlfr vic\,. Ycr;t hid irs dvlnt:r8cr.lr thc rxrly ci[htics Silic0rr Vrllc] trcc,l in ccononric crkis rs IhcJxprtlcsd ;u.ridcd lh{ urrrkc( lbr scn'i$n(lucrorr, itrd drr Cllilbrnixr i vcnli\11)rss xt)t,$rcd to he llLlihl:. ll,'l b)'dlc hlc cightics r ncrv crop o fcoorl):nlics hitltuushroonrtrl. nrclud_ ;nr Sun, Cor)nc. ard Cn)rc55, prorluciru x rc\v \vxvc ol ir)ni'vxrio!rs; \vhilc old$ conrprnics nrclir!lilr5 l lcwlcrr-l'iclxr.l rDd ltrrcl turr[l,r b'c! \!idt nrorc rlynuuic rrxn,rFcrs. '1'h; rivil co'r)Drrrcr rcdorr xLrrlll Ro'rrc !1S ir i\4.ssnrhtrJicrlr rLr)rirtc(l rclirn'cly slxrrrxnt: l)ifilrl U(rtlilnllcor IDIiC), rhc t);onctr ('l'uri;ri-conllnrrcls in tIc rixrils, wxx losirf ou! to l lclvlcu-l'irchrd in lhu rrirrtlius; Apollu, \'hich Irrtl lirsr dcvclopcd cngirrccrirrg rvorli-jilrli0rtr, fcll ltchiurl Srrr irr C:rlilirrrrir rnd wis cvitrru:rlly botuhr bt Ilc\elrttJ'xcltrfll. A conlprrlrun ol'rlrc 6vo ru8iorrr t'y Antrrl-cc Siscnirn irr rtr4 suficstcd Iht drc Cililonrirns'mrrib xdvrntx[c l:ry irr rhuil nitlt n:orc lluid busiucss c$hurc irnd cr!rironnrcnt. ]\4issxcllLrs,r(ts htlrl icliri!clJ, fc\\'cr torrprrids, $'iih ccnrflliscd stnrcttlrus ind ;rrfor' tir:tion no intvcrricilll),vIicJr cncc,urlr[cd corpor lc sclf-lullicicnc) rnd loyilry. Silic;n \/illcy brld r Dorc indiliduxl cnlru.c tvirh n!,rc po.ous bonndirics bcr\rc!,r ,.onrl)rrric\, b(rl \!irh x co',trtrdn inl srucrurc of cduc:1rion, Iinrncc..rnd iJcxs \vhicl Drolida,l ir)" own continuiO, or 'conr:ollcd chro:'. Wl'r:n.indusL'irl cl\rorts rrc cmbcddcd in such r supportiyc locrl cnlironnrcnl,'Nrott Srxcrri:r),
'drcy pronrotc;r dcccntr.rliscd I)ruccsr; ofcollccLivc Ic:rmirli rurl f(,slcr dlc conlinoil ir'\or.rtiun rlli( is LsscIrirl in lhr crlncrlt corrr])clilivc

intl i njfhnrcrl ck$rlrcic. 'fhc vctcr:rn rrx rrrc rcllr c:!t)c( l,ctrr Diirclcr, tho!Utr ljc tiyci in Crlin)mix, Nirs $uch rrrirc scupricrl, xr lrc cxpt.illud ;r his 3rilt rlronl, AustrixI rrioclrrl
norv it's;r scrtlbctl rvhcrc thirUs rrc bonr

Or I'rulSrffo dfthc llrsrirurc ofrhc lururc: ,D:rnvirrisrrr srilt prcv:rils in Silicorr V:rllcy,,irirJr I vittl cuflu.r5r butvccn succcls rnd llihrrc, hrs srill x !i!unrarirg.xIldroI of inn0r.:rriorr, rrid insccuriry rrxkcs for;nnov: io : prrhrpr;l'r hctpctt bybci,r, on rhc Srn AnrJrc:r lrxllr. IJut il's. vrry (l;fttrcnr ptrcc frou ).tcrrh:rt-hcl:]rd',

bccourc st:rgnrnt likc lldurc rllt. lfr rnuivcd rhc rlcclilc ofdcfcncr spcndirrg rud rhc ihifr rlfnrrnufiuuri,rt: lo lhr lhkd vurld.,

ui,r[cl

'

Siliccll Vrllcy ir ir' lid shrfe ir cunfuscs rccluricrl !i uosiry $,ir[ ilrnovrtio'r, 'l.J)cy ui.d ro Uc( nroncy tJy ritknrr jri-rccjr bur now lhcy donrt rlclivcr: tLcy srrffcr fiu r l tohl rcfllrrl ro bc disc;plir)c.J. Vcry ferv hi-tcrh Drojccrs 1vo.L nIr in r]tc rJrt:clI'lxcr,'l!c sllc.c:rscs rrc li[h.cnui ccr;r]t conrpr icr, u\n, y rrrl,irti irn': rl ilc l(Ildr ij l)r1ricct. lls becI rlrr sxrnc for cy,:ry ncrv tcchnrrlogy ovcr :r hrnLhctl :lnrl lii"ry ycrrr. You l:rrurv horv nrrny rnto cr,nq,rrrics tlrtrc rvrrc irr r,rro) t.tt,:vur r[,,rnrrrt.t 'l lriiy''u rti-bourfcoir tcut)lc ryho !rilt \vrtrt ro bc biltiol]Iircs, rd ffcud rirN thc lr I'vc fio Jy rp]thy,'l'lc] dorr't s,rnt lo lrut ir busirrcss, it's too lilc hir'l drudlrrf: I'yc rcco Lhcnl lill dru rlost l)ronlirirrr ttlr!!crr by ihlllys (ryi'rtj (o i$J'rovc iljc pfl)(l0ur. '.l huy cin't lccp thcir tiruiors oft: Con)pinics ill Rorrc rS utc fir uora dis<ifl; cd: tficy donl t'.otrrisc ro nrrlc crcry' on{ r;qh.'l lrry brinU ill ] tcN tcy fcol)lc, virh titrrncirt, pcrsonnrl rnd nrrrkctirI u\pcricncc 1vl)u tnow ltijN ro n,n conrp.,rics.

cnvironmcrt-' '1'.lL:n6 to cor nutcr c{tcrrs i Cxliftirrr.r, I li'trrl so,rre ,'l:r(.tor lhc Mx' )i,rl ncnt, John Mxrkofll thc co'WUrcr ':orrcsporldcrlt

'fhc innovrlion i\
t

Ti,,.r, cr]tiirlcd: 'Silicon vrllcy hrs hucn nrnovrtivc liir rllilr) )cr.*. linkcd ro i,,rrrbilirI, \(itlt ctrljincurr \vxn:irt: r', bcconrc rnillioniirc\,:irJ itJocs sccllr ro r]lth'c .n chros: ir h:rsn\

Ctirri,r\' Silicon yrtlcy providcd :r urrn|rc Lrurinc1' cnvironnrc r Jlrd ui'liry, x{ rlittcrcnt ir itJ xu usttrcrc lrorr orhcr rcgions:rs r r:rin forcst Iiorrr:r copst, whictr c xl)lcd iB iolr:rbit:lnlr lo brc.k rJrro![h ;r)tu pcruonxl conrt!(crs, h \!is lorh norc i rtilidu:rlirric rItJ rrro-rc corrrrurrrl:. rl'c irrnovrrors $crc rnotirxrrrl by tJirccr pcrso :t ;.rirr rhrn by xny cort)or. c toyrtlj. b t I'rcy;hrrcd. conrn)on our_ 'orr luot,.xnd could picl p i(tcrs illlrt tiss r'rflrr rifiJty ro crcl odrcr. l orc'UD burirtcr{ cn lloctcd ru C:rlifoflrir;n thc rijvcntjus tu dirc0vcr
lhc sijcrcri xIld sooll no colrntry fclt co,ndcrr rv;tjrout;rs o$n Silicon
:

,l;

t9,

(:oAlI'Lr1 LRti:
nollc crt;rtcrl rlrc sltnic irivcnrivcrrrs, rvhich ofa"rbirio'rr i'rdividulli, si\ivffs;rics, linitrcc illtl prcr.riliDU uIrirrirnr. 'lhr l,rclit-Ir)tivc \!hi'iI clsc\vh(rc lrx{l bccn discunrrcutcLl frorr iDJLrrLrinl lnrbiriuo lvxs lonDcc(cd iu Silicon Vrllcr to rcnuinc iluov.rLioo rll r risiorr ufdrc fuLu' t;irr,l iL provi,lc(l thc 5pur liJ.' sueccsion ofbrcrlrhroughs. 'l'hc brhrcq betivLcr orUxDisr(ior :rrd qlrxos Ircc;rurc lrorc diliictlt rs tJrc first pclJoll:rl e<-rlllputcr booul subiidcd rurtl loun6 cr:nrp'rrtits lrrd ro r,jjusr ro rniddlc rgc,'I'hc trr of pulr: irlvurt;uni [:rs bccrr succcc,Jtrl by tIc rnolc Jil'licult sur6c ol':rpplyi!6 (lrcru to populxr rccds rod r:rshr, $,hic[ inrolvcs r lunL; tirrc-llf, :rs rvith;tc:tnt cn6ir,:s ur clcrtri(ir). n,rd i( rc(tI;rcs :rlli:rrrrcs rvith irtlrcr corDl);uricr \vlo l,ol,J r|c te)-s (o \ridrr rrirtcrs, lJyrhu rrgosrh(biutonrt) lcr.o'{l)ri,;ei $cr! corccr! rirrU Lhcir cuclut utr lrynrg t,, irlill'!lc hor,c$ rs \'.ll as ofliccs. 'l hcJ w{lc ipurrc(l orr by tlic prosi'ccr ol'rIc 'i'rloflrrrrid! srrp$|iglnr.r;J, $hich rvutl,l li,'h cnrc x;rrtrrcrrl. irrli,rnrrtior rrd co'rnrrur;LrliUn ovcr l|c tclcphurrg l;ncr - xll rNi|l[ ll!c digirrl tcclur<.rlc,gy rvlich cull)l)utcrs hrd oriUill:rt(rJ. 'II is hcrdy prrrs(lrrilc I)cLt brourhtconrputu bosrcn loft lhcr $'il tr trrlrcl;rcncrr$ Iiorrr txblu liolr lhc likcJuhrr M lonc Jiffcrcnt cullurci ird c.-ptri!Dui:s, conrpiny'l'clccou)orullicitiors, or 0ruU Dillcr, ch.rirnrr[ rrl (I\tC rrhicl pionccrcd homc-shoppin6 on'11. lirrch conrprrnv rvrs hopitt6 ro csploir thc olhcr: thcy \vcrc, rs M!lonc txllcd drctrt, 'scrctt octopu5cj cr<h Nidr rheir hrn,ls iI crch ot'l'cr''s |ockcts'. Dur drc brLllc lor (hc honrc rrlrkcl vould not bc ciJy. ljectr lJjll crtcs, $ho irivcntcd tlrc :;to6rn 'AionlrurcI irr'crcq' honru,' lrItl ,lcuiJc,.l rhfl i)lticuj;, nut IoIrcli, \rcilc thc liril (ilrtc( li,r lhc rtjrv rcchIolo6t:'O|cc busirress is usirr6 llrultiulcdii,'hu ijnid ;n lvl:rrch 199.t, 'thcr \\.c crD rnurc lo drc lronrc rrlironlllcDl.''l !c lcrnr 'irrlor':rtion iLrpcrhigh\ery' \\'xs :1ruN:ry ulirlcrdirrg, \{illi:llr Cibson, tlrc icicncc-iictior prophcr sho hrd lilJt coincd lhc \yord cthcri-pxuc, s:rid rJrc lriglrrtuyrv,rs rrrorc likc r rhopt);rg nrll' trlirr6 to sullpcoplc rJrirrgs thcl, did l]ot 1vrtrr. Aud )c rct! nctrvorli' rlong t[c tclcplrorr,: . iiucs rvould Lrc nrolr: liku rilihyrys lhirl ruilds, vuincnblc tr) l)u\\'crlirl crncls:rud to cvcllluil lcgulxtion; drcrc \v:rr tt rc,rl risl (rrnrcrlJuhu !ro'"rrin6 r:f I'llrir,l ru;r6rz.illc) 'thrt iusturtl of inlbrlrulion hidNx]:;, ,\rncricr \'Jll Ucr inforrlxtioD r'iilr0ir(ls nrD by inlirrurltirrrr r'uhl,rcr' Lr nrnr'. \\'lrrr rvill Lc rlrr rrrtrt,cr b:rLrrrrs ol thc lirtr,rrl 'l hc lr,rrrrrrs ,'l
lJuL

!ioNIt

ND On l:SCAr,rl

\';rllcy, Clen or Dcll1.

,lcpcrJcd or

Lirc Dfix

lik( Al'&'l'or tririrh'l'ctccon)?.fhc brrons of ,r(v5 ,'d (trr( nir"n{,r, l,kc liuDcn I,lurdoch o. Tcd 't.u rcrt Or rl'( 1,.'r,trr ol roli\rrru. likc M;crur.n N"'i,,ttr' 'l'hc iDijhrrt;!n ufdrc hoinc .cquires"r
rhu r!lct)lunc lires, sliills \vhich lrc rcry:)licD ro
rroi_l l)rotjllDr)rcrs rnd colrl)urcr lrrnrgcrj - tjrc lcrst donlcslicrtcd !l :ruin lr.'l'hc :rvuriruc hnrily rcnrrirrs as fcr|tul olconlputcr !cchnukr8y ar lx)jnc xs ll)(y \vcrc ofldrc clqcrjcity'ur drc bcginling of rl,c ccirlurl, \vhich ruotycl]l.r ro bu rru5(cd, Co )purcrs, drc nurlcrilll; ctpcrls sry, rrc urly rcccptcJ by o|rJiD,rry .rco1rl.: \yhcn thcy rrc irrviriblc, :rrrrl iror! h!,rrcs rrru rlc..Lly fr:ll of LIcur, colccrl:rJ in

clirfirvuslcrr, vjllco-cxircttu phycrs urul rclcphoncs. :fhc Dcrt srrrc ol xucrpr:llr!r rvill br: lrrlrlcr, rvLcll conrpLrrcl cl cls r\ill rcquirc r \virkr u! c'rr;rndirU ro currocct ul) rllci. st)ccirlised rcLhtrolouy 'trtrcI' r,, tl,c bru.'tlcr Icc(ls uf rl,c I',rr(.

corll'u1rilt5 ANI) cu'f !Acl.ls

'l Ic ollicc rcrnlircd r!c r)riril rc ;ro,y (ll thc corDpurcr, rvlicll h!l rilicn il lonu Lirlc tu c.\crt itr lull ltlluclrcc. ljrck ill lgjo Notbc'! Wicncr hrd rv:rrncrl tlut tlc artonlrlis Dtichinc, lvhcn ipplicJ [o lilc(odcs, wouli producu x \!xyc ol'ur)cDtltoynlcnr rvhich rvould Dtxlc tl,c Dll)rcssion of d'c drirrics look lilc :r jokc. llut rc ncr-l rhrcc

rtr:ss:;ciriccslilictcleplronc:i,nrirliue;,rrdur:rdcpo:siblcrhccrprrr:iorr ol nrulLinrtiurr;rl:; rcru:;! (hc wodd.'fhc yirjl roorntul oIlypirt.s ot clclk:: crrrrrnrenur,rtcd ir lhc IiJin ll; ,.l7,arr. aor I ri.rs r.rbsolcLc by tlc ruvcrlir5r p.rrtly r(ll:rccd by \yh;riit)lj Dlrillfrrn)c conrpulcrs; Lut rc\r irduitl';cs rvcrc Uro\viIg rrp rllrich still ruqLrircd rIc Iulltrll touc[. ;\nrl in thc r:i6|tics tlrc rrrir;rl olperronrl co|rt)urcrs brouljh! rboul ro corrci;l)old;lf dcp:u.Lutc of of{:cc-\vorkcrs. Crrrrpurc|s rvrrc coDsl,r' Iy bcir)[ ir)5trllcd by busi cjscs, osrcrr:ilr1l to rrrc rnorryi )ct tljcy rl,urrcd ur.r r'cul uvirtrrcc of incrcrsir; nllicc I.rrdLrcti!ilj..ll) lhr (lrc:t.lc tu rrr:5cr.virj( collrprD;er in tlr; US wurc rr( Lr)Dc,l 1,, h:rvt rt),:r:l 3800 l;iiliol ul ,ulorrrr.rtiori rcchrol_ ut:J', \vlril( llr! icr\icc jeulor (shicI culrlolcrl rlrrcc-qu:rncrr ot.

(lrcrdcs ilro\vc(l iro scrious si[us ufituron)irtion 0r con)putcrs lc?ditrU rc lllxrii-ultcrrploynlijnl, rvlrilc thcy ilchiqYcd c hlgc cxl)xosion in

tll j,il

il lil

, ' An1tr;cir vorlic;s) ivrs

ccnl ir ycrrr

(:olrliNr

ntAN

(:0$I'u l.I'ls: r:0rrrr,rrrr t)r r:ic,rr,r.)

ol'Irxu(lul(nt lxcrics ils h0rJc-dc:tlcrs in lltu ni ctuc lh ccnlurJ; rrid dis:rstcrs $crc copitrg ro t:[trr. ,t.t,c Loldon SLocl li:tch:urgc spcnt r.ricr fr5o nilliol orr r muihJrypcrt 'l'upcrlcss' colJpurur Jystcnr crllcd'l'lurus rvhich Ir:rrl rt b" sc.pj:",.l; \vhilc rl'c llrirkl' Uolcflnrrcnr, \iich rvrs q,cndirrsl: bitrion r ycv ",i ;,'li' rtfliDr rcrh uk'U), \yrs irtvulvc(t ;I surc(rrivc 6.rseos. rrrr,tcnor Co|sLrtrirg, :r1 offxhool of thc xcco rl;DU pr11ncrship, succc$fult, lobbicrl Lrl r cornputcrisul syrr(nr for 'rvcsrcx I,tciki, ,furt,u,iry tu rhc lnid-cilirtir.s \vfiich !r0icd i dif$cr:1 d co5t hxpiycrs 16] n1illi"n, lvith rro cffccrire rcrlrcss. "l'hc ciyil rcRlrr rJotsn'r rcrltj, und.rsr'rnd whxl hc i5 bci,rti sold,' criptxincd ltobcrr Shctdon, drc chirlrrxn uf rhc hlrliu Acco'u rs Cu'nn:i cc in rgfl. Dy rlrr lxlc cisIlics.rDrl urrl) ninctics, conrl)urcrs \vcrc bcUirj inI t(, sho\v rhuir po\\,cr ro Lirkc $i!xy jobs. In r\'lcricn rcccrJiun xr lxsr

tl
':)
r1

iJ

ll
i.

Icss pcr ctttploycc ou nlxtrr[curunl irli' r'xtior r]sturs th:u rliil coolprnicr with ivcrrfc j).u(lucrivir.r,. i\4rnrgcrs rvho rvcrc nrrci['trd l!? conrnrlcrr coukl c;rsily l:c lcrl to crtnv:rgrDt u'rung solutions, \\'irhaLrt roxlysi'rU rlru ru;r rl rhrir problcnr. lliU Anrcricxrl cornt)xnici, 'ircud rvith hll[c irticut,,rirs in \1'rrchouscs, cviscrl clcg:rnt conlt'rt:riscrl systcnrs lirr storlrrg;rrrl rcricving .conlponcnG, \vhilc (hc Jrprncsc \vcrc dircovcrirU lhuy could aboliih invcntorics i'logcLlrcr drrough drc 'iusFin-liruc' s)!lcnr. As 3n tll'l'int{stisxtior concludcC irr r939:'Wc hrvc spcrrt orct rt dccrdc xnd nrillions.of ddllrrs dclcluri116 clcs nt'vh(crirls lictlLrircnrcnts

only incrc:rsinlJ il:i Diorhrci!;t) by o.5 1rcr cotirprrcd t0 3,$ pcr cc,lL ilt llxnnlilctLlru. A survcy bI lhrlnnc tllxf,i].zitlcitl rggrloundollicc|)rodLrcth,iq.Ltggirrgl;rrlrtlirrtl rllc fictor;cs; :rnil tllc luor( prod rti\,c cu lprt icr lcn(lc(l lo st)cl(l

by thc lilcli$. hryc-sL.:rlt

si'rpliftrlt drcir ficLorics

r|cntliu: iIcir riIrc whtrt rht utrtcdxl! t l,t 'r nrir![cd ruxnllrlly \cith:r h:lIr(lnrl or'l(xl'l)$r (jurt-i,]-ri 1.) (r,11s' 'lhc irrivrl ol pcrsonrl co rflrlcrs lcortllcd onicc{vurlc$ t$ l)Lt \\'idr tlcnl- 0!hcr I IirsL ilstrllc \\'rn1ll'crlcct lirr \Virrrl,rrvs ':xmcs l;w.\ surpriscd lhlt ir kcft ollcrirrri 1c:rt:,nrc{lsolilrin-,,rril I \i.s told,drrt it lvrs drc tulouritc c.urrc ofborcrl sccrcr,uics) Corn-

Ilinninr

Sysrcnrr, \\'hilc IhcJrrnncsc wcrc

ro (hc l)dnn

rjurir
tb

I-rufG

srirugglc tJrcir olr.r grnrcs ori ro lhc;r hrrJ J. ivcs,

rir ir o0icc hnuru, \\4)ich \!rs hirdly sL,t)risirrs ilni" d'lr:s"'v rlr"'rrstl""r rr librrrtinU conrfurcr:\ fro$ rlir hurcrucxcli o dli) Nidr'o.cd:ro

i \rrllcd'(l:,rx:(e riry co-or<lin"rorj ro inrtrccr c,rploycc!'cur pulcrs l'! cnruri rhr'rh.y \rcrc no!.hrrinf lull \eilh thctrr - or u!;rr[ thcrrr t,, nttt tlrtit otrn busincsscs, Dut. dcdicitcd.con)putcr-frculs.coulLl crtsily outtviL corporitc:controls, Conrpurcrs *crc rlso crcitirrf dtcir oNrl burtltcrxN, xn(l thu rrtN indusrD' of irform:rtion rcchnoloUy (l'l) \yxs irsclf bccoN;Iu il huUc cmplotcr. i\,linrfcnrcnl cotrsukxnlr rllJ rccounlxrrts' linrts wcr,: nrrking forr!,rcs b) irsr.rllinI unLJ rrrn.rliir'I trPtlrs;rt s]{rtnrs, \Lhi(h oftcn nccdcd urorctpcoplc to nnr rlrcrrl lhtrn lhc ul(l r re, x (l Ncrc roon ou(drtcd b). ytt ircvcr ttsrcnr. . lrr Britiin sonrc cor)rnulc. rxltsll\ctt $trc t)flrclisirrI lhc i,rrIt ki tl
Sysicnrs, tl,c corrp.,ny funndud l,)-l(oss I'cr',r.

Iinic

Jnis, Omii lunl,Jlcri c"unrcrrtrfclc.l by ilsrrlliru Ilrcir o'!tr sudc;lpiorrnmrncs to rrhck dowri.thc c{lprns: ttltctro'ric Dilx

ci,rnfcllcd conrtxr\ics to llkr nn)ro idvrnlxUc ofcornpulcr.s ro rcntrcc ollicr rnDloycr:s, Icxdil8 ro lxifir i'r tro,lLrr:riviry. Atrll Grccniprrr, rhu chri llrn of thr lrc(lc{;rl llc:icnc, crpl i c't ix Wlstri flon i,r riuv syrctt oll'xrd\v:rrc, rd soti\v:,rc rry tini y bc show'rt3:'A irr6 tlrmulCr in x s\irilicinr iocrrx\r irr lxhour pnnhcririry."Lc l)rnks rn(l iIrL'rurcc rr)r'rt,x icr:Ncrc lJe(o,niru, ,rrc ltrrtrtcs!: -,,r rcilisric- in li' i!rii cnrplo)ccr. ''.t'licrc Irir bccr) I rrcnrcndour rcvcrsrt olconl:l:rccncy,'.srid Sicphcn lti!,rch, r rronoNist ir Morfjn St!nlcy rvlto h:rd frcrlircrrtly cririciscd conlr)ulcr st)cnding:'Mrn3Uirs ,r" finrlly licllin[ rlrc long-ovcrduc Diybrcl. fronr conrpuring.; ltorctr fi)ufil rJrrl rhc x'rn'fiI Urowrh;tr rlc lurDtc. ofwhirc-colhr ibb, in Aflrcric:r fird ionc do\v Gonr J-4 pcr ccr)r irr r\c c;rlrr;cs ru zcro ;D r,),) r. {irft {,hctr Drotluctiviry \rj ti'oN;tr[ cd,r.,tly in rcryicc] rn,l r"rn',ftcturc. tuh y uxl)cflj rr\v lhis x: u,rty d,c bcfinninI uf] ru.tr (l(prr, knrScrtrcDd ru\vxlrlscu!b:rctrri oftjccs.Jotlr Slui;t,, rnllrJg_ in1; prrrtrrr:r afAnrJcrscn CunsullirlU ir) thu US, rrcloDcrl th:rr ,'l.rchnoluUius liku irniIci)rocc\\i11tj, voiL.c rucuU i,iurr, rclcfho c brrtins, cril)crl syslrllrs for doiru kDn cr;rlurrions. rvilt conti ic ro clus.

iussil,c l:ryofii,'
rr;,trr,

Ar pcrsorrrl runrt)ulcrji hcc llc rro-c iItcU,.,tqit ;,rro ofiicc orUr ;r_ rlq Ich ot rhcil i'Jr.ilis'i(,'pp(]tofrhc prc"iou\ d;.,::r,Ji. xr rl'c lihu. Urs ufyuU U pcot)tc f.unr burc.ru(rici(s rnd ornciitdon,.

lull

'l'hcy wrrc srill rhrilli'rr ;llsrfl'nrrnrs firr loDcrr, ;nclodi,rU lvrircrs. rlcxli,.rs in(lrlcj;i$rcrr.,J t ir$;dc ronrpni,s rtrc)lvcrc r,cc..riIy p".i
20J

'''--....-.-.+....|

$llic| could prolidc bo-sscr Nith urccltinic.rl xll-r;urinU (Ic$, rhowiur t[cnr horv ro curJ, crxblin[ tlicrn ro clrrch r'lrr l'ltr:surr:u's pcrfornrJnc{r, 'rulic to byp.rss Dri,Jdlc-llr:Irrrgcrs xlld to rcplucc thcnr.
Deciiioos l:rlicn drrourh conrlxrtcls, rs Norlclt W;cncl hrrl rvrrrrul Icrrs {xrlicr, rr'crc overtrlinr !urur dccisi')n:i: Iitros-[ow \vr$ t)r!!riliog ovcr hro\lrvhrL. /\nd tllc sprcld 0fcornputci5 \vrs !pcrdirrr; up rhc ru<rst rutJrlcss frr[c ofcolll)r y r]rcll ]iucc lhc D(l)rcs:iiutr ul rl,. rl,irri.\.
fi)rry

cllA1,1'It( IOUli.l.Llti!
Cot

/toruta Crisis

a'rd slobat r.idcru hld 'r"u;8.:ijonrptjDy chrllcrrgtd r|c irsuurt)(io[s oflvcsrcru nrcn, .nd lhd rlrfltrvr .loul,t uI rhcir rulid lynrtrrids of,:,ciclltitic r:rDrIcmcn f. .fhc r. !rtnrlrr, llrc iu;ulcsr crrfurccr uflou:c, pruvcJ d)c rosl Jcvisr.rj U (l,cnD irf Lhc burcnL,c'rci(s vhicj, Irxd orrcc r )crrcd so louicrt. By rhc ci5hr;rs r't rly cvcrf bi6 cuu4.ruy lLccd:icrisis of irlcniq.rs ir ,:,cL'1 ., ,,n,c I'osr:lL rrtJ lirsr-cJrruIiDl1r'9rld. 1,, rgito hvi' tnrnruc,rut)r q\t)edr, l(ub'c( I.l. I.lryus rnl iVitti.,nr J. Al)crrrlrlry, f)ublirlrc x dullsltr(ing iu.ricla i,t rltc lhnun! l|ntiklt /nrirD crrritluLl 'lvl:rrrrIirrU Orrr Wry t,) I;corx,ruic l)ccliuc\ rvhirlr t)llr r|c l)lxnrc lirtrly on qo rluny rnur.'l hcy for|d cvitlcucc of ,:r bLtxJ urur:rgcli:rl i:rihnc - i;rihru oflrurlr vision.lrrl lu-.rdcrslrip'. ArrLl thcy bhrrrcrl priucil)lcr yhich cncourx6c rDxtyr;c 'trxlr6cnrctrr (lcrrclllrcr( r'.lbui (hxll hrnd$-u'r erpcricncc, .rnd prcfcrrcd shorllcLrr corr rcikr!t;un to lu 6-rcr'rrr tcclrur.rlu;ical cotlrt,criri!ctlcss. Srrict l:,rxIc;.rl culrruls \v(ru crc,(ijrti nll cnvirollrucDl .u rvhich llo r.ruc ,lxre(l r;sL.r liihfc or'cvcu il uxiulclltrry Jil) i drc Uorroul lilc,. Arirl tin,Irriry rop i-jri:ctltivcs rrcrc.j)scudol)rof!s5:untlls', !pcciliisl) ir tlrr:rrrcc ur l:rrv stru rrcrvcLl hurrruun corrrprnics.rrJ ruri rlcrrr rvir.lr
rull

Cornpurtr pro6r rurnrcrs, J,r1nn"r"

llorl,ecj:llcx|)cllilc0l'jlllcrtstilldlcl)lodtlcl,
'l hc

kr:ys ro lorr6-rcr.nr slrcccrs crcl suflivxl - il busijrcss :rrc \rh.rl tlrcJ ll.rvc ilhv.l)s bucni lo it)vcj,t, to iDuov.llu, (0 lctd, to cl1..rlc vxluu rvhcru irorrc r:risrrtl bulurc. Such rJcrcnrrin.rtion, .:iLrch srrivin6 to rrccl, rcquirr:s lcrrlc:s - lot just coltrollcrs, Ir;rrlitl ;rD:rly$tr rrnrl portfolio rx[:rgcN. ln our l)rc0ccr]p:rrion rvilh lhc b|rjiinl: $):;rcIls xr)(l cxlcli0r lfiru, vc ,i,,,y h""" r,"glcctcrl thu rlirc tr.rinr t'fu i,jul)0r,rtions. .

fii
r o.5

ii

(:oIrtAN.f ll^N
Lcrdcrship io0n bcc:uur rhc rrcrv nrllyinf. cry ot llrc ijiflrlirr, rccliiDlcd is it h:rd not bL:cn sincc Ilirlcr hutl givcn ir r Iutl nrrrur in dtc Sccond Worirl \Vrr. ln dru port-*rr rlccrilcs thc corudcx connnittcc-slruclures of colrpllics lillc Gcnrrrl Mororr :rntl Shcll hrd bccn dclibcrrtcly dcsignctl to lirrrit thc.porvcrs ol'l::rrlurr, ryhilc

tr, u

n,r.rr:

drtrsrs

ir r;r lll]l:i:l],

rq)In,,,I tIc Jrcli

u 0f Aur:ric:rrr iuttusrn,, ,1rich lhL] I,,rbli\t.rd b'njk./!talc nr,,t,,tft (t9Sr).

rii
t01

ticir scicntific

Dlcinr to bc ir)lpcrsoIlrl, Llrit:rin i rlrc Iltc scvcntics, $id SirJohn U:rnlrllrr, x fulLrrc D;.cct'rr-Crlcrxl of thc CBI, 'w:s .r lvorld in wliich pccplc vcrr scc" rs lcxdcrihip wrs bcst lcli to tlru discrcd;tcd ,rrilitflf'. Ulll 'nxcl'nrcsi now clicl crcc!L,vcs, liltc idcrr, wcrc cr)coLrrlicd to rcc rhctrrsches rnorc iir prc,.Jrtors in i juD[1c,. or :1s lcx'li'rti fU':rrilh urNics, ':;hsling rnrl
\v:1s

InitDigcnrcrt

sl!,rr-rcnr rfius.tosi,rr ourr;Jxpxn;c,cct,*r"6y.,r,,j,r,"y ir rtcvrnxri fixrc rhcn ris "rot;rs, t il(turnenr uri In,..,crn conrtr]D) n)cI:

riilr "Yil,:::.-t1ll!:' cfittlt):Irrs "1,,o lor DUr ,st;ckjrg to thrirknir(i,r6,: fo; f,,;ll"U r",1";..t"p txcrr o\vn ir)ycnriur)s, ltrd prcfcffi,,1; ro buy

hxs ch:xrticd irrcvocrt:ly,i rhty .o"cl",t"d, h,rd ;;; .d:',j ro rtri rcv rvudd:,,l.hcy c,i,r...J,r",",ll
up ortrw iliusrrhs for

rfi"

;^,"n,,,,:",,,ir,",;,,*,

it
tl
r/
iil
11

burninl:', i"crichnrs rNd

'l'ltc cry ror lcrrlcnjrili sri- rrt(n up i,' r,rll: l,y r\v', trrlrrt3, (,,r cotrs!ltrnr5, 'l'lron,rr.J. I'crcrs irrd l(,'l)cfl Il. W:tlcnr.r , i,, rl,(ir nrflircotirl booh.lrr J'rail ,/ir..r./rc. l'hcyurgcd rnxDiscrs ro rcturn lo nrst p.i!rciplcs: 1o rltcnd to thcir cortoNra,.lo bc collijcfllctl wirlr tcoplc, ro $t,crir)c,,1 n;th lri.,l rrrJ c.,r'i. Arr(l llrcy (l(h nLu,l lhe sr:pposcdl;r rrtion:rl bclicli of rhc j,cvclltics: rhc rsrnnrtnio r lh.rr biU is bcticr, tlrrt lorv-cost prntlucrni ihl:lJs win, rh:rt cvcrylhill: (iln bc iDxllscd..'fhcy rvlrrrd isrir\l ri: tinJ ol 'rl)srr:rcr, l,eirrlcsx philosiophyi tjnilicd !y llobcrt tr,lcNxnr.1ri ir thc vict ilnr \i r. Al1rl rcy urBad nlorc pcrso,rll:rnd riih-liliirtr lcrdcr:hip rvhich $ould concchtftti on pidrlinrling rnd iirrplcrucnrnrg rJcci5ions rxthcr tl'xr rhcrn.'llAnrcricr ;\ h rclli.in irs coNtrcrir;vc p,,rir; n ;I iurt 'riil;ngLhcJ, concludc.l, 'ur cvell holl rvhrr i{ hxs, rvc hrve ro srop thc \ebrl'1,'
o(crdointt tl)irUs on rlrc r:rtior:,1 si(lc.' Thc \vholc syncn ofsc;c,rlilic r.trxUCmurlr csr:rr.)lishud hI l+c(lcr:cl: T.r)lor, thc)' injistcd. hxd cc:r\uil Io bc :r 'riclul di\cir)li u.'l hcI flllcd thc chingc ofthirrltinij x'trxndiunr !hili.'i bt{ :n licr rhcy hirl not shiftcd tllcir owD pirrtli[u Ii'r'cnoufh, li;i drcir idtrls ol rxcrl-

dcirroyiflll.

ll:l ".,;,"1:,j;jx rd rn:!)t)rl,prirru fi,rxnci:rl Uort*i ttrry t.clcU,,r",f r,,.o l.""f:r1 : .i'r'xnrt trnh'ctir,tr cI,t;,r!Lri ti tu scc,,,t-.tr**.rrr,,,: ".r rl'L) t:rilc(t to ",if rt,ui;Ivurrrrcrrr in Dl. . (,t,,itrtrt(nr. .,htt 'rr(c ri,nity rk;ll! ncccssq,ti; lnrtu(r ,rc"Jto1,.,trr Irt ,rr;ric,
ntrnrftchrr;nrj.'

l,r rjrc ijllrncttirte t)ost-\vxr I,c r,.r,r,r,*r,.",rr r,;',,,

15 Ltrcv \v,

lH:;lll,];:::l:

tlro\.'Ltc truDIl|r
r

i rliviLl$rt:s r I:rrt bcu ur rtrc rrlitrsc ut.r(.rnnr.,rt. ,t.hc /\nrl:IrriUl DstcrD of.tn:rss-pro(htdifih $,.rs nl, Lrrttcr :r,)l)rnprirrui ;t rLc,fit rrxjt rtr,(tiri,,ll, x|nt ,,.r,1""",r ,i,..,,",,,,,,.., "::,: 'r,srr')'ctt \q'tIuul orUilnisinU irlruflrxrivc sysl(.rus ot.ctro;c".,\ d ir trrLt tjile(l tu
Anrcri(rn

ci(

ihru.,r:

nc

jtroliv i{'N :rDd ;nvolvcnrcDt. Lo nnisrion's rccoflIllcndrr;ons hrd : rr rttrntistrkrblvJrprrr'

lcncc

t'crc l.::rscd ol l;cvcril dxr( conllrnics, ir)cl ding 6cncnl ilolors rlld llJi\4, Nhich \yrrr soon to lic ruodclr o1 \!hrL xrl lo (Lr, lt hir ncNt boolt trrl ycrrs litcr l)ulirr conlisrcrl l(' iln'uuJnlouri r:rror' \rhcr hc rvrs undrr thc inlkrrrrcc of srrlicr :rcr(lch;$ lilt Crlbnith 3nd Clr:\ndlcr 1!|o srN h;U coru,nriurs rs 'rl xlrt t)rdid
Itrstrur:rcnrr'.

h( n()v,.:?rurtrrc rirrrNhir) rr, Nc rtrr;ri{, ]]lr.1r , ,rorrrb, rrir)rtjrtr,-xl(t uiUincur-.i wit rc rrrrrrirrrulll, :,ntl irrr:rrli1, rr.r:nL:j, rnlr,rs ,,r rheir rcct)notuU)., ir, ,i,r,";. ",,"i*l,l n,cr'r, lrJ i'n,utv!d in str:,pi,,I rt,"ir "_,,_l "_rl.]" r;r": .tr;*ri,..s. r,,;,i"r $'ll xtr clnptoycr bc trc:rtcrt titc ,r cof irr ;r b;U ]nd ;nDcrro,nri
nr:rchi'lu.

'l'hc Anrcricflr ,jrisis Nrs lrrcr surrrnictl Itr by rh! ivlxr$ch$rulr, lrrstitutc ol-'l'culinolo[l \vhith h:tLl scl np.ilr olln conrnissirnl lo

'

.'lIc.Anruicrrr rurrr rour Nrts Dxrlofr bnJrdcr r(jccrion ofbrninss I'lcst)1rji r l I'rluts u.hicl rvus tirr.-ihl;, r:rprtl;ul iy C,,,,,,c, li,;,;;;; rrc urrati rlrrUCD)clr ,ru^,. (rtx: wu,,t ,,\ctr;lrr;;c,t ,t,.,r :,(1j i,i r x ,uo,c pt,irorq,hic.rr ",,,,.,;;j ".:1.: J;,;;,,r,,,,)..;,, i,:*, :,,^: ;l;; l'''c[tlrt l,ool t,f Un,aua I.tal,;q l''!l(d ttlr lhr lrnl,t '' .fr..,/tf \r'.rs ':'lcrilf x t)h:rsr ol.r:rpirt ch:rn6c rrrt ,tircrlrr.rruiry *tr;,.tr c.rffL.,i
:o7

1o(r

co lANI $

hrd tJrc:uitcrc, pu|itrriurlstllc ofr pricstluuJ, \vuiuit)U dxrl( rlits ::nd rrhitc shirts, t.rlliDg rviLh cooLtulrlydcil dchchucnt, drrv;rU nurt dirfrxfis ;rnrl prcscribiufi prrcirc curcs. i'lhc lilnr' Lrul Lrcr:n (rrrblishcd in rjz6byJrmc O. Mcl(iurry (Nl'u l rcr':,rtthc Cl'icrll(, dcpJrtDrcu( st(,lc ll.lrsh ll l.icld), flr'l lDd cxpiD cd into liurrpc in . rlc r t5os, rird lxtcr roJip:rD,.\!lrcrc tllcir'cxrbcliurlJipiulcsc pxrtll9t Kcrrichi Ohrrr;rc prornotctl thc conccpts of tllc 'l'r'iild tr (li [-ltoci rd r bor(lc.lcir No d. lvlcl(inrcy'$ los( lhcir \\.x) i| lhc Julclrticri, r(cr thc oil shocls whiclr thrj hrd l:rilcd 1r, prc(lirr, xnd thu) \e':rc rlurr to rJirgru:;c tlrc trrrlc:rucr';rtic rlisi:rics ol big corlxn\liunii - tlrry :rdriscd Ccncr,rl N4ol0ri oI ir di:,iirrolN r'cstruclurinU ir! lh': nri\ltiUhtic:. l.iut lhcy bc'rclitcd lrour tlrcir 6lot:rl rrntc, nrLrlliplyirrf tIc r$rrl)cr of lireir (oiNolt:rnts lburluld in frrrrrtrtn yc,rrs,:rnd iu r99,1 rhc) {lr(,r;c lL,:ir lill;l r0rr-lvcrlurn uriru:rging rliLcctor,.L(rjut (iu1it:r, roli

fur 'ut",jdc-do\rD thi'rli U', qucstioninU such rssurnc lcctts.r:: bi6 con)prnicr, lircd norl,il)i; h0ur5:ur.l rvcu rlrc [rcrl tor urrl"[crs ,ri !ll.'l,i:llri[cnrcj]r ccircs ro l')c i dclinilion of5titus, ofr ctussivithill :rn orgrnis io , bul nD d.rtitr,, lD :rc viq,\yhich c rr bc d!tiDcd, lnll its s$ls tiu6hr, lc:rrncd;rnrl rlcvclopcrl.' 1'hc cightics sr\v ir jpltc ol bools, rrriclci anrl spccchcs rvhich f rochirrcd tIc cnd of dlc oncr-idlDircd'rcicntillc n)rrrlgcurcnt' :urd drc d;scrcditiD6 of convcotiom! con)l)ally Ircn. 'l'hc DlirDirUco]clrt con5ultrlrB rccliinrcd rhcir kiufidorr, rvidr rll rlc zcll ol'rcyifirliljr prci.llcri, lccturjof drrlltxlicrlly widr niP-ch:uLs, dirgr.u*, slol;;rru .rrrrJ lists ofir4rcr:rtivcs. 1'hc rnission:rrl srylu rvlli !rrtly (lro\vbrcli to c:rrlicr :;alcltlrcll lilr l,ltlcrroD rnd \\,rl:'o,r, Irut n0\y ellrblrced il5o rlr O.icDt.l clcDllnt, rcuririrccr)t llot so rn,ch olJ'rp:ur r:; r,t' Ilro's Culrur:rl Rcyolutjoll, \vidl n)xfic nullbgrs illld rulcs: Lllu Lhrcc Cs, tlrc fivc Is or d)c scycD Ss oflvlcl(insc1,'s.'l|c rulcr hclpccl to rcrjsurc dcnxrr:rl;sc(l bosscs who tljd uot llrorv whlt hrd hit l|clr, rnil \vho w.rotcd coniuh:uls t0 lxlq rqjponsibility li,r'cullricks yhiclr thcy could r<.rt fucu t-ry tlrcnrsrhrs; but cunsulunts wcrc rlsu nroviug closcr iflt0 thc Irtrn of busiircss, 'l hcrr: r*rs :rn oltl jokc Lh:rt'A consull.llrt is sorr'ionc who borrurvs your rv.rtclt to Lull )ou lhc lirrc.' NoN, tlrry srid, hc wrs kccpiru lhc rvilch. 'l'hc brrrcrinI llurtr Asir t)ul n !ru)r;r$ irn lhu nrurc illlcrrurliurll cor3ulrir)ri, of'1!hort thc ort su.lcsslul \vclc A4cltinsey's, rvho lurLI xc(luircd :r rpccirl :rudrority r d [lysti(tuc.'I'hcir J,ooo colsul llri

colIoltA1.t:

c Ius

ll

r rrLcrs tr d rcculrtrl sinic rhc br6irr_ ol irdustll; blIt il il ltuw biLtcnrcsj xj colNultxrrs iulJ ruxcltc li lhc rJit)crls hu\! L(, cul L:rcl: rlreir jirrr:s rvhicL sucIrcd Il udils \iillr '$licliiDI l{} thc lUrilti'U'. Cullsullnnls rrsurlly strcnlrl!nc(l rhc h:r,rrtr ,,l lhc ctrictu{ccrrir.s slo |ircd tlrcrtr.'ltruir prJt)osxtj uficrr rur.rcrl ouL lo corccnrrir! po\!cr i( tIc lt,l), l)y c\t(inf {)ul rivnl cricculircs td si0tl)li[y;uU 'rorc lhr l;urs ufco n l (1, \vilh rcpilr.ltc duptrtrnuDls rcpoflinU d;rc:l l; rh! bur(. A Jo,rinxri.,I uhiclc,_rrt,] c.nploy consulr",is ou itrurr .0,,_ Iriruts l0 b)l)ilss alld uudc ui|c tllc scllior 0tllntgcrs \,/llo nliuht contr.rdicl hilr lrnl Ui:r il his v.ry. IJarcsr S.rundlrs, rJrc Luss of Uuinnusr rtlru rvrs l;rrur.jrilcLI lirr lrillil,ulrlilU tllc culrrprly,: slrrrc txicc, ri,fliticrl l,ir l,o$1r rh,,,uUtr r ).u(,n6 6rou1, of,D.i,rc.i,_ co,. sultrirrs Irulr UJjD \ CoDU)rnJ,- vlrr-r dcpcndcd on lris prtroirrg,:. ArI irutucr t is litcl),t') lntlir ltcrcclilrics to rrr org.:nisc<J rr.riy, .url trrrrsulrrrrs, plrryer.l rhc'r p:rrr in rl," ,t,ifr of u"uli.oifio."rio,i. .uv,rt, llunr lr:lrrhlics lr)\v:rr(h lruD ruIj,:{ lJu lhu.(lcjr:rnrl tir, ,j,,rsi h.rls r\rcrrnud Lr,rsic:rlty Iiorrr rlrc ruvrr,: rurrsu ol'rlrocti which h:rJ Iil llll)st Wcslu r u|icli ill rhu ci[hrici, rnrlijlg rlrcrrr,rr:rlist rhcy rDu:,r rLrl,: II) llrrir ro rp,Iics ifrhcy r|c,c llr srr$vu, I.ttcrr (t.urUur..rvu., rrrrrrrrrcd Il) ill rhc Druch{luotcd t:rl,lr rrl thc lr ilu,l ll,ti. /\ tloU rilr:rU jrr rr:rrrr rvhieh is y:rLlu.r boilur 1, rtill rlit; Irrrr it tr,; ir rtrhrs,:ir i!tl;r,r0,f,.
th! Ii.rxrc;,rl !rt,clr ite!',t((l tu

ll!)'tILrlLlill)t,lJ,thc rIlu Iir:rnc:.rty.rrJ5r;cks irn),rvIcic, tu iruy prorl_ url._'lirc co tliut bctrvcr:rr rhc cltji crr dcvolsJ Lr.r his proclucr,rlrl

b:1'llul c"1.,:,'r..L.hcy hrrr r: crrrt<r rhcir rurc fro r pr..,11r:c_ ll1.ll::1" x,u !rrc-ui1, r cj)0 s rrr becv.njrrU i-pcflr).l|Er)( rdvnor! il| irrrq$_ "c, ror rlrur',rt rcl:rLiur,strilt, J d Inrny Il!KiDsc), nrc,, r"rt *., b;E runrl).,,,ics _ inclL,diI6 r.trrrey Cotub .rr ", "f,i.f Anrcr:c.r, :).""(,r"".1] r:rl)rri5, Alretr,(1 JurJ.u, rt \V!5tirUhuurc, llubc I.lJrr rr LcriJUrxrs ,llrd LouL\ Ur$l rr.rr IIJiU (:cc nc\t cLrprcr). r nc ruc(,ilr ot lhc cun:,Lrlt: ,15 flrrrIcJ lhc lirilurc oflhc ccniDrtr! ,re,, rl,ruuUhuur A,,,cricr xuJ UL,rupc \vh,, t,,..r r""i ii,i ill.ri.ut1t:rcc, \vtrictr uulsi.t...rs c0uld scc rn0rc rlcurly, ";,i*-,i or. c-unti,.tcurly. lJlll tIc L(,rsu]r.rlrr! lr.rrl rtrcir uwrr lirrrir,rriu,u. As gpcrrrois rt,(),y.,c jIevil,rlrty,lcl.rcl.:rt tiunr a l.gr.rs: r.uol5l 6toLrt t\ ri(jzc oflhc ltorl'1,'.inid l(ubcl.L I(cich,,drr ru:Irir8cnrcnr consulrrnr nray t.ctl [u tI11i(I]. .1'u (l I'r .,I) :jvlicty.' r\rrrJ rtrey i srircrivL:ly:rrrr:rucLJ rlrr

1,,iti,i ,".,r.,:fo,.;ii

10,

col\rl./\Nr'nr^N
junrn oul r6r:n. 'fhc lvcsrcfltcrs coul(l Icxfll nnrclr fru"l thrJ:rprinusc .corlplnics \vfiidt lrid rcsponrJcrJ lo plsr slroclr \virh still Ircr(cr cncrgy rnd innov:rtion, anrl rvhich couu tr;rcr tlrcir rlyn:rrrric bircl t0 thcir Brcxtcst sltock - drc 'crcrtivc rlcfcrt':ritcr tlrc Sccontl Workl W1r. Thc Wcstcrn cooorrl;ons,hxd lo l'tlcc uD ro ihcir dcfcxr ordcr to fight Lrrch; rnd tlcir clsc{istorics shorvctt thir lhcy \vould only do so at drc l:rst monrcnt. IJu! drc shock-rrcltnrcDls broufht thrir own for n, tltcir '|Dlicrs; dcspcr.rc shorr-tcau ncc{l to cur l,rtk itr(l $rn ruu,rd Lhc corpomtioDr could crrily forgc: thc k,rrgcr-tclnr nccrl drc producrs $,Iich vcrc tltc rcrsoll for rhcir cxi$tcncc.

ci| .ot/\1.t: ti,rr\r\

lilc tIr.frogin rlrc boiliugrvxrrr, \viL[. nrxrrivc losscs vhjctr rtiru:ucIcd irillvivill,lr)Ll;tjulrpud.lnrhcrvortjsolrtrcilll,l.",rrrly:i,riirt,i,i,
(xrlcr'r or thc.;r)lurcns ofrhcir rlcl:trlncnl rnd l0 3trj1 rI;llliin; rboL ho\v lo s:lvc llc Ionl urlo|ru,l Mrzrtr.s r,:ctrni,lr,ci in irs .c0lll).r 'ry.' n nrrr.crtr rDd lturcpcrn ficrorics, rnd cvcnrur y c^_po c,t ivt.r7dtr trn uoJcr rlrc I'ortl nurc ro So{rhljxsr AJii. Ir cltlt,",iU"rJ n,,u,u"r, l)chvccn lirrcc co,rlincnrs, ilnd bccxnlc drc rrort Uc,lli,;"ly [lob.i_r c,'r,t)rnJ'. lrs (xccnrivcr trxrx'rlxtc(t FnlUcll otr ttrc nccrt Ior rcrm pt(rc, r[cflrliDi r, Llljrorrcr{trivcn cr]ric, t,cnchnr:rrt:itrr rnrt
t

il

CInXtl tlt l/ard ,Sudtl:nly, cnrployrcJ il con)trx'ty w'jrr rc.rdy to stop rhi tir( xbout horv
that

lll

lcvcls ol rlc ro 11y1u.,. ,1,.;,

cl.:Ntilt L I.lo1 .]li.s' l)tll-lJsloN

lr \vxs drc Anrcricin crr conrfxric! \vhich f:rcc(l rhc rlst honrilir(iof s|oclis. Jrpilnr!c jjlrt0oss cilllcrl in rlucsti(rrl lhcir nrirJs-llro(hrrti(rrr rnrl rurss-nrrrkctin6 N!ic[ I'r'd hxl llrc \rodJ sirrcc lht r91os. r!r(l drc scicritilic nlinrgcrucr)t \\'hiclr Allrcd Slorr hjd xtl:rptctl liour 'frylor. 1'hc grcrtt pyrrlrrids of dcl.iUx(i'in, lvilh rll rhrir sl)!cirli\r!,

nriddlc-nrin.Ucrs anri liircs.0f c0nrrrl:1nd, ttrncd ouL lo

hirc

losl

contrct widl rJlc grould -.\yidl tirc (lllxlili' of thcir l)roduct nrl lhc rccds of drcir custonrcrs, Nlx0x$ i lid iudrlfcd ir) llrc hicnrchics :rnd dlc crlI:lv.$nt \\,clhrc syslcnr, \rhilc thc pridc of drc old cllliL

rridilionj, \'Iich still survilc(l inJrj)in, hrd bccn oblitcfitcrl, 'l'lrc Dclroit c0nrp:lnics ll l Lirrcll rll tlrcir Dhos rJrr prodtcinU:r fc\v brsic ruodlL of drc .big f )rill cllr, dcsitircd for dtivi0f lorf dist:rnccs, using chc:rp gxsolinc.'l'hcir first rv:rnriug c.urrr: front Lhc ;nyision ofsnrlll [rironcrn crrs in rhc.lllti*, Icd bJ lhc Volks$irlicn. But tJrc Jiprncsc in dlc scvcntics ploLloccd tr f:u dccfcr slroul, xs
lhcy pro!;dcd cirs \vhich \ecrc chcxpcr, nrorc rclirblc
rrnLl

cluscr to

r\nrcricrrn t:rstcs, rvliilc drcir prodoction syslcnl lfrs hr nrorc n$iiblc :n shifrinr from 0nc nrodcl ro rn'rthci. ln,ftl wir rhc lirsr rr) fccl rhc rhoirL,. xtrrl ;thc liNt ro rrcovcr. ln rhc llrc scvcnrics,,\!!cr) it bc[Nr lo!irs \r!rltccsh,r.c tu rhcJrp.trcsc ln Anlcrlc:i, it'rcrpbndcd br b;y;rrg r4 pur ccnr ol rhc,lipircrr: crr conrDiny I\4izdi, wlich ofuncd rp ;ri s(crcr:r. DIt l)y,r rSr l'oftl \vxs

1lo

0ynr r,cs. I trc L,trttc'1)ingrrussrUc rvr,s clurr: rhcyrursrbrcu Sroup lc rorc lihc rhcJrprnc;c. C'c rrrl.14'rt,rr t,n,tt r uclr tutlUcr r(, ijrul rrxlnticrll) irs (r;sn, r l irr (lrd;n! t)rovid(t.rhcrnu5r rlr tritr[ wrn,;r[orrl;r ro i nrobirir; nl rrlc b,llclucrrcicr. ItJ thc lxtc scv( lic, il roo Nrs lo:iny our ro Jrpxr(sc xrxl ljurotrcrn irnt)udjr, x ,l i rrso i( nurilc r torr f.,r thc lrAl.li tu.si cu.tr:t - rrl STr,3 ntilliorr. ,lhu conrl)ilny, $ilh kN trrxluctivitJ, illl(l [rc\viIl.i siltrly (lcfccl$, clc]rlj n..,t.,t l.t;,.t lru:rlrnrnr,.h r il tfljlltrcrl thc wn rl: vry. tn rSr ;t (trosc r rrr\v cl'.rn'Hjr, I(of,1 S,r1illr, shu il ,t s{tuc:rty-voiccd, who \rJr (tcrcfro bc l,r,ld._l.lc cluscd Itxntr, cut ilorvn drr rtiltl.. rd |l(ijrclltlt 'nin(l lhu illlt'orlirncc ol rhc rhr.cc l{s - rjrk. r(st)orlsibitily, ,",-rr,t, t_;t. llis pruduccsi?ls hc \yrs:r lifctirrrc courprny nrrn: hc lud crcn hclpctl Slurn rvlitc Iris boolrlly )Im litl Caun ttt:toron. uu r trt hrtctirulcrt q'.rs.:r 'llun rr|s rrrrn', dcrrchcd fro[) ltrc phnl ir)d rhc producr, rnr(l wirh x'lrr;llir ccrnrirlrpc(lcd l)y hrrr.rrrity'. l.lu prrr,:nrtj trirrscii. is l lisi(rD;r D, of hc ,6cto'l of r[c lirruLu'who routit runr CiU itrro hiulr-tcch conulorncrirc rlld bulr drc Asi:rns rt drcir onrr g:rnrc. I.lr bnilt lriUltl' irur0nr:rlcd DId ljj iI Dcl:r\v.llc ,rn,.J Nr:,v Jcricy, rvirli robolr custi U 5j5o. r;llolr pcr pl: )r. llul dlc ncv plr,,r, p.olrc.,t orl) I\vo burlj -sD4L.s, widr ,rnlJ,rrcrJ[c tlrc,jucrjv;l). Snrirh,s 6 rnchl IcrnovcJ rtonr uri t)r:rc(icxl colcrnD or dlu burcrucrucy 'r(r.\fxs Id tlc worl:-[rce,:r'rd [r coul,l lcvcr lpply hi rsttfro rhc ccrrrri I)nnturns - lhc |coplc rrrt rlc r)roduti. I'ttly,l)ruclcr, kvi5iti r Or:ricnl Morurs fu y y(rru rrrcr trc hIt rvlttrrr! his tirsr fourrd ir ricr;n6 ,j lLc r;lJc!r dcturion of -rci)ort, nr:rnxficnt(nts: ,lf)ou ci 'r run your o*,rr buri crs, buJ uDij ol.$tr;ch
I

ri

il

J,)u

lrru*

ofrn irr,] jilr(ltircs, ir rr8{ rDidc x f.l5h dcrl vi$ Ross I'crol, thc nulocn(ic t orr of l-lccrl!nic Diri S)ircurs, lo culrnccr up virh conrpulcrisc(l rnd (hi:d
sy:;Lcnrs.

I ls bouUll l.ludrcs Aircrrfr, rhc bi[Ucsr prodrccr

norlrinU.r lluUcr Sjlidr \!is ti'scilrrcd by orhcr

c o l( l,0l(

b!jii\r$rs.

/\1.t:

clltirs

:r

r,l

rrrc nr,rrrturnr.

rIr J.rlrr

erc

l)crot cullcctcd S?,j billion f<rr his hrlf-irrrcrcst:rlrd joincrt

'l uyotr ut;urrgcrs ln:r juirt ruuU)rrn), NUlVll\ll (Nc\y Ur';(cd Nlo(or lvlluufxcturirl.! Irc.), nr rr8,l rrbuih :l'r 'vl'ich olJ phr)( in lircnrorrr, Crlifolni:r, qtrictly:rccorr.lirrll l(, tlrc'li)Jotx l'ruducLior: Sy:rcru. 'l lrr: 'foyotr rr:rrrrUcrs ux,ved lo Crlilinlrir Lu supcnisu tl:c tcrrn sysrcnr, \vhilc rIc UnitcJ Auto Wr,'r'hct's uniou ibindotrcd rcir chboretc job clttiurics iu filour ol only lvo, rvorkcrs ald t(chrii:ilns. Dy r9U6 dtc Nulvlivll plxrtt Nli turrirt out crrs rrith drc rinrc (tLrilily ind:rlrr0sl lhc sx[lc l)roductivily r$ 'l'oyorr City. lt rvls clcrrr proof tlat Clvl'l liust liults rvcrc rrot trilh . rhc Norlcri bu \vi(h.tllc Drnrlcrs.J\'liliio Kititl)o, thc'or:rDl.i-utxrtl.t' fronr'liry,rrr Cit) \\.ll() plnnrrcd tlrc NUltlMI projcct, d,isuribc(l lo rrt hos ir rvrs tlor:t:
soorr eollrborutcrl with

us four ycrru to jrr \\'olil War ll.' l.lc v;rs ricurctl rrto ycr|s lltcl 1,. hrd joincd. S't';d' \!.'i rucc'isrful irr dc.rl;l'6rviLh drul:r|xlc5c. Afrcr Civl ')torc hrd lo:t:r billion dollilri ir) rgsz hc llcuotirtcd ir joirt ycrLurc \virlr 'l'oy,otr, antl his cxccuLivci bcgrD thcir pilgriuugcs (o 'l.r)1)tx Cily, rrhcrc thcy l-rchtcrJly dircovc;cd iL5 sccrcls.'lt \vxs drc lirst tirnu wc rcrll): hrd r clcrr urtlcrslirrdirl.i of horv tlrcy nur,' :rrlnriu,:,J J:rr:!. 5,rillt, l,rtcr CA,l'r c[x;flrrn: "1'lrc rh(r \vxs just urbclicvxLlc.' Ci\,1

tJrc.l.:orrd of CrVl, but hc suon dcsprircd ofi$ rloN-nrovir)6 orljlDisrtior rnJ thr punrt)osil). ofiB fourtccndt lloor. 'l could ncvcr \ltdcrrrxnd \!|y it txlcr lix ycr$ lo build I c:lr,' hc silid, \vlrcr) il or!ly rutt

rtsrrcmt t(' rtrc ctr.r crt;c. lr w,,s ror ri Urc c,rrlr li"ri* r'1,"i-;ii;.;j ls,rcirl ,.,rulrcnr (jf truth, $t!r) ir .t,,.,1 r,lllu.rLJcd ?4,ooo cuIrl0v.t:. ":"'.,,,",,,1r1). ;",;ir-;;j hc bi(crcsr corllnr,:urrry oI CM,s rJccli c rvr: rJrc tilnr .{ogrralr/ ,,'li!' r /ii rlt9..\vtrict, Ltq)icrcJ rtrc Jlc,,y uft..tiDr, r.}c rown vhcrc'C,\t! l xrrdlr \Vitty DL[:rrrr scr up llis rvurtstrop, r,rJ wlriul, Lccrrjrc

Crll srill di,l lor

yc..r

,clr i,rurc ;,,rcr(src.t i,r NUlylMl (tr.,n \rcr( I.eut \utricictrrr; ;,r.;r'cre;-i;

:l:lc:tr,ll : l]:,llili rc lr ' 0l' u.rrrcr.r xr (illl,s Chrirr :rs prny, lgi"inU sc,l-\,,;,,,t 1:retriIl;s rrtritc.;,cr jx,u,hc, l:,,,itr. \",,s hc:,U u"iei!,i. C^:l,i t,,,l.lir .rtrLror:; rrr,rrr'l urr t(,,y r:rl,rrirrcd: .CnJtu rj 6r:,"" ,..,,riry .ri,,;t l. .'cc,,nrlnir'rcd un(lcr rtrr frrc cntcrt)risc s)srctrr., j'1,:' [.'rc,r l)u;[rrnr ct)irrjtr ru lli . U.,r drc ru,rt lr]ui-d] or . ]'rr r\iutors iil) lloL so uunerill llrucll;ll dlc fi.,:ous:lud cr:ctions is in irs
ll:l'l,l':iil",lll.",,r.,,l",rd r,I ltsllujcltilnicrl s)stij ts itDd 5(iucturcs, but ruI ir d rvot!cjllcrrl rvJric| .rlonc cuuiJ
irs own 5ucc!s5, \vrrich
LJirJ

vrltrrrlly ulorinl; ir dorvrr, IryinU otfjo,ooo \vort.crs *f,il" ,," r(\v t,r.rrt5 I jvlcrr(,. ljtir.t'r Ltcctinc \virs -",,;." !utxc:rr rhrt,iri",s \.;r"i .i,i i,r rhu UIlircr sr.,rcs. MichJu. rlaour", rr," u,o"i",l '1,'"1 lll: urrcror, rrrd uccrr bolr:urJ brouJ:trr u., in trlii,t, \ytrcrsJI his finrit; rvrr crt tLr. GM, .rrrrl lc.titruc,t ttrc syirrl:runrs of.olt.,t,"", d,. ,;;;;i rrruct lL.ri(lurl ut', rlru hoUscs rJirirrrcgr.:rrirr6, d,c jh;riff,s,J",.r,, Ll,unrtt rnc ry-trnll liU ilics r rt,ry. WhcI lrc rricJ jrrrcnicv ro Iri[",. i Ir - rr ltrc U l)uir,t y.retrt Cl0b, iIl Llrr plurtr subirrl,rs or-;u ^rc

cujrIIUr)irieJ jrr d)c svrtd. N,l\y Cr\l ,",:j

onc

,,":.u.."crs

,i;t; :_:I' ir:ii

.

r,c tr.rLrrd

rrwcr 6cr

ir,*"rr,.'u"i",,,,rli

iji'-:;

nor oury tJcpcrrJ

orr

tIc Irurrrrn

ntotiv_

6u:rr.r.rtcc rlujrlity.

''],j
j 1.!:;

It srs r qrrcsrion of;rtruuslhcru, ul pcuPlc rvortiru;r lcxot; lu 'hclt) l:rcl' utlrrr. Sc,nrc Jrprncsc :;rid Ancr;c.rs toul(|r't luul! ir. /\l llrrl thc r\rrcricrns dirLr't v:rnl lr, hrll) cxcll olhcr, l)Lrl lh(r il bucxrru riturtrl. Iuo hxvc lo lcul itllut jrst ir) (llc bnill, l.:ur in thc trotly. I rL.r.r1r urlsrctl th;rt it coukt h( douc b':cxt'sri wc'rc ,rll brsicilly lrrrnlxn bcnrts. Norv I'r1l nrorc corlirlcnt.
Llul l(o6cr Srrirlr rlid uot erteurl tlrt NUlllvll rrvolulior).lrl olhiir crii\tin6 pl.nrls, \rLich \vorl(lirtrolvc rrrr5iirc l:ry'll:i rrrxljoh-,:hrrrr6cs;

r''?.
t) ls A
P

t'l:A ti tN(; (;tAN'1.5

rU rhc ukl-crr.rbtistr,lt c(,,lx,11,rio,,; \vcrr rtct.rirrrrrr t," rr," ,,t ttrc ci[]r:;us: rvllclhcr t)y Ari.rr c,,,,,1,"r;li;i,, i;; ttettlirrhtion, by rrrirlcls or l;).nrure rlurn.,rr,tiu6 sl,,rrctruli"n. S,,,u" wttc slracJ.crl i rrr Icc()v,:r1,,.,,rt c irrto dc:rrh Aturrrrt: thr 'Scvuri Siirrn' ol uil Cult.h:rrl r;rrrrrLcrl, :rrrd ll.cr.rco r':tl ttrrrtlr rlirrrirrisherl rrJlcr;t.. lil\,r\rrit\r:llr I'cnrrzr il.,l,lrc oldcrr I,rrrJ

N!.,

''];

,'3

l:(|(t.orLlt'ti
rs Strnd:ud Oil of Ncrv Jcryry rrus rrol c:rllcd hrd cnrLrrrkctl on rrcqohitions rrrd 1;rolcct:; in lhc scvc0Lics lvlrich pror.cd disrsirous:rhcy lost rt billion doll:rrs in Colondo shllc oil. lrr rggl [*-ori ch:rngcd coursc, ofl]oidcd ,lo pcr ccnl ofils crttl)loyccs, rnd bcgrn buyingbrckits orrnsh;rrcs to cnrich ils sltr rcholdc rs vlrilc protcctintr itsclffro l riidcrs. All thc,ciscrs notv lr:rd r lcss corrlitlcnt idcntiry, Chcvron, rv|ich hrd [obblc(i.up Cnlf, vis rcslnrcl rcd ;rt a looscr 6roup ofcomp:rnics: 'Wiridr':r' dtc, Chcvrolr Wiyl'il iril'cd in thc fin:l issuc of its old housc Irlrrtlrzirlc, irr \vhich drc chriurr:rn Kcn Durr c*-pl,rincd ho\'/ dcccnlhlisxtion xl)(l crrtl):rskl hr(l t)rit rll C|cvron's iilucs :rrrd bchrrvioors in ilrrx. TJrc idci of 'rlc conrprny rvry'rv* irl rctrcrl cvcryvhcrc. Ulrlil rcccnl.ly ncrrly rllcorrp rics hxd li!.cd l(, crrrphisisc thtirown corpor' .r" culi.r.c rir\c'bcsuvrv': rvhrt M rnlin lurrci ofMcKiniel':i hrLl rlcscribcrl rs'rLcrr':y\;c do d)inUslrot,:1d hcrc'. lrt It31 i MuNi'1!uv booh on comorrti culrurcs hrd crphitr:tl Lhil 'I slrong cnlturc hrs ilmott:rhvrlj bccn rhc tlrn'ir6 furci tclnrd cdtrrirtrring strccc::s;rr 'Ahiric.rn l.:'usir:css,' lJtrr tltc 'lorrqr"llry rv,ry' lruncd :oto x b't(l iutc ri rlic bosscs lircd morc :r11(l nrorc nunrlgcrs: "l'hxt's thc rv:ryrtc tlu tlin$ rrounrl hcrc,' 'I'lc ConDinyWiy hid blcrls0ucirrllY viliblc ir) thc rrirlirrt!, 'vhich l.:cc]rnc drc ivoril c"suiltics ofilttcltrl Liotr. l'xrl Amcricrn, tIc ntosl
big1.;cst, lir.rorr

clU

t\

Lrlrlrtrl_

on ycrr't o[ conDl:rcr:nr:y, Irut licrcc r:ourprtitiurr s:ri tlrtcrnrinirg Ioyulry trr rll iirlinrs irtl lhcir. ,corrpiny wij,, \vlritc thcir s:rtfs rrorv :rppc:rrctl jntcrclinIu]blc.

Onc gi;rnt corrrp:rny l:rd tJrc buurlit ol:r corryulsory shoct. A'l.S'1. Lr:rlly tlonofol;srd Anrcriun rctcphorrcs sincu ;lr cr,jxtion r399, :rntl in thc lgTos it rcxsscllcd its conliLtcncc fronr rn ovcrbc:rrirg.rcw lr^vcr oD jvl:rdisoo Avcnrc.ln !ccpinli vitlr l,:rrtirrson's l:lvs this rrrrt:cd its Ncflicsis, firr illJllnurrJ, trJ+ A'l'&1'rvrs brotrcrr rp by xnt!t rst lclioll \vhicl dividcrl ir$ donrcslic rrlcthoncr ilro scvcn rUirby lJrlls' conrpclinf ncfl,ss Arrcricr. l.hrt rIc brcrt.rt). l;tc Srxntl:rrrl Oil's irr r9r r, provcd x blrsjiuf jo dirguisc, li,r i( rclcxscd n v cncqjics.xrronf tl)c tomponcnts, sho r:rcctl rhcrrJ rvhilc rIc runlr collrfilrU A'l'&l', n dcrj!s i:hirirnr;rn l(obcfl Allcn, crpudcd irs tonsilislrrcc.nutrvork li, forgc linl,x \vith conrl)utcrs illd ccllulxr lystr.nrs. It \v:rs iroric th:r! IiJiYl, $hich h:rd rurlkssty dcnud xnti-r.!Jl rction, v:rs ro\r'wilhrri$! \ihilc A'l'&'t'Iid l.rccn rcv;vcd by rhc strock. As for thc [nllldiosc r;ly.scnrpcr, it wxr rilltcn ovcr by Sr)ny - which \hs

hrd

ri

il

ii
t.

worldport ir Kcnncdy /\i|j)on, rlld b] iLs chrirr ol lrrcrtonLirrcnlxl I'lorcls. Bui l) Arn h.d no dourcslic xir routcs to lli1l,: il x l!nn l)rsu, a:r11 it orcrrc:rc|cd irsclf \vidr thc Jrrnrbo, \rhich brrrrlcrrctl ir wilh hugc dcbts, follo\\'cd by drc oil crisiri $hich tuul it lo lhc ttli:c I'f b:rtrh rptcJ.'lllu rhock w,rs:;rill nor slrrr| orurUh to r;uc l';trr.Atrt in rinrc, Ii soltl off iB horcls rnd rr;rrcs rrnrl nrovcLl out ul ir stvscr.pcr, blr ir $1\ srill rop_haJry NlrTr l.vcrs oflrpcnsivc rttilrlcrt Ulctrr{rllJ - \vl1o ilcrcrrcd porcrriil buJcrs litc SiiJxtrtcs G'il'lsll)ith. Nxs ii r99r l'rn Alll dis:rDpclrcJ NiLhoul'tncc ll\ coll'rPst li8|tl/

rnd ovcr four dccitics it \\'rs drc piorrccr of Ulobil rrxvulr lirst lo ny rcross rtlc I'icitic; fi.Jt ro iy ?o7s, lir'sr to ny 7.17s. lt \exs Lhc 'chorLn instrumcnL" of tlc Slr!c Dcpr(rlrq!1, irrrd its rcprcscnlxlivcs $rcrc councd lilic rbis3xdors. Irs otrrriprcrcncc ro,rs Droclinr)ctl l'I ils f.r lo\'rcr 3bolc Ncrv Yorh's Cr:rntl Ccrrrlrl Srrlion, by ils cir{trhr

ofrll, llrd oncc sccrrlc(l i0rrlt(rllrll. ll llxd bccl) lhc lirtt illlcr_ nitiontrl rirlir)c \\'hc it firsl ncN in !9t3 bcwcun lrloridx ind Cub'r'
finrous

drr\vifl[;rji o\\,n syflr onlr ol'ovcr-rcich, S rrc ol tlrc oh corDorititrls still sllrvivc{l virtuxllt irl..lct :llj{r:r r-crhlIJi rnrr:rl)ly tlx'xL th:rt 'sr rl tll lhcir ! i int:', nr:r[i 11 rtru srrrc t)ruriuct ;n Llc sflric phrc. Kirl; C. Cillcrru, .:r troulc-r.p silclrnr , lrrrl irrvcnrcrl thc rcpl.,rccirblc r;rzur blidc jD.rgr5.i ljollo0, vhurc. lIi-'coll)!illy is still biNcd.Jollt) I'cDurl'ton Iid ;n\,rntcd Coci-Coh. ir Atlxr)rx in r386, \ehct)cc ;t:,rjll con)fctcs \y;tlr;ts r:vrt I'cpr;, irnL.rrcd tcn yuirs I rcr. WiltiJ r tvr:[tcy bcUln rrrltinj; clro,irrg grrnr i'r Ciricr(o in r89'; l.U. I.lci'rz sold l,otlcd sxr'""' ;; rh" ,S;; in l,i[sburfli \V.K. Nllluff dircovcrcd corrr flrlus ill rBt.! ir tjtllc Crctlt, i\,lichigrn.'l'huy still :rll nrlllc si'litxr prod,rcrr irr tt,c s.,rr"
drics,

Ilut rnx t vcrcrxll (unrpxnics rvcrc cu|lfuscd rLrour drcjr pro,Jucr, xr thct lit!.lly crrcrfcd fronl .rhu lc lirhcDc{t slr:rrlorv of onc nrrn, in'o x \vo ,l of licrcc.compur;rion. ti.'srnr:nr Kodlt hr(l doIr;nrrcd rhc coflrt,xny ro\flr of llrchcslcr, Ncrv yor! sircc Gcorgc !rsrrrl3n irvrntc(l his iD rSllJ, ror n,xr ofrhu llcxr crulu^..ir hr,t '::inr!.r:r rcrxinu,l ir\ lcxd. br5cd o^ rt,c srnrc bj5ic rcchtroroly p,;,tuc;n,; ricl,,(s on silvurhrliJc nltrr, xnd rd(lihr rc* Iu*c,,rtonr t;r" rr,ii lrro\v ic (r9oo), Ituthchronrc (rrj5) IniJ rhc rnsrrhr ic c., ,u.r (tt6J). Drr Kodrl rv;rs slort rr_r colr!ct0 lvittr I'olxroi(t'r, ir,!txIr

1i

:l'l

!t5

,i

coN tANT NAN cln)crrr, or Xcrox'r cr.,;lying n)acllit)c, ir)d i$ urlrlicls rr.crr: irrv;rrlcrl t-r1'lruji fronrJrprn on_d Agfr fronr Gcrnrirny, urrtil by rJrc ciglrtics its prolits rlcrc :cliousll'slipping. lt suffcrctl frutu ircutr,: lndcclsion nurl tlrc firrniliirr c0rIl;cti bclrvccn product-pcoplc;rrtrJ lirrirrrcc-Pcoplc. Lr t9S3 r ncrv ch:rirrri;ur, Colby Ch:rrrdlcr, cut it tlorvn, scp:rr.;rtcrJ its corrporlcntJ, rnd buught otJrcr courprrrrics. Irr l99o l("y \Vhirlrorc, i con)l);rny crrgirrccr, r'cycr'.rcd tlic culs, sold off tlrc rrcrvly-bouglrt coorprnics irnd conccntrirtcd on lcscrrclt il clcctrolic plruto6r;r1:hy rrrrtil hc toq h:rd to crrt b:rcli; lrr r 993 drc bo:rld chosc Ccolgc l;islrcr', tlrc cx-clrlirrDln of r\4otgrol{, rvh0 tc(uflrcd to clcctronic l)llutouritplr;', proclrirucd I(odirk ;rt drc ccn(rc oI drc irrfr-rrurirtir-rn lcyolutir-rrr ,rnd rold oft'irrclcvarrt ccrrrrprruics, Uut lrc still firccd l lrugc t:rrk ro rllcrrclr Korl.rli lrv,r.1, florrr its :;:rfc 1l;rit iuto tltc rrrtkrrurvutrlc lir(rrlc.

c()l( l,o t(/1.f I;

(:t

sts

li:.,:.::: :1.:,1":i', luc sr)1.ol :t lfitjn-couduclur, ir clrcnricll_clgiuc"t..,"t,o-t,,,J,tr",,,.fy :rssc.rcLt lirrrscrr'i' rrrc isiorr. r\rcrcir ir.roi, r)r.rsricr
'.rh cunrpcritirrn lcrl b;, tltcJupirrrr:sc A,l:rrrrrshirr

.illf ,,,,,,,", r,''.r,'r,i ;i;; ;; :i il i,: Jrll$; iii],"1:,:J;,3i"ff::ii; lu re$r rtrc buiu.d closs - ;,;';;r;;j;t i;j:i,,
i

lJrrt Ccrrr:nrl UIccrr.ic trrrr l.clt tlrcl:rlcs ul.rlurkl cortrpcrition, rvitlt lurv llr.orlrrutivity irld drviudlirrrr r.

liNlili/\1, l;l..lr(: l l( lC

Of tllc top tiyclvc Anrcricil't corrrlxrnicr; in rgoo olly rruc, Ccnclul Ucctlic, licpt its 1tl:rcc liucty yr:urs l:rtcr'. lJy tlrq lrgox it lrrd Lccornc
tlrc nrort ldrttifcd Arttcticrtt tttodcl foI corporltc rccovcl)'. lJr,r( it rvr:; ic:rrc!ly rccol;li:;rblc fron its ori[inirl cllirfilctcr, lt rlrs foundcd irr rlllS bj''l'lronrrrs lidison, rvlro invcrturl Lhc li6lrt bulb, iurd hil(l c)ipilndcd fot itlnt<.rst ;t ccntul)'\vithout:l scrious uphc,rvll, into cvcq'tJrirrg front pop-up toilstcrs lo rtcto-ctr6inus itud

rvlrrr prc.rclrcrl rlrc rrcccssirl, ol. llcribiliry. r\n,.t lrc tirLt 1",,r;i-;;r.;.li ;.'u'tJnr).rr. l lc lrrr6 bclbr.c r^r.rst utJrcr.cor.pu.r[c

ul'c,r'r'.isirrr: r.crrlll. tlrc ,i,f," irrr". C;;, .';:;"1;;,. l)rriliyc xril)ccls r.r rrf Ir:rvirrl; 'car.r PcpPlc tcll ,s ,f,",r",1,i, U,,i f," f_,,1 :r ot-tvlrU zcJI lu lcll!iUurilLr: tJrc old corpr.rt.;rtir.ll. I.lc bclicvccl irr lc;rdc'slri11 krukirrl; b.ck Lo Cliurchill :: rrtlJ(tct:!-. ':rsiirrrulc I le Jr:l(1. )"tU(lrc(l tlrcllrrrrssirrrr rrrilitilrl,.str:rtc1;ist "Jlt;;;;;;i vurr
M0ltkc clticls tlrc
tu rrr:rkc

r"6, llllr:;1'ttrtl|;r1;cr.'r\rrj lrc.rlrori.:cl x /rycl), lnt0l.cst ""t1,, irt irllotyitll fr.ccdoru ,lr's

rvlrrr irr r9ll3 burrglrt p:rr.t ol'Cl-'s rLlrl i\'rcr.icurr \,;r;;;;,;i". l\t li'rt 1\/clclr irpllcrr'cd rrroclci!'.cl u'uss.ruirrg.;,J ,t ,lr,,,t.r""ii-io L. -jr" P:rrt ol'.r buuli,'hc (uid li;rtoh r,!1ic1 ;1 ,lS+1,fi,,

;,;J ;;;;"-,.i;'i,1,;i;,

r.i"iliiI i"r..,

'c.rlisctl r.lt t'll)iLct rrl u'lcstticlc(l gloll:rl tr.:rdc,:t'd'rlrvcd

I I

rur':qcold

trtolil q(,!lrpclilivq urtlcrltr.isc rrrr llris c:rr.tlr', l.lc tlcvcluPcd u sirrr'lc rulc: cvcrT O.Li itr.'clrrct,rust bc jrr

Cli,tltc

' l]:

rnilirlt;liIcd co:iy irgfcculcrls rvitlt its Antcticutt rivlls, onl1,(,ccxsiorlllJ'rlisturbctl bj.rinti-tlust cutupliritrts. Al'lcl lrvo rtorld rlurs it bcc:rrlc ortc ol tlrc col'l)oriltc '6crtclrls', it licy Pltrt ol' tlrc rrrililrrrl'-irtduslliirl corttltlcx, r'jth its urln tlurrsi-rlilitlry structulc rlhiclr lookccl nlorc l)cnr:lrclrt thurr atr;rlrr11,':;. Sttol6 chicl'clicctrtivcs

nuclclr I)o\rcr.

lt

ill:,,1:l','rr lrvrslncnt D:llrk liirl(lcl. l,c:rbudy, NIC lootr srurl Jio:n lirrt to tltircl l,l'lcc lrl {Jlc llclworJi:;, ;r d bv r rro.r l(idtlcr l,c:rborJy rv,rs j;ivinf lyclclr :

r)rurstucs, lrclu(lillg cotnpu(crs lrrd thc houscholcl upplilnccs tvlriclr r)ccr) ui:'s [rcrlr.csr. pridc, l'lc rci.vcnlcd Gc'criil Elucrric rvitrr ':rr'r ir crir[r), or lllu)d wlliclt uvoidcd tirc Cislstcr.s of CM lnd.ll]M. But Irr': llso bou6lrr hu6c trispirnrtc busiucsscs i,.i"""r-'ii,",r., l:)rrr|1rr.1,crrr; lrrsurlrr,:,.:, rhc.l.V "r,i.r, ncrrvrrrk-fliiCl'",,j.',f,.

citlcr Iirst its.orvn rrr:rrkct, or bc got iid of: t.t" unfo.il"J *i,oi" .l

I
I

I I
I

*r"i

I I
I

a
'

'-:i

.,1
't_1

I
I I

dcpkiycrl dilisiorrs uf cr:nl'or'rnist. cunrl)xny nrcn: pl:rys dcviscd by tlrc conlp;ll)'(:rs l(ull \ronnc6ut dcsclibcd thcrrr)'nrudc clcirr tllu llirtulc of gor.rd dcpoltrrrcrrt rvitlrirr tlrc iyJ(cnr, :uld tlrc slrrrpc ol'linrr lcsolvr: [c,r tlrc cLullcngiir6 yculs rlrcurl'. Ccrrclrrl Iilcctric dcvclo;tcd stlict lirruncirl corrtrcrh, lil:c its scprrr;rtc iJritislr rr,,ruc:;"kc, :rrrtl jrr tlrc rcrcrrlics it rvus rrrlcrl stcrnly b)' I(cg Junr:s, l Urilislt-bt.rrtt ttt;tstcrrccount:rtrl rrlro Icrrrll.tniscrl ils hrrlgc r"rIlilbrcc rrl'.1oo,ooo, tl'illt :t tcirrrr rrl"scclor'c)icclrli\'r.::; 1u;rsscss lttttrlc ruscxlclt xn(l rlcrclrrlttttcttl.
216

1':rllir:g'r.,irlcr:rs,,rlrl,
:r

:criuu:; lurs ufcurrtr.ul. Ur,rs \\,cliclr sr,ffcrii,;;,i;;;';.'r;;: rlclu:;iurr.:rs Ilrrr.0ltl Ccrrscn r)r li0gcr Su,itt,,.tf yru"..u;;;r; rrurr,brriincss,.brry urrc ol- rvlrir:h y,i,

tu'c;rlcrl

iuriiol,l.,,lil';J

i;;;" i,J;it lil;:i,

,;;
?

. -.-,i

..t

':'':

|.^.1

rul'lifctirrrc crrpl(,)'c't, rvhich hc *r,,f,fri,,..l f,r"ul,";;i,;;;,i.;;ri lcutlrrl, tirzzy,kirrtt rrflsy;rhy',,rrrd u0.ciirr6 i,,ri._,f ;11^ ,_i,i.j,,,,.r. lll llrc.tlrrr.ltl lirr. pc;rplc rvl:o rrr.c rvillirr6 t,, c,,,rr'ctc,. ,lllc,t)csl I.1.,

.\\tlclr

lrriLI irrtu tlrc

k,,,rru t)url,;,,1

6i:rrt

br,r.,:,rucr.,rc-v,

rcjcctil6 tlrc

crld ol..rlir;rtiorrs

tlIL(l l)c.,l)lc rvitlr ;r r.rrllrlcrst:t::,:; rvlriult c:rr.trqd t,i,,, ft,a,,;at,,,,,,,..

z

t?

c0^IT NY At

cotitu,1A1.[

(: ti

t:i

ti
r lrugc g.rp

'Ncutron j.rl^': likc lhc rrcurrorr borrrb, lic.clirnirr:rrcd pcoplc rvlrilc Icrving brrildinl;s irrtrct. I'lc rvls nrrrih inllucrrccd by rlr': li:rst, by Clrin:r rrs'rvrll rr:; J:r1l:rrr. I-lc dcvclopcd slogxns xnd priucilirJ rrrd rlcviscd crlucrtionul scssiorrs crllcd Work-Outs rvhich (s:rid oeq of his consulr;rnrs) rvns 'onc of thc biggcst plar:ncd clforts to iltcr pcoplc':j bchrrviour siucc lvl:ro's Cultur;rl l(cvolutiori'. 1'hcrc rvrs indccd:r lvlaoist tingc ro Wclch's 'Corpor:rtc,Vlcssrgi', \vhich procl...inrcd pcrrllncnt rcvoluliorr,:rltl lo llis l;sls of livcrp;inciplcs :rrrd thrcc t.rbiccrivcs. I.lc corrltl urllrrc tlr:rt
nodting short of l crusldc could clrrngc thc nrind-suls :rnrl ln cntrcnchcd burcrucrlcy, but rlls this:r rc:rl libcrltionl
Ir:rl-rits

scvcr;ll, told thcrn to,lcrtru horv to dlrcc'. llut thcrc rvrs

ol'

I :

\Vc)c)r ccrt:rinll' siw himsclf as a libcrrtor, inspiring othuls to rcrlisc tJtcir rcsponsibility ln(l txlcilts: his kcy slogurr rvus 'Coutrol 1'our dcstiny or somconc clsc rvill', ilttl cvcryolc Iirrcrv rvho rv:rs tc:tlly in control. l'lc harl choscn his orvrt'ntctt io puslt througlt his rclurrtrs ' und rvcctl ouL'rcsistors'. l'lc rcpllr:crl tlrc oltl rvcddin6-cukc corpot:rtc s(ructtrrc rvith lr 'c:rrtshccl', r,ritlr thc thirtccn s|okcs ol'thc bu:tirrcss units all ndirrtiug froru lris orvn ollicc. 'l'lrcrc wrls oo\t rluclt itss scopc for opposition rnd bxl ncinf folccs: hc hrd rcplirccrl rr rcptrblic -.; rrilh :r rrrrrrurchl'. \\'clclr's nrctlrt-rds irrllucnccd lrrrtrrlrcJs ol'corrr p:r rrics irrclrrrlirtl; lJt' in ltitrin ind IJocil6 in Antclicir, rvhiult scnl crccutivcs to stutly lris Work-Outs xnd systcms of rsscssnrcnt, l'lis consultln( Nocl 'l'ichy, rvlro hrd produccd his ol'rr book, Tht Tmn{ornntiu l.unhr,;tronrotcd tcirnr-building coursc5 rvhich rntrtlc|niscrl tJrc psyclrologic:tl systcnrs oftlrc sirtics, to brirr6 nrlrlirgcrs to6cthcr frlr ilrtcllsivc cuutscs to plrl'g:rnrcs and lcJtr) llo\v tu gorl)nluli{iiltc rlorc crln(li(lly utttl sulvc contnron problcnrs. llut \rithout lltc u<rrpor;rtc scctrritl"oI tltc si"-tics scnrc pirticip.nts rvqrc rvonicd rrborrt tIc rcrl ubjcct r.rl'thc crrutscs: rvcrc thcy rcrlll'lor scl[-dcvclopnrqnt, or lor bl1ritrrv,rslting?

"111"11r,,.r" lintrcllrcrrcrrrs':rrrJ riirlcls rrrighr k,,ur" i,urui,,.1,"1," ";l:;;J;,.;, or brcrrk up u coilromtion, l.rut fcry kncrv horv to buiLl orrc up "1;ri,, fur a cuntinuous'futura. 'l'hc cightics, rvitlr.tlrcir'hrrgc rc.,"rr,Js"for finrnciul opcntors, lr..rd dinrhrishcd thc :irirtus of thc nrosr clltctilr: coull):rly lrcrl rvlro coultl pt:rrr stcrdily :rrrd inspirc orltcrs ro \\.ctrl lrrrr'dcr.'l'hc trrrsittuss rv:rrs lrltl tltr.orvn ul) t\vo c\-u,cnrc tl.pcs tJrc corpocrilts :urd tltu corvbol's, :rs l(rrrtcr crltcd thcrrr brrt rrcirJrcr bv tlrcru:'-clvcs ctruld rcvivc u conr|r:rny, rvlrilc tlrc corrrbirtrrion,r,., ,ur.l, Irrlrlcl trr litrrl. Arrd thc rc:ioluliul tvus:rll thu rrr<lr.c tJifl.rcult [lccrrrrc lhc bilsic cllilritctct. of ir corl)ol.ilti0n rvrrs itt tlotrbt, llr thc rvords of

:rttitu(lcs. 'l'o hundrcds of crrrployccs ivrs rchtivcly ."ryl i, *.., l:lr hrrrdcr tr) rcllotivxlc tllc rcs( to 6kc.:r long vicrt, irr r rrruc[ tcsr :;ccuru llntosphi:rc.. And.rvlrilc Arncricln conryrlnics lnd rrkcn rrruclt frorrr thc J;rprncic, tJrcy rvcrc norv r.cjcctilg irc.prirrciplc of Iov,,lrr :rrrtl sccurity rvhich rvrs ilill ccn tr:rl to nc. rly .urlror.,.iunr'.

bctNccrr Ilrc bold.prcccpri of rnrrr:r1;cnrcnr..rp.rr, ,n,l rl,J lo,"ni, p:ltiut proccsj.ofj)ursur(lilg lifctirrrc coluplny ntcn to clrrngc drcir

liii

Krn tcr:

'lhr:

crrtllr.rr.l

.ir
t)ANCtNC
i.
ii
C lA

th t it nrust cntlurc or dlilt it nlust t,"-rJ," .c,rtrrl ir)strunlcnr lbr cnsuriug socirrl rvcll.rrrc, f.r"L U,r: .urlroirii"ii'ii illso lnucll nloiu tlltn I lrundlc oltr.:rnsrctions; it is iriluscd rvitl nrc:rnirrg rrrLl.vrrluc by:rll lvtto tlcrolc tlrcir lifc to ir rnd rvlto, thqruforc, ,i d th:tt lt is irrdccd tltc prinrlry dctcrnrinrr.,r ofdrcir lirtrtilics'rvcllitrc. Wc hilvc corrntc(l on corllor,rtions tcl 6li curc ol ;lcoplc. arrrl lo t:rkc cxr.u ul'llrcnr for rhc lorrg t"r,r,.,ljuJ"l Iturvcvct', cvun dtusc ct-rr1ur;rtions rvith stroll; "ifr", ,i,r,f .ll,ij ccrn lbr rlrcir pcoplc rrrust lir:rkc rrt0rc Irrt_wrcnclliDU ch]nUcs
sitys

tlclinition

itlr i:; :ttt :rr'tilici:rl colslt.uct; ltotltilU tbuul itj

nlrrrC ritl)rdty,

N't')-

li li

Il)'tllc linclicr lltc ihock:; rrfgloto:rl tr:\dc \vc!c fi,rcing nlost n nlcricxrr corpor:ll;ons to b0conlc rluch nlori tlcriblc rrnd ugilc, rrrtrlc likc srr:rll conrprrtics. lloslbcth Nloss Kunti:r, l l'l:rrv:rld p[ofcssrrr $rho:rdvisctl
ztt)

li ti Ii

l)

l)

r)

).,.s l(uN ?\\\'Al

cl.lAP'lLll(

tr l

tyf u.[

li,l li-Nrrbircrr. (;cl i(t)cr' \v:tr iutotllcr c\-cousultrnt frorl Nlcl(inscy's, rylrrrc;rrrrcllr.rrnrrulsidctlrccuutputcrculLurclirldhedlittJcrcvcrcncc' lirl lUlvl's 1t:rtclrr:rl tr;rtlitiurrs. ll M:rrch r993 hc rrrrdc thc brcr\ by lrrrrouncirr6 tlrrrt Iur thc Ilrst tirrrc llJlvl tvould lry ofltcus oftJrousrnds

ul'crr1:loycus.

Ducldl"s Rrtn llntqr

Coul.J\Vcstcrtlcol.l)ofntiolls:ililll:rlccirt.coIt.ltcillrcuplc:trrrlt'ctttirilt

if"'"f,"t"i,r.,;;urirr,,rrii"lrlrt;t'f'rrlrilici'\vcll'uIc'?lfttut'rvltucttrtltl rtrttl crtrly ltitrctic:;'

,

lhc ciglttics 'r.. ,t',.i' rrLr:c? C)l'xll tllc dr-'rvrrl:rlls of rvlticlr I'rir trtrrst trl'tltc cctrrtttv llJM' <rf tl'it i;.;;;.'1"'i '".'s ii;";;t; "'' '"""'t; irl)l)itrcntly itrvrrltrcr;,t;rli"tl uf p'tcrttrtlistlt :rrltl sccu.ity' rtlticll :rlllictcrl utlrr:ts' ,rUrc ru tti" '":i,lr,tt" "icisiit,r.ltt c:trly litrttr.thc clt:t it trtrttrshiP itr ii,to,,,, 1,. Irrrtl

IUM cunrnurritics il Ncrv York Statc, nhcrc thc lrld Uro\l1 ul) ulld built its bigucsL concclltntioos. I bcgiru irt lildicotl, thc torvn uu tJrc Susquchirnn;r llivcr, nortl-rvcst of lvl.urlr:ltt:ln, rvlrcrc IUI\l rv:rs boln. lt still lookcd likc a caricrturc of ir curul)xly tdwl1, \yidl tlrc llJrll cluck-(orvcr lournirtg:rlrovc W;tlsun lJr-rrrlcvirrd, lircd by l i;ucccisiol ul llJIVl pJalrts rvhich pr<.rvidcd l histr,'ry ol'civili:;ctl iutluvtrill rircltitccturc. Outsidc tltc town drc llJi\'l Crrrrrrtry Club lookcd out lrutq thc IUt\4 6olf coursc. At tJrc l'loruc:;tcrrtl, tlrc rrr:rrrsiol ur tlrc hill, llJful pcoplc still c:rurc Ibr tmiuiul;
trt:rdu :r torrr trf tlrc

'l'o louli :rt tlc lr-rcirl cffcits ol dris dccision, :Lr moutlts jrtcr I

cuorP;tlry

C,rn'rttd

,,,"'l;';;,''i';;
lr,rlrrr

'ctilctl

:"li;t;;J';i';,,i'..,,.

rut ttttit crtrplul'ccs' ;r:; Ptrrlits :ttrrl irrtrs trr s6'6 uillirrrr' 'r i,' r'9$a llJNl's u.,r:rririg:i .'l"rrulc'l :iii[:',;';'';: .,':.*u Lcckurrcrl ttritgrtz'inc r"ltiic /"''t""" ;'';;; *'"i""ny inn"tt"t"' itt .,,l,itir"tl ctrlttP:tttf Atttcticrt' ir yc'rr'' " t*t rrt. ,,torL rvlto l:cclrnc cllicf c\ccu[ivc tlrc fullrrrtitlg r\kcls, frt,lrtt,t rvitl bcnillcrcd' hinr luft ,";,";#i'" :;;;i,ti"" tr-"rti trhiclr

i,t".i'u:lll1,;;;i",JT,li,JJiilli,if;ll"llii,l:lill',: ODcl lrrttl tllrtttttrtl

currrscs rrnrlcr tlrc llctril;n [17.c {)l'W;lts(}ll'li l)orlrilit. l(;rll loulic(l Ixtlrcrl)', but t[clc \virs rrurv no irtlicr. Dulinll r993, llJI\4 lirrdicott hrrd strcrl rr tlrousuud 0l'i[:j suvcn thousuud jul.:s,.,rnd

crrtt-

cvcr)'(,llc wrs rvritirtgl[irl llrc ncrt rliltlc.'l'lrr: silc tttrrr:tgcr,'llrortlrs lirr:rrrc, ;r:r:lrrtctl lllc llr:r( tllcrc lr:ttl bcctr tto l:tyol[s, rrnly voltrnt;tty Ictircllrcrt rhrouglr thc'ljlldiuolt'l'I.:lrtsitioll Oppcrrtuuity !rogr:rtu'

(['i'l'Ol'). Ilc

lurls

rv.rit, to spcnd his tinrc r.rn thc

,-"t,J", "t,t,,"!'ition ,;;i:;i";.;;J; "t I'u'rc (s"c Chrptc' r3).']"..,'ulll.'l.::i]11: ;;;;* ; i."l::L l:, llll,ll'iJ,{l.Jl"i,H,il lill.:::ll:: lllXl'lil: Scclllco tt:t
- 'Tltc
tlta

"i nritinfritttrc computcl:; rrllrr'rrrd. rtnd pcr'[r'onr

goll coursc, l(uitnc's .s ucccssor lvlicltrcl lilirrrugln, \ritl1 rr) or.r([:oil)$ stylc lr)d il ]ridi: Uril, slid tI:rt hc h:rrl 0Dl), t\\'0 rctirccs \vho hiltc(l it. l'lc hrrtl founrl uo rc:rl psychologictrl tli:,tulbirucc. I lsli,crl ;rbuLrt x roticc I hud iust sccrr xt tllc cltlrJllcc

lifty-drrcc, ltc srid, on rv,rs lrinr;clf:rbuut (Lr rcLilc srr [cncloLrs dru! hc coukl hlrldly rrflbrd no! lo: hc could not

lt

ablc Uritislt cxccutivc:i lclt nr"i".',,i rliJ""ttc of thcnt - tntt 'u^ny llritislr'l'clcct'tttt ttr ll-],\'l ,rt tlrri tirlrc lor toP ;t.rus itt 1;uvcrtttuctrt' rlrcir'tr'plrrvccs furrrrtl i."irrii'.'i", ttrt c lUr\{'i plofrts wJrc slippirtg ii .i"t"ii l'tt"ttiur. ro bc'riLc'l, irn(l tlrcrc rvcrc.still ]lc'']v 'l::'ooo until r992.th:rt thc llll tlisrrstct tl:crttttc

1;cttlcllt

corttprrtry irr lrrsturJ' "iijl.tu ai."t, ,t, fl('r iurtlc thc 6rc'rtc:;t kr:;:; uf lny throu6h volurltxrJ .,ri',-", ."*prffc.'.l ro cui b;rcli irs virst p,r1'r'oll

i"

i959'.

lt tr"s |ol

rctirclllcilts' "':iil;tt

lot tu cr)tcl'\yidroLlt ir l)unlit: rv:rsn't tlrlt rn lbrupt sltuclil l(uurtc unrl lfl;r:t:r6;rl lookcd ut clch c.rtlrcL irr rvoudcr, rrrd crplirirrcr,l it l.irs otrly r (lucstion ofuflicc sccurity. 'l'h'j llJNl rvullicri 1;;rvc :r r;rtlrcl tlilj'clsrrt stotJ, Lcc Corrr;rd, l'hu. rlxs |trilliirli chcrltrc-sortirrl; rnirclliDcs xt Lndicott, rcprcsct]tcd 'llliV! \\rolkcls Unitcrl' :rrrd r,r;rs publishirrg x ll)onlllly ncrvslcttcr crllcd /lc'JrJtr'. It cl,tinrctl thul curployccs h:rvu bcctr lr',1:rssr:d und huntilirtcd to ttt:rLc thclr lclitc.throuUlr L'l'Olt, rvhiclr rcully,lnc1,r1 'l-linrin:rtc tlrc Olrlcl I'cuplc'. 'll'lrc strus:i lcvcl hls irtcrcirscd rcntrrkilbl)','
rv;rluirrg rctircr:.s Crrur';rrl trrlrl nrc.

irtttl :tlicr rt tlcspttrrtc scitrclt )crr thc huirr(l lirctl Alcrs' (jct:tttcr' wlttt rvlt:; rtttrl"'ttti:iittli thcy clturc;ts llii sttcccsittr l'utris

'l'lrr:

lr':,:;

ol'crrpiiul lr.rtl ullcutcrl tltr: Itr:rrl ucurrc,nry

2Ll

rilrrrr..rst:rs nruclr

l,li
i

(:OlltAN\',!l^N
rs thc Ioss ol
iobs. AII rourrtl ljrrrlicott th.-r'c.\rcr'ri rlcl.rrcs

u,r n

tri.,s nuN.r\,r,\\

ol

r;clr

\
I
I

i
I I

I
I I

l! .!i .lr
.,:l

ll

ii

I
I

.t

'1. .t .!

l:

i
!,

frnrilics rvho hld-irrhcritcd II-li\4 slrrlcs: t)ow tllc slnrc pricc h:rd topplcd, xnd thc dividcld hrd bccn.:,.rt trficc during rr9l. Jjut thc rvorkcrs rcttrlirrcd nlucll lltorc rulrtr:r:rtrlc urrtl tlcpcntlcrrt lhurr tlrr: scnior urlnigcrs, rvho could:rlrv:rys r::ovc orr, rvhitc tlrc rvorlcr-s rvclc nrorc sl:rtic. "lhcrc rvrs lhvlrys e lcry itr(,n{? icr)sc rrf conttrrunity,' srid onc brnkcr. "lhc tuunrgcrs rvoulrl johc rrbout "llJful - I'r,c lJccl lvlovcd," but lhc rlorkcrs rvcrc dccpll' roolctJ, r,rith ritron[ cl]urclr trxdilions.'l'hcy rvcrg p*sorrirlll' krl'rrl lilc Icntruirrgs.' Loc:l citizcns confirntctl thc grorving slririns otr sucicty. 'lUrll rflccts cvcryonc, irtcluding othcr busincsscs;rttd kitls rtt scllotrl,'srrirl thc Mayor.of lindicott, D:rvid Archcr. 'lt h:rs tt Shost-tovn cllict. \\tc havc.lo rc-itrvcnI our:;ocicty" "l]ltr:rc's:r lrrt ol'strcss,'s:rirl IrrirrlJ l{otJrc, r thdughtful rtttrl rcspcctctl doctor, tltc sotr ttl'rrrt llJM-cr rvitlr nrrny IllM p:rticr(s. "I'hcy didn't tltir;l: it rvotrld h:tppcn-Itru.c,rtt scc it;n thc hospit:rli.'"fhc lryofli ltlvc ,rffcctctl thc rvltolc psichok.rgl' of tlrc conrnruttity,' srid D:rn Corrghlirr, lltc crttttnlissitttlcr l'rtt tllctttrl ' hcrltlr irr Llroonrc County tvlrich irrcludc:'- l)ntlicolt.'\\'u thr-rtrglrt ll)!1 ' rv:rs:rIc llock ofGibciltir.'flrc dcrnrrrt,l frrr rncritrrl scn'iccs hls yotrc : up tiy 33 pcr cctrl ovcr cilllttccn rllitllllll.'l'llcrc's:r llrcrltcr lilclilrorrrl lof lidti:rs ivlt;rckirtg tltcir cltildrctt. l'crrpl: t)rirrk tlrrtt rts llJlvl Ulcs! so locs thc cornmtrtritl'.' ; l.lrom Endicott I drovc dotvn to Dutcltcss Ctrttttty, rlort6sitlc tltc ' l-lulson Riycr sc'vcl)ty ntilcs nordt of ['lrtnhllrrrrl, t"hich rv,t"- rc,rlly IBM CounnJ. Thc thrcc Illlr'1 ccrrtrcs llong tltc Iludson - l)uu6lrkccirsic, l(inrston :rnrl liust Iishhlll - rvcrc ctrtployittl3 z t,ooo pcttplc it thc cnd; of t99:: six ntotttlts lxttr lllcrc rvcrc rtttll' r.1,ooo. llJlt'l ncvcr usctl thc word );rytlll l:ut i( rr s nttrt':ln illldcrslitlcnlcllt' Stcphcn.Colc, tltcir rttin:tgct ol'corirrrruniiy rclirti(,ns itt l(in85torl, s:rid: 'lt's I nrctirnrorphosis,' ' Dutchcss County'J::rs I lur-,1: r-rl' rtrr:Ll plt-,spcrity, rvirh lirlu lirrlrrirou:cs, rtoodccl hills:rnil pritty:;ntrll lcrtvtts; but il hrrs rtlrtrrl's lr;td :t lristorl of povcrty rnd dcpcrrrJcncc --cvcr sincc tltc l)tr\c ol l'trrk, thc futurc I(ingJinrcs ll, cstrblishctl.it irr't6tl3.tnrl llirnlctl il rrlicr lris 'Dutc[css', ivlrri;r l]citricc d'[stc. ln tltr ciIlrlccDlll ccnttrry tlrc ports rlon6 thc l-ludson llcclmc ccnl(cs dl'ill(ltlslry rttttl trtrdc, btrt thc opcnin6-up of thc ntid-rvc:t n.);rtlc tllc ltig cst;ltcs trncctrnttlttic rnd tltc ports out-ol-drtc.'Mrny rvorlcrs rlcpcrttlctl trrt lirrrrilics liku

tlrc l(urr:;cvclls :rt llytlc lt;rrk, ;rltl durirr6 tlrt l)cprc:sion (llcy c;ulc to rcly 0l pul-rlic ilstirutions irrchidilr6 prisors rntl psyclri:rtrii:rgcrrcirs rvhich rvcrc pruvidcd (rvirh lrDll's hclp) by Ncrv york Srrrc. 'l'hcrr in r9,12 llJiVl h:rd'conrc to Dutchcss: thc corrrprny:crlr,ircd :r fr,rlrrrcr picklc lirct0ry xt ItouUIlkccl:sic ltrd convcrrccl it into l rn:rssivc lllrrrrt, follcrrvctl by otllcrs nllkit)g nl:tinfmnrc crrnrprrtcrs, rrricroproccssors lrrl oflicc rrrrchirrcry. IIJM rvls soon thc counry's biggcst cnploycr, suppurting I tliscrcctly Irospcrous iifcstylc- 'l'hc phnrs rlortg tltc I'ludson rlcrc clcln :rnrJ lrrldsc:rpccl, eutl Ill\{ rrr:rrrugcrr rcst<.rrcd tlrc old [rnnhouscs sulr'oundcd by rvuodl:rrrtls, lrorrr slriclr tltcy could driyc to rvork in trvc!ry nrirrurcs. Uclri|d thc runl f:rgrdcs lllA'1 nroncy rv:rs lurLing cvcrl'rvlrcrc - in tllc sclloolr, rorrds-, churchc:,:rrtrJ c<rllclJcs likc V:rss:rr or lvl:rrist. llrrt tlrc coutrty bcclnrc d:rrrgcrou:;ly dcpctrdcrtr. As l-l:rrrrilrurr Mcscrvc, rvlro orvriyfivc:lqr:ul ncrvsp;rpcls, rl:scril:cd it:'lBlvl dr:rincrl thc rcsponsibility Igi,nr tJrc couuty pr.:)itici..:Is: bccuusc IUM rvls rJrcrc, thcy l'clt thcy cotrlrl bc :rU,rirrst cvr:rytlrirrg. Il.lM :;rrckctl rrli cvcrytlring, crcxlilrU it lrbrrur .slrortlgc, 'l'lrc currrrty fqlt nu ttcc(l for ccorroruic tlcvclopItrcnt.' 'l'lri: v:rst.llJlvl pl:tlts bcc:uuc thc ccorrornic hrlb of l)rrtcticss (iorrrrty, rvtrilu ttrc ltlN,l (i'rrrrtry ClrrI hcs:rrrrc tbc irrci:rl lrtrb - rn itlc:rlisctl rctrcirt willl trirll lrrrvns rrrrcl l|r:rrricurr:rl grr.dc|ls l'lrcrc llilr4 chiltlrcrr coukl phy:rll duy, rrrd rctirccs could pl:ry continutrrrs goll' unrl cr-rllr1>ctc lbr tlc'fhonrlrs J, Will'oI Lropllics.

'lhis

'l'lrc crupty builtJilg,,; rvcrc l'ull ol'

rullici:rl couirty c;rpil:r1..'l'hc r\l:rin h,lrrll lookcd likc r f..rdcd filnr-sct for :r pcriotl drrrrh:r, rvitlt. rlirrgy rrrcrchunls' l.:trildin6s frout tJrc r $7os, :r lorv rrt-tlcco lrrrilcling rtntJ lrr okl-lirshioncd ,.lcp:rrtrrrcrrt storc c:rltctl 'Up to l)ltc'. It tlispluyctl noticcs :ilyinll'l hrvr: :r sllkc in Itoughkccpsic'. Uut Ihc only btti slrrtic rvrrs llliVl's. \Vlrcrr llJlVl ;rrrnorrrrccd its lirst rl:rssivc t:ryofl! ttrc courrty offici:LIs looh sonrc rirrrc tu rcltisc thrt tro orlrcr cnrlilc,ycr coul.J lili thc glp.

tv:rs irr puigrnnt.contr:lst lo do\t'nto\vl l)oughkccpsic, tltc

cqliPpctl l'tr[ tl:rtr-procussiny, bul not for nruch clsc. 'l'lrr countl. ch icl' c.r-ccu tivc,.\Villiirnr Stcilh..urs, wiltchc(l thc slrock lroru puillullj, clusc r;uurtcrs: hc h:rd bccn llr.otrght up rs:rrr lUlvl clriltl, liis f:rlcr Itrd bccn ir corponrtc buycr lbr llliVl, nnd hc lr..rLl rvutchcrJ tJrc f:rctorics grow uD l'1oln grccn liclds.'Wtrcn rtc hrtl hc:rltlr or ftrrrily Problcrrs, nty tl,rrl ;rlw:rys srrid "lUlvl rvill t:rkc c:rrc ol'ir,',' lrc roltl irrc in lii

cr,..pcnsivr: insr;rll;rrions ir.lcrlly

.:2J
,|

(:Ohll

Nl'AtAN
rt

about rvrs IIJA'1.'l'ltcir firuily, !iirJs, trrvcls, rvclc lll bui-rnrl lp itlr drc corpollti0n,r N0rv Slcinhiltli tvils h;lvitlI t0 licc irll thc dislocllior:i.'Wc'\'c lc;rlisutl th:rt thc coltrntrtrity is vcry lirrgilc: tltcrc's nruclr ruorq :ttrcss, donruJliu violcrtcc :tntl ttccd l'rrr tttcttt;rl scryiccs dircctJl'linkcr.l to tlrc ll.1rr11!. Dvcl insiLlc llJlvl, tltc crrvilrrnrrrcnt Irls chlrrgcd r:r<liculll: llrc)'hxyc Urcit( uncrsc, rvitltout tltciI sccutity-' 'l'lrc loc':rl churclrcs lclt llrc ir)ll)xct rlosI kccttll'. I tulkctl to [;;rtlrcr -J,urrcs l'lcrun, ;r t:rll, bcurrlccl cr-tclclrcl rv)ro plcsirlcd ovcl thc bc:tutifr.rl coloni:rl clrulclr ;rt lirst lfishkill, rrrtrl ltulful'rvhosc cougrquirti(,lr rr';rr dcpcrrdcrrt urr Il.llvl.'\\'c'r'c glrr,rrrd z,cro,'l-lcrorr crpllirrctl. "l'[i:. is rcel lUi\'l coultr),:uld I rlus c:tugltt u1l itt it:rs rrrrclr ls rtrrl'orrc, I'rc nclcr crycricrrcctl rulss 1;r'icf likc tltis. lt'r; ,r:; if D,rrlrly lr,r:; rtrn

rl):1cir,us uflicc avcrlcr-ukiug (lrc l-ludlrrrr. 'l u:u)'t lcll yrrrr lruun nrirnv soci:rl siturtions I'rc bccu in rvhcn (hc <rnly thirr6 ln luJvl-cr could

t),\ t) l) \, I S t(UN A\yAr.

tllk

julr: trr lrrsc rltut irlcrrtity rv.ts;r lik; bucorttirtg st:rtclcss' wltctt I suutilrt u.t rr s,rrr'rc of *r ru,11i's,; i;ir ;L;;i 'crircc.l';orrr
tlrc.s;rcrilicc ;Ird strcss lyc'vc bcclr tlrrr:ugh,,s:rid !rirn Moorc. rvho Irirrl br:r:rr n firciliry crrgilcr:r ur Urst t,;srriiii 11", ':r lirrrrily-.r;ricrrtccl cc,rrplrry, givi_rr6 lirrlity p"rti"r ri,;i", tul rlrc clrildlcrr. N,rs. I c,rn,r cvcn "i,Jct,r,lr:;;;r 6, ," ,ti" .r,uuf"iu;, Tlra;;;.., I rv:r:; jub J,rrrr,rry told rrry rvei tlrc silcsr i" ,f,"',rllii"r,;-r",r, . .'lrr

'ru

ii,;;;:l;:i1ilii:iti,i'i,:"$:lil:i:lll:

f;.;;;;:il':i

,,,r;lril;;.:;.:.'i.i;,. slrc u':rr; 'surllluscrJ'. ,lrr licblu:rry rvc rvcrc (ulrJ f,.fit'f,. iofr,l*":,-J
rr,lr,.r rv,rs

r\lrr'y-li.;r:rcis lvlitclrull,

irr llJlul,,

.5rr.r ,rcci.rcd'r,,

Itc gr-,rrc, I)cr4rlc crrrr't Irru,llc tt,lr',,rr.r-,

,;,;

oll':r rr rl :rlt;rtr<lorrcr.l thclrr.r llc tlrrrrr6lrt llrxt llir\l rr':r:; trrrr lrcrripr lr,\vrt(l:i ;nconrl)ctcrt rr.rr.rgcls:'lt rr':ts likr: tlyirr6 lo gc( ti(l ol':r rrclur: it wirsn't lrcultltl'.' llrrt hc blrrrrcd crttployccs rs ttruclt its lllc c(rllll)iuty. 'lt:rtctllxlisltl ili illtv:lys t,.r'r.r -,,vrry. lUlvl didrr't irupusc drcir virlucs: tltcy Uir!r.: pcoplc rvlritl tltcy lrh..rr:rJ, lrrd tlrcl'r':rrr sitlr it.'l'hcy rvcrc likc pllcnts rvhrr guvc tltcil kir.ls tcro rrruclr.' l'lc rJid rrot hulcul [llc coll:rpsc.'l'cuplc rvill cuurc

out lir,rlr it \ritll il llcttcl sst

1'hr: ll.llr4 corrrrrtunit.l. rrlrvll's u nrl'tlr: thcy lllr.rridcd scryicr:s buI llo rcirl collllunil),or pcrsorr:rlit1,. I'ttt sccinU xll irrcrcitsc in dlc coll6rcUirti(,1, ils il \\,iutirnc. Uut thc chulch docsn't plovidc rJ:rtJrcr-li6ulc likc ILllvl: it rrutkts ;:coplc rccount;rblc to u;rclt odtr:r. \\'c'rc UoinI to bc it tttuclr ltcalllricr' irrrd rrrorc rcllistic plrcr:. Cutl is tclching trs J lcssun in hulrility.' r\rrotlrcl locll pxslor, Divi(l \V;ty, rv;rs ltint:;tll'itt llJtVI bcl'ulc hc )ir\v tllc \rlitirl: ul tllc \vxll, urrrl Icli tu ttrtt ;r sttltll clttttclt itt l'lcrtsrrltl \/lllc1, rtith llJr\l-cls irr lris corrlglcgutiurt, "l'ltcy ltcl bittcr' :rrrLl bctr:r1crJ,' lrc ttrld rlc,'Wc rvcrc ttrirdc lo ltcl :rs il'rvc rvcr! lllc c:\uric of thcir l:rilulc, u'lrilc thc big 6uys rvcrc nl:lkinU nrilliuns.' Could :rrry r.rtlir-'r coruorurrily trrkc thc plrcc 0l' llJM? lJotlt p:rsturs scrc rluubtful.'lrt tlrc spt:trvl \rc l;vc itl ltcrc lltcrc ilrc lru clcll cn)otiunitl flurrticrs,' srrid Jirrt llclon. 'l'd likc trr lcsl)r)r)tl lllirl tlrc clrrrrch rlill,'srirl l);rvid Wiy,'but il's nttl truc.' 'l'lrc rctilcc:; thcrrrsclrcs lrrok sotuc lintc tu rc:tli:'r: rvlr:rt lrrLl. hit tlrunt.'l'u l-rc uu ll.]N1-cr or'lJccrr)cI'wrls ll)(,r'c likc :r rtrrtirrtt:tlity tlrrrtt
ol- \':rlucs.
rvus

i;r*rrr,,,,r*r' rvur*cr'.s c'llctl r.lrcur ,r.i''cr.'crrtlu; ",,,f t,rlu, ri*r,',i-iurr ui ir;,; ,;iii,,;,, c'q. crt,u j,. "1.t,",.,";;; ;j ij"ij.'"?'"."',,,. :;:,::l:,lllll:l),,,r,c,,rli6 rorr6 r)ur' vcry rrrucrr,'srritr Ji\r suppricr rvrrr..r u-i.i, rrliiqc:. 'Olc crr6inccr lc,li 'rrc "ri"i, "rri,.i us lbr. IUM :urcl .r;;;"i;;i;i_:,;rr,j.,. lrrtcr, currrplirirrirrl; llr:rt hc could r'lu Li, J,,J,;-r;;rL;;;; ffi;, , "l'lrcr c.rvcrc tlciilitcJy too rrr;rrry tr:un,r6crs,, s;riclJoc Orrt, ,r.i,"1,_r'1 brcrr.llJr\,i's
irtc'r;rrirrrri
\vro,,3 'cycr 8o l;"11,,', ', ",.i,,, ;;; ;i:;';;;',,; i',i, I lrc rrridr.llc-rrr;rnl6cr.l; \ycrc bl:rrlcrl .lirl llJlVl,s ir::rbility tr-r currrlrlltllicillc \\'itlt itscll, in .,r uorrror.:rtior) ryJrosc busitrcis 1"a, 1a,",,,r"i_ c:rrirr6. 14iclr,rc.l A4;rcctrbl., rhc psl,ch<rk:gist .,.,,1,;,;;;i; i|r-i,,',',,'r,i,','",, r' r ,7o, w's x lir..cr c0r,i !r';rrt ror lUlvi cn'ri,ru';J;;r;;;l;i;.",, clusciy. "l'hcy hrrLl lril;l:iy_srrucrurc..l "rul iricr,rrcJrlc,,i;;;i.,;;l;;';;iU trtc, 'jrrs.t rvtrr:rr ullrcr.,,,,,,,*,ti.s,,r.r. 1;oi,,11 rl,. orl,.,,1i;.':i:1,.';,,rj_ ru'u'c rrl'rrr:rirrli.irrrqs lrcipcd to crc;rrr-Jrrr irtlc.ribl,, p;;l,rli;;il.1

,iu,,r,"._ uc.rurl'.clrru, rjrcy r,crr r1",r","'ii.;;;;;;;;11,"rLr"".'"",r.''ol".,llji," l,c,4,lc lrctrrrrrc rlcpcrr(lcrr, brrr rrhr., c:rtrsctl i,l N"ri ii;"',,ff-".1,""*.,1, l,r*crrr lr.ruli tu lirrr.l :rr urrrprl,p.rr.[ing fr,. fV,,r"f ji ,r,,, ii'k.':i :ll)(.rut (lcrirstxti(,ll irr llrc yc:rt :oo(r., Srr ulrrr uus to lll:rrtrc? r\,lrrst oI tlrc cx_llirVl-crs criricircd tirc rrirJrllc-*rrrugc's. :rbr_rut z5,ooo ol. rlrcrr. \,Vlr:rr i,"J ;;;;-,,i;i,..,, ,r,rj,,jf,it'" tloiull sirrirr6 [r1' r.lrcil upcrr ull]cc duuls i,, rt,.i, ,l,rrt .uit slrilts, luoliul: ;rr rllcir. loriucr s:ryirr6 ,.l.l.llNl(,?

,.,..].,1)ii:]1.::':.o,. x Lllrritt r.ts t)t.c5cnl lo cvcrv ",,. I.irlrc 1,trurr6 clrilcl, ,1,"y t,.r,f ,1,"i,

vcry Lrrrril; -rrrirrtl.,r,;.,.,i,r

,'i,, l,i ;,:;: ;':,.1::: ll"' r,;;,;; il,i::i;i;,,,.:li.l"t';ill ,i,::,ll:;:,:j.'

iriru'1;jr.,;,1:i1;.,

ii;,.

,,.'1,

'..: ''''

;i.i;.

..1 4

t.

tlrcl'lr:rtl .r JrlollJctrr llrcy

uuLr,.;cl bcloir- lc;rvi;;;

il;;;'il;'-

:',.

'.,,i.

.]il;:,ll

u,:rrrtcd

*0",u

'

till

..)

'':
' .:r'
I

I
i
J

'l

I
1

llrcxtcll rvc:rLrrcss.' Ccrl:rirrly thc ri6id nrind-sct nppclrcd to nrrkc it hrr.tlcr l'rrr c^--llJrll-r:rs to lirrj rvork. Ccnc Moscr hld rvorkcrl on thc.lru6c a6o nrrriulr.:rnrc corrrputcrs until hc tv;rs l:rirl olf in. t993, I.lLr s:ru, lltc colltrirst l)cl\vccn coq)orulc |l.lainfrlllrcs .,rtrrJ ltcrsotrul c0ti)l)rtrcrr ils t,cprcsct]tinlJ tlrc trrnsition fronr coq)orxtc to irrtlir,idurrl \:trtcrl)t.isc lbr s.hich lllful lrrcl frilcd to prcp!rrc lrinr.'l'hlf rlrc lllivl rlib:"rclc,,s-:rirl l\,loscr.,,s,ls

. 'l'hcir

'co i'AN\')r^N rgrcrtcst'lPlaa Ltlingtlt bcc,rrr:c tllcir , ;

tJ,^Dt)i,s r(UN i\\yi\.

rv:rr Io luk,: crcciit, .l.lrct.

'l'lrc lirst
rrccd

tlrcy'rc up rrld rrrlrrin6,

il tlrc job_sr:lrcrr rs nctrvorkirrg. lrr IUill thcv rvcrc irr.:r lirrrrily sirultirrrr, rvirh :rn inrplodr:d ,,",;;k. rlittl.r.urr. Oncc rhcy undcrsrrrrrctrvh., ." i"^-,i,11,i",

h:rvc ,( rrccrJcrJ to scll tlrcrnsclyc:.

n;;;;;i:;i;

"",riji

.l

duc to thc nrislrtrrtch llclrvccn srrrrll rrr:rr:lrlrrcs rirtrl thcir !rrclhods.'

rrrrrrrulJcrrrcrrt

,ll

rl:rrr;rgcrs rlouhl bc in shock, .rnd thcy lrircd tltc lirnr ol Dr.rlc lcirnr lvlorin l'ho spr:cillisc

llJM hrd rnticip:rtc(l lllrt thcir Iuirl-oll

jr
I
l

in tIc ncrv rrls of'cn)plo)'cc tnnsition','outl)lxicnlct)t','tlorvnsizinlf rnd 'rcvitrlisation'. As corporltinrrs got:;nlrllcr, DtlN,l go( bi6gcr: try rggl thcy:)'rd sixty-livc ofliccs irr thc US, rrrrd urrorhcr:,-irt1;-rrro

curd rvlicl rdnrirs tjrcrrr ro rlc bi.rilJing, ycstil.ic of corl)orltc,idcntity..So-rvc

lhcy tvc't s-hrr'pirr1J, lo surc t,tcy \vcfc rccot,.i<.,t. ,t,," 'txkc \vcrurrrll l)roccs$,' s:rirl Albrcclrt: 'Wlrcrr tJrcy,rc,,rf.A ,"u

r'hc'

lJrrt rvusrr,t tlrcir\vholc itlcntity thrcrtcncd, irtrrrilirtt :rs :rrr IUjVI-cr? Soirc ,l.rlcr' I:r:llccl, ufrcr:rlrv:rv: bcin,, 1,.,;

,;;;';;"i,,,1i;.:;;:Y

.,

rbro;td.'fltc chrirrlur':, \Villi:un i\,lorin,

xs pxrI

s;rrv thc.proccss ol'dr-rl,psiz.iu6

lundrtutctrt:rl rvcukcnittg oi'crtrpbr':rtc luynltics.'Coru!unics :rri: still shying rrr':r;'frcinr rcsprirsiblc firr thcir rrwrr "-;rying llcoplc:rrc c;trccrs,'Uor six utonths xlicr thc l:rst lrryrrlls, ir tcrrnt lirrnt l)lllvl 'lci.l

ofr

Jlr^v do
:rs-srrrctl

con_ k'rcnccs rvhcrc cvcryonc crsc worc 1 nirnc-r:ru wit^ t,rcir,efliri:ruorr,. .t.t,sr,s

Jurcty tt s ntofc Iundxntcltxl

proriA" tiririr.,l

,,i"" u,l'j," ,j,.ti.;l j;;:;';;;;,1: ;l;

rcc:Iing

rJtrrr tJr:rt, I suggcstcrJ,

...crr, f",:r-i;;:-;

llcy survivc widluur rtrrrl iti j,";;;t;,r:'nil;;i,; rlc. ,ln.livc yc:rrs' tinrc pcoplc *",i,, fr. ,"l,rU ',lr.y:r."i"
rficy'I ilctirc
rtrcrusctvcs

by Ch:rrlcs l:. Albrcchr \rcrc irr'-rulllil inr:il llli\{ truikliulg in l)ouglrkccpsic. Albrcclit hud tlru bcrrillrt stylc rrl'rr liruily tlrrctor, "l'l)c Inrbrc prttrnrl thi lirnr,' hc told nrc, 'tlrc lrurdsr it is lur pcoplc to 'uildcrstind vhxt hxs hxppc!lcd to ticnt. Llut oncc thc)' trntlr:rsl:rrrtl,
tJicylrc nrrrkirrblc.'

by rJrcirulirr:rr.i,r. ,tiy l-r.Y t(lclllrly ll.9ll, s(,1\ Illc ljclvcs xs:lll xcc0unlx l:rrtrl I l:trr7ct.., ",",, lJut nrost ol,r;i{lc$ in l)trrchcss Courrrl, ,"ct tr,,c',iii.r ,vt_"r,,, It:rvc.spccirl rlillicrrlrici in :rrljrrjrinl3,,, rf,. ,,,,,,i.ri-i,f.,,;l;;;;|;;] .cl|rptoylllcitlI u[ it Jnlilll Conlp:lny, ,Wc

ll

Corrvcrs:rtion', in rrbiclr :rrr llJi\'l 'ni:nrgcr first brcrks thc brd rtcrvs to his.cnrploycc: hc h:rs to prcprlc it cricfully, lo cnsurc thr! drc cnrploycc botJr urrdcrstlrrds Ihc nrcsslgc indirctrins his dignity.'lhc cxpcricncc, Albrccltt ;rsstrrcd nrc, could :r[Icct tllc turnrgcr llnrost ls dccply:rs lhr: c nr plirl,cc. 'l'h c cnrl:loycc's Iirst problcnr rvls usullly: \l'llJt do I sxy to lry spousc?'['lrc rdvicc \y3s not to phonc irnnlcdi!tcly, but \\'iit to tcll hinr or hcr ficc-to-lilcc, to gct thc cnrotion urrrjcr control ,rnd lllry thc sp(rusc's lirst \\'ot'ry, l'hich is usuelly :rbout lusing thc housc. Af(cnvrrds. sonrconc frorn DBlvl trics lo idcntily thc rn0st brittlc cx-cnrployccs, rtrrtl rcvirc tllcir

l]hc.lr:rrdcst ordcrl rvrs "l'hc

conl]dcncc. As Albrcclrt dcscribcLl it:

1'hclrvc got to rpprcciutc tlrcir r".rluc :rprrr fronr thc cor1ror:rtiurr. N'hny lBiVl pcoplc irrc u:ri!c :rbouI th! worth of tlrcir slill-triurk: tltcy'rc nrucir liic rhc urilitrrry in bcirti tc:rnl-;ricntctl, rrutl tlrrr'l
lt

Irl"r;r"1,.,;i.1J;;;,i:lr;; julx I'rrr tcrrrptcrJ,to s:ry,,lUM_crs nccd ttor :rpply,,,, \rcorfc /_o[lclsyr wlto r;lD x ncttyorl,jn6 grorrp irr l]ou6ltl:ccllsic crrllctl JobNct, fodltl c.r-lllM-crs lirrdrst rrt F._.n,-t^... ,1.r._...r_uscrl ru ;r llillcd cr6c. 'l.lcy'vc rruvcr 1,,,,J ,;r;;,;';'';;i;,,n:';i i; illcn';c\,,'l'hcy'vc h:rd nlrrorv :rrrd spccir li*,l,kln;, ;i";;; j ;" ;;"i jub.. tjor st_rrrc, bcirrg l:rir.l un'i, ,u.i,iL .,,i"r,;;;il.;;',.;,",j,;;::; " Whcn tlcnirrl, rhcn dccp shock:rrrtl firry. ,r,"y.,r"lI r'cir cx-collc;rgucs prctcrrcl drcy,rc not drryc, a"rr" Li.ori,l.i U*.n ki,J; ;r;,-;;.-;, "\Vhrrr do you rlol',' Dr Itclcr Lcorrlrrl, \rlto rvls tc;rching rrrb.rrr srurJics ;rt Yrrssrr$l,rkr\l tyith Ilrr: l)ulchrss Alli:lrcc for ffi,,,,., N..i,,rf,i.i, ,;i:i ,; crrsc'rhc ordc;rl ul'rhc hyo[li: ,.l.hc IUiVI p""l,l" l,;;..;;i;;;;1r"":r; in rlrqir tirccs, Sfc\,c iricrl lo rcnlovc ihc'socirl ;i,;;;.;"il;,r;: corrltln'r, 'l'lrcy took rhc blarnc orr rhcnrsclvcs, f"l, ,f,i ."lrr"r.,fi^ .l.hcy'vc h:rtl rcircrcrl
rlcrir.
:rlrv;rys

hrrrl frvo lUlvl_crs rvho c,rrrrc Io rrs,'strid I.l;rrl lvlcscrvc tltc:tcrvsp:rpcr-orvncr,,but drcy onlr.s(:rycd Irvu vccks.'l'hcy livc in un unrc:rj rvor.ld.

lo.kcd

,J"ri;;;;1,.

ild:;;l

co

I ,

\'

,\t,\ r\ Nrrrv

'

r)n l;

t)\.,:j :tuN AIyAI

f

l)ricc. c!co dlougll it prcrc|ls oul'\vorkitr[ loticlhci.,' l-lorr..ditl it ull lr-rok hr-urr tJrc tup) I lcvisitcrl lUA,l's ltcrrd(lurrtcrs rt .\nnonk, rvhich i lrad frlst sccrr soon :rftcr.it.,virs built I tlurrtcr r-r1' :r ccn(ut)'a6o::r clrlstc rllritc prlucc in Llrc rrridrllc ol';t;rlklilrd, built round a sytttbc,lic Jilt:rlcsc 6;rrdcrt to qtrcour':lgc [cllccliorr - norv r:nlt;ruccd l;1,;r 6lirss crtlirrrcc-1;ulilion dcsi6rrcd b;'l.A,l. l,ci. lrrsirlc, tJrc top lloor still lor-rkcd rnucll [hc surlc, rvidr sl)ilcious l.iirllct:ics \ti(lr orrr)gc cJrl)cls jrrrl rolr:rrrtic portrilits 0l'Lhc \\/irtson lirrnily. Scrrior' crccu(ilcs s till licl)t tlrqir (l(,lrrri ollcn; lhr-rrr11h tlrcy ririrr lr:rrl rru rrrrticcs s.rying't'ttttx', llrl sorrrc cvcn \vor'c culutrrctl shills. Uut tJrc coqror:rtc lirrc lrud totllly clrrrrrgcd.'l'lrc rrurv chuilnrrrr, l-(,u Gclstlci', lrlLl :rrlruitrqrl rn;rrry of ll.liVl's plsl llisiilkcs, it:i ;lrror1;urcc :rrrrl irttIovctsiorr. lrr tlrc Scplcrrrtrcr rgg3 iisuc t)l' ,'ltrNri rtill thc ltousc ntrtL;uz,ittc - ltc ctrrrlllitincrl tlrlt lhr: bulcirur:r;rcy hitd ruu rrrrr.rli, \\'crc loo slo\y 10 nlillkct, lrrd lr;rrl lost colltr0l of thu.cust structurc. lJut it wxs urrf:rir 'to kccp slicin6 (luxltql xltcr (lrt:lrlcr, lulirrg offpcoplc. Ilrcln, it is lllul!' 'l'o trkc ch:rr6c of'lrunrrrt lcsourccs' Ccrstrrcl hlrl appoirttcd :rn cr-brn\cr rlnd:rccoullun(, Gcrrld Czllrrccki, xn illlllutic uurtt rvho cttiol crl :rrr ur'1;urrrcrtt. Cz.rtlttccki did nrit pliry tJorvu thu llloblcrn,'lUlvl ,1irl dclil.rcrutcly fostcr prrtcrlulisur, rvitlr u socirl contlxr.:I l)c(\vcc,l crrplol'cr rrrrJ cnrploycc,' hc toltl ltci'IJrrt ccouonlic icalitics lorccrl us to rcthilk tlrc rclrtionship. Norv rvcllc no lungsr xsking pcoplc for tot:rl courrni(nlcn( to us. 'l'hcy'rc ca6cr to sttlyt but prcp:rrcd lu lc;rlc.' l-lc l)ut tllc coll;ri)sc ofpllclrrllisnr irr rr Iong llclspcclivc: r\ hurrrJrcd )cxrs xgo cll)it:llisru \rirs llrct(y ugly, xDd ullforgiving fur drosc rvlro fiilcd, Lrrtcr thc bi6 cr.rpurltiurrs crcxtcd ir kind of brlerrciug xet \ritlr Uuvcnrnrcuts, wlro .supl)ortc(l big trusiucss cvcrr if tlrcl' srrirl it rvrs b:td, ru l kirtcl ol'tlrrirl-plo-r1uo lirr' looling altcr thuir cupluyccs' rvclllrc, llrrt tllc,llrkcl systcrr didn't rc:rlly rrolk propcrly, Lots rrf corl:ulrttiuns rvcrc sclrinrorrupc,lics rvlrich rloruirr:rlcd lllsiI Ilirrkclsi :!r) thcl (otll(l (Lr thirr6s rtlriclr \rrrc n0t rc:llly cculonlic.
?

\vclf:lrc: rlo\v tlrcl, curr'l rcc(,liliric tlt;rl llrr:y,tc l)ilrt lrl'it., I lc lltt tluclr of tlrc blrnri: ou tltc Lrck ufqotnuluoity spiriu ,l,cuplc uhvuys lrrrrkurl t<,r tJtc colpor;rtir-' , 0o( !o tllc coutrtl', irrtrl tr(,\v tl)c).rrc p;ryirrg u bill '1'ltc /\nlijricln idcolo6l, of irrdividuulisnr still nruiutuirrs irsclt,

'

rlU tttc clliulUl)U r.cl:rlicrt:slrill rvidr llrc coruprrny,:rrrrl "ra tJtcy,ri nor (tticoul'lrUcd. I llcvcr drou6hl it rvrs 6ood for a corpontiorr to tirkc uvcr. tlrc r.olc crl'tlrc [rruill, urrit, rvhic]r is rnori clcpcrrclrblc lLr socic.ry. Norv thc pcrrr.lulurir r.iill sviul; t".i, i" U-i"" ;'l;;;;; lolc ru rhc lirrrrily. llut rhcr.c's srill ,r rolc Ii:,r ;fl U,*. _ f"i,,"ifi, trusincss urrd gr""r,r,,t",rl. - irr 1l;rr.r:trtin6.

tlrurc's ir lc:rJjrr:;trrrcnt rvlriclr rtccds :r trcrv blllucint: lcr. .. ljvcr) crlrrrirrrr..rrt il prrLcr.r:rliirl Ufl'" if,i, ,"r-frll";,'i";i Uovclhrtlc.ut is h.rvirrl; ru picl up buldcns ",," tJrcy clll,t,f.lf .rIlu UtutYl(luirts Uct llut( ul tlrc dislocutir.lrr..fhcrc,s "rrfl. a rc,rl clrrl_ lcrrgc tu socicty: i('s svc' ,!r,orsc i, dcfc'cc i,;r,"Xr;;;:, iil, yurrrr6 1lc,r.'1>lc )ruvc [:ot-tJtujt.lra;rds scrcrrcd u,,: t]r.y ,.cog,,ir-

Alicl

rrry tuur.ul tlrc IUM cuurl).ur), (o\vlls I cr_rtrltl to( fccl it rtr-rulcl [,u l5 c;lsJ, ils rJr;rt. fur. llJlVl llrti dcliUct.:rtcly crrrbr.;tccd its crlulovcci irr its cur'pol irlc lrrr6, rvhilc lroth firrrrllic:i lnti 6rrrr:r.rrrrrcuts lrrrrlivc'ukcr prrlls.'l'lrc Itorr6lrkccpsic Cuuntr.y nciw ,.,,.u,.tl U," io,r""lr_

crrr.rltl providc nu crrsy subrtilrrlc,.llllVl pcrrplc Irirvc l)cclr t,,"k"r'1 i,,r,, such irrrrurncr.irL:lc bclclits rllr rJrcy couldir'L t ,..dy fo, " St"rc Ulivcii;iv clsc,'srid Wrltur Guldsrcirr, l,rui"ssur rr rtrc "i,yrtrinU of t\u\y r"ulti.\rho oucc rvor.l.cd " [ur. II]M:.lfs likc bcirry dcruobilisc(l

Ucltrc.- r'cuuincd l syrnbul ol'bcnigu cillc, but it rvls closcrl tu lhc luy.lli. Aud thc cuurrly, rhc churcrrcs irri thc coulurunitics
(r,n.

i[,b -

liotr tlrc l{cd r\r'lry.,

lJu( Lltc llJlvl culbircks r\(rc orrly:ur c.rtrcrlc cirsc uf drc iltsccuritl, ryhiclr rvirs sllruildinli ;rcLo;r; Lhc Wcst, lJvctyvlrcrc ,urnr;;;; ;:r. srrJLlcnly lildiulJ [lrcrnsclycs trutsir.lq thc ,"u,ufurt, ro,r","lnd puliticrrl srvirr6.

r.;

sccurity,tiiutkrt' ul'tJrc bi6 corporiltions. Atrct in [ur.opc U," f.rr*l \ultl Lt:tdlti{,lirl p:rtcrrrllisnr tv;rs rlutlc nrorc irbrupt by tlic utrrJcrlying

ir"

t;1

2 ).t)

|: rl . 'I

.t

i;ir

::
't'rt

rr <t

rii,t

r.r.l

l( N .l

r.r v r:

ilr rrvu tlungcr.s, tirr ir,uould ulicn justily

Cl lA

vc1;rt:rriug

lntl

rlcc:ryt bur

l'1'liR

li

X'f lil:lN
I [c r tt uL

T lt c Eu'o1t c ilTt''4
'I'hc

iT c

:;rlirrus 1;lrrrlcnr:rs corrltl bc ls rullrlcss u:; tllc tnost trdcnt coq)uritc ,.rtlicrrl,'slrrshinl; untl burpirr6'. liuropcrrrrs \vurc nlorc sccl)licitl :ll)out thc hrrgu:r1;c of Anrcric:rrr ,.r:lnirgcnlcnt iu thc ciglrtics, rvords rvhiclr, <rl'scrvcrl tlrc ,lji,arrrrirl iiirra, rvcrc 'clccl)ilU stcirlllrily out of thc sofuv:rrc likc x trrrntrl:r ,rrt ul'rr b:rn:rrlr crxlc, rrrousirtf x nrir(trrc of(crror lntl curir.rsity'.'l'lrc irrrcricrrn tlr:rtrrrgcntcnt rr-Pct'ts stru]-scd tttc irnllorturrcc of hunt::n
,

cl:rtirrrrs, brrt lhcir voc:rbrrlrrry rvus slill nrcchlnic:rl, :rborrt dorvnsizin6

a ii*

i.,*r? ttl.ti;n

itr itttilrttlc Anrcric;rn Jiurgcs rvurc 1::ttt ul rl'littttlrtttlcrtl;rl lhc c(rlprrlirlc loinntni.t ircross :rll Wcstcllt cotrrtttics' i\:i. Li'lot) dcsclibctl it to trrc in Ncrv YuLk irr t993:
clt:rtr11c

'1'lrar"', t a"n I blrsir: ch:rngc in btrsirtcss philusoplry' At thr: t'irs .lt' ft"t'.inititt* of tltc cctttrttl' t.lic pttrp'rsc oI ctrll:rrrrttitttts rvurhlwirlc' ;:ii"';t;: *iti.it r.J ","'" rhc c'c"ti.'r' or cx'tcls p'rrllssi.tr:tl rrrxtr:rlicrs' N(r" \:ii;";ii;'.,;; ', ,l,itt ut'pu'u"t tur'o d' riorn A'r"\'I't(' Icr' trrr: " -'i'f," [tilctl"l'ltc ctrrlttrr-.

'11;::j'i:'.;il;,';r;;.,'";;;' rr,ttiii.'itnn is th:rt t.ri6 b:rsilcss h;rr i;'iii; ;;";"ii.i;;nl'oru'..i''

rrt prr-rvidccl :1 stcrttly irrcr'c:rsc irr tllc st:rrrtl:r;.rllrtcs rllr llrclr ",io,rr-ti"uau', IIxl l':tllcrr ltltvc livinr. anti corl)orittc lllxl):lUcrs

tust tt'.,ir crrprcitl' tbr sclf-:rrt:rlvsi';

entlsclf-corrcctiotr.lJllsicrllytltcyr'c.flcctl-lItcs;llrlc|)Lotllc.lll 1c l:lilurc tu PLrlornr' rs tllc conlnlunisr rcgintcs ilt thc ljilst: .l.lrc l:-ur.onc:ln:i rrcrc itl s0nrc rv:tys crtnritrll clrrscr tlt tltr: t\tttctic:ltt :]l;'"'':';l',il:t' ,l*ur,.,r "t,.ritt.,t itilll' r".,-t't rttttl bttrc:ttrcrrtcics ittttl 'ptfttiit"r.f nrtitrrr:rliscrl itttlustrics,.rvlrilc t lt'ir .llit1., c'illll]::lli::..::::.c r'litll tllc \v()rlu col)rl)c'conrocllctl t0 icrtisoll ll):lllilicrs to kucp Irtcc rrrolrilc' rti(rrc conlnlunrt)'iir"'i. ri", ili"y ,*crc tr:rdltionrllv lcsscrtrcrrtc rttrttrrbottls th:ttt (ltc utrl:c ro collscious' rnd nrorc rcluctxllt thcir cttttrl:rttrics itt ttts:rnic ;;.'.;i;;;i: Tlt;iititl p'"rttttd to scc o t s litrnt thc hrrtlsc'rrpc ;;;i;; ,1;t',, nrccinnic'ri tcrnrs' u:;in6 lnttxPltllritisl c'lr.lr'r*cl)'.'l'lrcv lro-bl:" ;:';;;;';.';;;Jil 1't ti'rouritclirrtbur' ctrtlihu "l I'tr! llru (lcx(l \vor)(l r" orvrt tlt"ir i"ff."i ,tfri"t'6rotviiri ig1o'urtt, prcsurvitr; tllc ru.t:i xrnl c'.'rcrrtlirr1l.,t-ltc itr"|.q" r"","'r?t tt'"t rtttrl ttttrscrius' I lllt' irrr""ft"t, tr'.rnsplr'nti-ng rnd gr:rftint:' sccrlltids rrr'1i:ittic rrlpr.irult lt:rd rccs" l'l!c ;;;iil p.ti."";r to"lrun'r'r r':s"u
'j30

li11ht-sizirr6, rc.cr:giirccrirrg, dcllyclin6 or rc-urchilccrirrg rritlr ,trlcllirucs ul cross-fulctit-ui:rl irrtcrlctious; rvhilc plrr:rscs likc'rctluci:r1l tl'rc hc;rrl-count'rvctc cuphcmisnrs ftrr firing pcoplc. 'l'hc rccouut:rtrls rturl lvl:rstcrs of lJrrsirrcss Ad nr inistrl tiorr rr.lro ,,1r'clttl out lrottt tltc busincss schotrls dcvclupcrJ thcir irlpcrsorr:rl ;,-yrilcIls ofbusincss unils,.Ir'olit cc trcs, intcrurl mrrl:cis'.rnd bottonr lirrcs. Muuy rvcrc csscltirrl (lijciplilcs \vhich brought lirr:rncirl rcrlisrrr l(r :ur!:ltcul nrxoxUcni. Uut thcy rrlicn clurluly ignurcd tlrc lLuru:rrr ctlr,ntirrrrs rvhich rvcrc llcr:onrirr6 still rrrotc iltt)ultilnt in crcrtitc crrtcrpriscs,'Wlro cvcr lrcrtrtl ol'rrrryonu br:irr1J loyrrl to:t lrusirrcss rrrrit rrr ir cost (ctttrc?r uslictl,lohrr'l\rs:r, tlrc lirrrrrcr trr:!r:rliirrl1 rlircr.ror ol'tlr.. IJIJC \\'olltl Scrvicc. 'l.hc lJritish rvcrc rtrorc inclincd [o cnlbncc rc lggrcssivc Arrrcric:rn utoclcl ofltrrngotrcnI tllrn orJrcr ljuropcrtns - or tlltn tJrcJrprncsc.'llrs birlilr'rc tlrlt l]ritish nr:nl6cru lool: to il,'slid Crry Coopcr, thc Anrcricnn Itrofcssur ol'ludustrirl llchtions :rt lvlanchcstcr, 'rvhcn lllc rc:ll succcss stolics xru Jlp:rn, l(orcl rntl Gcrnrlny.' And tJtc llritislt nt;rrlrgr:rs' l)r,sitiol \v:rs rvu:rkrr, corrrp:rlcrl tu dilctturs rurtl slr:rrcholtlcrs, th:ur un lhc Contiucll. 'lirnltlcryccs iir Urit:rirr, unlitiu lhr)sc il vinuilll),cvcl1 nthcl ljuropcitn c0untry, just do not h;rrc tlrc rnuchilnistns t(t bring drcir inllucncc to bcrr,' s;rid Ncil iVlilhvrrd,

'rr

x[

t
ri

cx-ciyil icN lt now $,ith thc l,olicy Stutlics lnsritutc. 'Wc ]:ccp luuking trr i\rucricu.' ['lln1' Ulitistt conrplnics :rdoptcd Anrcric:rl nlctllods ol' ,lcrn. builtlinlf likc rhosc olNocl '.|'ichy, thc profcssrrr ofbrsincsr \rho llrd
hclpctlJrrck \\tclch to rcvoluliolisc Gcnr:l:rl Ulcctric. Sorlc nl.rt!licrs lt.rtl to llluy'touchl-l'ccly'g:rrncs, c.onlcss thcir nristlkcs, trrd dircrrrs circh otlrcr.l' lirrrlts; othcrs hrrd lo rvurr rn..rsl:s, builtl housr:r rvitL Lc1;rr, or lrork rvirh luindic..rppurJ ltcojrlc irr thc lucul crrnrrrrrrniq,. lJur iirr:

.lrii

.ll

,il

'

:Jr

'li l,

:l .i

co

At

t'A

N7 ,\lAN
'

1' I I

t.:

r': (J

ti :) I' ti

/\ t,1.1:, l( N ,\.l.

/\rncric;rl irlportr uDpclrcd tr;tivc luj confultniil, to tut-,sr [uroPculs, rlitlr thcir Urcrtcr iccl)ticlstu r:rtl scrrsc of lroriy. As'l'lchy obscn,crl in lris :ludl' of Cctrcrul Lilcctric: "l'hcsc t0uchy-lccly, c6alitrriln nlctjlod5 nlry strikc pcoplc llrorir othcr couutrics ils pcctrlirrrly, pcrIr;rps cvcl l:ruglr:rbl1'AIrclic:trt. Witltuut rlucstiou tllqy:uc root,J(l ir) r\nrcric:rrt culturc.'

rI

rlrrwrr..trr (rS,ooo. 'lt rvirs LIur,'dy urvlirl llut (llcl.c lyits no lltcflrrtivc. I tlc. lrrctot)' t)riur:tUcrj krrurv it; thcy look il so r,vcll, thcy llrrrost fcll ort lhcil stycrlds - ryirich ruadc iL still rvorsc fbr.nrc.,:llut rvhcn tlrc

l
it.

rvullrl ciorrortrl' tccolcr*-1, Ccrullirultls rvls ;rg;rin prolitll.:lc aurl

bcc:trtc

t;Nl) orj t,. I'lril;:;

'l'lrc Dlitislr hurJ c^.'pclicuccd nrarry c:rllicl l"yoil! i,r tlrc coulsc of tllcir indullr;xl rctrcilt, '.1'llc r-,il ulruch :urrl rccc:;siorr rrl'tlrc rrritiscycndcs lrld forccrl rrr;rrry cornllurrics (o cut brtcli thcir crupluycc:i, rlost of ull drc. su:iclicn cll conrprr))' Uritish Lcylurrrl. lt ltrrtl bccrr rlrtion:rli5c(l irr r975 b1' lhq LabquI Uovrjnrlclt ;rlict it cllcctivcll' rvcrr( blrrkruPl, rttrd lo tcvilc it tlrc bulltl irt t977 lrlrrtr6lrt in it curtl)lctc or,rt5idcl, r\'liclrlcl l-tlrv:rlrlcs, x tin)'Suudr {liic:rrt tviLlruttt hurrgr.rps ubout cl;tss rvltu dirl uot rlinrl r)r:lkinU itlclnics. I [r: r:lusq(l tlorrtt
frctorics, fircd lrurrrlrcr,ls ofrrrilnirgcrii ilnd l:rid iuto tlrc cusy plivilr:gcs of rlrc clr-ttjrvrrs. l'lc stili coulrl r)ol, rcyivu l-;r:1'lltrr,l us rttt intcltuttiutrtl co rpctitor, ;rlld rrftcr hc lcft irr rgS2 i( firccd u us\Y scrics ol'cfiscs, Uut lrc lr:rd nrrdc llistor) us strikirrg iur qruly blo\v lbr lculi:rl. r\ nrr.:rc rcsilicrrt clsuirlll'rv:rs Coult:rrrlds, thi olU tcslilc corrrpirrry rvlrich Ir:rd bcctt b;rttcrcd b1' Asirrrr jlvrrdcrs. 1n,.r979 t,hcJ' chorc l forr)-drrcc.)cir-olcl chrilurrrn, Clrristuphcr l-log1l,'rvlr,., shorvctl lris purit;rnic:rl rllirit bI bicyclir)U to rvolk rurrl rrritill6 lii:i L:tlcrs in lr..ru6lr.rrrd, l'lc hrrd .rlrcirdy br:cn tlisillusiurrcd ilb0ul t)i6rtci:; \rllctl ltu rtorlcd in tlrc l.,rrbour 6ovcrrrlrcnl's lrrrluslti;rl l(cr: t gir ttislt tiurr Cor'poraticrri, rlhiclt cncuullgcd scycrill giiult lncrfcrs, irlcludin[ lhc Ccrrcr:rl Hcctric Corttprtty lur b1'Lultl \\'cinstucli.'l c:rutc to tltittk big rucr6crs rtclc dirlt,'l'kr6g toirl Inc lirtcr. "l:hu llr(,blcnls wulcn't rtnrcrurirli thcY s crc.lircl: ol'pf0l'cs:iiuuirl n)i.lDilIcIlcnt. l]i6 c0rrrp;rrric:i l1r:r)' :!ollclirlcli bc nctcsl;uIy, but tlrcrc irrc:rll l;Utt:, rrl'trcg:rlivcs. All ur!lJnisilliuns xrc drirUs.' r\t Court:rukls l'krgg lrrcctl ltluciuus Irtrv lirlcigrr corttpctitit)rr;rs tlrr pt-ruutl ro;rrcLl: ltr: sllul (luwtt :tllttttsl-ncrt' lictur'ics, str4rilctl.

rvith uruch inicrnrl r.rltPositirrrr. 'r\4rrri;tgcrrrcrrt :rlrril)'s likcs bi66cr. cornplnics: to gct l;rlirllct lccrucd.rvirrrpislr. lJut I Ilrcrv frr.rrrr dlc st:ut [llirl, it \ro;ld lclc:rsc rrcrv crrclgic.s,'So irr r99o IlrrllJ lirr:rlll'split up Court:rulds irrlu (ryu srrr.rlicl currrlnnics, rvilh trlo chicf c;iccutivcs, tvhilc hc tcrl:rirrcrl ch:rirrn:rrr ul'bot)r. l-lrr66 r.crllitrs tod:ry ilt xu:,-tctq cxiull)lc (:rt lc;l;t lrr lri:; ullicc) ol tlrc rirtiunirl ntutrrtgcr., rvut.Jtirr6 li.urrr lris rrrrrr.lcsl l",untlorr lrc,t,.lquar.l.cr.s itt bcrtvccrr scrrirrl, xs chlinltrrr t,f lictrtclrr urrd irrllilcr lu thc lilcl lruurrrllLion. An,J hc h..rs provir.lccl Itis rrrvtl rllitli-lriitrrr'1 01'lJlitisI i (llrstr.y r)rur. thilryiycrrrs: i'clutillg :rllrrirlii bl13tcss, cultill6 x cutul)iul;,tu tJrc bouc, thcn splitting it up,

lrc bc6:rn pl;rrrrrirrl;

l nrudi:l fr-rr thc lc:rncr irnd Iittcr. conrp:rrr1, ol'Lhc futurc, i.iogg l;rtcr llccurlc Irtill nlorc sccl)ticirl u1'biF ccuup:rnics and in thu cightiis
tr.r tlc-r:rcr'6c Cour(xulds

,il

it

l
,J

,l

t
i

'l'hcLc r,:rs

olc.lllcl[qt

rrrrri crrlur'1:crl b1'

lr:rling l1'lrrrt, utrLl ltrlucctl thc rvuLklbrcc by 35 l)cr ccrrl

irr t\vt, ycilis,

"xir"r,t" rl0u(I, uuilci(ling rvith tl;r: lirll rrl lhc Lubuul Uovcrnnrcn( anJ thc rrn ilirl r.rl't\.h s 'l'lrltchcr, 'I irc public stc(01. \yils ru0st obyiousl), illl cctcrl irs scrriccs rvcr.c cui:rrrd succcssivc ntl.ionxliscrl inrlustrics rvcrq. sold olI Uu( prililtc corpur;ll.iol]s \vcl.c soon ltiI lrlr.dcr, us drcy rvcrc .c)il)oscd (0 \,0rld cotui)(:iitiolt :utd dcrcfulirti0Ir rvithoul. 1:r.oiccticrrr lirrr li0vcrrrrrrurrts. lll lltc liltc scvcrrlics clr;rir.r]]cn \vcrc stiil.b0ilstirr[: llrurrl lru* rrr:rrry pcoplu tl:cy crrrpluyctl; by tlrc c;rrly cightics srrrlc rvclc brnslirr6;lborrt llo\v.nr;ln),thcy lr:rd lirccJ. Uy thc rnid-ci6lrrics lcrtltrr [(,v(:r'rl)rcrrl nur corupunic:r lclt lury rcsllunsibility for rtruint:rirril6 cnrplryrr:rrrt, rvlricir llrtl bccn;l l)ri(,riry ()l'l)0:it-wrrr ltoliticirrrrs. llullr rrr:rrtrrl:cll :rrrrl rvorLu::; lourrd tlrsrrrsclvcs lircirrg :r lrostilc u,urltl

lirrthcr ucquisitirrus: \ cinslrrck's GliC (scc.Clrrrptcr il). Nuirrstuck lcrrrtirrurl il lcLlcn(liu] lirrirncirrl ijorrtrollcr., uurr*a"ing Ilis pllltri fiollt lris diugf iud diruly-lit olliccs irt r\,1.,r1;fiir., tvith slrrqr plrorrc cirlh :rrrrl ulurrtrilg stil(istirjirl (lucJ(iolls. UuL lrt (likc Gcrrccl ;rt l'l-l') .slrurvccl :rll rhc lirrritlriuls ofpurcly linlnciil. d isciplin cs, :rs Cl:C t:ccurnu rrrulc lilic:r biruk tlriru il tccllltolosical,lcrdcil a:r,J Irc. t|cirrlcd lisk-tukir:g or. rlck:gltin6 r.csl)onsibility lo cn1;inccrs:,.1.,.: gcr Arrruld tu lc;rvr: lris rJcsk,' siritl r.rnc r-rf Ilrcnr, ,tlr,rt's rir cvcrrrl, 'l'hc cightics lrud brouylrt irbout l nluch rl,.,r" clr..rn6c uI

li.utu tlts siritics ryhich lurd rcuritincd irtracr

c(,lt l'lNY llAtl

:;ctt:;t lur rvhich tlrr:y h'.rtl littlc l)Icl):lr:llit)ll, rrnd tlrr:y rrrpitlly lusl lltc r.rf - sccurity rvlich tlicy itld scctt rrrr tlrcir birthri6ht' tltc AltcriUritirh'.ou'1,,tity nicn frccd tli[f':rtrrt kinds ol shuck tu ..^.-Ot,f"t lt.n.it Ilrd sccn tltcntschcs lllorc xs prrl)lic :icfl:llrts llrirrl h.J Au,.ri..n cxccu(ivci' tnioyirrli ir sirrlil:rr tlignity irlld scctlrity l0 ii,Jr .oun'.tl,tr,t in Whirch'ill' l'11:rrry ol' thc biggcst curyrrtrics' tlt) :rs xl)crll:rrtc:i l{J inclutlirrr Slt;ll, Ult rnd ICI' It'rd :rflcr rrll gr'r'rrvn llru l:rrl-!'rro rcllcclcd tlrc Britiilr Dnrpirc; :rnd prrt ot'tltcir dorvttsizitrf r'ctc.tlttrlti' thcy tirc Ii'rrl xc':cpl:rrlcc tltrtt

1'lll: l.UlttJl,l:,\N ,\l, t't;l(NA l lrt:

rrLsctvrtl, r',.hrr rrrlcr. Lccltrrtc. p;rrt ol' :t lr:lrrrr: liubcrt I lrrLtorr, I l,: rrtorctl lJl) rnrt rll'its slyscr:lpcr und irrtrr its c:rrlicr [thv:rrrlirn hc:rtJ. qrr:rrlcrs tlcsigrrctl hy LutySrrs. Jt u,:rs sr rrllcr brr't.rrrorc likc r lrlhcc

"ir'"""ti.i.iili",ics, lr,i;l'i;'';i ;;i;;;i"t.ol"t-pr,'tt,

rlclicrrtlcrtt on tr;rdi'13 rrrrtl tlc*lirrg'

Ul': D0\VN lrl(Oivl 'l'lllr' 'l OWlil(

'fltc

t: cr"'nttlrcicitrl rrtttt r-rl'tltc rthich ltlcl Er0\vn llp front t9t'1 :rt; rv'rs'ctiposcd tu 'rll thc lr:rzrrLtls cilhrics t"iiittt t.,v tt'" :;;.;";'';ti';;, b,'7;;;','i;i';i oit ,urrt .'. it l'trl Itccrr rtrn by:t strccussiott.orrrtrt{)ct:rls'

ir'r ntost sp,:ct:tcttlrtr cutttrtcks roul 1't"cc

Ilt"

tltc

r-ril cotttlt'rrry

llritisll

riitlr rrtrly olc rrrul:rJclr. 'l'hc Ulitish rrrilrrrgcrs;rcccptcd thu tc:rrrr-brrilrlilg rrcrciscs nrorc rcluutilntl), thxn llrr': Anrcric:rns; hut thc pltirrri.;r:r.l nc\v cr:l lcvcr cin)c. As lJlt's tlrrrrblcs crrttlittttcd, Ilrrllon crrl still rlccpcr', rrrrd tltc rclr:rirr-. in6 nt:tn:tgcm cuirtctl tltc rtortl L.iOl llCA -'Ucrrtl ovcr, lrcru it corrrcs rtgrritr', lrt :t tlccirtlu thc trvo tlr0rrsl|lLl lrc:rrJrltirflr:r; st:rfl'rrcrc cut to 350. l lurto,r :rl:rrlllcd ltis otvtt ltt,|ttd rti rtuch:rr lris.jurrirrr.s b1, lris tluruinccrinll:,"tyh! irnd l.ry rrritrtuiuittg rJividcnds rvlticlt cut into dlr rcrcrycs, 'l'lrc outsidc tlircctt-rrs, wlro wctc rrrrusu:rlly irtlcpcurlcrrt, t o c pc|.lirr:rtlcrl trl rcvoll lly lt:rtrich Slrr:chy ol'thc cort|';Lrnrcr:rts l)A'l' :rrrrl Lor'<l Ashbrriort liriru ll:rtirrg's lJurrk. In t 993, irt urt utrprrr:rllclctl cotrgr, llortol \v:iJ ouslcd :rttcl rcpl:tccrl :ts chicf csccrrtivc by lrir tlcpuly, D:rvid Siirrorr, ivitlr Ashbtrrtcrn:rs clttirttt:ttt. Sinton hrs rn irlrttosl rrpltrrsilr: siylr: to l'loltott: I snt;tll, tttt;tssutttin6 ntrrn rvorkittl;

h:rrl dor'j*'rtcrl lrotl thc ir'rnrprr'v lu;il;ffi"i ;;;;;"t"it"trt' '^lt :,t'"' ..',,rrnllcd. until Mossrdcq rritioirrlisc(l it irr :]"- " ..1i.
rrrrtl

i';:1.'ijii;"r;;.; 't#.i t;t;;;.*o

^-:

olcontp'inv c'rr5-'rr thc bouorrr' lir)'crs ;;1il1;il.; ii'rrl-fl"cts t9l' up, :rtrcl tltc chrirtrt:rn's suitc xt rlt,u dtc ;;;;;;;;t;li .....,,, " ''ay gl'ti"' t t ;;i l,; il'" ".,rv '; "i :ili" l;:i'iir'ili;:; lltiontl rivlls' rvltilc its ttt:ttt:tg;;l'-u".,'.;'illY,

iir r'"p"'i"r stylc, r'i'1r p'ivilcgcs rrrrd <'rvcrtttrtttttitts t'.lltJl oro'ttt"' tti city ttyscr'rpcr'.'rppropri''ttll

or

irr shirtslr:cvcs, hc sccttts :t ryorld il\vily li'unl thc 0ld proconsuls \yhosc l)orll1lill: sl:lr(! tlorvrr :rl lriIr. llc sccs tlrc crrrlly lllt trnvcr x\ tlrc sl,lttbol ol'lrn urrttJirlqtl corrttttitttrl sys-tcrrr rvlticlilrrsrctl rrlclcr'- rlr:rvrt fi'orn thc loPr'rvhilc thc jjdrv.rrdiarr prl'.tuc, rcdcsi6ncr.l rvidr rrturimurn intcrnrl visibiliq', cncotrrrUcs r dcntoclrtic opcnrrcss. l'lc insists tlHt 'thc globrrl lr;rz:rrds citll for nruclr firsl.cr florvs ofirrfornrrtion:'lt's likc lu lluccr's shop - lou h',tvc to Luorv rvhcrc tJrc lr:rrgins rrc.' l'lc sccs

t-rtt rt'rtl ulr""dy srsut'11 'rn rrrc tltnrttglt :;:;liil ' Anrcricah subsicli'rry "--"1t'il't""t Sohio, rrld 'y"s ntt'clt itrlluct'tcctl lry Atrtcric:ttl

rrtr''rc tlrcv scrltl urr llill"-llil . l';il:'l iu""'r il'"'" t'icut t'rck''l'lrc rc:rlisctl tltc'crtcttt tllcy tl)L'nlorc suncrflubus busittcsscs rlnd srtcs' '.?'iiii, r.i. r"ioro t}c borrd clrosc rr'ncw cl).it nrxrr' ltobcrt l lut'tott'

rlilfcrr:lccs rvith r\nruricl: 'My hrrrdcst lcrrrtittg curvc rvrs rcrlisin6 thc rlillclurcc in Sohio,' lrr: toltl tnc. "l'hcy tvcrc ntuclt ntorc Ccrnr:rlic, nrorc rcgirucltctl, prrtcln:rlisl tltirn tlrc lJlils. ln Atttcricr tJtcy rrcr:tlctl rvortls liku ctttporvcrtttctrt bcc:tusc tltcy rverc rcrlly brclking
thc urouhl. lll tlris cuuntry it's h:tppcping r:rorc n:rturrlly.' Uut Silnorr still prcsscd on rvitlt lhc cutbilcks,'rld lrr:lconrcd thc qnd of thc

ul"s

.lrutlitiun:rl

Ult cunrpury ntrrr. As hc told tnc:

cr,.'pccl

li.rt iiri ,rt.i"

Gc""rrl l-lcctric' I lorton ltrtl fttnvlrrl "r b'kl'l'nrjcct rnd I tttissiott stirrctr)rtrl' rlcviscd n cl:tbrtr:ttc conrprlny's rhc lb,rlishcrl ";i;;,;-ti;il;"i -r .t--- - 'lt.^i..r rnoo'rvhiclt ,fJ''cliwcttlt

'l'lrc jobs-lirr-lifc syndrcrmc is ovcr. Yourr6 rccruits don'i

lu rvorli in i?l1li.i;t l't.'r'.,'it*1u""t, ""'r trrtitrcd ttrrnrrl:crs :ji]l;;;i; o;iy onc srcrcd c,rv,' ltc 1";rrtroltncctl: 'thc cxistc nct .ul'.tlrc crtrv' lltc nr:lnilUcrs a"nt"t"i;"tt.; IJur thcrc wils xnutlltr s:tcrctl

(crttrrs'

tu l)r'oLlrcss r!l) thc lolvcr: tllcy lrxvc lo irrrplicit prorrrisc r-rf lilctirrrc cnrplol'nrcnl, rrrd tlon't cxt)cct it. lt)slcrd thcy:rsL:'\\'lrrt curr 1'orr oflcr nrc, to dcvclop ury sllills? r\nr I gr<rrvil6, bccoming nrorc nrrlkstilblcJ' Wc'vc discr.rvclcd lrunr surrcys tlrrt nrosr thi k tltc)' ;rrc rcsponsiblc for nt;lt:rging lltrir rrrvn curqcr.

2l.l

:15

ttrrrs.'r"1,, rcnr,rinl but it's u chlngc fronr dcpcndcncc to 1l;rrtrrtrship, arrrl it's blscd on rllucll ruorc i:rforrultion.'[lrc rrrutc tlicy knorv, thc lorc thcir lo),irll)':;rnd thr:y fccl proud tlr:rt thcl"ru llcollrPcrirr6. It's lilic a diffcrcrrcc irr firnriiics, Lrctrvccrr dcltcndcncc untl cnlrncip;rtion. I'n irnruzcrl by thc difltlcrrr:c in livc yc:rr.s. Wc h:rvc lo csc:rl)c frrr0r tlrc torvcr.

c 0It t,,^Nt i\tAN 'l'lrcrc'l :rill u lrlur;h,c corperir(u loyulty urlorrg

1.lt

ti

t:u l(u

I'IAN,\

l.1.UlrNA1't vu
:

'

lCl

D lS ivl

ll\

I JJ

li l( l:lt)

It rva: lCl rvlriclr tr-rcrk tlrc rlost tllustic srcp. lt lrltl llccl tlrlrrrr6lr rrrr clllicr crisis in drc sct'crrtics,.rvhcu it too.\,itl hit t-ry tlrc r.ril shocLs:
its rrcrr chlirnturr in r973,5ir r\4uuricc llod6sorr, cut lriJ cltployccJ fronr go,bcio to 73,ooo il two yc;rr'i. lJut its pclfolrnrrncc \v:l:, NIill Irg6irrg bchind its tlrlcc porlcllul Ccrrrrrl liv;rls, irrrrl it licr:rl glorvirr6 problcrrrs il thc c:rrl.y' ciglrtics. lior oncc irr rglJi rhi bour.l irr,rtlc ;r bultl rlccisiurr, to ;rppoilt ir chlirttt;rit rlltu tlrcy kncrv rvotrlLl roclt thcir brrrrt,.|rrIrl I lirrrcy-Jrrrrc:r lookc.l likc r rtrvurich, rvith his lorr6 h:rir rud luutl rics - lris puz.elud Gcrrrrrrr riv,rls c:rllcd lrirn dcr Zigcwrcr, thc OJ?sy - und his giggliug c\LroYcrl Jtylc rv:rs disrrnring. Uut lrc rvrs botlt tJrolouglrly lutiultII errd prcpalcd to takc risks. 'Uig courllrnics dolr'r, raluc lisk-t,rliirr6,' hc told rrc :rftcrrlllds. "lltcrc's tro u';r1'1 rvr.lthl lt:rvc bcctr clroscl il' tlrcy Ir.rcln't bccrr irr rlccp slrit.' lrr livc 1'clrs :rs clrlirrniru l'l:rr1cy-J r-rnrs plolidcrl u coluulful rrcrv kind oI lJritislr lcldcrship: lccr:ssiblc,. noisy ilird provocirti?c. 'l'hc b<.rss, hc irtsistcd, nrus( tikc rcsponsibility fol tlrc conrpxrly, illJ bliurq lbr nrislirkcs, l'lc criticiscd lCl's putcrnul, qurrsi-ruilii:tr7 lricr:rrchics, its lro.rrdin6 ol'scicrrtific br;rins ;rrrd its hcrrry burciruclaly, rvlriclr Irc conrprrcd to thu clcllh;rrrts' bullct in Wult Diincy'i.[rlrtrr.rrir. l.lc lcrrsctl off no5t of lCl's pirlucc ou thc 'l'hrrrucs,,cut tlrc lroulrl rlurvn to ci6lrt end tlrc srrpport:r.rff lroru ltoo to.[oo. l.lc pl:rycrl up tu his big slr:rrcltr:ldcrs, tlrc pcrrsiurr fuutls, prrshirrg up lhc slr;uc pricc. l.lc bccl0rc:r ruodcl fut ildustrirl lcldclship in tlrc'l'hutchcr crx, l)ut ltc sr.rl)p0rtcd tlrc Suci:rl I)curocrlts rrutl ltublicly crilicirctl 'l'[:rtchr:r lirr fulourirt6 tlrc City ur,cr ildustrl. l lis strorvrriurrship,rntrryrrris':rl'lirry
r:] 6

culi ryqrc irs rlillclcnt

IJtiluirr rvrrs ct)lcl;tr6 x dr:cp lcccssiurr. lrrltulticrrl:rr., thc Pllrr.nlrccurilirlu Irc;rr;' ulrcrnicitls :rs :rpplcs froru pcrrrs, lrcil6llrclrl rvhi|: churlic:rls hrggcLl l_rultirrrl. lrr Miry. l9g ! l.lclldcrjon

ir)(lustrixlis[$:'l.lc's iur;t ir buri o'tr.icks,, srrirl Sir Oscn Crccn, thu l'ottttcr hcnd of ll'I'l(, Uut hc rtns flrc rrruch-trccrlcd chrrnpiorr of lJlitislr intlus(r1'. ll lincl it vcry rlillir:ult tu couvcy to your:6 pcoplc .rr tunivcr:ilics tlrc cxcitclrcnr. rurd shccr houour <.rf thc job,' lic rolJ nrc; brrt hc rlid corrvcl, it, liri;t by his lc;rdr:r.ship uf lCI,,r}cn ils x .Iv hcro ir tlru sclics 'fnnliul;,toxr..l.lc bclit:vccl p:rssiolrtcly i:r inL.livi<lu;rl r:utrrrrritnrurrt: 'You h;rvc lu luyr: thc pcol.llu,;rr:rJ thc products,,hc tukl rrrc.'JVhrr isn't, irn ccdrronric rrrrirnll, tJrlrrk Clrrist,' L.irrt lCl rvus sriil lrr lulrllrr;rgcrblc gi;rrrt, anc.l I.lawcy-Jutrcs rvrs l,:rs lrrrlicul tJr:rn Irc sounrlcd; il rvls lcli (o his succcssor. ro trku lhc rllirr:r(ii tilcl) of bIc king tlrc coDrp;rny u1t. l)crr),s I.lcttdcLson rv:rs arr r\(rclr.lurri;rrr lirrv.y,cr', lcss irrslliling :rlLl out6oilg tltirl l.llrvcy-Joncr. Ilc cullctl lriruscil''irn lCl rlarr ilrloLrgh ,rld tLroLrgh', lJy Octr_rbcr t99o, fircirrg lurvcr'plolits, ltc sct. ul) (irsti Iorccs rvlriclr colclurlccl tlt:rr lCl rv;rs tryirr6 to r'lll tou rllrry dilfcr.crrt irrLlultrics..rt oucc, iust rrhcrr

tv;ts ullu;rr11, tliscrissiuli r(sltucturinli ICI rvhcrr hc lrc;rrtl tlrlt tlrr rrrirlct l.rrltl ll:rrrrorr lrarl lrrrrrlllrt rrvcrril, rrillirrrr rrl' tlrr:. crrrrrp:rrry's rhrlcs. llc lcjcctcd ir lrr-rrrcy-lrug lir:nr l.l.,rusun, rvho prortriscd tJrirt Itc lt:trl tt,) lto;tilc itttc11Liorts, but soou tirlkcd rbodt his orvn pl:urs to blcrrli rrp lCL Uutlr sir.|.s 1:r'c1>;rlcrl iLr t.hc rrrodrcr"oflll Dritish industri:rl bil(tlcs - tJrc big11r:st lrridcl attrclting rJrc big6ist nrrnu[rcturcrlutrd.sprcurl thc usr.t:ll .sllrcill's rrbout cach o tlr cr's , cxtnyrgr ucc anrl illcoul)ctclcc. U1' thc r:lrJ ol thc yc;rr l.Iirnsun lrrrd rctrcatcd, rvidl J plulit ul'f,42 rnilliun firl his shitlcholdct.s. Ilcrrtlcrsorr \virs no\y ulorc \'orricd about ICI's bulk, Thc rigours of6lubul cunrpr:tirion, ;r.rd thc troublcs olotlcr gilnts likc ClVl ;rncl lIJI,l, rlclc lh'r:rrdy rrrnliilg bigncss look lcss n.ltractivc. l.lcndcrson burlrrvcrl :r brnkcr' Il Lrr:r \\'url.:u:.gs, Juhn Miryu, f o lLllisc hirn, rvho lhlcc ururrths |llcr l)rrl){Jscd bLclkinf lCl up, l-lcndcrson \vi.s still
.

lrc h loLc lltc rtcu's

l\\'r,.

.C O

Il l'/,l.l Y t\l.\N

'
ol'clcctric

,ntj.,:Ut(.,t,t:.\i\-,\t..t.r:trN,\,t.tyt:
r':rrr6irrg l'ront ,lJxrric:l(lcs' to .!Vi(lcr rronticrs,, inclrrdirr6 thc irrrlllic:rtir)r):r'

hugc uphcrvll, involving I nt;rssivc rcorli:rrrisuriurr :rntl issuc,of shlrcs, but it u'cnt ihcld snroi,tlrly. r\ ncw ph:rrrl:rcculicrrl con)p;1ny, crllcd Zcnccr, tvis cstablisht:r. rvith ils orvl borrrti .lrirl slrrrcholdcrs, rnd prcp;rrcd to nlovc 0ul. ol thc ICI buiklirrg. 'l'lt cidrcr r visionrry or an iconoc)rst,' I.lcrr,lcrsorr told ruc soon rlicr.rvrrds. 'l rvon't knurv lor sonrc tinrc.' I'lc quotcd Sophoclcs: 'lt rvill bc cvcning bclorc rvc knorv liorv splcndid t)rc.rhy lrus bccn.'Wtr:rt lvis morc ccrtllin \vas thc clcrn brc:rk rvidr tlc ;:rrst, 'l'hc Unitcrl Kingdom's biggcst tttrnu[:rcturin6 conrl)nny lr:rd.volurtt;rrily brokcrr itscllin hrlI rnd turrrcd ervly lrorl thc pur:iuit ol'biyncss [r-rr its urtrr

It rvrs

crrrs, Ald Shcll rvcrc shrcrvcl irr nrrirrtrirrinll thcir rclutio.lrs rvillr:^r,hrv:rrrl courrtrics:.rulrcrr thcir Ir;f,iri,' .i,.;r,"1,i' l'clcr l.lolrrrcs rv:rs lirccrJ rvith :rn :rnri_:rprr,l,.i Srrrrth Africirrr opcr:rtions, hc licluccl
firr'

srkc.

dlc conti_ rrrity ol'ils corrp:tny,lcn, II lliorrccrctJ g.,,d,,;;;; l;;;,,;;;,'r; ':rtl .r'c,lr:r'c sr:crr; :rrtl tlcspirc its ovcr_c:ru,i,,u., i,, it,. i,;;;;;_;1", :rrrtl sc'crrtics it still lr:rd orrc ofrhc "iii,,,.'r., rrrosr inrc igcrct_rf:r,i;;,;;;,,;;;;.;,

yuurtf ANC supportcrs, 'l'lrc b:rsis ofshcll's strccc)-s

," fi,,r,,."-u'ri"i",r';;;;;;;i:i:l

ilrry;;;;;'#';il.l]:l

iil

w:ts its dcccltr:rlis:rtiurr, :rrrtl

sl.luLt..'ll.ll: 5ul(vlvol(
Shcll rcnruilctt thc sllrcv(lcsr :rrtrl rttust llcriblc ol'lhc gi:ulls, tlrs ruodcl fr-rr thc ntultittution:tl nurn, l.Iy r99o il lt;td ulcllitkcn lirrutt ltt bccornc tlrc 'rvorltl's big6cst oil cunrp:rny l)y tunlovcr', rtntl tltc nro:;t consistcntly prolit:rblc. lt h:rd:rvoirlcLl thc [:uf irr6-bilgc:'- ol'tlrc cililrdcs vhich ltad rvclkcncd tllc. Aulul icxlr comprnius, itrttl :tlicr ttr;rssivc losscs i11 nuclcrr crrcilx'it conccrttr',ttcd ott rrhut ii rtrriulslrrutl: 'stichinf to thc knitting'. 'l think dilcrsificltiolt h:ts to cttttru l'rortr bcluir', rvhcrc thc idcas::rrd crrtrcplcncurs urc,'its Llritis)r chirirrurrn Sil Irctcr Drxcndcll told nrc in r932,',VInrrrrgcrs olictt tlurt'l rc:tlisc tJrcttrsclvcs horv nruclr Lhcy lly by tllc sc:rl ol'tlrcil pxtrts.' llrrrcn,lcll g:rvc srrt:sitlirrics tnuch tuorc xutonolly, rvhilc Aroviclirt6 cr-pcttiis :rnrl r)llintrrinirrg lirrlnci:rl colltrol xs:r'fr'icnrlly rucrch,rlrtb:rrrk'. li)' tigo thcrc
rvcrc

lcx')s,:it;ll 'gr.urving its'rv'lil'bcr,,rs irs D"urch.1,,,ir,,,.',;i-; r:;;, \\':rclrcrrr crpl:rincd in t99r. lt'still ,,,,r.,.A ;;"ir,";; .ccruirc.tl uuurrr .Joo gr:rdu:rtcs c:rclr yc:rc f'orrr "*..1,,i.,",i lt;li:,i; il ;i;iil;J: rrrrrl h:rd kc't thrcc-r1tr:r.crs ul.th",u ti"" y".., 1","". r"i,ri"'i,,,,i.,:,lll: c'rrrrrprr ny o n ly lcj)r:r ltxlf. Ir srill rrrovcd rl'rcrr f., ,;ri,r; .;;; lltr:.rvor'ltl, likc (liplolrrts, pl:rnlint3 ttrcir f,,,,,r" ":;;"r; fiii*,,'i*rrl rj,""i. -iif." 'iii, lt'tlrcy rlitl_lcuvc .Shcll rlrr:y rrstnliy pr.rpur.cd
r\cru, \$lU i)ccx lc
lrr).

'11rr

cllrin i l

ul. lJriti5lr Ji,:ril; or"fr.r"i,.'r" Ch:rIlcr I.ill:rJy ttrc

Icss p'cprrrr:d ro bc p:rckctt ro Ni6ci,i,ii sfi;;'r,;;i;"r,:i;;,i: corrrpl:rirctl th:rt tlrt trrrLlitiorr ufscrricc-hurl ,fi.A.1Li,. ,,,r,,rr"r, ,r.1",1

llut irr thc rritrctit:..Slrcll, trrrr. rv:rs l.rclirrll tlrc li:rlcs ol.crjrrrprjritir,rr. rrrrrl Itrrvi'1; to r.ctlrink its lttitrrtlcs ru
lc,y.lty.

i"r,,,, ,;.;;i;; r";;:

'ff

lirrl :r.r'irldlc rr.iry, .ctrr,.cctr .rrtl ..rl;,';;r. ;; tlc rvorrls of lvlrrrrr.ik lJr'ckrrr:rrr, 'lcclt:t'ic.tl 'ul':rrr ,f,"i. ,Cu_urUliirir. ;;';;;l;,;;; licsurrr'ccsr, ; r rgi:
tr.r

'thcoil-priccincrcascirrrgT3;rftcrtlrcirclricflcrrccirstcr,

:6o scl;ir!tc uni(5, llrrgcly,rutorronrour, Slrcll uhr':iys took l lorrg vicl', by loolirrg.;rl :rllcrn:ttivr: scctlttiu:; dclclopcd by clpcrls..'lhcy r:clc Ic"-s sur,rlisucl thrrt tltcir rivals by
l)icrrcWrck,

\\,c
tlrr.:

hrrvc lrr c1r,,,,..r. l)ct\r,

or1;:rric rrorlcl

.hld rvnrnud thcnt ofu potcntiul short:r6c,lrr Ilrc cillhtics, rvhilc Antcriclniconrprnics lrcrc buyinlJ up lriglr-plicr:rl oil rcsctlcs, Shcll rvrts collsi(.lcrrng 3 sccrr:rrio \vlriclr s_ilN Ul'l:L'vc rllcrrnf irl(l lnc orl D (:c colhpsing; \\tltcn tltrr ltrppcrtcr.l irr rgS6 tlrr:l rlrcrc trcttr:r pl:rcctl ro lJuy;thcir oil morc chc:r1:11','.rncl to tJcvclop utor'c rrs:t lt:tdcr th.rn:rn d*..plorcr or prodriccr. Uy i 993 rlrcy rvcrc loolitrg rt trcs'rivll sccn:rritrs

1,"rrplc irc n"tur,rlly yirtu0ns..'l'llc old stccp pyr.,rrrriu U:llc rllot.c control: norv Llrc ,lil,.r.i:i |Jr;lr)rid is.Dluclt [lattcr, rrhicli r]tikcs 1,r,.,t,:r. il ilnUcr ol.ltling Io.clonc pc0plc, brrt ur)Dlt.0l ,l rl,c tlo gu uut uf uu. rr,:ry trr br.c:rk thc Shcll rtr0ultl.]!lurr:r[crs nrirv spcrttl rrrl)tc linrc tll:rtr:rging Icollc, :rrrtI trrrrlitlil6 h:rttcrshiP - l(,r ncccr-s:rrilJ,r.r.li,,r ii,il'rr.,li*' r,", ri,rr_ in6.r*irh rvlr:rr ),r.ru rv:rur ru r.l,i.".l ii;;,;;;;i;;;,,','ij,; 'rhurs

gct :rs nruch out of rrr;rlr6crs ";,;;;,,;;irj;;..'r;i]j; b"Ior"; ri", ,f," "s c:tn Dc (tingcrous _ urrlcss vr.rrr "r*r,ii.""J.i hcliclc rhxt

.f rlc

cl lltc crrrrlrrrl lrorlul

t.,rurc, lf1..ri ,"1r,

of tltc rlrsr :rrr,l

aY)

(:orll'lNT rlAN

l;u I o I' l:A t.r A t.'r'til(N,\'t'ly l:

pcoplc

' .l'culilc llccurrtts lttot c ct trcirrl, lrtrJ it's otrty sccrtttrlrrl ttt tt s x r,.rrrt tu !,rtorv lllc llrrtl)orc of ltltrt lltcy'rc (luiltU' clcn il rrirl t:sk. 'rrrc '-U.;;

ttrcrtttlts ro tnrrLc puoplc. un\lcr'slirtrd. ir clcvct ttt lttsttlych.rrrr:c uftlitcctiorr,,ttl.t llcoplc rtrc utrbclicvitbly

i;-;""

t.rkc

iir

tlclclupirrg ,r fctlclrilisrrr rvlriclr rvirs rrot \rnlikc politicll fcdcrutions rrr tlrc n(,tiurl rrl''Jrrllsidiulity' :rdeptcd by J:rcqucs Dclors for thc l,urrrpcun Uniorr. iVlauy of thc lJulopclu gieuts, including 5hcll, t.Juilcrcr.und thc Srviss Cib;r-Ccigl., hud :rlrcrdy rdoptcd fcdcrll syslcnrs rthiclr rvclc lrolc lilic rrriui-sucictic:; th:rn rurl:cr':orr;rl systcnrs.

i'rt tii.'r'i"it,;.5lt.ll
tltc lrrxtr4'rrl

1,",,

lir':rd u:rli:'tr

* gi",.lr'"list ctrlttrrc' llttt t'

c:trt

rvc:rllirttl

i\s ll.rrrrly

1:rrt

it irr rgyz:

'J'lrc curtccltl crl'lcrlct;tlirrr is llrrlticrrlrttl;, rt14:r'o1:rilLc :;irrcc it olltlr;:r rvcll-r'ccrr1;rriscd rr':r1, tu tlcrrl rlitlt llutitclu,rcs ol'pr-lvcr .rrrtl cr-rrrtltrl: llrc lrcc(l lu rr.rl:c rlrilr:s-]rir tlv hccoirrr: tlrcrrr srrr.rll:
rrr crrcrrur.rllc

lIl- l:Ul(OPl;'\N Ct(l5l:i

Llrc fril;6cst l:"tt"tpclrtt-ct't'11''tttictr,tt':'c ul Itl c;dcnti(y:. rcrrlisirrg tlrrrt ccll(l:lli5c(l

iiiii'ii''v

rr-.i'i,l'i,t f,lfif

iiSfrJ."iffi";"r'

LiIc thc i\trtcricirrl5' llluil ul

.culltl frcitrl; strtttc cIi5i5 of csicrlliill (o liccP trP \vitlr rcrrrcd tIc flctiibility 'rrrrl clcittlvllY tllrlt-\!cric tl'c 6i:rrtts' lilic .;.:;;"". ;;;';; i,'rirt'ct" for"'''*'tl'c ccrll:rpsc ol':rll Yct lrttIc rcsu-ttrcc:; ;i;,";,. ,r, u, " ,,,...,ti'" crl brc:rk-up:; lih': lCl's' lrc-'tvy rlltlu:ilrlcr; .,,J."tt..ti,t",.t.f skills rvcrs 5rill c:;sclltixl itl ttlust cortrpirrltrj:i' .;;,r;.,l-u;,;tl; .o,,,p"tition' A'd thc lnos( succcssrtrl

(ctrls:rntl ttrcsc politicll issucs c;ttt

rvrlr'lcl's lrrr'11,: crrtr grrrtius.

li\cSltcll,stillrrr:rint:ritrcd*"u'"ult"niut:col|lprlllyllrcll.vhucortlJ cuuld ntrintrrirt

;;;'';i;.;';ii;"i;rrnl

;;;;;;,;;;;t.*"rk ' -U,lii"".t,

cllill)lrllli tltc utltct i\ltUlo-Du(ull Uirlllt' \Yl:; collstrll)tly b'rcli lbu6lrt s it pr,:"l,ra"s ir. tlrc b:rll cc l.:ctr!ccrr tltc ccnttq :1 d lt Ccrlgltc' Ncstld 'rrr'l i,, ,irtr,,i it "ft' f'tclrrLlirt6 I'toctcr & Crrrrblc' ofcotrlputcrs: itt Llrc .r,'iir-rt..,tqu"rtcrs :tttd ttt.ttitt:cls wlJr thc hc\l :t( '\oo'ooo rvlrilc st'ryctl tl.."i.'a , Jr,it.f,. ,tu"tl':c'' of"i'rpklyi"s lr"tl ccrtttirliscd.cu.trels' r,ti"trrr.i'riJi"'luuut'' lt h'rrl dcvclujrcd subtlcr t r.lrilc still s.cttrlirtg voutrg tuirrr:rucrs';1" ll-:.*l:':,f iY,i:'lll';1i;i; rrJ urr it [outrrl rttorc scopc lbl c'\-l)xllsiolt' I)ilr(icul:trl)'.lll '\:ilrr' tltctc,*'crc.uttl! :";;;;';;;" Sit Miclracl i)lrj iuti'it'l .tu. rut thirt rl'd tllcl u \Y:ls nt:l'xucrs L:ctrvccrr 6i'r i'ld rhc urouu(l;

cxpcric'cc rvitli inuu.',rtiun' rvltu .t'luts rltc rvo'ld rvith politicrrl truilitv'

thu Corttircrt(, rvith thcil lcrrrg tr';rditior:s of firrrrily cr)n(n)1, lliltcrnll irll,il.u(lur ir,l(l closc littlis vilh conltllulliticS, lilcc(l glcrrtr:L rlil'licultics il brtiltlirrll up rlccr:ntr;rliscrl slt'ttcttrrcs rvhiclr cr.rrutrirrcrl [hc irdvltrtlgcs rrl'[ri11ucss ilud sllillhlcss, Uul nurny.firnrily uourprtlics rvclc bcittl; forccrl itrto I:trgr:r' urtits by tJtc.prcssurcs ol rvulld lrirllicts; iurd uuc nurv UiilnI bcuxruc l ttrodcl, botJr in l-:urollc ;rrrr.l t\lrclicrr, lur' :r rrcrl Iiirrrl crl'fcdcralisrrt.
(Jurrrp;rrrics

ur

AI.IU:

l'lll.

IJA

l(N

IVll(

JiIODUL

of ,,,,.rriu,t r.rf Ulilcvcr blclkirrg itscll up' "" r"tt'l tltc srttttc lrroblcttt ol'b:rl'rrtcirrg thc bis i;;;t;;";;'""y btrt ' rntJ thc:;rtrrtll' tl\c cclrtirrl colllrol rrirli thc libclrrtqd Pruvjllcc:il brrscd srtltrtitrtts-' ;it; il;"';;.", \vcrc nrorc irtclincd torv:rrds ,r6irrtic
,r,',

i""i i.r.r,

,r"*i*..,t iir",lt,
,,r

'r"l'.'"ti

Clr:rrlcs irrrliritJrr'rls:rs rrrtrch;rs lin:trrcirrl disciplincs' trl iltiol\s r'l) co ,rrtcllccttrrrl o I' tttrtttltgt tlt c nt Srrrrl:;':irl\v
2..1o

.l
I

,il::l

.t : ll..' ;i, --

'i i "lj:

e_.r_.,..:..!,f I

tl.i
coJ,lr'ANY lr,1r.r J urrn!
l

' ; l

icirji
r

't't I t:

l-:

Ironr

'l

'I

t(, bc 'us Ic:rn ;rs go you bclicvc c;ln il)1., xny trildiriorr:rlly 'l ccnri;rliscd corporrtion and cut ;ls llcad(lurrtcri srrff by go pcr ccnt il uric ycrr.'l'lc urovcd npidly into [.tstcrn [ullpc, lnrl bc6;rrr lrul,irrg up r\mcric:n conrprnics, including plrt o I \\rcs tinghousc. Witlrirr :r lcrv 1'crrs hc had dccisivcly turncd tlru conrp'.rrr.r rountl. Brrncvik's idcls rrosc out of his clprricrrcc. l.lc h:r(l lcilnrt llrc inrportrncc ofsrnall cortrprrrics rvlrcrr hc l):fr!!l in tltc lirlrily prirrtshop, rvorking a lirrotipc nr:rchinc. l'lc studir(l l)u5;lcss iln(l cornputcrs, first at Cor.hcrrL:ur11 tltcn rt St:rnford in Culilbrni:r,:rnd g:rirct! pr:rcticil cr?cricncc of a nrultination:rl rvlrcl hc joirrctl thc Srvcrlislr tool corup:rrty Srndvik und tot.rk ovcr its strltsidi:rry irr r\rrrcricrr. llc rJcr.clopctl his orvn conccpt of lcrJcr',rlisnr, rvlrich rvlrs rrrurc lrrrnrrrn rnd inrrginrtivc tltrn ltis glob:rlcornpctitors, inclrrLlin6 Gl:C irr Urit:rirr rnd CE in Anrcric:r. I-lu lr:rd lc:rrrrt xbuu( ltcrtlcrs :rur.l st:rlistlcul colrtrols lroDr Wr:itrstock irr. Lotltlor; t)rtt llc lcicctc(l tlrc grrrlcll. l',n:rncirl y.rrdsticks. I lc lrird corlpctc<J rvith Juck \\tclch in Arrrcricu, rund h:rd lurcd lrvey soirrc of his st:rfl'; but hc rvuidcd btryirrg crrrlpinics - likc tclcvisiorj st;rtions or b:rrrks - rvhiclr (listr:rcrc(l tjonr tlrc ccntr;rl busincss ofcrtgirrccrin6urrcl guvc no oppurtrtrritics frrr syncr6y, I'lc'sriv no scnsc iri bcconring r Iiurrnci:rl c<rtrgltrnrcr:rtc, likc I'l:rtold Gcncii lt I'I'1'. I-lc wrrrtcd to crciltc ir trcrv kind ofnrultinntiotrrl, \vitll r'rnulti-donrcstic' slructurc likc Ur:ilcvcr or Shcll, u,hich conrbirrud n:rtionrl bcncfits rvith glob;rl ltlunrrirrg; but;rlso to co-orrlinitc thc spcci;rliscd cn!inccrs, ru:rkirrg tlrc nrr,!t ol'thcir itrqntttlrs. .Abovu xll, hc siN his riint coml)iroy ls il.groul) ot'$rrr::ll orrcr-- rr.itlr livc tlrorrsrtrrd
humrnly pdssiblc':

:i its'oflicirl l:r:;dr[c. FIi rvrnlcd hii c0n]l)irny

dctcnnincrJ'to brark ,lu"n u:rtirjrr:rl riv:rlrics urrrl rluplicltirlrs, .t..,.. contpacl hcudrlu:rrtirs of rr hurrtlrr:rl pcolllc, spc:rkirrlJ Iirgli:;lr
.

u jt t) I,t:A N

A 1.1't: t( N

A1.tv l:

U't Ic('tcc(l cntploy'rc.t . I)c :l lllrcxt. \Vc

rv:ry.

Whr:lhcr l.orr cill it r.lorvrrsizirrll or liring pcoplc, il,s r scrjous hunr;, pr.,blcrri. 'l'hii ,jr,blcss iiprrrr,,, ir",i,;i'.ii,'""i.r',r1.""",11 lut just :r busincss-cytlc.nr:rttcr, lillc tlrc los:; ;;.,;;;;;l trrrc ir ccrrtury.irUo, rvhcrr lhc1,rvcnt "f;"b; pa;."a"'t'a rlorun frun,'5o 5 l)cr ccnt of thc tvr.rrkin6 popul:rtiun.

irrscc'rrrc. I

h:rvc to lt:rrrcllc thc ,r",,rfur,,,.iiu,,-i,,-ou," thilrk Ircr4:lc bchlrvc \vor:,.c, lt(rl bcttcr, ,vlr,:rr o1",, Lhcv,rc

in tlrc i'drrstri:rl sccrrrr slrouldrr,r

;1,:,1lt""t "*

'rurr:rlJcrs cllcclrvcly l,o(r Ititvc to h:rvc crrrD:ltlry rvitlt Llrc 1>coplc rvlto ::rc ,1,:t: jcrbs. )'ou l,*uc rD pry r!roncy, tir!ic tinrc, hrrrcllc llrt'rt lIlclrl \viut Itl, csty xDd t.c5l)cct. wll:tt you s;ly l0 lltst ll:15 :t lor to <lo rvilh thc :lttitudc of thc srrrvivor:;: i,ir',..j ,ii" "f,.,f,., u rr ro rrcy- lD:rchirrc or kccp rlcir r."sPccr ,rn,J
rrUsr

(lcr*it tlrc nr,rclro uicru ofsorrr" ,i",",i..^,.,r1,"')1,,i hy tlrcir trrtrghrrcss. ltc:rrrl_rc:,frfuu,ff,.if":i:uJrri,,rii

lsr't tllcrc

rr lirrrit to hory rrrrrch clr:rrrgc ltcoplc c:rn t;rLc?

No tlrrubt :tlrrrrrt it, l,vc bccrr rt:rrlirrll r.cccrrtly :rlrtrrrt lrrrv trrr,.

scprrrtc profit ccntrcs,

rcsponsrbr lrty.

crruh

rtitlr ii:; ortrr:;qnsc of:rclrictcllcrrt

irtrd

ihouIhrtirl ,rnd irrrcllcctuul ol'tlrc curriprny rclbinrcrs I t:rlkcd to on niy tr:rvcls. ln r Ion6 tulk in Zuliclr hc girvc Iris own rnsrvcrs to qucstions rnd lhcnrcs thrrt h;rvc unrurgcd so [rr in tltis bool: ab0ul lnultirlrti0lxls, corlpu t,,: r:;,. :r u tucru ls, :rrrtl rrbovc
Ll:rrncvik rvrs thc
nrr-rsr

rll

thc ncrr conlplly nr:lu.

Docslr't llrc rrpirl Llorvnsiziul:, !rrsccurc to bc cflicicntl

:rskc'l hinr, rir:rkc cvcryrrrrc

ror.r

is trscrl.ru sr,tritiry.-rtrrcr ; r.i,,,l -!:liil".l"'l'.1, itD(t tncrcilscd production, I still rv:rrrt u.,ur", C"r,,,.,r, ,,rt-,,,a,

bc su irr iovc tvitJt tJtc rJ,slcDts-rtndcrstiulrl )c) dcvclop: hou. nrrrchirrcs tvcrc plrt of thcir lrumrn uvctr n:ttiorlrl pridc. It's c.rrr.curcly puirrlul ro h,rvc ro ll,r--::] ',r, cl)00sc DcNtcull l\ro.fictorics itr Sllrrin ltttl Ccrrrrrny for nrrkinr: rrilllstonlcrs. i\s u Srvcdc I rc;rlisc it rvill :rhvlys b" A;flicutr -"" ri '" l)roDrotu iln)'tlliril; srvcdish rvitlrout . u.,y ynuil ,;;r;l;. r nc l)xc(. (.)t cit:rnt:c is tltc bir1Uc51 problcnr irr Corrtirrclrtll

l:rv tU rrr(tctJ, yorr srrvc tirrrc irt Urc crrtt. t:t)6rDcct.s. cln lild it vcry tJiflicrlr to clrrnr:c. . Lt)utdtr t hotv tlrc1, could

iItl:lI)!ll,lllxcllillcli:tltcyll:tvcto".].pttu.,,,. I l):lvc to r.cnti0d nrysclf fJt:rt thcrc,s a liruii to thc sDccd. \\rc ,. lh;ll 0ltr s0 ll)illics tyhich pcrforrrr,:rt rrurst ,vcrc :llscovclcd Ulc llxnirgcrs didrr't givc ptuph: crrouglr rinrc io lii_r-tl.l",],.r" L;r]lrrt,utctnsclvcs to thc clt:llr1:cs _ tu ,rtrulc tlrcrrr*tlrcir <trrll rr]]rtU., It tuu s|cnd linrc pcrsrrrdillg pcr-rplu lircc to f.rrc illsrci(l ur

lruttrirn lJcrrcs:rn,l rrtrrl;ttir.rrrs t,rk,: to ricucl,,J,.

fi,r.,,,,:,,ri,f.,,ii

r\r firsr

l,i, .r,'i"l,l

:,!3

C O

Il l''\

l'

i\l r\N

'l lr L riU tr0 l.[,\N

rrlc AC
to co[vcrt L]C to AC,

L'r'Il!.NA'l'lyL

lllclltxl Prot)luD' dolu ,:rtou6ll? lstr't it ;utrt own 1rvc.'( )r.ru j;"tt;; on it dt)wrrhrrppv?-llut if vou st:rrrd still 1'ou'r'c iil]il]",, ir po:'trvc irs chrrruc :ll:J-;;;";;;t"i"io'' rnu t'"u" r'o P'cscilr
li[c, rvhich is ttrorcftrt'

iutd fcrycr nnrol6 tlu scniol t:rtci

sr.r

\yc hlyc l,o try

powur 'lt ilcrit'rbly concclttlrl(c loo ttltlcll Durt't tltc tlr'rstic clt:rttgcs
Urc toP?

Uut rvc must irt rll costi avoid bcconring urcclrrnical in our xttitudci. 'l'llq rnost scrious clrors I nmlic arc uot. final)cixl: tlrr:y'r'c lbout jLrd6irr6 huurrn bciu6s. Courputcrs can bc a tool l'trr clcccntrllis:rtiorr lnd cnrporvcnncrrt: by giving l'Cs to rvorkcrs yr-.ru ciut rcirtfolcc dtc hurrr;rn fictor. But conl1)utcrs cen c:rsi)y bc urcd fol tlc oppositc, lor ccnt.tulisrttion, u: t.ltcy rpit out IJrcir p;rpcl lirrrrr ccutr';rl tclrrrirrals,

t:i'i

i:i:il,:i:':i:ii: lil:iy,[i;i ;J'il1;l ii[Yillilii;,isot'tcu'tt b:rd ttr tlccitlc lJrrt trrrrt'llrc ['cc*us" i"ii'u,i"J.:tr t" c's :t.top cxccuttvc
"tt' irlc. ot cotrtilluo(rs ch:tlt6c
rs

C:rrr yorr rcrrlly rcrcrsc

tlrr Iriut,rri.,,l t"n,.l",rcy lo\yurds burcxucrxrJ?

t:rxittg ltoltl''1'ltct

i"",,,.iu." "r.:i';r"' ""' llllql'l;l,.'i,'l'i'i':":l,It;,,,, i",,':""\\tc ltevc a 5trolru supcrvls( It is irtr' irJvirDt:rUc 'lt)' ,,,,,ilirtlt' - 't.'f "'" 'iut 'if'"i't tu 'Jisrr6rcc'i is rlilltrcrrt liorrr llrc clrrcl'

i:;:",';;,;-;^"tt'livc
lliI"irt"".'i'"iiu..rly

:i;lJ'N;;;;;;:

cvcD')c:lr' ill lllu l('l) i5 sucn illi irll lJul in busillcss' tu(lay tlls l)crsrrll rltc corulxrrrlrsirtfil:'Jl,',',:llil:li:'"iil:il,J'l i,',li.i ""'lill]'..'... rlrc tlr:tss ttrcdiir' lt'lttch ol tttl'ttulx'tlltri' r'...,",i'. criccttltt' Uut rttrrv thc curllcs bxck t() "'""

'virich

chrritttr;ttr -rrlrrr lcrrtlct:; c'ct' S'vitzcrlrrrrdlh.'s 'tvoidctl sttltrg p.csrdurrt r'lillcrcrtt :r l'ruj

is

t"lv

thcv

i,,','f

C'jr)t[rtisxtioir is:rlrvuys lrrlkir:g rouud thc curncr. AItd it tckcs Lirl|c to brc:rtr ul) :r ccll(rrli;scd systcrl. Wllcrl \yc boulih! !ari of Wcstirrglruurc iu I'ittsburgh, rvhiclr hirtl l ltc'rdtptertcrs ol lcvcr';rl tlrrrrr:;urrtl l)c(,1)lc irt llrrt tiori, l got ittr itt:'i11ltt, irtu't!rc porvcL ul'Aruclicair burcrttcr':tcy. Dccctttrlrlisltiort hxs to bc x kirrLl ol' r'cligious bclicll lihc dcnrocracl'. lltrt I tlrillt rvhui rvc'rc tloirrll is ilrcvcrsiblc: rvc'vc lu[ llrc cirt out rrl'tlru bir11. I crrrrlrlrr'l rcrursc il il'I tris(ll lili,r: thc trhl tttrltr ir Clrirl il'tlrcy tliur.l to r r:vcrsc li cc cnLcll)Iisc \ylliclt is booruing
tlrcrc.
'

.rrrrl ur.tcr'nrrll)".rvhi':lt

l'Jit"'t'*a" ,'t"itt""rs
rttrrlti-[:rcctl llictttt
y<ru

itr AUU ;rrr: :rttrl tltc tt'rtiott*l lcrtdcrs

lrcc''tx

Srr lJrrlr.rpr: i:; r'crlly goirrg

thruuflr ir futt<lurtcrttal ltistoric:tl cltrrtgc?

tirncs, rlluch lrrs [ouc bcttcr tllan I

il'ii,l.iil;;;irro'vrt' c'
Cotrld

\vc'r'c rJclibcfrrtclv trlirru to Projccr

ltrll
tt tc r:;?

Ycs: il':; ir tlcrrrclrtluus srirtiilti oul bctrvccrt rvinncrs lrtd.loscru.

'l'Jrcy'r'c
ctr

lcry crcilirrl;

itcltiuvc tltcsc chttn6"s ruithuttt

tlrurrlllrt, lVc'r'c rcully sucr:r:cding irr dcvclopirrg fr'onr drc botLottr. rrp. lIrt I lillorv tlrclc rrrr: r;till !crJ glclt p[oblcllrs.
r\Lc yorr plurhrcirrl;

\\,itlrout tllc ttrorlcftr itrlitt.Iltlttioll '.*iJi. our cutttprrty ls lntrcr'xs Cu"t,'*tt's ltl'c tLittlslottttcd l[.llr4.'l'lruv'vc tlrrnittl rrrcd l^,iiri;';:1:;;,;,'.ut., tit. n iit: o' Pr{)ccssrtricll'r ;; 'u"u"6"uttnt 'out thc cngi.cctitr[ ttt'\'i"whc. I *xs pt'6r';ttrtttrc lit:;r ";iv.N;i it.ttii'"t""u"t I 'rt "'t"t tt'l:]l':l:i"1"" rlcn sturlicd cor)rlnrtcr :'cicrrcu'1rt ",,i,,;;"';;'i i" urrtlcrst'rntlirtg ":'lllt-l:I' I ,tr-.,t,' nt.,"t1;t" rt"tt oirr'tuiif i"i"tt or illiur ctrllll)urcIs - \rllich tliritlc thcru irrtrr UC' tutr lCt tli",,Ut ''ltlotrt llirll'(}tlr nlirltxticr:t tttt"t t'-Uct thill)-l'l{c' Orrly
?4.1

tgcllllol(15),, Al.lU crlrrlLlrr't

il lluw liilrd ol cuurp;rul,.rull?

,;,,1,.:

Wc lr:rtr: trvo scpirr';rtc brccds oI rr;rnr6cr, Most.of r]rcni xrc l,i rvulliinll irr :;rrr:rll units, u:; iftlrcy rvcrc in srrrtrll finiily comp-inic'si plorrtl ,rl'rlrcir llrc 'rr\rlt rrryrr cou courrtry.'i'lrcy lry. Iircy l)ccu rr.rU to trrvi,,i lctrirtiipjiJ' ro ltavf;,f..{ l)Iou(l ol rth.rt thcy krrrlv thcy'rc tluirrl;: thc)' nccd tJrcir br{n !'c :ls /\(Llnl Sn)itll s:tid. You cru:'t lcll I Scotslniii trt;rlil11 sorrrcthirr6 so tlrll Cclltrrris ciln nlxiri i
t,r (

'ri'
I

colll',lNt

nlAN

IJut \vc lurJc ,rbout fivc hunclrc,l ;:cuplc rvlttr lutvc ltt "-cc lhu rvholc picturc'.-Thc:, tllust bc :rl-rlc tl trrll to pcr-rplc in thc llc' torics, ii,t rlso providc ,r globll unrl:rtlll, itnrl thcy ttttrst ltrtvc 'l'ltuy'rc r:trc, drc intc6riry not to litvottr tllcir oivn coutt(rics' lnd tltcy'rc \vorth tllcir \vcight irl $old.

c IlAP'f

ulr :iDVIN'l'ririN

Disorgarisation Men
Jrlccirrg thc rhortJr:rirctl rn:rrl crccrrtivcs, 'l'hc srrLtlc _rrscless lec(: rorl|d ruy hourc . ,
,

rv,r.

",'ic Cli r!('r', 'rJJ ^urrth,

tJtcir lrr tlrc :;urulrcr of r99,1scvcr:rl ,.'o:rcltltr:rrls ofcc,rtrll,t,ty utc,r ",r,1 wivcs irrrivcd '.rt thc 6rcy Gcorgi:tu urlnsiou of C'JsdullirLin oulsidc I)ublin, on tltc brrrks of thc l;iffcy. 1'ltcy rvcrc shorvrt into r h:rll lillcLl rvith nrodcrn;lrish printiug:; rouud :r hrndsotuc doublc strircrsc,

rvhcrr

l btitlcr oflircd tlcnr rlriuks'.rld slroncd ttrcrr into r ulrrqucc ,rlruosi us big ;rs tirc hoirsr:, lrrrnring onc sitlc of tltc ltousc likc :rn opclil r(:t. At tlrc itntrc irl'tlrc nrxr(lur;c x l:tll, crrnrrrrntlirrll lri:Jrur:rrr rvclcrrrr.:tl uirsh rrl'tlrrr|| ivith rr ir'lic irttrl urr irttirrtrrtc snril: bcfurc Llrcy rrrirrglcd :rntl srrt vn li dining t:rblcs round tltc d:rr:cc floor. It coulrl lttvc bccrt u sccuc fron Sctrtt l"itr6crrkl. ln Lrct it rvrs tlrc rllluxl outing lor scnior l'lcinz cxcculivci, rvho h:rd llorvn in liour l'ittsbur6h lntl clicivlu:r'c. 't'lrc lrost wxs Dr"lony O'ltcilly, thc chirilnr:rn rnd chicfclicculivc vho rvil:i rrlso h'chnd's lc;rdinU cnucprcucur, 'wilh lris rrivn inlcrcsts rounrl thc ryorlLl. Ncrl rvcck hc rvoultl

rl

lll lo )-outh Al'ric;r with :ur cutuurxfc irrrlrrtli116 hii finrily, crJirors, xcuornl:$lls, ltlviscrs rrnd r scpiu'iltc plrrrrc lbr luggrrgc, to rcorl!.lnisc Iris rrunsJxtpcrs tltcrc rnd lllk lo his fricrrd PrcsidcnI Nclson,lvl: ndcla (it's bccuusc I rv:rs irvolrid in South i\lric;r ttnt O'l(uilly inritcd rnc tu tlris lunrtrorcc). llut in'tlris ullrqucc hc wis tllc Princc of l'lcinz, lhc rrtutrrrclt r)l'lotltto kctclrup :rntl tt:rkctl bclrts, lmrrsforrtrirrg urr ullir:r,: p:rrty into :r ;:rivutc trrrll. And hc sucrncd totrlly conrnrittcd tr.r llcirrz - n'ith 6otirl rirrsun: tlrc Iith tulcpcnlut ucs.rpul:cr (rrhiclr ()'l(rilly cuntrols) lrud just rcportcd th.,rr thc vrluc of hir pcrsorr:rl :rhrrrqs in thc conrpruy lrld ilcrcuscd by 53o rrrillion in thc lusr rrccl:, :rt'tcr lrc h,rd bricfcd lnvusturcrrt 'lnllysts.
740
2.17

coll I'AN\'- ilr\N

lll(,)it lcUclldillJ ()l'lllc.llc\v

u t.50

l(

c,\

NIs

A.l.l o N rl rN

j
li

of indu5t;i:\l crltrcprcllcurs: itr Atttcl.icl ltc lltlr'l bcqrt billcd Is th': lrigtrcst-p.ritl crccutitc, cirrrrinU SloS milliorr in r 99l trnd r991, :rp:rrt ftin his osn frcc-booting tlcrrls rvhich lllildc hirn thc ricltcst nralt itl Kissingcr had ctllc.l hint 'tltc rtlo<lctrt l(ctt'tissrtttcc iE8{*tiiitctl to bc r cabinci luillistcr both irt Dtrblirr

O'l(cilly hurl bccortlc tllj

tllilrillr-tlil)c

'4'ii;iiilriiitliiil,'t iurbv st:rr', :rtrtl il sLritr:rl :ijo!-"i't,;ct, h,rd bc1:trn irs rlll crlllcl)r'cnctrr';:rl' thc fir'st l-l'.1' l'lcitrz' fc'tttrtlcrl lltlill n""r-f;t, cotttl:trr1'rlltctt i'r il l(otrtrtttcs<1uc :iD'lc- irt ltitt:iburulr' Now it,,J rruiii ,tt"a.i LtcroIi.,; ,"., 'r"ck in l'rrshion, 'r''l ivftcn Jirck l'lci'z' JrirLl ;r;;;;';;;;t;, .,,,,,ri,,,.i O'licilll'.rs I'r'csidcrrt Itc ccrtttp ttctl ltittt lrr lti:; 6rrurtllirtlrcr'' :'cctttctl.ttt lt:rvc rri,lt ,Jt" ,:r,tta ctrcr'1;1', vitlliry irttd 6cttius' O'l{cilly spcltds lnucll ol.llrs tltllc corrrc durltt liurrt rhc lkl'- rvltcrc ltc still l"rrst i,; i;;'t;;i'','t'" ,'irli,'.r. l-ik" ['lttttrrtu Slitltt' Scott lritzilr:r'rrl''l's 'l'l cctrrt irt l lrrllyrvrrrrrl:
wllutl llc l-lc hlcl ilorlrr trll lcly higlt tu lcc, rtrt s(l('l)t:.\villUs-' lrll tlrc rrlr 'r,.,r 't,,.,,t,,. i\rr,l rr'llilc llc rvirs r'rp tltcr'c lrc lllrr'l lrrttLctl t,i,r6io,rrl rvitlr thc lirrd r)l'c)cI tllirt ctll i'trlIc 5lrilrIlrt llllrr Illc
5(l ll.

t{$t'od,fr

jO'tt.ittv

crc:rtcd his o\Yrr ;turir.

:rrrr.J tlrr: Clrlroliu ctlric ol'rlrc lrirh, pu(ting cvcryill tlrc rvidc contcrit offirrrrily, thc bi6 ]rcar.tnntl uni"cr:.'i r.,lu cs. Uut tlrc puritrlisnr rvls r:rpidl...dissolvirrg irr e scl ofl'crkcs rncl alcohol rus O'l{cill1, ;rrrd lris rvifc Chq's.s - jrcrsclf a Crcck hcircs.s - r'crc tr.rrsl'ulrirt6 drc busilcss outilll-i ilrto ;r 1;urrily prrty. And thc lrisjr, tvhulcvcr tltcir' prsl-busincss shor.lcontirtl;s, tlcrc shorving rll thc,.

rpcciulirctl t:r:;lr;,
t!rin1;

1i.
't

lt

'lo\y c:tsurlll', cscupirrl; ftorrr lricr:rrclrics, in:;1:ir.irr6 r:lLhusir:nr, rclrting

t:rlr:trts tvhich l)liul:lllclltcnI gulu:j ]ycrc

strusjiltl;: cot:rnrunicrtirrg.

t
ii

rvcrli tu drc fruuily, As t]rc b:rnd sruck up rvitlr '1-lclio, Dolly' rJrc corrrplrrry ryjvus conc irrto t'rcil ou'ri, urrd ilhibitiols di:rppcarcd orr thc tl;rrrcc lluor'.'l'hc l)irrty Lirclcrl rrt 3,3o;t.[r., tvitJr O'l(cilly shorvi05 ttu:iigns ofsrgl;irrg, rvlrcrr ihc ctnchcs dlovc tlrc l-lcinz pcoplc b,rck tu th cil I)rrblirr Irr.rtcls, 'l'lrq lu.rt rrroltiirr6 thc;.erlr:r'yccl, blcrrrl'-cycLl, [o c:ichurrgc rcrrirrisccrrccs ;rbr.,rrt ltrcviuus c;lcbr';rtiuns. 'You'rr: lLrcliy cycr to gc( to
hcci bclirrc
,\tiryu(l

il

i:i.

..'t.

r
i

.:ii;i :,l l

tlitrttcl lrttllc itt thu turrrlttcc hc rrlts urrtliitt6 crctluttc |lriui:,rcr.iu ln:i6h\rurrr, i..i ,i,ri.t' rr.hilc tlorrrirlilrirrg thcir rrlk- i\4y -rr. orsjokc rrlr IlrshllJll abtlttt rc Dubliu goYcrllrllcllt, rr'xs (clliudvr \rith in Arnciictrrr rutl ;rJitpirncsc:'Wc ."tri.*liii.i .r,-:r0rrucnlcllt "priuciplc,' s'rvs tJtc lrishttirrr' 'l(cc1 'crrr irr Lltc ;.ll;r;TJ;;;lt,"orn hiltl n'llrtt rvc trcLc rJrr!: rrrrd cotcr 'cttt sitll tttuck'' 0'l(cilly rrskcd told llllrl: relLinr: ,tbout. llc rcplicrl, 'Mrtttnl;ctttcnt" ttrld O'l(cilly :i;iki" l,i"t ubout South arric*" My odrcr 'ci6ltbt''ur rvrs lronr thc lrold otl tu i1".,;,," i"nr.y b:rrrk - rvhich lrrrrl just ;rtlvisctl clicllts to livrrl lrrrrrl' rr lhxt llc$s J,.i."t't"inr rlt,,r.s.- ",1..1 ltc tvirs rclisltittLi thc clrrplolccs its - lo thc ilii,f"t p.tfro,tt, lurtl lisibly lost colrlrol ovcr rvhtrsc lilcctric' ilr.""tftt"t. of tl,"ir boss,';"tk Nclch of Ccncrirl \\'5lcnl5 \rcrc supposcdly ftrc'lprrluL '"jii,. ,,t"ru.'.. crub"cc'l tvu illlllusl uppusitc cttltutcs:-tltc Itrrtttu thcir ..,"t,i-.iiti.' r.rI thc Itittsburglr collrl)rrlty llrcll' ttcdicrrtctl
l)r.rrvrr rr( lris
z

Cir:itlcu)irrritr. l!:',J lcltrrt to slccp iu lhc lftcinoou, so LIrrr hc cuulr.l urrtl:rs( [lrc otllurri irto 0rc srulll houli. O'I\cilly all.rys rrrrticctl rvlro lcli c;rrly, strirl rnrrtlrr:r, alttl lccotdcd lhilt litcy lickc(l sliuliuil. n lotlrcr rccullcr.l lrrrrv O'l(cill.1. oucc lit:ryr:rl up till .1 :r,trr. xlr(l stJrtcJ rt urrrrlc|crrcr: lurrr Iruurs liltcr, contilluing for ciglti lrrrrrlli rvith rro sigrr of lris;itrg :r tlicli. I-lcry l.lcilz. trrirn scctrrcr,l tu scc lrirrucll' in [hc co:rtoil ul' tlrc boss: u.rtchirr6 lririr, spcculxtir)U :rb(,ut hint irrrrl rcgurtlirrg hinr irs thc pcrsolilic:rlion of lhc
cor

lt

a ir,rl.,'

c,'.'plirirrr:tl

orlc l)ittiburgil nirrr rlho hid oftcrr

Iicl lcrl, sccrrrc. Sitrcc hc bcc:rnrc chicl'cxccutivc irr r979 O'l(cilly lr;uJ bccn uu.lc itryirticnt tlrln tlc l.lcinzcs fitrnr
ru'hurrr

q).llly. Yct tlrcl' could not lrc

tr.rok

ovcr. WiLh his orvl siylc 0f [ct)idl dircctrrcss hc hrrl

clusctl tlurvn uld pl:rurs rvhich tlrc llruily Iutl clurr6ito. In tltc njnctics

Ilcinz ry:rs rJrrrvn:;iz.in13, dchycrirr6.,rnd rcstruct.uriiig.r: cntlushsLi: . crrlll' ;rs tlrc Icst. A,liury. conlp xrry nrqrr in drc rlltrqucc \ycrc rvo'rriccl I ;rirrrrrt lhc lirrulc of thcil lirutou:; pr0(lucts, \vhich lljd !urviv;d sd \ycll : . olcl tlrc l:ut ccrrtury: firrtu l-lcinz. (oll)lto kctclrup.urrd brkcd dcjnj , tu .5t:rr-ltiil tul:1, Cl c:lt Aurcricrrn Soup:; :rn<J 9-Livcs clt food. Dvcri i . tlrc Uriti:;h, rvho lr..rd nudc l.lciuz p.rrt of drc Irngurgc corriu,nJ . "ncl r 7r rrrilliorr tirrs ol brlitrt lrcurrs cvcry r.l,ry, coulrJ-rro Iong.. b" irk.,i i lirr' 1ir':rrrrctl. In thr curly rrirrstics l.lcilz.'s tol:tl pr.ofits lrrd:lippc<J, .. lurrtl llrclc \i'cfc runtolrr: lJ":r (;rkcovct by rtt cvcrt biggcr contprlry
:

,.'l .l
.,.i

It ri

4ll

':.

'l(t

ii:ii :::l
il

.-'.. ......' ...',...] -..,.1..i

l:l
.
.,.coNr'AN! ltiN

',i'i ir
l) Is

..:l

,r

i:

0I (; i

l.i

rl

,j.
1

ii

lilic: Unilcvcr. O 'l(ciiiy h;rd cloqutntll, rcrrsirrr.crl llrc invcstrrrclrt rnall,sts, bul hc still f;rcctl rl;rr11,pr.t,Lrcnrs. I'lciuz hrd ;uir:surcd lircirr:cllcs i:1, rctluirirrg \\/c i6lr twrr lchcr.s, rlhich sclls botJr dict pruInrlr)]cs ::rrt! lorr.c:rlrrlic lirutl, irr uhlcr to Profil lroul dictipg ls Ncll us or.':r'rrting, At di[ncr thc hc:rrl ol' \\tcightrlutchcrs, Al Lippcrt,:rllpropri:ricl;'lclrr:rltl cncr6ctic, trrlkctl tcr nrc p:rssionrrtcly aborrt tlrc ncctl firr: cons-(:rrrt sull'-tlcrri:rl, crrcourlgcd by his tvilc lrclicc, tvhosc rvidr:, rrrrilitrl; lucc sccllr uut ol'l)lxcc rvith lrcr tJrirr body. llur rirrrrtlrcr \\/ci6lrtrvurchcl s:rirl tlr:rl Arrrciicrr $is c\)cricnchrl: xrl rl)ltlcl)lc 0l'urrtcrllillli rln(l rl (luclirlu irr rlictirrlJ rvhich n'rts .r scrious sctb:rck firr \\tcil:ltu':rtr:lrcrs. r\ll thc Ilcirrz plrrlucts lvcrc vulncr:rlrlc to thc pricc r','.r rs irr tlru srrIcrntrrrllcls, rv)rich su1;gcstcd tll:ll cuslo rcrs rniIlrt bc lusinl: thcir loyulty to [rl'urrrl rr:rrrrcs, rnd Iooking to lcss lirrrorrs unrl e'.lrc:rpcr pIl)tlLrclL. t\s llrc pro(llrcts rvcrr: lcss sccttrc, 5o rlcrc tltc rtt:trt:tgcts: rro llcirrz. rrrilrr - rrr,l cvcrr thc boss - cotrhl lccl rcrrlll.surc crl'lris lirtrrrc. 'l'hrt I lciur. jlrrrrburcc sccrrctl t(, srrrr ul) thc px! x(lrrrcs ofr:rrtttp:trty rncu in tlrc ninctics, '['ltc uroi,: urultittrttiottul tlrcir' ttusittcss, lltc ttttl c thcy Iookcd for sunrcrrlrcrc trr hclorr6.'l'lru rlulc iusccrrrc tlrcir jrrlr"-, dtc ttrorc thcl'rflnlcd ttr t'ccl gr;rrt rrl'.rr l):rtcHrxl l:rtlily,'l'lrc rrrrrfr: impc15orr:rl lrrcl urcchirnicrrl tlrcir sl,slcnrs, thc rurrrc thcy rrccdcrl trr rclltc to r siirglc lc:rdcr. '1'hc nrorc unsulc lhc), rvcrc ol'tltcir lulurc, thc nrorc tJrcy lor-rl:cd to rr risll-trrhirrl; cntrcprc'lcur - rt4rtr tvr! ttrrrc lrkclJ' to llcl rrd ol (llcrr )ob:;.

t:;A.l.t o N ItrjN

obvious crrcrrry, ryhiclr, rrirlr ,.,.'.1)ru rlrc lrclrr tclccon)lltullic:rliorrs, lt:rd . ol Icrr d]: rrtiddlc-tttrrrrvcrs rr tlrc suurcc of ;"r"tt ii'""r"''L. Ji]it:u

cr.rrtlprrtcr rv:rs

thc

ro:;t

i'rcn,rcrri,rics,r,,",;;h,;r,;;;

n h:rd. trnrlcnninc<.1 tlrcir rrorropolics, nr:rkin6 ftcrs ,,,,u n,,.llll")oluu ,r c,c,i,rrpu uvr(lct)l xlly\vity: lltxt ll)c tot)_ltcx
rr t ir_r

llr-rrvcd dorvrr. Norv irt fr_r rn:

ill,liii,,lll,lllrT;':lf

,.."fiil11

.r,;,iil;i;.1;;.i.,r,i'il;TiliJ:JJ:fll
*'.,.',,;,";,;'ii;:;";J

illli:ili

Jocrcty irr r99r:

ric'vrcc. n r)d

ir uvcnvhclrrrirrl; co:tccrrr..,1.r r,uu,u,,,r,u,,, i,u,l'j,i,r,,:'J,ii; ,i;,ill:l';,i:;l:i,'i:,1i:1il:,r":r.,1:

t

:rrrtt rvlro hurl bcconrc rlcl;rchcrl firr,,,

lrc

'',"1,,,,,,t'i,

iil::.;:::

ilj;,I;lli':,:..,'r:il

tl,r r,,rr,i,,,l;frl,,,"rf,r,,il fi.

\v:Iy.,
_ .n,r:-"rt rcllcxtr xnd

rtl

.rrrLcrirrg, ,.i,,,,ri"i"1".i',,.rr.li"i ':'" l":'"']", rlrc tr.rtlitirrrr:rl n,,,.r;,,,,. trtcliort: '.,r:..,...--:il1 r-'f lrl lrl:r[cltlcllt 1;ur irr tl,c

,'l''c'rorlrrcr,

SCrtt)clt'Dtjs tltc SJItC OnCS dlcv l!x,

'rv" ". ,,,i,r,r._rn,,,r,s.,r,i; ; il;#,i1,:l ]iiiilll;;1;]J1,:i ttrrrr irt irllrrstli:rl AirrcriC:r.' lrrli,, .u,u1"',,i.r'""r" r,";;;;;;,; i;il:',,T.;;liii,';:l:;,:?,],.1:i;

by tlrc rnitl-r:i6htics Arrcricrrr c(rnt)rny rrc,r rycrc irr Iull rr tlrilrl ol.ull Autcric rwitchirtv jobs crclt vcrr. *i,',.rri,,u',i;;;:,:r,l,,iii:'l: lvcrc

:lilTIH:

il J);]: 'l.lrc rvord ,lcrnpr,no to,,g.,. ,n;rrn, r;;;:;::: lllcy could'cLiotiittio's. bc scrrior lt:lr:r6crs _ rv rlll nu sccuril)" no llclltlt bcncfits, ro
trsks

y,,r,,ni";;;; ;;,;;;'.;i;;?ii,i::,;:;
x'd
J):ryDrcul

::;;il:.;

illitl.ili.:iill;i

lirr

tJ:rj,s

'l'lll:'IUli(iIls
,
\\thrt ]rld huppcncd to Ilrc lo)'rl
ulLI conrp;rny rrrcrr, thc nlrnrgcriirl classJ Irr thq sir..tics tilc)'1rclc thu irdrnilcd plu[cssion:rls, rvlru,h:rd tvrcslcd pou'cr rtv;t1' lrr,'nr lhc orvricrr of irrdustrl' rrncl built trp lhc

:,.orircr

l.ly tlrc llorv lr:rrl ttrrrcrl ir)to x llrro(1,:rs . thc l:rtc.cightici ovcnrcir:hr conrprrnics Iikc l(orl:rk :rnd l.lorr

ofl'rvor.l.

wiirroui";;;,,;i;;,,;'lii:il":li,J: jA;;,r,fi

clib0rutcrrtcchlloritru0(urc', llic Ur0[t. pyrr rl(ls r)n whicl).Vr'critcln

civilisrtiort clcpcrrdcd. Yct lly thc Irrtc r:illrtir:"- thcl'r,rcrc licin; purl;cs in ncrrly :rll thc lri6 \\'cstcrrr corptrrrrrions, rllri|: thc olrl pynrrrrirlr rvcrc moclcd not iust b)' thc rrticlcrs, l:.tt by nr'inrgcnrcnl, cJit)crls rlrd by tlrc l.:osscs thcniscltcs,. rvho rvcrc lool:in6 lor 'tl;rt orllrtuisitions' rllrich hrd no roonr for runnrgcrs in tlic urid'cllc.

i[' itrLl1r511j1l cotrrp;rnic:; sl,catctl c too rrn'r,rr, c * r grrl;,il;;; ;;;, i;,:r:iil fil,l:l :"Jl flllj: ln st[:lll.;rs llClv rctJtt'ds i (l tllcr - " " r"!l)r'rcs Ittttlc cvctt llrorc
looh

:$i'r

ffi
i

i:, i:T.j ;::T

l?r

r*xlftitlil

{il'n;*'l
lr;:il,:[
tllin:rIcrs

rctluttd:rrrt.

':

.,.1;
"fJ-

1:lT;j'',,1.1:,";jlJ,.',:;

ffi

*l.l:ff lliiJ:j:Hl

_J" .
:

(:oi.t

l"\lrl

AtAN

crrl)lo)'cc cll:t u['llrrorllctlgc rvolkcL;'\rirx ir [ir'oul) ult,, It,rrl llulitic.rl Ituurc ilJ )ct',-:lll(l lrho lrrrrl rtr-rt rJuvclul:cLl'irrry lcrrLlcr.slrill l)1c5 oI it) orlrr' - rrlriclr tniUht, hc sul.iljcstc(1, c.\plirin llrc cllcrUcncc of 'Pr-rliticll i(l!crtturctsr likc Jirrrrrry ClrLct ul lylrrIguIut 'l'lrirtulrcr'. Urrt by thc rrirrctics thi llcl: ol'rr politicrrl lronrc u';r:; r)lr.ch r)rorc cviclcrrt, .t:j tlrc unclrl)lo),cd 'i:rtorvlcdgc rvoll:cts' lcltl tltcir dil;trrttcc frorn drc rcit of tlrc rvorlJcss nrilrisc:i. 'llrc rlucll l)rocllinlc(l 'nc\v cl.r5s'nori sccnrcd rrrorc I)oliricxll), horrtclcss ltrd hclplcss tJnn tJrc .rpper':rtclril:s of I-j,rstclrr J:rrlcrpc uld l(us:i:r rllto rvclc t<-r lirtrl.sotttc
srrppilrt frorn rcvivcd corrrrluttist p.trticr. Uu( tltc rcdurrclrttrt ttt:tttugcls

j,ro

r)

r5()

t(

ul tlrc.cilllrtic:, orrc rrrilJht Lrc

;iiy
l\\'0 ryritcr.l, l,trrl

c A N l;; A,t.t o N Itl:t.{

rr

I_r: lrtrliJttrcc'l'ucl:cr, r.lccidcd Io rrircc (hc 'u11;.ruiruriorr .r,,,,,j1],li'uii r'c' \Vr,yrc J,.,;,j;,;";;;",;..l],,j; "J l::r.Jl,J,iJ \rcru

tj;tillj:;'ti i:{il*{i lrr trrl

lt(J\v rcrrclrirrg 1,,cr:,i[iurrs
r_,f

li:

:":1:li ;,ii;,3';i"i;;:fi

;xr:

;:l;,.iil,:lillr"

irr tlrc \\/ci( lritilr[ )cl loul: to-:trt:ltttllolitluilul lcrttlct itt tltr: lututc,

to :r 'rlrn orr lrorlclrlcl:', lo rccovcr llrr:it,

iqll'-1c511aq1 ;trttl l;ctrsc ol'

'

:l-lrc or6:rrri:;utiorr n):ul now lr,rukcd s,rdll clisr-r16:rrilcd, Willirrru \\'lrtlc, \vlr() h;rcl fir:;t rrrr:rlysr;d hirrr i.rr I956, itlsi5(cd [ll:rt ltc rv.ts l;till rcrl lrrrrclr ;rlivc in tlrc lrrtc ciglrtic:i, tlcsltilu tlrc'tclivcrl crrlt ol'tltc irrrliliLlrr.rl untrcl)r'rJrcuf. r\tttl tltc crrtpttr,ttu brr:;:;cs clirl ttttt lrrttl vcty ,Jiflcrclt: rvlicrt /Jrulrr:rt Jllcdi :;rrncycd lltc trrlt lllrrtr:,rlttrl c0llll):lllic5 irr rglii tlrcl fuurrrl tit;rt tlrc illcirIc cltici crcctrt]r'c Itrrtl rvtttkctl lirr' lri:, corrprrry.lbr' :r (lrrrtrjr' <.r[:t cctrtury, rt:r:; :rgcd Itlty-sir, rvrrt; 'tttitl,llir11 riclr, rrrrl rcrulrrtcll'rrriddlc clrrss irt lti:; (ustcs ittttl rtvttcrt tir.r tr l;'. All trLrt lr.rrrr of tlrc tlrorrs:rrrd rv,jru rrrcrr. l)rrt tlrc orclirrer_1'c()rrl)xnt nlcll rrctc tttuch lcss sutc ul'tltcit cttttt' rlitrrtirtt unrl [uturc il tlrc corl)orrrtioll, A'lichrtcl i\duccob,1', \vllo llild u ritlcrr 77rc Ctttturtr,'tr irr t976, conductcd cxltlustivc ittt,:tvicrvl; l1;.titt iri tlrc ciglrtics llticlt :;lturlcr.i ttt:trrtf,ttl; tu ltitvc bccrtlttc lcss lrll'rrl tlr.rn citlrcr tlrc or'1;;trtir;;ttictt tlclr ur tirc liillrrc:jnlcrr. 'l'ltc1'rvcrc tturv 'sclf-rlctclupcr:;' rllro luokctl fr.l'cr.rrttitttu[ 1:ct:utt:tl dcvcltt;ttttcttl ;ttttl jolr:, r'lriclr :lr.rrpurrcrl tlrcir' :;l:ill:; lrrr.l trrtlhctlbilitl', rtttcl trttl;(ctl ttu 'conrl):iI1) to txl:c c;rrc of lhcrr. 'l')tcy u'crc .slr0n6ly irtlltrctrccd b1' \\onrcn nloriIU irtcr conrllrtrtics :uid b)' du:rl-ctlrcct l'lrtrritics - lhc Iro5t (lia litjc cl)ilnUc in c0r'porJ(c ilifc siDcc, tJtc liltics. 'l'hcy rv;rItcd crrougli llcxibility to b:rllucc firrily,rnd c.urccr, r!ltilu itt tctuttr tltcy lrorrcr;( irrftrloffcrcj 'cntrcprcr]trlriirl'irlitixti,Jc,'rc,tl tcutttt"otl:,i "ttrl !nr(iori: lcs; c,rrccli:tuintorc coirtititrrtcrrr t0 Llrc linrtluclivc pluicct'. irlrccciby lool:crl Iurrv:rrd to Iud rc ltoltr';: rrt LoLpoirti cullurcs rvlticlt coulrl bc rtccncilc(l ru llrc':c sclf-ilclclopr:t::;, tltutr6lt bosscr; lrrrrl:itt1; for :hort-rcrrrt prr.,lii:; r'rotrltl bc irlli:rticrrt trit)r rhtitr. 'Jrr rltc :rltcr1iltrrv

lrrrr lr()rc.

;rrrd ;rbrrrrtld' orthotlox .,,r..,,,.'l l,.y',,...i,.,'',i,. ,ii"r',ii,t""'lgc rl collcclivc.clftrrr' l)tll\vcrc ll)c.rrrurc(l rr) P:rrrierrl:r' i i t : i,rru,orr,,r Licr.,,urr;;r,.";i,,;";:;l;' ,rr,rr,t rrrrrviIi'l: r' 'scr:L rrir:rrcs irr cc'rrr),, rhcy tonric,r r;, ,;;;,,;;; (.l.l,tfl,'7 Atltl:it :rt.drc runr or drc 1i.r'".,itir,, i, ,i"'i"i,'rtr,i,"l,i"";i,ll.i'"i..i'."'' '.lror rvlt:tt dtc:ucccsior ,c!fc.rc ir rvrr;, of rvorl:irr6 ,r,", ,ii."l]ll rcirlisirr6 it,. is. scckirrg trr ,l nlrur urlcli to lllc prc-;lldrrsttitl tritett tJrcrc r''c 1.rr r.,,"i..,,i",' .r.,rr, .r..uut,y .iui cr,:irriorlij, ".',,
r r :. r

lll:ll,ll,d,,, \'ll(, \r'cIc Ir'c1l:rtcd tu

]::k* t'"ti :rrti:tic :r:rrirutions, to bc "l';";;t;,.'.i;.;,,, ]l:]: '.1t"'u t;t,,,-,,,,,t.,., d:t'ccrs or vi:ual :r'riirs. IJrrr,-l,.i,,,riirl,,;",,r'",i"1l.u"lt' "ai',,a' ; "uu"llr,t, tJtcy rvctc b:rttcrcd by rccc:,:;irn ;rrrrr.,,,,,1,.,i,;,,,,.:i:r,"",1.:"t"u,*t ,,. ,,,,i,;l;; ;,,;i,;,:;i;i,"ll;:f;.I,"o.r,ili:ll;:.inxll:
rrrr,:,ici:rrr,
(rr!,c risjisrrr
i rrr

'babv booru-crs' r,crc lcri- lro.:rrcr'<ru; d,:,j ]':vct' "rltc:c rvcrc Iir:,r 6crrur.rriurr i,, A,,;;;.:,,"'i;i;;l 'li!'clv to l..rc 'rhc l,i"v ory.ulJt l'/iil llot do bcl(cr ccorrorricrrly rlr;ur irs rrrr,.,,r., .r.r,^.. , ,r6c ir: tJrc :Lrriis rrd ,r.,,, sc',cr)",,u t,.u,,,- t,, ,:r;;i,,;l',;:.'1::r J)Icsjulci of or1;,tltis:tLioos ,rntJ trnlrv.r(rrU tlruir.'riv:rrc ..1u... .t.ll torvrLd: sc)r-c'trrrcssiort' sclr'-rrrrrilircrrt

l;;;:;;r:; li'j':'l ,.

jr-rbs

jrc*i(Jrirl irlcrrriry

irrrLl

;ilfl1,1j,1,il:,

'|l j tjr .t.lStr ur..ot)us

(:o l\l

t'

\.

I.l

,\ll
.i.!:.:,1)cc;.rllv:rhlrrpt.
i\'l:rrr1'

.
irlclrrlics

t)tt(rn{;,\N|i^.t.t(Jt.t.\ :l

lrr Uritrirt tlrc

rrrrlgu

uf

cortinrcrcirl lricnrchics lutl survilcd lif: c.rrlicr cIi:cs rrl rlrc scvc[tics suqrrisirrgly u;rr-crlllc(l: grurticLrlullr irrJrrtutrcc crrrrtprrrics unrl lnrrks, 'l Irrrln't sccn so lnn)' l:r1'cr': :rI bttrcrttrtr.lc] riir)[c I rcil(l
]vlilton's

'rt.,',,6.r,

rtirtstcr flrttk itr Ltrittlott: 'Alclr:rrrl;el r .rrrgclr, scr"rplrittr, clrclrrbirrt ctcgrvltcrcl' IJut by rhc lrttcl cilJhtics tlr.: llycls It:trl Iost llrcir x:i:;uciI I

lnrtliy

Larl,'s:tirl ottc scrtior niur:rllur:rl tltc N:rtirrn:tl \\/c:;l-

:rtions rvitl c(crnil)'. r\s onc tli:-;t1lpc;tIcr: rvitlrout vir-iUlc cl:ttltrtllc' lltc ncrt:11)pc:lrcd ntorc t'ttlttclitblc, rttttl ttt:rttlt6ctl ttlrllu(l oll c;rclt otltct. '\\tlrcrr pcoplc lrik rb0ut soUl)'lltrrt:.rl;crntlrt,'urlc Sltr:ll vctct:ttt

i
l
I

cr}luinccl,'tlrcl' rrsurlly lltcur) lllc lir)'cr i'rst rrbo,'c tltcttt.' :\liddlc-nian;rgcrs \vcrc (lsrrlorili:;u(l b)'lltc lirtc cightics.'tllost rvritcrs Portr:ry llrc trticldlc-tttrrrrl;cI rts l! ii'u:iLr:ltc(1, disillrlsirrrrcrl intliviclullc:rtr1;ltt in tlrc rrlicldlc trl rt lticrrrrtlr';, ilttllotctll rrtttl rtitlr tto Icrll lropc of c:rrcct progrcsr-iorl,' \'rolc Sltc l)tt1ll;tttl rttltl lltrsctllrtty Stcrr;urt in u sturly oiLircrir irr rgllr;.'l lru r.'',rll: ii ,llr:rrry, llrc cirlecrs :rrc f(ustrrtiirl;, :rrttl irrlbrttt.rtiort tcclrrtolrrgl'- s,rrllr: ulitcr:; ;tllltrc rr'ill nr:rlic dlc rotc )'ct lllot'c r('lllir\c, rlttitltcr'c::litt1; rttt'l LrItittt'IotI:rtr{' .'I'hc nirtctics biottgltt,r.rttccc:;sioll ol'l)!lltlcii rtlticlt tttltlcltltittcrl tlrcni furrlrcr,,rlrliough r)rcy to<'l::,',rttc tirttt trt lt.tli;c lltcil tl.tttUct. \\tltcn thc Driti:;lt ltr:titrrtc ol i\4rrtt:rllctttcttl l;trrvclctl ;r tllrrtr:;rttlll rrrirJdlc-nr:rtr6crs irt rggz thcy lottrttl tlt:rt ilo pr:r ccttt ltrltl crpcri' crrccd rt lcrst ottc rcstructttrittl; irl (tlc l)rcliolls livc 1c.lls. \'ct thcy rtill fclt th:rt dcl:r1crin6 posctl rttl llrlcltt lr-r'tl)cil ((lrrcnt jcrb.75 llcr cc t crpcclcd to Llc lnrlnxgcrs fot tllc rc:( 0l'tllcil'cxlccr:;.'l'ltc ltrltitrttc coulcl only rv:rrtr rltcttt:'Sttt;l rtsstrrrliltl; lltrrl il \\'rrl1'l llirl)l)cll lo
t o!r.'

:rrr:rr'clty :rrrrl ct,rrLrl)tiun." i\,lirhllr:-rrr:rrr:r1;crs rvlrrr'r,rrrvivr:Ll

trl rlorlrtsiz,irt6 (llu( lllcl tiool lr,r,l to lc-crr6;r11c ,,,,,,,rU"r, _ a"a,, (llc iirrc.r)l:lnirllcri ut lri6hcr..i,rr i,, ,, ,,,,u,iui" .r.r,,iulrr,,trf,l,a :;:rlrrrirs lirr'-.itrftrlrl:llio!)-tccllnt)lr)1ry colrrrlt:rrrt:l \!clt tlrroirl;ll tllc lrrol, ljvcrr 'Jlt l)tinuit! slror.crl srrrrrc rr.rrlry :rbour rt,c ,t,,rrii.,,, ,rf 'c{)tl)otJtc urrrrre;rirr': 'ljiir. [r'ortl bcirr6 r.ctltrttrl.rrtt pur..r:iLc:;, :rrrtrc rrri,ltll,:-rrrrn;r11cr.r; rvclc uftcrr irrrpor.tlni ullics.irt rlrc lil;ht r1;.rirr:t

rri ;r prrtc.\l (bl lrvoitlin6 hurnlrr clcoultct.:; rrltt_rliitlrcr, Urrt bcl,i,r,t :rll thc,:r1rlructltirrtllrrsu uliiy tlrc llrrrycs r|cru o[tcrr rrr crcrr:c, lil;c tlrc civil rr':rr.irr )'trUrril;rliu, ft.rr ll:rfing ufi ulrt rrib:rl ,c,,,", ,,r l.,,,ls l)cl\'ccl Itv:rl cullurcr - Antcl.ic:lt v l:Lrr.olrc:rrr, Scots v l..rr;li.lr, l':rtr;Li,rts v trrrl:irr1J cl:rss.'l'hcy rtr:rrlc it c,rsicr li,t.in,lr"ric,,f t,"or.,., lo Irq Dsolllc bcc:rrrsc tlrc),dirlrr't Iilc tlrcir. lircc or.r,oicc. r\s r,rrc lru:tLllllltcr suirj, 'l{'s rvhtrt rvc cull thc ,u1,1,_,1,,,r'1-yrr,,_1,1rr-u1:1:.,r,,. rlrtrrrtc.'.5rrrlc corrtlllrrtics hcc:rrrrc so cnllic.rl rriv:ry by rl,c
arcir.,,ra,rr

:rrr(l crrrrpolclt5r rvlriclr cot,lrl bc ,rrrrt.,r,rrrcc:1,, 1,,,,,,;l,r il 0r srrpl)lic(l 'jrr:t in tirnc'. Arrrt tircy coultl lsc lhc crisir ,,,","ri,1*r.

lclt Ic:s:,ccrrlr:,:rrrrl lc.-., currtl,tcrrr ol prr)nlrlii,l: riuct\,ssirc i:trrrlics by tlrc lllitislr lrl:rittrtr: r,l.r\luri:ryerttctll slrlllicslu(l tlr:tl lll lhc trtrrrrlrcr rrl l,r1,,:r,; r,r,., r.,:rl,rcc,l tlrc i,;, l)!l\t'ccrr tlrctlt buclr|lrc $,irlct., lrtcl tlrc jt rrlr lr,,rtlur. r\l;rrr,rlicr, cutrrpllritrcd tl)xt \vlrilc tltcrc rv:rs ltorc ilfrrirrilrrion, tlrcrc s.,rs'lcsr cr.rrrrrrrrrliuutiorr rrrrrl Icss clrinl;,'l'lrc1, lr:rrl lc:..; scr,pr.to rc.rclr lrillrr:r l;I.rlc:; it:; tllq bo:,:;c:; :;lrcurtttirrutl ttccisiol-rrr:rt:irr1J. A,rtj thcv ,r.r.. r:t;t:;1lcIr url l)y l,-ltoIl-tc ll I cstt.Uctrtrit)l;\, \,hiclr ltrrirctirrrcs ro,,l: Irrrgcr tu irrrplcrrrcrrl tlrrn thc :;hclf-lilc oi tlr,_: r:lnnycs t1,.r, ,,.;c

'l'ltc crrtbltclis col)tilluc(1.'Or'1;.trri:;rrti',rl rrlicfrrr'rJ:rrrir'lrtirrtt lrrrs tlrlctt tllc a\c t0 its ttrtrvicltly lrr5cr:; ol rrrirrl:l11,..ttclll" \r:lrllc(l ltrrguI Yorrrrl;, tlrc (lircclor of thc Instittrtc, irt r99t, clropllinlt lllclll urr( \\'illl rl rcntorsclcssr)csJ rllticlt ll:rs lcft tllorlsrrrl'is slrcll-llrtrckctl illl(l ollt oll ilrc sttccts."'l'ltct cls rlo sigl ol'it c;r5irt11 u[l:clricl'crccrttitcs rlrc:;till obscssccl b'l tltc ltcritl-cotrttr'' l lorlrrrtl li;tvis' tlrc tlircetor oI thc Clll, rolcl nrc !nJuly r99,1,'Ilr'tsscs rllr,-, ltrtvr: ltcctt iltrt-rtt11lt lrvo rccci"ions dorr't \vrnt to bc crrtrgltt rvitli loo rtrrrnr'pcoplc irt :r tlrirtl orrt' 'L'lrc t:rl! of :rrcl':rnd sltcll-:;lrock :'.r111c'ltcrl :l rvrr-lbtrtirrg :rnrl :l rulhlcssncis rthiclt corrld igtror,: httttllrtr :;rstrrltics, itr Iitrropc us rvcll es Anrcricr. Uosscs could :tp1:ly tltc :rlrl': tllcoricr; to lrrxttxl:crli x:i lo
254

lrc.u

tU xClticvc. :rrrtl crrrrltl ir.,.:tur)

i\lrrrr'c ull, tllcrrj \r.l; ll(rfc

irli llitii lltc;ult tllrlt (hcisior)r tt:rlc

rrrrrlr'ol rtrr,;ry.'

lltc c0llul)::c rrl. th" cr,n,1,",,1., crllccntrrlii, t,l'l)o\vc;:,r I l,c r,r1,: ,l)el:r1.cr1.

6orrc l1irr,:rr.rls:rrrrl trl:cit a"a,, ,,,nra

lltunr rt'ollictJ un(lcf UfcJlcr l)tuj;:jrlrc, :;otncliltc: rltrirrl; thr: jobs ol Ir\r) (l lltrcc l)cul)ic; il)(l lnillt),il(licJlcd rr rcr:sc ol'lrclplcs:rrcr.;:rr,l Lrcl: uf r crltcss :r1;:rinst lllc b(j!.;cs. ,'l's,u-lhir.rlr r_rl.orrr. rrrcrrrllti: repo,l tlrc)'tc lltrlcr slr c.;:., :rrrtl h.rll'rltrrv:rctrr:rt ,;,,,pr,,,,,r.. i(uj., 1,t,)"ia"t Y(,trrlU tol(l tlc. 'lJut thcrc's. :rl irt),)rrrnt cr,ltr:1(jiclion, fdr nl;\(
rttcrtrbcr'j :rl.io s:ry tltcy'r'c urrjol,ing th,:.)r.rrr11c: it,,;".,, nr,rr" i,,i, rjxliilrl(tir)n."l lrcrc rv:r: a clcur rlifltrcrrr:c t,.tu,..,, ti," 1;.,,.r.,,i,,,r,,

'l'lrr: r'urrcliorrs rrl' tlrc srrrlirors rverlc olictr :rrrrlrillrrorr:. r\.lort r_rl.

col\ll'ANl IIAN
uf
lo.1':rlL;'

u I :;o

l('i.\

ls A.t.l0 N
tv.ry.

i\t LN

rr.rr)t )orurl;cr crccuti!ci lr,r<l llcrccived bcforc tltcir cldcri tll:rt tltcit' !'rr(rrrc \r'x3 itr:ccurc, and t]lrt tltc old_5tylc colllPntlylvxi itlcollll)cttlrt' 'l-lrcy tvcrc ;rcliustilll; t.hcir c.r..pcct;ttiotrs, artd oftctt crrjoyirtg tJrc clr:rllcr6c.

COIII'OI(A'l't
..:.,
:i'
t.

l5

L O 1'r\

l-'l'\'

Nt, corpc.rr.rtion cutrl,t rrotv;ltonlirclifutilttcclttplo;tttclti,'llld.rlolllilllcrPcct it, "fhcrc's rro such thin$ is :r job [t')r' lifc" s'ti'l

.l..1.i

.lr

"1;.r "oul,t Julc rglJll' l'lc liul Ch"rl.rr"ortJt of Cotrtt:i' Clrccr Cutrsul(itttts iupculll: irr.lJlitrrirt .ri,"",",1 tlt:rr 3oo,ooo profcs:ir-rnel :tttrJ ttt:llr;tgct'i:rl ntorc ;till rvcrc .r'crc out of rv-ork. Fivc ycrri lltcr thc cottsultrtnts jVlcrlott conlidcn(. 'Corporrtc loy.rlty is dctrrl,' Stcphcn l(orvlirr:;utt rrf r\sir-rci:rlc: ,tisurcd tttc rvitlr lclisll. 'l ltc ltclrrJlttrtttr:t:;, trt 'clccutivc scilrcll coll5ultrllti', rvcrc [ltc ttcrv 'l'lrcir ictrpc ittctc;tscd rr:; liryrrlty.thvindlcd' l'ul it ,,rinccs oi indusln'. 'rr", tlr.1 t"ho lci,tr.rtc,J lhu 5\Y:rrls flotu thc gccsc' \Ylrilc tto ttttc rrr:rllrlrrrtcd rrtrr:it trtitlrllc-lllrrrtilL;crs, s!cr)""c rut"ttttl lltc liilllr-llyirrl: cullrl)ctttivc :rUcri i,rd dirccturi \vllo rvcic rltr'rlilicd lirt tllc ttiuli ,,rLt,t, 't'tr. lr c,r,l It u t r,, rrt:lclu lttc llr()st (rtll of lllclll' cilllrillu colll_ " ;;;ri;',; ;l't-,i;ir,t or' ,lt"it lirst ycrri's rrl'rr7' 'I'hcy hirtl curtlirlcttt pltvrltc rrilitrD 5t)'lcr rrrd pluslr ufliccs il i\'l'ryftir',rrttJ dtcy kttcrv,tltc llrcy tttrtrkct-plrtcc' ul'tltc tt.,rs of tirc clr,ririttcn rrtttl tllc sccrc(s tilttbcr'' orvtt tlcir rcrliscd dtrt big cor'ltorrrriolls cotll(l lldlullUcr'5rorr lrrrLl tu lirrrJ its - clcrt lCl, ivhiclr lr,lr'l c;rportcrl so ttr:ttt1' cltlittltr:tr' ti]ltbc r' u, ,, t].r,' .l,.irrl,tlr irr r994 i'lottt Uttilcvct - su lltcy bcc:r Inc. ttlt l:idrJirr6 l'ul Su,tt" .lt"irui"it bllnrcrl tlrc ltuudhutttcrs ",.,1.I,."tr. Icvcls; dizz'y ,tr" ,,lt.ri., of Iirrrrlcc diIcctors ;ttttl lnirihc(illU cNpcrlri tu but tltc clt:tirntctt hrrd ullly tlrctrlsclvci to bllll)c' 't'lrc l.:i1; corrrl)rrlics lr.r,J cc,tstrl l0 cr..pcct tt':t'rl iuyrrlty'- Sir Julln joirtirl lCl lrc hld.to go .r1. cy-Jolrc:; rctnc'rrbclctl ltorv rtltctt lrc :iullt lrirrr; bur by tlrc l:rtt ciglrtics tcctttit:; trr ltttt6cr 'rt,.r.'.r tllc)' tlrc fctr obli6crl iu ,urr.,tr'l., thcir: ri6litr:'ltt tlrc ltrtrrtc it will bc corlpr|l; tlrxt collfornts tu tlrc intlividurrl th:lt itttrxcl:i rtntl tttotivitlus it,. ir.,i p.utrt..' 'sccrrrity lionr thc rvuntb to lltc lorrllt is no.lolrgcr I'i, ,,,,...,',',,, Slr l)crrys l'lcttdcrsrtn tokl r'c 'lJrrt tlrc l:rck
rr

currrcs lior\l tltc City, rilrctc tlrc),'r'c ulrvuys Llrlrrkirrr; ol'ruonc.y,, Whcrr I rvis youngcr I ncr.cr dcbirlcJ xbout Ilo c),: I juJt crpcctcd rrruurrl illcLcurctrts. Nurv thcy'rc rrlrv:r1's ur'6uiirg irbout ltolc)'; ulL.l il'tltc1. dorr't 1;cL tvh:rL [hc). lyat)t, tlrry Nu 't Jtir)'.' Slrull, rvitlr its IollU trlditi(rr) ul'iiictirlc crullloynrcrrt, [rccr,l u ltr.rlc ttxunl:rlic l(ljujtllcrt tllxu 11r)st. l\r JVlouljli UlockLrr:rl s:rid: "1'lrcrc's :t 6rurtirr6 irrdividtrrliirrt lll tlrlt-'u6lr l-r.rlr.r1tc: pcol:lc dult't rv:ru( tu bc tiecl tlorvrr. Yotrrrl;6r'adulLcs xlc Iql; iu(utcslcd irr Ioy;rlty, o[ in pcn:;ir.lrli: tlrcy rvurrt to UcL tllc (rxinilr6 i!r)d ir)lonllirtiol \vhicJt clu irrrprorL llrcil oryrr ruirlkct l)osi(ion, ln(l 6ivc !lrcrn (luirlificirLiot)s tJrcy c;rn usc
t<..rcr
lu

is 6oing

lirl tlrc utlrcr

lt

il
't

il
i'jl

il il

Irr Llrcr.rr;' tlrc J<-r1'rrltl' lr:rr.l tlccr rcllrrcd li'r-rnr buth siLIcs, :ls I)ilrt, ol' il.llorc Uro\rn-ul) rclirliollihip of itdull-(o-ldull conl.[ilclsr, Y0unt
lr:clrrits lcrrlisctl, r)lict) bcltcr thrrrr lltc g:clsorlrcl rrrun:rgcrs, tJrat-tJrcy crrrlrl rro( lru l;ccrrr'c,:rrrl tlcrrlrrr,.lcrl tlor'c irrlorurulion ltttd e.._llcricrtcc irr [r.:trrI.rr. "l'lrc olJ cortttirct ,y li l)ir:iicJll)'; I r!0r'Lr:d foI l llursoD lrtrd I rlirl t)rc pclsurr's bidtJirr6,' suirl Williuru i\,k-rlin of DUlvl. 'Oftcrr t tlirl rrrrt tcll llrc pcrsorr rvlrut I rlirl l;.rrrrv ol rlir.l lot knr)w xbou( thc llivcir sitrrllirrrt,' Nrrrv I'rrrr trrrrst 'tr'll i'r'uryhrrtly cvcr'1'tlrinl: )rrr lirr,\v xbuu( \yllilt's lll,iuli or', llrrr rrr:rrr; crrrrplrriur; tr'ic,.l tcr lr:rvc it botlr rv:r1'si tlcnrrttdirt6 itttr:nl;c lui'llly in tlru sll()rt tcrr)r, \vhich tilcy cuul(l noL l uciprocltc in Lllc lolg

'

rtyrvlrctu.'

i
:l

trlrrr. l(crbl:ic Cilbclt, rlrc ditcctcr o('curployuci' :rffxi15 ilI t]Ic CUl, ru;rrrrctl (lrunr irr r99,1: "l'lrc dilcrrnru ofuruploycrs is d)xt \yhilst thcy NirUl I(,J,ill()', ccrtxir)l)'iionr [hcir coIc c[)l)loycris, tircy urc oflcn sccn tu bu lcss tllrtt )r.r1';rl tc' tltosc tltut rvulh lbl thcnr. liuploycrs \vlltt to [rc rblc tu lircc tlrosr: t]ut rv,rlh hrr tlrcut rvitl ncrv clmilcngcs; bul sullutiIl]cs to ch:sc (hc dr-ror, nitlr tlrcrrr cut tltc oul.sidc,'

il

ii

I
I

;;;.J;i.,r

'i lrc loss r.rf loyrrlly rvus, o{ ct,Lusc, ltirr'! r:l;r tttucir rvidcr insccurig. rrlriclr Ir:rtl sprcrd throuIll I)r'ulrssiorrs und rr;rlious iu thc htc ciglrtics. 'l'lrc usstrurptiun r.rl'l lilc(irnc j,;b lurd lou6 bccn Llrc prttcrn of prolcri:;iun;rl rrrrtl public-scrvicc cr:r crjtrj, :l( tltc lrcnrt ol thc rliddlc chss. 'l lrc rrrrcrrrplol'rrrcrrl of tlrr: llriltiL:s IruLl ruldc:ccurity still ruorc vrlucd irr Illc llrrst-rvrrl tlccurlcs, rvlrilt: t lrc rv;rI lllrd cncoum6cd rlursi-ttrilitrry. :rtliturlc:; ilrd loylltics, rlrikirrll prrblic uurl priv;rtc scnicc scclu nlorc rulikc,'ll rvulrr'l tlrc corpolrrIion:; llrrrt clcrlirntlctl lcyrrlq,,'l16lcd Ni6,:l llturrPltlcys rtl''l'yz:rch r\ccorJ. "l'hcy \vcrc l)irrl of ;t sr-rcirl plIcrl, '
.

:l
:I

'':

'i
I

156

t5'l

COI\t I'A N1.

It,ti./

t)

tr

t) tt (; i\ N

rvitlr -rc clrurclr, tlrc .rinry;rntl tlrr pro[c:r:,i,:rr:;, irr I,lriclr lilctini.': jolrs rvcrc crpcctcd, In tlcicighrics tl)crc \vils:rit it itu(linrl clr:rrr6c: pr.:o!lc lclt lrccr, rnd rvrntcd lo bc iu corrtlol o.' lrcir orvn dcsrirry., Urrr by tJrc ninctics mxny pcoplc lrrrd Iitllc clroi,;.: rb0ut ll)cir dcsrinics us 6lobrl conrpctition stcppcd up, boorrr rv:rs lirllorvcd by rccc:;:;ioir, untl tltc strtc lclt littlc rcsporrsil.:ility for cnpl,-,ynrcrrl. ljvcrr ur:cuuntirrrtr; :rrtd lrrTcrs rvcrc r)o i0lgcr conlidcnt 0l itrcir jobs, unrl ucrrtlqnrics rnd vicrrs rvcrc losin6 drcir tiutc'lrorroLrlr:r! 'tururc'. Ily r99.1 :r poll by Mori rvrs slrorvin6 tJmt 35 pcr ccrrt r;l'tlrc lJritish r:ridtllc-cl:rss rcspondcnts rvcrc rvorricd rbout Iosilg th':ir job: ovcr llrc ncrt yc:rr.. iVliddlc-clrss prrcnts lookccl irr r,:rin for <.r,:,:.rp:r tiol s \rllcrc thcir childrcn could l.:c srfc: only vcls lttd undcrt:rl:ci:; :rppcurctl rcl:rtivcil,sulc of stc:rdy dcnr:rrr<1. 'l'lrc conrp:rtry r)lcn \!'clc tlrc llost vulncf:lblc ol tlrc rrritltllc cl:lrscs, botJt ccononricully lncl psyclrologic;rll;', l"or tltcy lrutl ttcv,:r cttjol'crl' thc sxnlc socirl idcntitl' :rld :tcccpl:trtcc :t:; Lltc oldcr prol'cssiotts. Thcir rrr:rlilic:rtiur)s \rcrc lcss tlcfitrctl, rvlrilc tlrcil sl;rluri:rttrl l;cl[rcspcc( ll:ld ;rhv;rys rlcpcrrclcrl hcuvily t-rtr cor'1t0r''rtc polilics itttrl ltrttspccts. ln drc widcr socicty 'tlrc ntrnlgcr' nclcr"ciutictl lltc srtnrc

ts,\.t,

t (r

N Itr:N

ti,

ri .r.l

tj t:r( A.t.t

o;.Jl

,,rrrl ,"ii:,.j1,--,,"" t4)l)ritl.'itics th:rt Ircli'.r:. 'lust Irr Arrrcr.ic:r tltc,.c r,,.ts,, U,;;r;;;:;,,;;";l; ,']:,,,],0",,1, P:rlricrrlrrrl.1, b) lhu lrr,st .t.u,,, Jropul:u.;rrr.rr t,.,.,1r. ,,1,l,,, ut r2ru tt ul ilttDttt.t:trttr.trt:tttd Cn:y'fiutt Cnllj,r Cnt=),Ot11ttri:ntiuttt.

\\/hrrt. llirrrl rrl' rr r:r rr:rgcr rv:rs lltrrrr.irhirry;rlt.r.tlrc 1l,,r1cs? r\rrrorrr: rht c'rrrrrbli'1J.yryl;rrrrirl.\-, llrc rlrr,rlilictl

""t,'"

il,]]:.r:i::l'r" li t(ls t,t lltcortcj ttl

rutivc

<-rt'scicnrilic nrlnirgcnrcrlr h,rd

rrcrv_:t11c

int!-rcst itr.spiritr:tl rtcvcloprrrcrrt,

trtrscic ti(lc hlil xfcn)c

t :trtd lr r,:surgcrrcc of

lrolirtr.'tt,;;t,"-i;;;ii

tlrirrtirrl;:

'rrcrrr' 'itrrrrlr.t

:rrrtl.'pcrsrrr:rl l;r(,\vlh'rvlrich Ir:rrl gr.tru.,r ril ;,r if,l ri_,i.1.,""i," lLrck lcilt'rrlcc<l by lr:rv psyclrol.gic,rl -cvitlclcc. 1,.i;.1,;i;i;il,,'r,,,; colrp:trrics ls'livirrlS llltrrr:rtrrr.irs irr rr.hiclt ,,, ,,),,,,,, ,1,"1r. i,l'i.:;ri ,,,,r'i l:rrr.clrctl,rrcrv. lirrrls. ul .rurrchy-li.cl1r toli:jthcr'. lllrl lh c oltl .r:uspicirrls lcrrr:rincrl: rvurc thc;, ,,,.r,r1 ,,, tlrc t(:lllls-, r . trr tirlrill. tlrt lrl,r-s?
c.r-clciscs

lr:rrl cvcrr rr.iurl rc:rclrirrli ir:: urlii,1.""r,f,. Cf,;,,.r. Ctrirr1l. C:rlitirr.rri:rrr-t,,,r.rr irtc,rs Iiir..ulg.r,,;;;,i;,,,;i,i.,:..;,;:

lliVl

lr:rirrirrg, i,,ruirivc irrrrl c,.c_

rcsonincc:rs'tlrc doctor'or.cvcrr'llrc nrlior'': ltu rv:rs sirtrply'sortctllirrg in industq,'. Oncc forccd irllo c:lrl)'rctircrrrurrl,:rrtiy 0orrr Iri:; socirl iupports, hc could lirtd hirlsclf iu ll cnviror)nlqnt lix rvlticlr hc rvrs'unfrtlcd xnd unprcpircd. Bchind rll thc lrrngtrrl;c ol dorvrtsizin6lnd rcdrrcin6lrcxdcouols u'crc indivirlrtrl lttrrl:rtr tr;tgicdics slticlr rcccivcd littlc publicity or :1'ruprthl'. Di6r:iliccl Iigurcs iu thc oflir:c
suddcr\ly found thcnrsctvcs no lon6cr noticctl or vuluctl rrs tlrcy rvcrc oustcd by highly-paid you!rf uJ)rilirrtji-thci'corrld bc:ulcrl lo clcur thcir dcsk in l:nrorliul;, rud bc shttt out f,'('r)l lhc buildirr6 rvhiclt It:rd bccn thcir lilb6c for h:rlf thcir lilctirr:,:. Tlrc vcry phr:rsc 'conll)rlr)y nrln' n'irs Iro\v susl)cct, \\/lrcrr J.ohn l'lrn'c1.Jorrcs rr,:rs introducctl on Dacrt Itluli Dia ts'lnirtrlrrstri:rlist, r comprnj'tu:rn', hc w:rs irrdi6ulnt.'lt i:;'ris irrrlividuulity tlrut is nccdcC, )ris'indh'idurl contribution, rrrtlrcr th:rn thc conlorrnity to son)c sort of idc:rt "cornprrrl'mlrr."' jjor:rr':rUciltt cr)rployccs. wlro lo<-'kcd L:eck on tlrcir lifclilttc oflol,:rl,','rlo:rr.Jcrcd rvh:rt hrd bccrr llrc point of it :rll. 'l'vc oftcl thou6ht lrorr' \vr: sl,c!lt all orrr livcs,' onc Shcll r.ctcr:n rccrllcd,'dcdicercrl to doiny clrlvn thc oIpositiorr, itrst
fc,r tlrc srkc of

,, bri;,f ,;,;;,;,;;;; ,t.*ii,i

rrrrrl Arrrr:ric:trr irrclivitlrrulists

[:ullcttc !.lt:tDllc: 'As cclls i;r<_rrr.rrrrcl divitlr:, [cnctic corlc is rlrv:|]s l)rcscr)t.' Orict)till i(lc:ts wcru itt x ,rr.,,,i,,,,, t1,"

rr,rrricrrtullf.irr Silic.orr \rrrllcy, lit:u rhc plrik.rsrrlitrirf,i; ri._1"f,,, il",,ii* t)c1orc.lc (tcl):lttc(l [t)nl Alllllc Courprrtcrs (sc".p. r9!) ,rbo,rr nc11, aricrrrlrrcs lrrtr rrcrr' P:tt:rrri6rtrs, rrrrrr c.rrrP:rrisrrrrs rvitlr bitrlor:ic:rt cr urcrrr),. Uurl)otJtiorrs, hc s:ritl, shotrld scc tlrcir frrtrrlc it icrrls of

r\ ltrv ltigh-llos'rr cliicl'cr-cclrlircs r.cvcllctl in lirr._oLrr rr,.*,rt,",,.t.."

trictl

:rcol)c,'torc rotrrrdcd lilcstylcs,rrril rriorc corr'uctio,,,r:i,f, ,f,a f,""r" :.lll,l]:11:l A'l:rcc'by trrrl. pcrccivcrt rlrc .u;t,;;",,. S;;:',;:;:
xl:.rrl
r;i'"

isrrr, lirrkirrg rlrc irrrrcr lr:rrrrrorrl. ol.rltc iirrlivitlu:rl ,"i,i, ;1,;i;;;:;. ;:._ rlon)'(rl urc ln)l _ \yhilu rujuctittI thc cur;:urr:tc loyrlty wliirh - sfill '':' l:ry,:rt llrc lrc:rrr ol'thc Jup:rrc:sc i,Jc" t l h,rrrirony. ' lYl:ll)y )ol''lgcr conlt)i''t),tnc'', t0u, \rcrc Ioul:itrll fr_rr rrl0rc Crc:rtiyc

trr corrrrcct trl>

"lt.],.

rvitlr r\sirrtl collcctiv_

J,,,;r;;,,;..=;

tllc corrp.nt.'

.Srrrrrts lir1r.

-l,il.],"i ','.u"",","p,,;;;i;i:';,:li','"li:::,lll#llJi;l'i;;';l: .rrt;r)D ol"holisrrr,rlr,.: ,u,.lrrrlc_rrr:rliirrg r",r,f",r"r,

rlclirctl in tgz6

*i'r, J,"

r,t

c:rtrr)g

crI

r'crlisctrrcritrr: :r lr

i'

ll;lli

bccurrc
259

f]slriorrublcj,,!;,,i;.- "'"''

(;o^lf^i'|]

;\ll\l.l lirrcs, c-rr;ril

lr l:i

O ll

\;l

l:i

l ltl N Il

I:

rl

'I lr,:rc rvcrc crcitirrl; ri:,iuns uf ir rcw.!r.r. ln Urit;rirr Clr:rrlcs ll:rrrrly crprrrrlccl Iri: olltirrri:tic, Clrristirrr vicrv of fultrtc cottrpnrty rtrcn irr 'lltc /1;c of Unrc,rtul ir ltr4. llc lookcd [ot-rvirrrl to rt 'pr-rst'ltcroic rr,rrrrUcr'rvltoic 1r-rl-r s':rs to dcvcloll otJtcr llcuplc's c,rp:rcity, lilc;r goorl .lc;rcttcr, :rrrtl slrv tlrc tvord 'lltlrtr;rgcri itsclf dis:l1lpc:rlittg, ;r: :r-.rcicq'bcc:rntc Ic::; ltr:rtihctl. ''l ltc yotrrrg dolt't rvlrtt (o bc lll:rll.lUc(1, ,rrxl tlrc tvord soultdi Iotv-clls:, likc cllttccn lllxll;rUcr or o{l'tcc litrtttr1;cr.' I Irrrd.l rrl\v corrrlrilllir jobs ditclollirrU il tltc tvidcr corltcrt uf
pcoplc': Iifc-p.rttcrrr, lcisrrrc.rrrrl ftrllilrrrttrt; :rit,l ltc:rrrlicipiltc(l l)cr)l'lc onll crrl;:rgin6 itt ftrrrrtrl oflicc rvrrrk lur trvclrty ycrli' liorrr tlrr: rt11ci ,,l trr:crttl-frrc to fortl-lilc, l,clittc ct:tlr.ttkirtU tttl trtrrlc ir"liti'ltr'rl
c Ir.r

Youn6 Anrcr'ic:rl crcc!ti!c5 ilrc cNl)cclud lo bc rtill lloru tlrotoul;hly coulnlittc(l to ll:cir bujil)cj5, lcrrvin6':till lc:: tirlc [or
lrubbicr r.tr plrilosuplricrl r.ru6lrt:;; rvlr'rlc lci:;urc-titrrc is lssociltcrl rlitlr f:tihirc or ol)til)[-out.'r'rt sclrool I rvls told thcrc rvould soon L:c l LIrcc-dil),rvccli,'s:rid on': liD:!rrciirl lliulirUcl ill iris thirtics.'Norv i{':; scvctr drti's:t rvccll,;rtrd louly durc tukc ortc rvcck's lroliday l yc:r,' lJr,( \vllilc thc corrrp:riry dcrr::rrrrls this c(rrrlitllcnt frottr tltc 1'ourrg, il eirrr rltrickly lor;c'intclc:;'. in tlrc rriirJcjlc-:ri1cd; :rrttl tltc ptcrsutc
torlrrld:; rlcrr'll;rlroljc zu:rl crrr sourr bc fullorvcrl by suggcstiorts ofcrtrly rctilcrrcrt.- rvlriclr i:; :rll tl.c ruulc irrttvclcotttc rvidtoul. lrobbicr or
ct)
rrIrI

ultl

rrrubilc Il;rrrrc:; rvlriclr tolcr:rtc no ltirJirg pl:rr:cs.

llc

rr

1;

c.'..

uf -

lcf ci

15.

rrc'rc 5col)c irr tllc

Un.iuubrc.lll tlrr

irrui;t irrrrl)iliotrji:rrril rvcll-i1tr:rlilic,l cr(crtlivt llr:r(l rrirtctius lo libcr;rtc thctttr;clvcs liL'rttt tltc btttc;trtk.,rrc ttrerr,t6cr,

crrl;c cor;rtr.rirli,'l'Jtc

rltrcrt:cr)tJrc'hirtrJ gutr'ol lllc

irrrJtr'stticl; rvllcrc lll:rtl;rlicl:i. ;orrrrrl ltcoPlc cotrlrl tltrivc itt fr:;t-ch,rttgitrl; strli\vilrc;rrl(l :tll hirrrls ol' c(;lrrl)ulcr:;' rt lilty; inclrrrlirrl: ul,l ,,.r..-iuu rrrcrlil, ell ilrc .",,j fr<rnt tllc 'l'V ttctrrolk CNN in Atl'rrrtrr tu tlrc

:rry' bccrrrtc tlrc trcrv ;ulc trrorlcl, tlcriblu :rldrilrr'rtrilc, jt-ritrirrg rrrr'l lc.rtir,1; ilrort-tcurr :rs:iil:ilrrlcnlr';rrrrl lc',rrli, or IirlrrrirrIJ:rrIr'I rclirllrrirr6 :,rrr,rll corrrp.rrric:; likc (lrc crrlrcl)lcrrrrrr':; ol Silicotr V;rllcy' Crc'rtilc

prrL,lislrcrr t)r-,rlirrg

rrlcrl l5o ),c:1tl c:trlier' r'rlto \!l'o(c l)otir) xl)(l l)llilol'ol)ll) bcl\!ccll _rotrtcs :rrlrJ iultlllic:'. Irlxrrrrirrl', icr Iiut nlo!l c.tlblirlrccl col l)or:ltiuLli still tctcll r lrrr6c tliiertPrtrcy Lct\lcc tlrc oLrtrt.rttl iltuoric:; ol litrir:rtiurt.rlld (illl)oltullily,:rll(l lllu (lcYclultlllcllt Jll(l r c:rlitici rvitltin. l)erpitc ,rll tl)c l;llli xl)(,llt l)(lliolr:rl irrrrcr lt.ltttttrtry, itttertlrtl c0tttlletiriott ,ttttl itlitctltity lt'rru litr::il;erl (lrl)lu)qcJ to\T.ll(l:; lirc:lter c(,ltllllillncllt to iltttrrctlirrtc collltllclc;iil ' illll)osc (ltcit trrtlcctt rli:ltilllitrc' 1:,,,"1:,; rvhilc corrll)(llrliicd culllrolli ll'lrc t,r,,rl;cl-llllcc ii lt tttt-rl',: rictttrltttlirlU rllrlstcl tllilll illll sillUlc bul5, s lrilc crritutttcr: :lfl colllitxllll) ltllrc;l:ioll:lblc, dctttlltrtlirr6 ilt:;ilrtrt rruil.rllility .rntl l)crilrilitl'.'l'ltc ttr;rtt.tlict:l-rtltlr scl.l! lllclll ;llc ill\Yxyii [c:rrfrrl of lurirll !rr:;ittt:;t lo lrrrt ticr'-rvut !:ittli tilrtl:;, itt:;itlc or utlt\i(lc lllcir coiup:ll), :rtttl rvolricd :lb(,ut lrlkillU .rrty llolitl'rys. Arrtl tlrc r)f l)rcrirrrc ftrr inr,t.rrl r'!11)(tnrcri ,,,;:,,,t.,t nlt [ry lhu rrcrv U:rJliclr)

il'c irrtcllcctr'.rl r,,rr rro lorrl;cr r)ccc.slril) :rt trrltlr rvitlr tllc rrlrtll:rUcr: rlrrrr rrril:lrt cltrt lrc:r rc(trrtr l{) tllc l).lttc!rl uf llrc ll:rl't lrltli:r C'rrlrprrll

ltintlcnlcf itt Lcrttdolr' \\'itll irlcrs

ir( x I)rcllritrnrt

lllilrrr :rtrrtuspltutc,' srl)'J thc rl)rltlil[ctncl)t \vritcf l(obcrL I'lcllcr,'ifs r nllur.rl rc:lction to uik \.[r't rrr rlo. lt ttcc,ls:t coloss]l cnbrt on iJotlt ::i(lc:i, rrll lrr rrltlcr',:rrrtl not t'r trbc)'.' Or:rsJoltrr l_l:trvcy_Joncs put it tu rrc: "l'lrc rvirulu l)r occi: , rll tlrc rviry lt otrr dtc shop l'loor, cltcour:r1ic:; tlcui:;iott-nt:rIiuU tu flo!' ul)\\'iuds. lt':i itUilitlst llul)1ilrt lltturc tu :ilrrp it.'l'lrc unly:;olutior is tu lr:rvc tlo ul)wxrdi. Ilut:dclcfttilg fronr tlrc tol) lrhcJ ;t lul ul b:rlls: rrlrrrr l)coplq rsk yott to ldvi:;c, you sintpiy , 'lr,rtr lo rclit ,,.' : ,, i , rvurr: \vllcir rr,.rr,l irrr:ici :rltuUctlrcr lrorrr5t tlrcy clllcd Ior; i i\r',1 r.'r tlr.r:;tic clrttrllc:;, r'lrich if trl.r:n tuo litcr',rlly could U;crtcrr rlrcirii"rtj j ' iccur.ily, nrjiu tlrc crttl of lttril cilrccrs. Sotttc clticl clccr.rLivcs sfrol I ilrir( urr duul):,i,/.irg, t:irrl-buildirr6 t:iul-buildiu6 Jt)d flcribility iic ;rri tJrcirr-1. lru5t il5ii( urrrt ur durlrriiz.irrg, thcnt-l i urrrl irrllcriblu :,cllc:, rclrrcl.rrrl tu rvork in:l tcull, or lo dowrrsizc flrcirl rnrrr tlitcclols'srrilcs. lt i:; :rrr rrld curllll.ril(: l:; llclry I;crrd rvrcrtcl i irr r9:1:'srrrrrctirrcs it ir I'rc rlcrr "highcr rrp" rvhL.l, ,uotf. n.tU; . j lcv:rrrrpirrl; -;rrrrJ tltry tlrurrr:,r:lvrs :rlc rlrvrtys tlrc Iirst to rccoIr]isc it.r',i ]l llut ;lt :l lirlc oI rrrrrclr trntcr r:]retrr:c, ltrc rcsi:tlrrrcc i:, rll rlrc rrc,rrcr:l 'l
. I I

rrrurry rlr:rrrrUcr:i !vcrc lc:rlly crrrrllullirrll tlrcir orvrr tlcstirryl A4urr.1'rrl thc rroiit ruccc:;sfulrcl:ril cr.rtrrD:rrrics, lilic A'lcDorr;rld's lrurrrbrrr'6cls, llriclr bccirruc ir rrrrrdcl I'ol otltuts, lltd Iclrttt ltotv (o I)loltitor ;rrrrl coutlol llruir r,c:lttcrcd crlrl)ircl; rlrurc strictly tJratl cvcr, rvitJt toLll crrulrr:rrritl, lr) llrcir rrrlcs,'.1'lrc rlcluycIirrg,rrrd r'cstr'rruturirr6 ctl.cc,lrr_ p.rrrics currltl cr)nccrtr.ltc lrrorc l)o\vcl xt tllc tol), \\'iLll nlorc dircct lirrc:; ol crrrrtrrr:rrrtl. Atrtl cvcrt c(,rrrl)illlicri rr'lriclt gctruincly tr'icd to tnrl)o\\.cr tlrcir'(ntl)lo1,ct:r l:rccrl Llillrcrrltics, lirr tltc rrlrl lr:rbits rrl'liilirr11 ,rn(l t;rliir)f trltlcr: dicd lt;tttl,'L"or pccrplc blouglti trl> irt rn .ruthori'

IIrrr'

"

.:

acr

, ;

.r 'ir

rl

1..i.!l ::.r_.1...:li ri.i :,. ,.t,

:
.coMt^NY lt,lft
I

I
.t I

t)l)-O t((;A

rrrtl drc smrll brnd o['chrngc-nrrkcrs' r,rho.;rrc c:rllctl in to rcscrrc conlpilnics irc ofictr ciscd out by lhc bo;rrd l.rclbrc dI:ir rrrsk is
contplctcd. Whilc manrgcrs bccantc lrorc lnobilc irnd insccurc, drcy snv u rvidcning gap bctrvccn tltcnrsclycs ind dlc top, rvhich bcclnrc rrror.c visiblc rvhcn dircctors p;rid clch orhcr hulJc fccs in rlrc nritls( ol'rlrc hyolls (scc Chaptcr:r). 'Ihc 'nrt orgxnii:trion'rvas rcrrlly nrorc lihc r phtcru, rvidr a high pcrk in tlrc nridcl: thich rvrs purtlf irr rhc clouds. For dcspitc tJrc talk of frcc :rcccss to infornt:rtion, corporltc chicls could still nr:rkc t}cir orvn Plrrns ;rnrl xrrxlgcnlcots wi(h li(lc fcrr drlt thcir undcrlings $'0ultl find out, l)rotcst or bl0rv rlrc rvhistlc. In lJritrin ltobnrt fulanvcll could cnrbt:z:lc corup:rrry funtls .1,".r "ri,.l his pcnsioncrs rvitJrout lrry rvhistlc-blorvin6 fr.t-,nr scrriur cxcclttivcs rvlto noticcd suspicious sigus; rvhilc Urirish Ainvays ciuburkqil orr il r:rsh and dishoncst c:rrrrprigrr ofJtlirrl, tricks' lo dissr,r:rtlc p:rsscnEctJ fronr flying orr drc rivnl Virgiu, rvitlrout xny rppxrcur protcJt lionr cnrptol,ccs. Itr Anrcricn xutocrirtic chicl's crrr lllitiulitin lruch lttorc sccrcLJ - still rlrorc whcn thcir'itr llucncc cltcllds tlllouuh conlp:llly towns. ln Cinciuu'lti l'roctcr & Crrnrtrlc slill tlonrirrulcs llotlr itl; cntployccs 1 'thc Proctoitls' - :lrtl tltc city, u blstiurr rrl'consuvutilc cottfornrisnr. !t r99o thcir rrxcho ncw chicl'lirl r\rtzt rvns obscssctl s'ith conrp;rny sccrccy, Whcn l pcrsistcltt rcportcr l'rrln thc llll// J^lttc! Jo nurL rUccil Srvlsy, publi:hcd sr:ntc ilrsitlc ilrlbrnr:rtiorr hc pcrsuedcd tllc county t)rosccutor to olrtrrirr lr subpocrr:r to trick ll locrl phonc cills, ind rnobiliscd tJrc chir:l'intcsri6:rtr-rr irr tlrc lit:rutl Squ:rd, rvho rils a prrt-timc sccurity ullict:r s,itlr ltroclcr's. r\flcr.thc Jonnd rcportcd lhusc stlonf-inl t:rctics Artzl hrrd to x(lnit xl 'cl'ror in .iudgcnrcnt', rthilc thc rcl)ortcr lrcn( on lr,'\\'t'irc r'book ubrrut . I'roctcr's rvhich nkcd up tlrc nrrr...iiirunr rrrrck. In such lutocrrlic conlpiulics drc lllk of libcnrtion nliul;lgqulclt rirng vcD, hollol\', Thc llrorc nlil[:rl;cr's \\,crc fir'crl, thc nrorc tlrc srrrrllirrs lclt tlcnrsclvcs dcpcntlcnt 0n thu.ytlilrics r)fsucccsriivc b()iiricli, crch rvitl his orvn likcs rnd dislikcs, his pl;rns lbr'corpoml.c clclnsing'. As tlrc lrycrs oflr:rugcrs \vcrc rcnrovc(tr lhcy lcli ir b;rrcr r.itructurc, rvidr fcrvcr corrliruous clcnlcnts lu prur:i,lc lcirt lb rc crnctr t :rntl rc:issurlncc, 1'hc hcrdqurrtcrs buiklin6 itsclfrvas clrrrigirrg its rvlrolt chxrirctcr. n'rs It no longcr r sccurc honlc-froru-ltourc, a bcttigrt support :iyslcnl,

lSA,t.t0N

nl t:N
I

lik" , ,"r,;..r, 6'*" ir'';iii,,1; ;l';i;;;..ji; ;1,,'i1l[:Tftl.i"iT,i:L.Jili,lllJlli (lxrrrcrs.ro okJ-stylc c<rnrp:rny rrrcrr, Arrcl rhc ,"1,"1; jJ;;'"r d';n :: rts rlc ,will scc,.\vils nos. il llur.
nrorc

lct lk.rnc:r plilyurould tvhcrc ,srrccccd 1,ou rrright irr busincss rvirhour rcilll)'

tryingr.

It tvls

,262.
263

l,t,t:I(:J;

Y t;

r!5us

UA!l:

c l.lA

P'l'Dlt ul c l.l1' ulN

OlJice acrsus l-Ionta

'l'lrr
rclrcr rrrrl rrIur
riulrrrc:r of lifc, which ivc x(cct)t :l' l,ri!irrc s c trrr'n to tlorcl: rrrJ !octry., sccr s :rUrrrrlorrcrl irt tlrc fioll rlxrr oftlrr: burirrsr rrr prrtrliu .'l:cnct $t'lLliil Icu(. 't tttt rt-t't.^t, l.thttti t ,tlnn.f..h.tt, tt)rt

., ttrc vill:r11cs Ir:vi.1Jly

.rsr(c(l

Uri,lil ;;,,1'.-n;iil; prcv:rilcrl ibr ;r [urv huurs irr drc I,c:r1. ,ff," still scurrcd Iikc a lr.'r1:r.,,vc:. Il.orrr rlru r-rlLl "r,",,Jij-fr,,,i"";:.;;iii. ;";,*r;;;";;'iifl l:;'11 le:rst,tlrc rr'st:rl;ic *cr.siorr of it r:x;lrusscd ,ifr'rrri., i,, or'iil,,rr'iif" 'llr litrt,tiu.t uf.rfu Drt.y. ArrrJ likc rhc.ctrurrtry L*rr, J,. crrurrrrr,rIcrl :r tl;rrrgc'rrrs illusiurr "f,i."'"frlrii ofsrlitl ,,.;,,,,;a;:.'";,,i.;;;,;;;:rl l, .]:rr ,r.r)urc..\rst:ririrg;rrtl

Ol(lcc'. 'l'hc cclcbr.rriuns crrlrrrj.rrcd i,, ,1," p*ylri",. crr)cis wrs ubli6.rrory, bo::..:: flirrcd ,,"it'l,"iii.. ,..,"i,rri;r

Clrrislrrns, o0icc rvjrrlor*s :'tr.l fili'g sirtr dcc'rrriorrs, Ciri.isrrnrr crrds errtl c"t i,;; ;;;:lf;;:;":; i;,,.;; ;;;r;J,;':il:.":

suard b) W:rrcrlocr, Dcrt-rl.;r'lr ro tltr: SIrcll Ccrrrrc. Di1; ofliccs hr<l cst:rblislrcrl thclr orvrr soci:rl r:.rlcrdrrr which rc"c\c,i ;:iil;"b:i;:: ,rvhcr

Courparry lrrrr Irrd grorvn u1l iusidc tlrc oflicc blusll, rvlticlr rr:llcctctl ;rnd rcirrforcctl drc stlucturcs iutl Irrl'crs ol'tJru or.1; rri:;irtir.rll arrrl syrrr-

rrrrlclcLl rrllicc-jilc, ,,,r,1 yrr,,'6 6r,i,Ju,rtcs 'r,,rry llr()...ycr'c b.'kur irr. ,l dccirlcd i,r rtrc

'culistic;;;;;;;;;;";;;";jii,i;'j; rlc'ictcd lry.,,,,t",,,1,ur*,1,iruu"i;,r:i,;i.ii;.,i,Jl:

il'

*bcr''licrn

boliscd lris orvn sccurity,

.

'l'hc purfcs ol'tliddlc-ruirrrrgcrs in

tlrc

rrinctics ilcvitirbly undcrruiltcrl tlris scttlcrl cxistcrrcc lur.l tJrc rlcpcnrJ]lrts \rllo had accuurulllcd rrrou11rl it, Yct uruny yr.ruugct nlilnirgcLli silw tJrc Lrusincss rcvolutiol bringing a nruch trlorc llcriblc lnrl libcrrtcd Iilcrtylc, rvitlout t.lrc strir:t du;rlity bctrycuu drc lruntc arrd tJrc uflicc, :rnd ;rllorving e rcturn to tltc llul)xtr scrlc oflctivity bclolu tJrusc 6iurrt Urrildin6s lrrd l:r!t crrcrgcd rt tlrc bqginriirrg of tlru ccrtury. I.h.rrv lir could tJrc;' rc:rlly ;rchicrc tlrlt) Corpor.rtc Iil-c Ir;rd, :rftcr lll, irrLr:ructr:d \viill dlc.tcst ol'sociuly. Uy tlrc si;itics rnd scvcrrti,:s thc o(licq lgd currru;r loog rvny liuur thc 'rJ irr6y littlc l-r:.rck officc' of Dickcrs, rhc ':rirlcss ca6L' of l.lcrrry Millcl

C:rrlrulrrc-l l;rlrll,irr rlrc irrrlrJrrcrior to lris rr'vcl 'lr \r'.s rt,rrs(r'uus rh:rr I rlroulrl sirLrrrri, tu i,,,U"i,1," :rrrl srrcirrl trlltor.trrrritir:s of c:rsy_6rring
llrrr'rrrrglrly

;;r;;;;;,ij ;;.,r;,,".:j rvltich it cuultl ,,", "Jfi.;r;;;.;;, .",urj;.'rrJ,"l;:ilfi; ,it,,

rl"l
Ib,,,rj';;
f,aar",a "ff;*..i "tttft'f lr;;;.;;[; rir thcir dc,1ir;,;s.

j,,"i(;;,.;"1i,1:; '

biir'iir"irr.,

or tlrc 'cnonlous lilc' o[ \\tri6ht lvlills. ln'Urituin tIc uflicc hld ;rcr;uircrJ ;r spcci:rl cosilcss. liur ruillir,rls of crcclrtivcs, sccrclxrics, rrcsscn6crs :rnd rccclttionisls it lud bccorrrciltc ccn(rrl ;lrcn:l oftllcir

'

drily

rvhcrc Lhcy soukJ rhv;rys bc rccogiriscd jnrJ ncknorvlcrlgctl, rcpl:rcirr6 rhc clrurclr, rhc villlgc or lhc rc6iurclrt. litlrcy rvcrc ill tlrcir olficc collcr6ucs rvould visit xlld ;cirssurc lhcru; und dtcir rccuvcry rv,rs nrerkcd by lllcir rcturn tu tlrc buildiDB. lvl:rrry culrrpiutics cxtcud,cd thcir long:rrrrs to clubs ind $lrurtsgrounds rntl irto suburb: rvhcrc pcuplc frurn tllc iilnrc cornl)xtly convqr6cd: likc Shcll cnrpluyccs in Lorrdon rvho cluslcrcd rouud SoutJrcrrr ltc6irrn stiliols \vllich vcrc
liv-cs,

,,.'*",,,rri ,1,,,,,,j,,;;;::i",i"liLxl,l:JlliiliJ;:,1:,,1':",,"
UIItcc-lilc lr.rtl Lccolrc ;l
(:r.

",,"i,]ii,,;:i'j,j;i;,,ii;",;,:::iili::liJ:"Tlif,jl:"r,l;:,J f",,Ji., I;; ;l;;il ;,;,';::, olltcc is scurctly filirr:ccd by

surtrc irrrl uisitir.c c-rrrplo,;,ccs (lr.jqilion hirn
Llru
r

,'lr. u,,r,,,r,r.

Ulisturv, lir':rrrk DicJlcrrs's'olliL t: L ri{,r.i,, rrru r-ontro, ,LucrittlT .! t ,,,r:::. . .l irc Ircr.o rrf licitlr \V;rtcrlrousc,s t97iJ lovcl O//rrc Z9t lilds rJrc tl:rily .ituuls ,^s plcirsirrrt trr.,, uf 1,rsiii,1; ,j," " olllcc_tt,rvcr tlrirrk ul,. l.lc ryulls irr lu crrgrosscd irr socirblc trsks, crichrrrrginl; dockcts, chirs urrcl vouchcrs, clittil6 iu ,1,"-f.r,ri", ucsirlc rlc copyirrg.rrrcli'c, uru*,,iri,,rl.inl., ",ri uttrcc s\r'cct-s(xli. lJrrt (lrc cotr:r:rrI our ro'Producc norJrir:5 at 'r'r,.

to..s(rip-c:*(uo'isrs re couycy tLr" .l"ili corrcJyrrllicc crr''2ycc, li'c D,rgrv.Lrl ir: rhc'r\rucr.ii,rl

rcir:isr'irI irt(l lr;rbir-li,Lruiir6

ar; ;;,;r";i;'; ;i.lp''TJ];;d;;,,";; ut utt chcrtcr I)crry or[rnirr-

' i;'ii ll, . r:ll ,.,irll

ii,l,lll . ri I ll
':i t,l 'l.l,i
I

,lr;(;r;;; ;r;;;i;

'l'1. 't;.
.l lr ;. i

?1;;;i;;;il"jij:;

r,urr'".,i,f,i;;,";;;"il;i'i.v-:yr)s

: .
.

:,:

i':,
:j,.

,:ll1

,iobs ,vrricrr

'.i.,:
,,',,

l):rr t of dlc sucitl lrirturl.uftlrcrrr.cr:ticthccrrtu.-l.,l.lrcscll-ci,,rr",rir1ncl,,.f"n,..r"r",j tlrrir scl);lr:lti'lr li,r.rrrt rrthcr Iivt:,, 1,,,,1 1r..,,

itr:rl but ,a6r.gafa,l

.,,i;;;;;;; ;;;i,; ;.i'i1.:l:

26,l

zbs

.'til:
'j;l
j''
.j

,'..'
ir

ll

d!]!!4sc4s{r4@

c0

Il

r' A r'l

1'

nl

A N

o trl,

(:l: \.t:ttstJi 0Nr:

rvho cstrblishcd tltcit cltrnctcrs :lj rclticrl villlllcs rvithirt lltcit rttvtt to\ycrs. By thc'nrid'r9zos tltc in:tcv:ttiorts of skyscr:rpcr-olliccs irt Anrcricr, ivhich hrcl h:tcd forty ycnrs' ttrtd conlc to illl cn(l, xlld tlic rlcvclopcrs rnd rcrhors hid trkcn o?(:r' inlPosinU tllcir owll.sl:lntlilrd' isation. 'Durin6 most of dlis pcrio(I, L'ottt rgro to 197o, ollicc or6rlrtrvrrrkcrs isetions, officc- tcchnology end tltr: c'rpcctrtlitrns --of -rlflicc lcrrdir4; rlrc nlorc or Icss constlnt,'rvr:tq lfriltrcis Dtrfly' ,"ati""A 'nti,itf.l c:rrly ol'lltc Irrrtntr|lls 't'irc oflicc tt.i,;i.., itt rtot rtt:rll "fofficc-built!irrg:-' iirtlc corrtc''t ir) ;;;;; ;i;;;;; or'ur. tq6o' ditfcr 'nd ullicc ul' contltrct :rnd rtsi,,'pduns tbo.,t titr: trtission

'li;;;;;rtl;t rvork.'

rvitlt t t-rtrs. t-rl' tJtc pnttcrtr of thc corritlor ofl'rccs opun-ll:rr: thc by fr"rllorvc'i lrrrcI ..ffr,'."ii'"l,ft'tl"i. urun tuint.lutu; itr.tlrc lltitrrirr to spic:r'l crttrttttl"rtttt C rtrtd -,"iii.l, fr.,i,ttt ftt ,tttrcric:t )Jotlt sLrpcmisctl' br: rL-l.t -it1"itr.r, ltutr<lrctls of crrrployccs corrltl bl'tlrc nrrrin brrillirrg' lirrritcd by tIc srructttrc

Thc lrcllitccts sct

Nonlr:rtr lrostcr,'l'hcy rvclc (sritl lir':rucis Dufli) ,rhc lir5t Ucnsr:rtiurr ol'buildirrgs ;rnnvltcrc tvhich fully lcflccr llrc pl:rcclcrs, glub:l corponltisnl ol;r liurnciul.scryiccs illduslry flcctl by, :rntl )'cl uttcrlf rlcpcndcnt on, infoflniitiun tcclrrrology'. Iu l-urtlon tlcvclo;lcrs brrilt cxoiic Prcsril;c or'i-ig|l:rrrrlc' rr.,rr.cr:; ru rllr;rct industri;rl hc:rrklrrrtcls, rvitlrirr r':rrrgc crf l'lc:!ltrorv uirport: :r Iunclc(l lirqx(lc likc l Srrlt:rn's p,rl:rcc,lrr ovc16rorr.rr Srliss clrrlct rtitlr its stccp lt-rof:rltrtost (lowl to tlrr: glotrtrtJ; :r ntr.rcl:'lirdor l-nrrr rlitlr rr l:clfr7; :r'LurtLlrrn Ark' rvillt r:orrric:rl b'rl1;,:s rtrrJ brrbblcs lourrting :rtrovc tlrc l llrurrtclsntitlt llycrvcr likc l gruttrtducl b:tlloott, shiclt It:rs rcnlilincd crlrpty sittcc ils crrrrrplcti<rrl. l.'ur :rll tlrcir :trcltitccls' funt:rsics, rtrosl oI thc:c lrtriltlings rvcrc :,till tlcsillrcd lo ((,ltlrt'rxr!(l ltttl tlotttitt:ttc, witll ilssullll)liutls :lllllu5t rrppositc tr.r thc tlorirlsiiu lluiltlio6s rrotrnd tlrcrn. ll: drc l'ords r..rf

u(l

Jcrcrry Mycrsorr,itlrc :tutltor

Orrr citics :rlc

ol'l'ht llurk rltttlrctic

":;";t "r'; ";;;t; !n"uu'"g"tl ivnrrrrctric'rl' rcpctitivc tlc:;i11tts ittltt '';j;;';;"';;"ii";t ltt:ttty cutlt."iri.rt

ti6id'

hrrd lo lit' ln Cotrtinctrtrl [tttopc hcltltitrttlcts' """tp"uy-.ficnts ;;;i:t ;;;: rdl. to .onrn''i'siu'r :rrrcl rJcsign lltcit ttr|tt Nlrlirrr or lllc ilr li)w(r Itirclli tlrc likc lritlt s,rnrc sDccllctll:lr rcsrtll:i (ictlttrrtt e"ttt' rrrlrrc rrJqos tlrc lrtc lly 'i'itt'.-;tt i,tJ", irr I)iisscltlrr'l' ,t.,ii.s t ara [,rvottrirt11 rt tlrird ]:irrd ol'rrflicc tlcsigrr' llrc lJiinhn!tt'ttnlt bv scrccns'.['lirgc :; ;rfi;i;;;;.t;;, i;,h I'u,;t up'" rlt:Lrrs split rrp tlistourdclibcr:rtc11' \rlricl) ti tt"'ltrnr' ;;';;;til t;i;,i.l'.pf

:;;i il;;;;i;;;i
ricin:1lion.

""nilv fntou'"lrt'l

\
t
I

1yc(crrcd:r:itrucltlrc{l llut Ilritislr lu\rcrs \rlllcll ,l"vcloocn t:rclcrrc,l to build tltc trro:c collrclltiuttxl itr tltc ,""t1;;; t,.'*ii n.. "1u"t" foot' 'l'ltr: :rrcltltccts cutrspirr:d of contprlnl' ntltn' conforntitl' '"'i" ,it" il"r,,i"t irti..-t.,uilttiu6t slto'vuil :t ttc*' strrSc uf crttbctrtnl rrtontttttcrtr:tl .";;d"t.;:i;;;-t;ii,. tuo,'ttl t',iir',"'rrtr *cru nroYirrI irrto rtttd stcu[ity' ol' rltc :\cnsc t)':roliltlcllcc ittcrcrscd ".*l't.i...*'ttttiaft lrr ol \ritlr ltclittl; slylc xrr irrlcnlltionil .Plircu' ',*iritJ 'rrr'r "Oonrin,: il,. ff'orkl lfin"rncirl Ccnttr 5c:;t ttcrv scrtlc lvitll its Urillrt ii."h"riin n'lriuh its tlcvcl.""t"*.i"t1a.l,r'rlt'c,lilings t"tl lilrypti'r ':olttttrtrs' \\'hrrf itt.Luntlotr's oncrs Olyntpir $: Yolh soorl "p"t'"t"tt it' Crl:rry rrrt'l tlrc l krnli\orr11 clrinrr of u'rnk tlrc ttonr illoui ;;;H;ti;.'i" iit""rl'ai ri''uk .,'u'pJtt't '"'.t)],:"'t""ttt skvsct rrpcrs trv l'lvl' I'ci

inrrtrrn:tl cortrttruttic:ttiott ittttl prttstylu',:tl)tl con)p:1nrcs

tlclirrctl l)y Inonur)lclls lu rlurll, Urb:rrr sIylir)cJ:rrc purctuxtcd by trll ofticc builrlirrgs rvhiclr si6nilj'nor jrrst |c;rl cst:rtc PIiccs rrn lht 1:rrruntl lirrl urr ovcrl rJusirc frrr lr:rstcry rl';tll tltc cur'porirlirrt ot rltvt'lrpcr'lrcltrrlrls. i\trtl orrr' l)sycllus xrc condilirirrctl hy tlrc lr:rrt:rl psctrtltr-ltrttclion:tl itttngctl' uf tbc ullicc - alt pottcrl plxulJ uld blirrrls, rtrctrrl filing c:rbincts lntl ntodcrrt s)'stcrns l'unriturc.'l'lrr: Dlitish dort't put rrp rvitlt lh:rt kirrd of lr:rrd:r:tl6ud strrll'in thcir irrirrtcs brrt thcy rrc rvilling lo tokr':rlc il :rl rTork irt llrc rrtruc of 1:rorlrrctivity. ":till
t.Jrrl tlrurc \vxs:l rl:rrrgcrous Iinrc-lxU in thc ciglrtics: big brrildirrgs tooll r))olc thirr u tlcclrtlc bclrvccl collccpti0n ir)d occuPJtion,.ind could bc orrlLl:rtcd bcforc thcy rvclc conrplctctl. illusl lrchitccls hrd bccn' sloN t0 rcxlisc thc l ull irrtp;rct on oflicc dcsigrr ofthc corlrpulcr, \vhiclr l\':rs rcrluiring ir cor)Plctc rctlihking of thc \vorking cuvironnrcnt. r\nd lhclc rvus rrot only u tlcrp rcccssiorr, but .r srvin$ xgnirist llrgc, llirnrl)oyrlrl lrcudrlu:rltcrs rvltich rluut ryuinst thu ncrv thirtking ol [r:tnx[cr)rcnt cr-pcl{5 'Jbout tloNtrsizilg, 0utplrlccll]cnt, dcl.rycrirrg :rrrrl custourisirrg. 'l'hc :tspir:ttiorrs of nllnrrgcrs :lt\(l tlrcir xrchitcclr" \\,cfc corstil ll)'ut odds rvith scnsitivity l0 lhc ruslOIlcr. it,l:rny l.lritish conll)xnics rvcrc ulrcrrly, rs rvc lmvc srcn, cutt;rli

ili

brrcli llrcir ccntr:rl strrffs to nriirirrr:rl lrcldq.u:rrrcrs. \Yhcrr

ICI rrrrri,t

...ri.

:r |
coAr r'A N1' Ir/\N lo nrolc out ol tlrcir lvlillblnk prtl.rcc thcy cotrkl linrl uo o rlrc, .,,nr,rru, lo rnovc in. Courra_ulds hrd sliurrucd dorvn to n rrrorJcst courtyliLl iir thc rrg-trrdc disrrict; Dl had nrovcd brck to irs [rhvarrlian buikling; Unilcvcr had lrrlvcd its hcrdqu:rrtcr.s strff, still b;rsctl in irs rcnov:rici.i

:r
o l..l..lc

t l.lillsus
hcll

I.loi\lL

lrr

old prhcc :rt Bhcklriars. 'lhc pcrk of 6runrJiosc oflicc-buildin6, iu kccping rvith Prrkilson's Larvs, coincidcd lyitI dlc nlnss cxodus of
nrrnagcrs. Thc officc socicty tlr;rt h:rd grorvn up rrouncl thcnr tlirrtiuishcd likc cetnp-lollorvcrs lclt bchirrd rvlicn I rc6ilrunt lr:rrl nrirr.chcd on, Thc rlc;rr. officc \ridr its odd jurrrblc ofpcoplc, its rcirssurcrs, its cJrcts, its ruarrirUc-brohcts :rnd o16cc pnrtics, rvus drvinrlliu6 rvith thc dos'usizittg. ll rrorv lookcd likc:rn outdltcrl luruq,, I distlrrction lirlr drc contpctitivc busincss, rvhich could rrot sur.rivc globirl cuntpr:tition rnd chntour for profils. But in thc tuclntinrc it Itrd druilicd invly tnuch ofthc social cncrgl,;rnd iuiti:rtivc froru drc rcllvillirgcs irnd nr:i6hbuurIroorls, Tlrc ncrv job-lroppirt6 rl)xr)rUcrs, tcirrps trrrrJ currsult:rrrts rvho could uproot thcnsclvcs cvcry l'crv yclrS ltrd (o rtr:rkc thcit crrvl sucirrl rrf:logculcnls irt ;r ttrrrclt rlorc irncctrrc ryrrrkl, AJI tltc rssuurptiors ilbout ol'liccs rvcrc cirllctl into qucslion, :rs rnrnrgcrs anr.l lrchilccts rr:drought drcir rttitudcs to sllxcc, tinrq lt(l' rvork.'Onc huldrcd yclrs rrlicr tlrc grcll cxplosiorr ol iuvcnlirrrr in

ricsliuics.

rr.v .rvorkl .f nrc,bility ,,,,i f..i?,,u,""i.:;",,;":; ald custtrnrjsltiul. Ccrurplnics,,lr.y .;u;J; ;ulj liLcrrrrc tlrcir cr'1ilo1,ccs h.orrr rlrc oficc, ,; .";,rri t'1,;ir';;,,;
;rblc irr thc
crupo\vcr.nlclr(

lvltcrc.cxccutivcs cr-,uid bor_rk irr frr e "rrr"*rrJ,iil fctv horrs, tiorr:rl kitb:r6' of pcr.sorr rlisccl strLioncry pic(urcs. or faurily bosscs norv dcl_r:rtcd .,"t,"rr,", oil."'if ,1.;';;; ...lvlr'y .lJ as tlcy rorrcil up irs cosr, sccr_rrrd ", ,; ",,ly tlrcnlsclvcs, All thc uld :tccoulrcr)rcnts no\v bctiun to look disncns-

hulls dlrl rvlh rn ulctr occul)xnB, brcrk cor'rrunica(iou u'd rurn pcoplc irrrvrr.d'. r-rc r.i*.rl

i,;;,;":;#1.,;,.J:r."Ij:t",J:*J:'j"l\:r*:; ", i,"" M"ii,i,i,in luirUl/rly ol rvork ryitlt 'dtc a Ws, _ r"Jrcn.vcr, you choosc rr:d pr.cdictcrJ "lr.*;;;;,:;:; flrc tl ., . -'r' jff r, :.; :#::1H'": f "r : :"'r'ff l; ",r,.",stcrjlc \vcrc ltow

Jul;' I 994 .B nti ncs lilccl:

oi.i,il;

dorvn

i,l

lr,iu;;,il;; il;" ;;;**"", J,;';;r,;;;,;:;;l;i.;j

't::

l)rr tlrcy cvcr rrccr'r u rrcsL? sirrcc trrc cilirrtccrtlr . ccrrrurv'it lrrd bccrr, drc b;rsic s;'rnb'l of o16,rrrisc,l .'"",k, ;ii ;;;'r;;;;;;;,ti,"ri r-:urt) ri

Chicago rlhich crcatr:d drc r,rflicc building,' rvlotc Dully in r9tlr, 'of6ccs erc ccrtrinly nol dcad but rrc pcrltaps Lhc ultituiltc (lcsigll problcnr oftlrc trvcrrticdr ccrrturl.' A rcpor[ <rtl Uritillt citics publislrcd
by Dnglish rnd Orcrscus l'r'upcrdcs irr Nuvcnrbcr r 9g4 plr:dictcrJ thut officc blocks 'l'ould bc tlrc soci:rl lrrd ccrluomic.dinrrsuurs of thc rrcrit

ccntury,

- \rltilc tIc nrobilc rclclrltouc lrr,l L1c l.rptop .","0"i", nr"r,f,fiJ tlrc ntcJtrr tt) csc:rpc, Alr,:rd1, scrnrc .u,,,p"ri., ,rr" ,j.priri;;; ;;; curployccs uf rJrcir tlcsks ;r rtogctrrci, r-r' ruir(i'6 tJrcrrt , r,r;i, ,rlri,"o i, *, ' lltlouUlr, 'lrr.rr-dcskirrU, 1li[c rhc ;t,ut_t u,,iii,6; u1-lur,.tf,,,. s.rji"r]
Ptltcs

lltUll dcsk, tl) tlrc 1;rc:rt roll-lr-rP dcsk ofJ.D. I(uckcfcllcr, tu tlrc,lrigh-tcclr currsolc br.isrlirrg rvitlr crrrrprrtcrs,iu,.t r;.,0x",,v, tiriiif," ucs^ N;ls.u(rw sccn xs tllc syrnllol oIl.:rrrc;rucrucT rrrid rcrriiorill rJis_

Mrny bolscs no\,\r'irn(cd tJrcir hcil r.lfficcs to;r14rcirr urorc rclatctl to tJrcir busincss, to rcllccl (rs Christophcr l-ulcnz put it) 'ttrc individual chrrrctcr of dlc orglllisations rvithiu tltcru, ritdrcr thln suluc glossy tlcrtricrl nonn'. Archi(ccts rvcrc dcrisinL; ulrprc(cul,iousr llcxiblc s(ructurcs likc \'rrchouscs 0i sr.ruks. ln liuropc, tJrc Srvcdcs tvcrc r6ri[ in drc forcfront of inuor';rl.ion. ucctrolux providcd lu irustclc, nrininrrl hcrdqurrtirs b;' convcrtil6 r rvirrch0usc in Stocklrolrn.'l'lrc Scrndinrvirn rirlinc 5AS urovcd into l dlring. ncrv lrcudqu;rrtcls dcsi!ncd by Nicls'l'r.,rD to providr.; clcirtivc i :;l)ir tion rud rrrcctirrl;pl,rcis, including in intcrnrl s(rcct ryith cafd t.rtrlcs ilnd rcslrrirr;ull:;, rvhich rvr: acclrinrcrJ rs 'tlrc nrost iurportrut nflicc-buildin6 ol thc
r

ll,xi)!:l;'i:;'::illi,i1l;;lil,, ili,jlli,:l,ili:;;ll;i,il::'^lllll
irrrtl lilir16
nr,;vcl

rvitlr ccllrrlur plrurcs irnd :r corDputur nctlvork

93os'.
z6l'l

tiorr,' s;rid dr:. tlnirru:rn Jil Cllirt, ,f.,aairr" paapfa'rra in lllcir ulliccs.' l!1,l, ryjriclr rvls :rlrvrys associrrcd ;l;i';,; oliiyls r.1.rd rlcsk-bounrl jr;ndccs, is ,,.,', iJil, :uld, its Uritish subsidiirry g:"cs s,.:nrc nlilnjgcrs J choicc bctrvccn a t''.sll ir'cl ir jub. Irr Ncrv ".f.r"l Jcr.scy Illful l:rrvc tJ"r",, i_'ir1.1"'.fi rullictr, li'ctl,Jurll thci:. c'rjtloy,:,c., ,rr,J ,uu".,l rl,. *,,*luurr; llousc vrllctl lllcy cot)vcrtcd i11to :rr) ,ofilcc-buildir:g "",;;:: for goo cttpluyccs, bur rvitli u'ly 35o dcsks, irr r'ininrrl .rfri.iir'.,ri,f,
currr rrrurr icr

ins(;d fr_J'1";k; c.lbilcts:,'fh: phoirc Irls 1r...,,,; ,i-;;,;lr;i';;",,'; "f

i;;,;;;;;;.r,#

tclcplrorrc ,rrrrl ,r cohipuicr 1,,ck

_ so rl,rr,r.lc

",,i"" i";,k;;;1,.;';":;J.;

,69

. COltl'Ah-\'
alovrng

l.t AN

o t.t.

(:t: t LtrS u5 I

i!

tround, td \vcrc cncourrlgc(l 1., lc:rrc

nr:.

tlrc builrlirrll,'l'hcir

officc manrgci clplrincd:'i'iu u,:rlls, no cpxulcflcs.l

Ycc

l:oultlrrics, no hicr,rrchic:;,

'l rlut;t cld.'

sonnd Ycry lutocr.irtic.

rr,:vcr.scc rhc c.-prcssir_rrr rL thc othcr

top of drc conlplny rllc tlc:;i: rcnuincd both rhc syrirbol xnd tltc insirulucnt ofporvcr. A furv rcsr.lcss cutrcprcncurs, ir ii truc, Itrd no fi-tcd,rrbodc .lnd kcpt rll tlcir f:rcts lrr ;r bricfc:rsc rrud rr l:rptop; but thc control ovcr any conrplcx bLrsinc:;:; still ccntrc(l {,n rr tlcsk,:rs it hld [or scvcrll ccnttrrics.'l'orlrry's nrt:rclr:rnt b:rnkcrs, tlrc 13r;rrdirns of crpitrl, stiil fivour lltc xUuosl)l!)1: ol Llrc r.rld plr.trlcrs' ro{J t: Rr-'bcrt Ilcnting's dircctors sil lircin; c;tch orhcr I'r0nl bchintl :rutitlrrc dcsks, rvitJr grccn l:rinp:h:rtlc: orr orrc sidc ;rncl corrrputcr-5crccns orr dtc otlcr tJrc symbols oI conLiuuity lnd modcrnity. Do cnrployccs nccd :r tclcphortc rcccptionist? 'l'hc tclclrhrrnc, rrllich a ccoturJ ir6cr crrrblcd )xn:lUcrs to dist:rlrcc [lrr:ursclvcs ti'orrr tlrc hctory, norv rppclrcd to bc disnurntling thc of{icc ilsclfus rrnsrvcrin6 rurchincs rvcrc linkcd tofclllcr to provitlc 'voicc-rrltil'i l)y t993 thrcc-(luxrtcrs of Anrcric:r's [rig6cst coqrorrrtiors uclc usitt1i il. llccordcd rucssrgcs could lcolovc thu gcol:r'rplric;rl scrsc ol':rtr irllicc rltogct..hcr, so th;rt u clllcl bookirr6 rn irillirrc tickct in Ncrv York could bc lrrsrvcrcd irr Ncbr:rskr (rvhcrc tlrt booking stull'crrrr bc puirl

rt tlc

Do crnployccs cvcn nccd :r tclcph<rnc? Thc rlost rcvolutiourry irrtrudcr rvir.s clcctronic nrrril, or c-rulil, rvhich irllorvs pcopli to coni
.

rrrurtic:rtc dircctJy on pcrsorr;rl conrpurcrs linkcd by tclcphonc lincs. h rvrs:rrtunlly favuurcd by conrputcr conrpuics likc Microsoft, rvhosi cnrployccs uscd it to crcltc thcir orv:r:ocl:rl rrct\vorks xnd conrnrunitics. IJut

c-

t:ril irrcvillrbly rcdtrccd corrrn rnic:rlions to nrorc ntccltr|l-

isc(l l'(,r'luulxc, rvitlr rhr:ir. ol,rr :rrlilicilliry. John Scrl_rrook, rvlro prcprrrctl r nrrgrrz-inc prolilc. of fulicrosoft's ch:rirnr:rn llill Catcs thlcrrrglr c-nr:ril, dccidcd:'Wc \ylrc iltlinlltc iu r curiclus rvry, in drc scnsc ol'1.:cin11 rvircil intu clch o rcr's urir s, btrt our cqt)trct \1,rs
r:lubur:rtcly styli"-cri, likc bullruorrr durrcilg.' Cutcs hilrsclfspcnds rrvu lruuls r dly rvritinl; lntl rcrrding his c-nr.ril, rnd sccs it :rs :r brc..rkthroullh rvlrich givcs cnrployccs q:lsy lccqss to tllcir boss, \vitllout frrrrlrrlitics. lJut it iri:iu cut5 0u( illy c:istrl colt.,rcr. 'lfsorlcuitc isrft
r:ryirrg3

lcsponLl to thcir

lcss).

But outsidc clllcrs rvcrc cxrspcrrtcd, as tllcy \vcrc p:rsscd liorrr onc voicc-michiuc to rnodrcr, in r closcd circlc of rccurdings rvith no rcrl Yoicc to rcscuc dlcnl, or rh.rdilc:rirrg jinglcs and bLrsts ol' music, ncvcr l:.norving l,hcLhcr Lhcir coltxct \virs x\vily, out ol'thc of6cc, or simply nol \yanting lo ttlk lo dtctu,'fhc cxnspcrltiuu cnuscd thc voicc-nrril produccrs irrJuly r991 tr. iornr !n lJducrtionrl Cornmittcc rvhich publislrcd :r guidc.to voicc-nrrril cti(lucitc. lt lrtriscd clici:ts to upd:rtc thr:'grcctirg' cvcry rvcr;'i, to rvoicl shuntirrg clllcrs into a sccond loicc nrrill.:o.r-, to llrr,;r1,s:u.;rvcr crlls rvlrcn drc5,rvcrc rLthcir dcslis, rnd to Lcll c;rllcrs horv to lrnd;r'livc'pcrson. Uut cvcn tJrc most sophisticrtcd conrplnics t-r:tpp,:rl thcntsclvcs in ttrcil orvn voicc-nrril. Itr Scattlc I tricd rcpcrtcdly t:r .urkc conlrcl rvith .l scnior nriniScr r[ Microsoft,:until I wils l.old xf{r:t twg duys: 'l'vc Icliscvcrrrl nlcsslgcs on hcr voicc-nrril rvith.rro rcpl": I'nr :rlhitl l'll ltrvr: to rv:rlk ovcr to hcr ofGcc.' .Voicc-mril rcally rvoli::; agriirst urotlcrn urin.igu- ' mcnt principlcs ol t:tatful coniultrtion lrrd cntporvcrnlcnt. rlt olly givcs mc timc to givc rbrupt insrruction:,':;rid onc Scltdc nrrn:rgcr:
a70

r;rrrrrctLirl; rrt'irrtctcstj' Cutcs c;ipluincd, 'iL's crsicr loi tu nriil tll:ln it i:r not to lrrsrvcr.t|c phonc.' lrir:rlly, do ctrrpiiyc.s ncctl lo courc to rhc ollicc :rt :rltJ As d:tily crrrrtrrtu litrll hccltrtrc lrrrrllcr:trrrl slrlvcr, lr:rrry crucrrtivcs Lcgrrrr tr.l usc thcir c:rr rs un altcrrrirtjlc ollicc, rvith tJrc lrclp of tclcpllorcs, hl)tops:rnd hxcs, ln'lokyo, rvhcrc trirflic frcqucntJy conrcs to rr stlntlstill unrl rvhcrc liting-roours llt1,bc srrtrllcr thln crrs, tJrc rrrol.:!lc ol{icc is rr rrrrtur;rl solutir.rn. Ivl:ruy c;rrs, I uuLicctl, norv h..ryc tr,iu tcleplroncs - onc rnobilc, rnd onc lbr tlrc clrrulfcur rvho crn rcschcdulc rppoilrnlclts tlchycd tiy rltc lr.lllic ixlnj. lJut drc nlorc trLlious.roluti<.rn in Dutopc nrtrl Amcr.icu \yxs trot to conrc into tlc oflicc rrt:rll, rncl trr rvrrrlc l'roru lruruc. Alrc:rdy irr thc r97os tlicidc:r ol''tclclvorkiDg' or'tclccbrrrorr.rtirrg' rvls cncourrgcd by congcstion rrrrd Jrildr rcnts in citir:s,'llclcrvr-rrl:crs rcnrrincd:r snrrll nriuoriiy: by t 993 orrl1, rbtrut 7.6 uilliorr Auicricrns - 6 pcr ccnr of thc rvor!:forcc - wcrc rcckoncd:tu bc tclcconrnruuicnting, anrl only t.z n:illion Ilritish, or ,[ pur ccl]t t)f thc wo :forcc. IluLin Lhc futurc rlc vitJcotclcphonc ptr)nliscs nroru irrtirrrrrlc Iinks trctrvccr oflicr: tnd ltot)tc, rvlrilu corrrrutrtirrg lbcconjcs nrurc niglrrnrrr.ish. In Los r\nplcs tirc cirtlxluikc of r993 iurnrobiliscd cruci:rl fr.ccu,rys lor ruoirths rnrl thc P:rcilic Dcll tclcphont conrpmy rccordccJ a ;urgc ofirtcrcst in tclcconlntuti:rgi u'hilc irr thc c:rstcrn rnd rrrid-rvcstcrn U:rirctJ Srrrcr
2'l I

:J;

(:01\ifAt.tt'r\rAN
tlrc frccz,c-rrl irt l"uUlu:rq' r994 blrlrrglrt
nrr,rclr

crlrrnrrrtinI tu rt lr:rlt.

In rrrorc inlolrtrrl busircsscs rvlrlclt cln bclclit liorl Ilclib!: huur.s thc oflicc ;lt Il0nlc cnr proyldc a soluliolr \vhich ir bodr ruorc cllicir:rrl irrd nlorc cljo)'rblc, nlrilc :otttc ofliccs :rru bccottriu6 ruorc'likc Irorllcs. ''flrc duxlity bctlycclr'thc hourc ulld tlrc ullicc is u0 lunucr ncccss:rry,' slid ltlrirnnon Cltrpnrrn, Llrc fortncr tlirccto'r of thu lndurtrirl Socicty iu Lottdon. "l;ltc rttrn is bccutuirtl; lcrs likc rr hurrlcr, rrrtrrc likc i lirrrrrcr, ittvolvcd irt his f:rtrrily. Surtrc f:ttltcrs nrc crcn brir6in6 tlrcir chilrlrctr to thc ollicc.'\{ill thclc bc:r rcvclsul ol'
tlrc lortg trcrtcl irt ittdustrirl socicty sincc tltc crrrll'ttiDclccrr[h ccllttlrJ,

rlIcrr thc rvorkpl,rcc rv;ts iucrcrt:;ittgly scpur,rtcd [r'ortr tlrc hotrrc? iJut holtc-rvorkirrg docJ rro( rlcccsstrily irrrply tlrolc littttt,tttc or indcpcrrrJcrrt ct-,rtliti<rrts ofrvotk. lrt \ricteriiltt liJlrcs rllxlty ol'tltc lrru:il
rrrcnirl rctivitics, likc blc:rchin6, d1'.citrg or dlcssttr;lkitt6, cotrtittrtctl tr.r bc pcrlorrttcrJ itt tltc rtotLers'ltouscs, for trritrill,rl rv,rgcs; :ll)d sulrlc Irorrrc-rv()rkcrs itt t;ttc-tlvctttictlt-ccllttlly Ulllol)c ilrc llcl l)ctLlillil)li illl c,rrticr [irrtl of Jcltcrttlcltcc, solllclittlcs itt lltc :;;tttrr: lcUi(tlli.-' \vllcrc tlrcr hls bccr;r contitruous trsditi0tt ttl'cutta6c-rvorlicrs doitll; Iicccrvor! for lcrrv rvirl1cs. \\ruttrctt rvidt yuultl; firtrlilic:;,oftcrr clloo:ic tclcrvorlirrg :rs :rn :rllcltt.rtivc to :r lrrrrlS dlily c(rlrltlrtrtc: likc kcybo:rlLl oncrrtors rvorkillf for l)rirltc15 $lto fir.rlrt out iobs bcltrrv uttiuit rirlcs. lJut thcrc is littlc sctrsc of libcntiurr itr tltis hind of horrtc-rvoikittg. A sturJy of lrornc lclc\\'orkcrs by trvo ,tc,rdcrnics irt tltc Ulrivcrsiiy uf Susscs irr r994 fr-.|urrd tJtcrrt f.rcittL; rcpcrttcd stt:rittl bctwc!ll lh'J ,lcrrr;rrrtls r-rf tlrcil hrrrilics rttr..l thuit busitrcss titsks, 'l'hcrc is truclt ntorc libct'alion rl x llighcr lcvr:!. i\'lirtty crrtrcprcrrcr..rri:rl

tLc avcr.ugc !reusitiott lo honrc_ hcc :r dccll ;lsyclrologlcrl sho.k,, \\,1,.n i i,;;i;r;; .clrrr.llu-(rtt tL,t\4 r".rn:!cls irr Clrrptcr l5 iny tal)., oI libcr.rtion fronr tlru olltcc souldcd hollorv. lrr-,r dtu cr_,tl;larry it;trl cncourrgcd thcir cirrployccs to scc drcrusclvcs..rs prrt ol-rliciriarg., uni,, 'corlllulily', ;r '6rou1l,, rvitlt t_lrc r_.rIficc at tltc ccntrc "ii_ritrl. " of U\cjr livcs, rvlrilc kccpirrg tht;1.tcturl f.rnrill,:rt a c.listrrrrcc utrr.l ,,,ri,,L"ininr j,-J (ru:rrrty bcllvcc]l ollicc arrJ lro tc. l):rtcr.|lalist corrrplrrics Irrcl irkcn ovcr'. thc rolc rrr_rt ouly ol' thr: r.cll lirtJrcr, rs thc Lrcadrvjnncr anJ providcr ofscculity, Lrut rlru uf tJrc rcel rrrodrcl n: Ll,. a.r.iu,: n"r.lni ;rlr:rngirig clrilrJrcn's l):rrtics llLl Clrriitrrns fc5riviLics, cou,riry ctut-ri ilrd spulln glr.rurrtJ:,-. Ald thc tr,rditiurrll nuclc,rr lrorrrc lrr,l <.lrviudlcrl ru:; rvivcs rvcrrt t<r rvr-rr[ irud lcft tlrcir clrildrcr ..1"1r", J"1,"r in tlrc housc rrrlscrics, sr rvjtli horrrc lrclPs, A prrcrrt steyirrlJ "nA all d.ry fclt iscrlrrtccl lrrd c.rclrrrlcrl liorl drc cclLrcs of :rctivity; arrd tlrc curl)olxti(,|l uppcrrrcrl still rrrorc intlirc6u:tblc bchirtr.! irs dcfcuccs. Wlrrrrrr Llu yor,r rcpricl;,;rrtl Wlro :rrr: you rvirH Wlrrrt is yurir rttili_ :rtir;rr? l\tlrich corrrp:rry2'l'hu tclcphonu il(crroUJtion crupirrsiscs tJtc b:rrricrs bctrvccn tlrc hurlc-rvoikr:r ,rrrrl thc oflicc-buiidirr6, rs rrll
lJr,rt

wuLllrrll

()l.l,lct. vl:lliu5 0nlL cxccutirc \ylro ttr;tkcs tlri

'I

licclurrccls likc rrryscll';rlo crrrrst:rrrtly r.crrrirrt!ccl. Otrrsidc c;rllirs rrtrrst oltcn crpl:rill tlrcir lcusorr [ot.clllitrg bclbru cvcn l.tcing put tlruugh lu :r iccrct:u)', tr_r l,lroru tltcy tnujt l.cpctl it. l.hc indiridurl rcruriirs

srrspcct, tlcsl:itc :rll tlrc rh,:tc,ric ofcrrrpr_rwcrJncnL :rnd custorncris:ttioD, lrr thc biggcst brrrclucnrcics, Iikc govcrrrn:cnt. oliiccs, tJrc vcry frct

ol'irr ctrtcnl:ll c:rll is sc,tl,

rrs :r tJrr.clt:

loncrs:urd corlsullittrts cittF\rork pr0li(lbl)' tllld cffcctivcly lrorrr lroruc, clcc(roricxll)'lirrkcd rvitlt t[cir t.rfliccs. l'lighl;'rluti';rrtcd sxlcsnrcn clrl rcvcl in (ltc g:rdgctrl'n'hicll kcclls tltctrt constilnlly itl touclr ;rnd instundy :rv'ritrtblc is thcy drilc bctlvcqn tlrcir clicn(s. And hotlc is rhc rretur;rl lilcd blsc for (ltc ttcrv-sl1'lc rttl'ittg ttun:tgcr irrris:rgccl Lry Chirrlcs l'llrr,J1', rrhu sccs ltitrt lt:rtittg ir cirrccr lilc irrr rc(or's: clli;rgcd \ritlt thc rcst rrf lhc cust lirr it si116lc lurr, licquctrtly
rcsrillU bct\rcctl l);lIts ill llolnc, ct)llslilntly Iuokirrg lirr ltcrv slttrrvs. Crcrtirc nctv brr:iirtrrscl itit'olvcrl rlillt ottrtt rt tttticrt litttts iltc tltll,\riltI up ihousrnds of ihix kind ui ritubilc trr:rrr:rgct's' \!lru lrcc(l (ls I lrrrrdy suIUcst!) nol su trtucll ulliccs:l$ clubs (o pruvirlc c:rstrrrl trtcctirrll pl:rccs for c.tttt;trtrlcric, tcxlll\\'rllk rll)(l filcc-tll-l'ilr!:.colltllct.
:r1a

tlrc builtlirrgl'Corrfqlcrrccs:rrrrl cr:uvcnticrls sLill rlcrnilrl .orp;rai; idcrrrirics, l-vcry list oIdclc6;rtcs hls u.cojurlrr lrc;rdcd,rcprcscrrting,; rurrtl crcqrorru Jr:rs a lirrr:c-tir6 - which loon)s !iggcr a;d big;;i_
Icl)r'cscIlt ltu orrc.lrrrl tlrcrrrsclvr:i. r\,luch rrl'thc tirlk uflibcrlriorr l"rulr tlrc olficc coniclls drc sinrn]c lirct tlurt bussus,ry;urt to cut r.rvcr.hc,r,ls rid rr.oid *q,",r"Lifiir'i.i Irrrrrsirrll tlrcir. urrplrryccs. Vuiuc-r:rrril, u_rrr,ril, lrot_dc:kiirf,,;rJ.;;,,;;: tvrrlhirrll ;rll lJrt :r lllcirtcr tlisturrcc hctrvccrr crnpldycr
ar,-ri

.Alc you c:rllinl; n.".,

i,;ii,ji

irr,cludirrg thcirr:urrrp:rrry's rrrruc, which pr.r_rvitJcs rJri-conrcxt' ,o .i^ilrl,, \r'lry tlrcy iuq tllclc iuld rvbut tJrcy clrr r:rlk rbout. ,Vl.r" ;n,.li"iju.ts

;rrd rcLlucc rlrc rucirl obligrrtiurrs tl,rt hrrvr: rcvolvctl .rou,,t'f tfiJ,jiiii.i lJrrt irrritlc rlrc cor.l)r)r;rtrj cirrlfu5 tlrc rrr,urr6crs nicd ,rrr; ,i;;'.il .. tu trc (losc lrr tlrc lrrris, trr ilhubit tlrc suitcs, dlu dirrin6 ruortr: or il,a

a",rirr;.:

i i
.
|

t'13

o;\t t,;\ N f N,1N silcrrl llcsttrlcs rvlriclr h:u,c liu.uys

tjI,t r: i: \,t:t(iUS lt

0il

l:

jcls, lu \vJtch tlrc rlinls,

rrrrrls ;rnd

bccn tltc stuff of l)owct-strullglcs: 'Nothi116 plr4lirrq.- likc prrrpinquitJ',' is Gcor6i: lhll iilid 0l lhc \\,hirc l.lousc, No vitlco-plrrrtc or confcrcncc crll clu bc rr substitutc lLr tllrl closcrrcss, rrrrrl thc trrrditionll symbols ofslxtuJ * thc sccrctirri'rvitlr tlrc intinrrrtc vrricc, tlrc big dcsk end thc thick c:rrpct - rrrc :rs irrrport:rrrl :rs cr:cr, i\4urr:r1Jcr.s rlho 'lrc shiftcd to ouLlying oflir:cs rJr t(, thJir owl) lrrrrrrcs curr prur-1:ur so long:rs tJtcy 1:rovc thcir lrulkct vrrlur:,.brrt in irllicc politics- rrr' prlacc intrigrtc tJrcl.rrc orrt olsil;lrt, crrt ol'r:rirrtl. i)cspitc :rll tlrc cnllh:rsis on r)clsurcn)cr)l lrrrrl nrrnrbcts, tllc ccltrc still Llcpcrrrls ort hunr:trr rcl:rtionslti;ls; irrrtl thc lc:rrrcr thc ivstcnl, thc rutrrc it tlr:llcntls on pcrson:rl cohcsion :rr I trusl. Confornritl' still prcr,:rils, I lculisctl llicr nr) lorr ol'rrllicc-lill, includirr6 coul'ornritl irr drcss. Nltrch is nr:rtlc of tlrc ncrr itrl'uluulit1,. ln Anrcricr 'l'om l)clcrs, rvho br:grrrr rrith iVtcliirrscl"s, irppuirri ('l thc cor.cr of lris booL in pilk bo..'cr'sllorts, \rhilc solirv:rrc currrp:tlics or tlrc \Vcst Coust hrrvc cstublishctl tlrcir'o\!n c(,(lu ol'jc:rrrs,'l'-shirts rnd trrincrs. ln Uritrrirr SirJr..rlrn I'l:rr.rcy-Jtrrrcs llutrrrtcr.l his lon11 h:rir rn(l outrugcous kippcr tics \!,llilc clllinliul rrl'lCI. Lly tllc ninctics b:nkcrs' olliccs iu Ncrl Yor'[ lnd Clricrr'.io rvclc crrcourrrlginlt strrll trr \r'cxr coul(ry clothcs orr 'c:rstr:rl lrriLI:r1',;' to slioil tlrcS'cou rcll:i, rlhilc.cvcn llJNl rv:ts rllort'irrg cokrurccl shirts, l-lul nrust consultrrnts thcrrrsclvcs, includin6 iVlcKirrscl's, still lirvour tlurk sujts rttrd rvltilc slrirts, errd rr\ost nr,trr"6crs rcrririn cxutiou5 in thuil rlrc:,-s. 'l'ltu utorc insccurc ertd clrrn6cul.:lc thc job ru.rrl:ct, thc nrorc tltc)' lcc(l to inrprcss, not ivilh di ring of crcr(ivily, but vith rclilbilit)'und nc:rtrrcss: a brrbcr in Cllifornir rssurctl lrc tllilt hr: ivxs trusicr tlr:ur cvcr durirry rhc rccc,,-sion rt culitoIlcri- nccclc.l li,rirctrts bcforc tltcir irr(ctrricrvs, On11, tJtc rttost succcsslul cntrclllrjr,curs crtrl \tc:tr prrttl'-l:rils unrl glrish opcn-rrcckcd shills u'ithout :rrou:iinf distruJt, bcc:tusc r:r'cq'orrc kno\\'s thcl' '.rrc succcss[ul - likc tirr: ciUhtccndl-ccntur)' (luku nfio rlrs lsllcd rvlry hc drcsscrl so brdll: '\\rlri'boticr) lrr tJrc country cvcq'onc lnorls rvho I iurr. In tlru ciil:, io nnc lnolts.' lf honrcs r.lo not,l)ccornc ofliccs, s'ill ttlliccs bccrrtlc trturc lillc honcsl Ccrr:rin11,"o,tt"i,rpa,r"q'ivolL-pl:ccs :rlc Grr ntrrrc conl;r:niul :rnd lcss eustcrc thxn tllc ol(l brrr.rr:l:-likc spuccs rslth lhclr rl.tilitury st1'1c.1'hc1'erc blicn trror'c rvclcontittg:rtttl v:rriitl thun thc crrrployccs' homcsi ;r visitor lo Ncrt Yor[, pr':rcti:;ing 'oflicc tttltrisnt', c:ttt rcc

'luvrrnt-Ulrrrlc

lrrrrv, insidc tlrc s:urrc orrtrvut.rlly uniftrrru :;ky:crrpcr, t.lifl.crcnr lloor: cutr bc tunrctl into: t itrt- ourclu lirrrt:r:y,.1ltcn;riss:rncc 1rllcry, rrr

ilrt sllotv

o.r

blroquc'bou

rloir.

l)ut 6rlntliosc ncrv buildirr6s xrc bcc0r)rinU srill rrrorc cut of[ frorrr cvcri'tl:ry lifc lnd c;rsull visitors, rs thcy bcconrc obsi:scrt by sccuriry. ln l-os l\ngclcs ncrv urb:rn dcvcloprncnts proviclc oflicc corlptcrcs protcctcd by clcctr.olic survcillrrucc, prir,:rtc policc lorcc", rnd ruzoitv:rlls, I);rrt of tlrc dorvrrtoryrr l.rusirrr:ss rrcl h;rs bccl convcrtcrl inrri r scll-cont'.rincd ftrrtrcss ryhich c;rn,bc quickJy irrsulltctt Irorrr :rr11.

disrtslcr outsidc. Milic Drrvis, tIc rldicrl prolcssor et tJtc Sourlcrrr Crrliforrria lnstitutc of Architccturc, dcscribctl horv,Fortrcss Dorvntovn' rcspondcd lo (hc LA riots of lggz:'lJy flicking:r fcrv:rtitchcs oD ll)cir coltrnxnd corrsolcs, thc sccurity stilfii of dtc grclt blrtl luwcr's wcrc lblc lo cut trff:rll lcccss to rlrcir crlcnsivc rcll cstutc. Uullct-pro(rf stccl rlool:; lrrllcrl dotvn ovcr strcct-lctcl cntr:rnccl, cscJliltors inst:tntly stoppcd :rrrd clcctrunic toclt:; sc:rlcrt off pcdcstrirh
llx:iSxUcrsily\_.r

'

conrp:rir1', r.lcvclopcd rn csr:rrc likc I irnivcrsir,* roulrl a nratr-nrldc llkc icn nrilcs outsidc Portl:rnd, Orcgon; l\pplc . corltlnlcrj- plllrrctl rr c:rnr;.rrrs in Crrpcr.[irttr, nrorlcllcd on St:rnlrlrtJ U.nivcfsit.l'; Chrl'slcr projr:ctctl iri c^-tr.nv:rgrnr,1.cchllolo67 Ccnrrc, :rt ArrLrtrrrr l.l;lls, lvlicltiUtn. lvlicnr:;ofr,:rs rvc srrv in Cl,"1lrir r, .u,,,. ttrssroncd it ni\v cilnlpus out:ji(lc.Scllllc in tttc jtylc of :r nron:stcrz: . i\1rrry cot pbr:rtirrns ltrcfcrtcrl ,r no-nr,rrr':-l,rnd, lLcyorrtJ rl,'t:

Nikc,.lhc sporrsrvclr

bctwccn ruutcs 2ZlJ rltl 7S, rvhcrc it nttrvcd into thc l,rgodr, iti rr;orid ItcrrLklurrrtcls: by tfic htc ciglrtics it rvrs crnploying 5r,ooo pcoplc il NcrlJcrscy- rJcspitc thc brc:rkrrr:ry ofirs Ilrby Ilclls - rnd occup),in{, is n)r.rcll oflicc il)ltcc !s tllc u,holc ol dou,rrtorvll Scrfdc. A.fi,ll: Miltth;ltliln t(r\vcr \vils trrlicn 0vcr l-,1'Sorry :rs a shorvpllcc filr tJrci'r crrrrrnrrrrrictrticr s, tr'hilc llJiVl wurc cv:rclr:ttilrU thcir lorvcr ncrt (l!r,.. Slyscrlpcrs rrclc bccorring l):u.t ol'flobll shorvbir.. rvhilc tlc rc;rl busirrcss rvrrs nul ljonl dlc cs-urbs. [,l:rny corrrp:rnics rvcrc builJin6 Ircur[1u:rrtcrs lirr li.our lrry city, loukirrg nrorc liLc crnrpt:sc: or frrnr:i

Anrcricrn cor.porxtc hclrlqulrtcrs lrc ilcrcrrsin6ly tlct:rclrccl fro:l tlrc oltl city-ccntrcs, In Ncw Yolli tlrcy lt;rvc nrovcd stcirdily uut ol' lvl;rrrh:rll:rl trr lhc cr-rrrbs rvhcr.c l:rrrtl is ehc:rp, c:rr.s c:lr plr.l,:rrr,l ccrrr:llrrry pcoplc eln livc closc to tllcir \vork.'flrough A1'&'l'corrrr|ris:;iorrcd x lvlxllh]tlin lowcr its rclll hc:rrt rvrs in Ncrv Jcrscl.,

' l-'l.l

'|;

I
, I I
I

(:0ilt
:,ub ur b5

Nt;\tAN
i

t I
I I I

Jud cloic to frcc\yl)' irltcrscctions: :rt 'l')'5ols Cu, ,r.r ,rurrir.l,: \\/rshirrgtolr, rt tlc Grllclin outsidi l.loustorr ur r( lnilc our:;idc l.os r\ngclcs, O.fficc blook: :rppc;rrcd :udtlcrrl1., likc sl:rbs tlcsccrtdcd fr urrr tltc sky; tJrcir brrcl.:: tunlcd lo Lllcir'lrlunrl surroundirrl:s, sr,rLrorrrrdcrl by c;rr-plrls and lriglrrr';r1,s likc isl:rrrds in fist-llurvirrI cstrriuics.

l.r

t,'rE.l(

.N I

ND.r'DD N

i
',.;

Dcvclollcrs scc tlrcsc'UdUc Citics,':rs thc rntut;rl corrscqrrcnccs ul' drc frcc rrrerlct, :rs tlrcl' risc ul) lionl thc closstuxds oI trltli: us dccisircly rs Ycnicc iu tlrc fuurtccrrdr ccll.ur)', or llon6 liol6 iu tlrc trvcntjcdr, !ut tlrc)' ni1' :rlso srtilf;. u spccilicilly Aurctic:ru kiurl of

Cortrytany kVonrcn
Itt
tlrc lrrtc (\yclttictll ccllLutJ, tvo|ltcn tvctc trtorc

'

sclf-rsicrtion. '44:rybc it rvolkcd Iikc this,'rllotc.locl Cllrcrtu in l',{qc

I I I I I ;

lurcc tlrtt r.lrulc (hc crcrtiorr of Udrc Cirl' \';rs out scirtclt rJccp itrsidc orrtsclvcs I'ut rt ncrv brhtrcc of irtdividullisrrr lttd ftccdr-rrtt. '-c lvlrrtcd to br.rild ir rlorld itr rvttich tvc could livc itr trttc plrtcr:, rvol[ itt rtrotltcr',;ltltl 1tl:ry irr r tlrirrl, irt trttlitttitccl cr.rtttltitt:ttiutr, :r:i il \\:it)'l(, nttt'lrttc rrur ltulttltn
Ciq,, ;r ;icrccptivc book irbout thc phcn0ntctlotl,

"fllc

0rr( tlrc tlrrrrrirritrt lirlu rtl tltc tti;rll6lc is lltc rvoIk-ltlrtcc, rvlricll dc(cflrirri rvltqrc cttlltluyccs livc:rrltl pllry,;ttttl ptr-rvir.lcs tltcir ttt:titr iLlcntity. 'l'lrc ctrtcloltittl; hi11h-tcclr ollicc blocks bccurlru s(ill nr{)re
sclf-crrcloscd, rvircr.l up ,rrttl plu6gcd irtto glutr:rl s1'lrterrrs tlct;rclrcd froll irn)'tcrritory. Magic citrds opcn tltcir doors lo rt privi|:gctl rvulld, rtith its orln rulcs attd lssirlllpLiolls. It i: tttuch ttrot'c clcilitt6 tlt:ttr

I)olcttli.tl.'

thln cycr torn hr:trvccrt r:ottlliutirr6 v:rluc:,,'l'ltcy lr:rrl bccorrtc ,,rual, ,,ror" .oniijaiii r.rl' tlrtir' rrbiliLics in kcy nrrrrs of busitrcss, prrticul,rrly sltoll busln*s. Utrt bi6 corl:t-rr'.rticrrrs rvcrc sLjll a tlert's rlorlJ;:rrrd:rs tlrcy bcc:rrrrc Ic.rrtr:r, rrlllc coruputcriscJ :rrrtl cortrpcLitivc tJrcy bccrrnc rnurc tlcrtlurdirr6, lvl ir rry rvorrr crr rvcrc h:rvip6 rlorrbrs:tbr.rut thc lrurl:rrt costs r,l :,lrcccs:i: rv:rs it rc:rlly rrortlr it? Arrrlritiorrs rvurrrcrr lt;rr,l :rlrvrrys bcr:rr c:ruglrt bctrvccrr t\vu x((itudcs sirrcc tlrcy Ir:rd lir$l conlc irrto rrrcl's <-rfliccs rrith thc typc\yl.itcrs:lnd
tclcplroncs, likc Siucllir. I.crvis's Unr Coldcl (scc Ciriptcr 4): thcy wlulcd tu rrrccr:ctl irr a ur:rrr's rvtrrltl, rvhilc rlclcrtrJing tlr"ir'iruu,ri, vulucs lud firnily priur.itics. Coqronrtiols irrd llrvuys bccn closcly

lifc insirJc thc St:rrrrlrttl Oil buildirt6 I

ccllturJ cirrlicr, sc,trittg tJr': dctxchcd lioru tllc rvotkl Drorc IJut iL is still collur" 'strrrd:r<l Oil out5idc it.'l'hc g,rp bctrvcctt tltc ltonrc arrd tltc oflici, rvith tltcir rJiffcrcrtt r'.rlucs :rritl prioritics, is rvir'lcl tlt:ttt crut. t\ttd lilc bccorttcs rrrorc tliflicrrlr lirr rhc pcoplc s'lro havc to bliLlgc it, llllticrrlruly tlrc colliP:r r)) \folllc rl.

:rsslrcirrtcd'rvi(h rrrasculitrc virtucs arrd virilit;,, rrrrJ corlpcriug il nr:rlc. gurrrcs, 'l'ltcy rrppcirlcrJ tlrt-l.orrgltly nrtiorrll. A,la,.- Wcbcr s.,ly burcrucrucy govcrrrcd l-ry irrrllcrsor.ll rulcs, rrrrd lrrcdcricl,. l'lylor,s scicntilic lrlr:r1.;crtcllt ilDlrcilrqd ucutnl :tnd r_rbjccLivc. Bul it \r,:rs ahvly: malcL:rsr:tl: cor|ullliorrs lud uliiccs tcry strorr cst..rblishcrl tlrcir orv:t ,cl:otiulll cconr.rury'b:ric,l ol r,r^rr's rrccds, ls rVlicblcl l(opcr rlcscribcd it irr fris usclul book ilurculiuiA, tutl thc lJriritlt Orgauiniiou tl.lau Sitttc r7.1.;. 'A,l:r rr:rgclir I tvolk oflircrl olg:rrris,rti<rrr lrcn I rviclc mnr:c r..,f c.rprcrsivrj rrr)tlci, liOol tyf ic:rlly rrltsculinc llosturcs ofcold-hcirtcrJ c:rlcr.rl:rtiulr, to bcirrl; ,,utotircrcd" by il Jccrcltry, or ,,rrrotlcrirrr', yuutrU t)til)itUcrJ l,,y tlcvclulrirr6 tllcul it) crrccr tcrrls., (Mcn li!:cd io thirrk ul'tlrcir.rcclctllics irs o[ticu rvivcs, but tJrcsccrctlrics

Iult rrrrrc lilic rrrutlrcrr.)

tlrcnrscl"cs

irrrirgcs ol'r;,-rcccss, Iiorrr tJrc liulily 1l;rfrilrch to tlrc colrrriltcc-rrr:rrr,:rl\1,.t),5 I.cfl,:ctc(l ulirlc ltudcls, Chlrlpio,,, ofrrii,*j rrrrlc viurrrs rrockctl curpor.rliurr: lirr prorlucirrl;,dr.'i,,u;iir.j,lf

'l'lrc cor.pur:rtc

ks:., :;h,rllrrv rrr.rrr' (:rs.l(ubclt llly cll|:rJ hirn i,, 116

irr,,lrl,,,l,,rJirij*

,iir!

'l
,.:l

4..''..-,........J..r.-L:..'-.

co

t\

,.1N

Ir,\ ri

of Wcstcrn inclustry bl:rntcd its dccliuc on lcrnininc cosscrirrll rrrrtl tltc nrnny strtc. llut Jrcsc nrlcho criticisrrr:; rvcrc r:orrlirscd, us ltupcr points outr for bitr conryrnnics u,crc culth,;rling jusr tIc kilrl olintinr:rtc rciltions bct\vccr nrcn tlt;rr thc critics \rilitc(l to rcvivc.'l'hc fcrrrirrisr nllnJgcmcnl gr.rru Rosrbclli lvldss l(rurtr:r s:rrv corporirtions bcin11 govcrncd l.ly ilosc rrr:rlc rclationships.rvhiclr slic c:rllcLl 'lrornolrrciu lirvi, Until tic si-ttics British cotul)xuI nr,:rl rvcrc irclinctl lo r.cg:rrrl rvonrcn collclgucs ls dcpcirdcnt l)col)lc r.h.l h:rd lirilctl to gct rnrrrrictl
or rvlto nccdcd dtc ntonc.1,. Intcllcr:ttr:rls rr.ho loollcd rlorlrt
r-rrr

Hir.:rllcth i\rtlcrr rld l!st[c Lludcr. A fcrv rvonrcn look ovcr c0nrrol ol big conrp:rnics frnnr lhcir plrcnts or husbrnds rntl turrrcrl out ro bc lbrnrid;rblc bosscs.'-[hc rlost influcnrixl trrs K:rrlrrrinc Cr,rlrrru, rvho bccrmc ch:rirnrln of Mru-lurcl';rltl tJrc l.t/athingtott &,ir rvhicli lrcr hrdrcr Eu6crrc lvhycr hrrd.built up - rftcr thc'suicidc of hcr husburrd l)hil Gr:rhlrrr. Shc luok ovcr:ls x shl,urrd sclf-cff:rcing ncrvcorrtcr, bcrvildcrcd try thc r.cry rrr:rlc cditors:rnrl rrr:rl:rgcr:, but tritLin l'crv ;,clrrs slrc bcc:rrnc onc ul' Lllc touUllc:rt of lll ucu.spupcr orvncrs. Shc outstirrcd thc prir:tcrs' urriou to instlll ncrv tccltnolo6l; supponcrl hcr cditr-rl Ucn lJlrdlcc rvhcrr hc c^-posctl Warc16..rrc, rni-t,oljly tir.r.l

-c0;\ltANY

\\()i!

:N

l-rusinuss

rlcrc prtronising rbou( busincssrvonrcn. tJrc'poor unbclor'd oncs':

As

Jolin Dcticnlrrr

clcscr.ibcd

.i

l:rorrr thc Uclscr vcrttilxlrrrs ! Auturrrn rr,irrds_ rrc blorritrg rlc.rrvrr On :t thorrs:rncl busincss rii;fiiliia' l l:r'ritt6 b:rths irt Cutudcr 'l'rrrvrt,

top crccutivcs.ishc suid 'l,oncr.is trcillrcr rr"lc-rror [crrr:rlc,, brrr shc pl:rys tk:rvn hcr orvrr ichicvcrlcnt. 'lt \{:rs xn xcci(lcnt r_rf frrrrily :.rrrJ :r lot trl ltrck,'s'hc tulil rr,..'l tlcg:ur in:r snrrtl:rrrtl llr.iurrc c,rrrr1,.rrr1, :rrrrJ.lrud.tlrrrc lu lc:rrrr bufurr: it \vcnr llublic, rlirh rtrc lrclP of\\':rrrr:rr

l:crrrilisr rc:rr.lcurics i:rrgcly igrrrrlctl thc strrcly ol'or'11:rnis:rtiorri until

tIc ciglrtics, rlhcl rr scrics ol'sociolr16ic:rl strrdics prrivirlctl clidcrrcu ol' horv burc'.tucrucics hld bccn corrstluctctl r:r thc birr-is ol'rirlirrtuirrirr6 \\'onlcn itl junior positiorrs, ln lJri(iliI lhc fr0\\'lh ol'hi1; r.rr6irrtis;rtirrrrs ilt tllc tunl of tllcrcclltury hild crrincitlcLl rvith lhc'ulritc blrrusu'ur 'pink colhr' rcvolutiorr rvhich brolrUlr( \'onrur itttrr clclic:rl rtork. "['lrc rnodcrn orglnr'srtiorr clnrc iuto bcing:|,:.rcudin6 rrn chcrp [crrurlc hbour,' rvrolc r\nnc \\ritz lnd A4ikc S:rv:rgc in t992,':rld in turn hilpcd dcliric \r'onrcn irs subr)r'dirlxtc \lrrkcri lo nrcu rvithin rllritc
illr r Irtltrrur.rrturLcts.' I-l,rltls ll:rrrh,Iirr irrsturtcc, lriretl l:rlllc rrrrnrhcls rvcrnrcrr irr lllc t\vcltics rvtrrr s'clc rrcrt cli6itllc li rr' prrr rurrtiorr, thrrs giting nlclr rlorc ;copc Ibr clcr':ttiurr l'ronr jurtirrr 11r:rdcs; rvhilr: mun1,orglhisltiolts conrpcllcrl Nonrcn tt) rctirc r,llrcrt thcy mlrrlictl, 'fhc inllou' of )'our)g rvonrcn lirltilicr! tllc scculil)' (,1' cotnl)ilny mcn. .'l'hc orlncrship of Lri6 corrrprnics rlid rrot dinrirrislr rhc burc:rrrci;rIic
cr

lJtrfttt rvlro lxrl:llt lltc rvh:rt:r Dtrtrlic clrlll)rlly \v:ll. ltut I'rn rror surc th:rt I cvcr blo[c intr-r thc rrillc nlxliil,' Shc rliLl nut rroticc:rbty slrifr tltc b:rl:rrtcc r)l' rlirlitlicllcriI tortr:trds rvorrrcrr, :trrrl slrc rvrs rrrcccr:,lcrl n(,( by llcr jotrlrrliist tl:urglrto. Lrlly, but by hcr rrrorc colrcllior:rl

s,rrr l)ou:rkl. Urttil llrc scturtic"_ cotrl,xry \yonlurl rsr:tlly nrc:ult rr.ivcs, rr.lrrr rtcrr. c)il)cctc(l l{r hc lulill xIrlJ pl)o ivc ul'llrcirlrusbil tls rvirlturrt slrcrrYirrg Iro nluch ;ntcrcst in ullicc polirics, lrr big citics rrrost colrl):1r]y \r'irrs

of

lcrl socirrl livqs tvhich tvurc lot nluull lficctctJ by ior;lor:rrc hicrrrrclrics; brrt conll):tl). loruli ol sultull-r: \yctc tlrclt nrotc inllucnccd l.:1, curtplny r';rlucs. 'l'hc lrlcdic:rnrcnt oI tltc livcly rvifc srrbicctctl crrrDrlrrrtc crrrrlirtrtritl. bcc:rrrtc ir litvorrrilc tllclllc f(rr 6r:tkrrr, srrrrr||rr:rl rfl) ir tlrc lrxuntinl: lil l 'lh, ,f tc11it,l. ll'iw (r91.1J, b:rscrl orr :r rrurcl h1' llu l-cvin, irr rvhich ths ubctlicnl, loll:-s rr l l'c r.ilg ruonrclr turn rrul
rr_r

trr bc llroLluccrl [.lt.rr rlcclr.rrric:rl proscss. Scvcrul novclists dcpiercrJ itlcnlistic rvivcs \\'lro lricd tr) idcltili \\'itlr (hcir husbrrrds' busincsr rr:rbitirrns, onh, to bc disillusioncd irr thcl rurliscd thcir ruthlcsr conrllrunriscs. '\\'hcn 1'ou ru::rricd nrc you rtlltcd l-rncclor,, rIc
brrJirrr:ssrrrrrrr tclls lris rr.i[c irr Louis ..\uchinlosi's notcl llon,lr,;i!t.tltn (r9'\.r),';\nd'nori 1'ou'll rciJ(, t'or Ccor;c Urbl'irr. I;upporc rhrr!

l-ri;rs,

lull ol'riclr $l,llrn shilrcholdcrs $h0 lliuht hilrc cr..crtcd prcssurc on nlillil5cnlcnt to rrDprrint w(.)ItcI lo kcl,jolls in comprnics; btrt thcy ditl not, 'l'hcrc ,rlcrc ;r fcr( phcnonrcnll busincssrronrcn in !pccific,rl\' I'cnrininc prodrrcrs - prrticrrlurly iri cosnrctics \rhich produccd srrch rlrrrgon-l:rdius:rs llclcr:r ltrrbinstcirr,
i\mcric:r
iv'rrs

la ,.'r t':r..r-. (\:J:--iiif t+::;:r::;':i.:1. I5t:r i:ii;tJ;;rcr rc..c rvitc.:t: iiit J;::.-..::l:.. ;l: .,:..1: .."..1r: (\:l!-itJ :,, .'-. i?tciJllr. l,t..Jl. Shc:ll '.r'itcr b..b;;'ji 'r.: p.r;;-cipl,.l;;;:ic r;;,lirjarr in ,,ir:cI
ljt)

tltr.' sir.j;r' rr: :hc .\ cr.lr:cr:r rr::'t','

x?s
:

c(,^ '/{N1

nt/\N
(-"

cntcrlrinDtcnt \l,xi itnportirtf Ic,r plr.rrrrr.rtiott u rvur,ld rvlriclr 'l'lrorrr:rr l-lirrdc (:rrr cx-Slrcll rn:rrr) crrpturcd ltt lrit r.ovcl l:or tht Guu,l r/tLc Cuntpatl,irt r93r.'.1'lrc dcnrrrtrJs r.rfluy:rlty r:uultl bc lrcuvl.: Slrcll opcrltcd in ru:rny unstablc tJtird-rvolkl cuunlrics, ard sornu rvivcs could frcc lrrrrorvin6 ordqrls. Nicl Chur6, aur.lior ol Li[t rru! Dcrth in Shuullii (r934), rv:rs tlrc rvirlurv of thc gcucr.:rl rrr;rn:rgcr uISIrcll in tlr:t.citl'. Slrc took ovcl tlrc rolc uf tlrc cornl,Jly':, 5l)ccixl ldviscl. .rnd rv.rs pcrsccutcJ uldsr drc Cultur';rl l(cvolutiou, rrccurcd trfbcirrg thc inrltcrillists' ruurillE doU lnrJ inrPriscrrcd in sr.rlit:rry cotrfincrrrcrrt fi.rr scvcrr'1crrs, Slrcll tl/iutt iu Liubo tt;rs thc titlc rrf a.:ociolugicirl stur.ly by Soraya 'l'rcnraync irr r98,1. 5hc lountl tlrlt tllc ovcrsc;ls rvivcs rvcrc c-tpcctccl lc, i<Jcltify stlonl;ly rvitJl tllc corrp:!ry, to di5plxt 'l<.ry:rlty; rclilicrrcc:rnd scrci;rbility', and to confonrr tu Shcll st:rrrr.lardi; to frll up tlrcir c.rr rvirh ,rnotlrci corrrpirrry's pctlol would ririsc eyL:brorts, :rtcl bosscs ccrulcl lclrtt about tltcit ctuPlol.ccs' lrrults tlrrou6lr tlrc rvitcs' c:rrclcss rcnr:rrks. 5crriur tl:rn;r1.Jcn; could flir( lritlr tlrc wiscs ol jrrrricrr's, Utr( rrcvcr'tlrc olllcr \\';r) torrrrrl.'l'lrc.l rvoulrl rcfcr' Lo':1 lou5)' rr;ul:rUcr: if lrc crruld rro( cvcn cl)rttlol lri:; rvilt'. Wlrcrr SIrcll rlivcs rcturncd to t}cir lrorrrc cour)tr] dlcy f:rccrl rr lurthcr culiurc slrock, Icevin6 tJrc Iirncliglrt of,cr.rrnururrity lifc lr..rr";r dinrlil;lrt ul' y;riv:tc.livcs rvitlr rrr.r irrccntivcs for disphyin6 lrrrd-rvou qullitics'.
UUt rrrorc cosrrropolitarr yourr6 rvivcs rvcrc ulr'eatly rcsistirg tlrc idcrrtil'rcetion rvidr thc corrp;rD. :rs a drlcn( to tJrcir orvrr idcrrtitl,. 'l'llc cvolutioll of thc rcal corlt):rry \vonrcn, es oplloicd to tlrc ccrrnprny rvivci, \y;ls vcll tlo\v uu(il tllc sixtics :rrrr.l sctctt(ic:;.'l lrcrc \1,crc i fc\v c,\ccl)tio s. Worrrcrr n,:tc r)lost obyioUsly Iccdcd ir c0rrp:rrric:.rlLiclr rrcrc rcllirr6 to olhcr v(rlcl, l)arliculrllly irr ;rdvcrtisirrg

0 Al l,/\

N 1.

\\'o;\u:

jirr6lc lLr. I'r'ell slt.rrrrtrru irr rrr.r,, tvlrir:lt cirrrsctl lurv:'(rit lj onr'l'uttrrl,rlr' l.:,,nllrc,rltji
I.'rrI.'I'rrIIrrIuIr tlrc tubr: of Ircll, Arrcl l\,c 1;Lrt I litrJ.: su|rctlrirr6

ll ulr.olr (:utrl l

Yutrl'll:tit.cltttbc.t'ltdillltt,.rIrioc.rsy, All I'otr'vc l;ot tu rjo i:i lt).tirkc rlrj liul,,"

ru tcll.

rrl rr:rlc ru.urrr6c's. lrrJ:rrrurry r96.1 rlicir.,,i.,r."i,,. irr"r", ,.l"r,iu tlr;rt 'rhc Iirrrits (u Urrilcvr:r',s cxp::rrsinrr rvill lrril;ufy f,. ,.i t,v ;i, 1,,,,"._ 1;cli:rl lrr,rrruccr; ... \yc rlc still lr:r'in6 1,, l;.;,.j, fu, ti,.:rjt;l,i ;u;,,

scris( ;rdvcltisirr6 irrtcruilicd irr flrc rrrid-scycnticr,,"t,",, crrrpluyccs irr Cirrcinrr:rtl ",;,.uufr'of.rr,uur"rt llr.(,tcttcd.:lll.tilrsL tltu portr""y,rl ,jf "",,",r.i scx.trbjcctr end lr.rlllrvits',;rtrd brouglrt r sh.rr.c_ ruol)c)'lruuscwrvc$, irul(rct'ri rcJUlullon tu Iltc llll)lr:ll lllcutirrU ill r975, sulXror.tcd bt,a clrttcll [:r'url) urrcl llrc N:rtiurr:rl O16r,,ir,,,;u,i'iu.'i\;;;;.; "]1"; l)r'octcr'i boirr(l rucccsslully clclcrrtcrl tiic rcsolution, Urrilclcr', I)rc,clct's lrrirr l_rrlopc.rrr tiv:rl irr so:r1l .rnd Jctcl:clts\r'r:'.ll5r, rulucl.l l lr) l]t(,llrotc tturrrurr, irr spitc of ,r t,:rirtus slrJrr",.,,

'l Jrc corrrIl.rirrts rvj(ltirr l,r.uctcr's ;rbout rJisclitrirr:rtiul

"1,d

r,1t',""r-",u..
rtrrLl

ir tlrc'iglrr

pl.cc', A

l;rtcr. ::trtJ1,

.f

rvoi'cn. in

fr"rf".rr.",,,i,""i"l'f,

'of

',r6cncic5, rvhich rvcrc alrvils tryitt6 tu Ucl. insidc tlrc rniud r,rl'thc Irousctvilc. Alrc:rtly in thc ll)illics itgcncici \r'crc clrltl(,)'llU clcvur \r'orrcrr butll to rvritc coP.1'rrrrrl to rlc;rl rritlr clicrrts, irrclrrrlirrg rrrrvclisti lil:c Dorotliy L. Suycrs ;rrrd J.l', lvlurrlu:rntJ (scc Chirplcl lJ). IJut furv

v;r:t surirs ul lrolcy oti';;;;;;;;;;;;; rlcr.cluprrrurrt, ;rrrtl s,,ill succccd in lltvirrll 'discontc;i;j ;;; uldcr-.cnrl)lo),cd )oLnJ \v0t)lclr on rL,ai, ,r.ti, ,,ut,o t,.". ,roi tr.in 6ilcn llrc oppulturriticir to tcst \yllctltcr u, ,,oi ,t,"y tr_" ,,_,"i..s1t,:rr,J

.sizc

i'cllr:r|s corrrpurrics li,c Ulilcvr:r. ... coull Ilrrtj tlr.t tliy rr" ovcr'k-,c,Iirr6 r,rlcrrr i,r rlrc slr:rpc of dru f,iUf,fy ,ru.tii,aJ \urllclt Ul[) l];tvc \rilliil tltuit oIU:tnjsl(iuls. Coirrp,rrrics "'ou-,,*

.illd Jt;itutu

<rlrhii

\l

lcnt l)trtc,l(iitl.
ir
.

drcrrt llrorrrotcd rvorrrcn lo kcy pusitiutl;. l'roctcr'

& Cirrub|:

irr

Cirrcirrrrrti spcrrt lruUc sulrs ildlcrli:rilU lo rvonrcrr, brtt ultil tlrc sixtics tlrcir rlortrcri crrrlllolccs hltl lo licll skilts irtrrl lt, uxt in x scl)xrittc cJnlccr, iur(l nul. ull;l lllu sctultics ,:uuld tlrcy bc prutrrr-rtcd frortr 'l)rJnd :rssiit:urti' trr ;;rlcs. tr.ririrrl;. \\lluo: crrrliluyccs currrpluirrcrJ .rbuul Itroctcr': rn:lli-br:jijd ittt;r6cs ol' ltort:;crvivcs obscsscrl rvitlr clc:rnlirrcss rrrrl prcoccupirtl rrith plcrsiu6 thcir rlcrrl'olk, likc tlrc
ll

0tlrcr. sct}icc

l'c

rtlus ll.i,:

\vcrc

i'.:ri'lirrc irt.lvc'tirirr6 rvittr irrrugcs Il";,utiLrl ,"fr,,,l,rio,,l ,""Jlf , 'f Sin6rrporc cllcclrYc iUro U Asirrr rrir.lirrcr likc rrrrJ ln lhc AIturrtl3J //c,rr,,.Arlic l.h,clrsclrllj i,, ,qS:CrtJrry i,rcitic'. r'l*..iifr.l''ii*
zll
r

rrrost visiblc \rcrc :rir Irr,:.tcsscs, i11tr trr plrrjcct :r scrrsc r_rl'cut it,1; ,rrrtJ sccutily

Jto.tl-\\.xt.rJcc.rdcs, r,,irlrout cor:ccdirr6 ])rotrrOtio' ;l{

c u)loyi g Ic\y ;lfll)ic5 of rvonrcn

irr

ur

dli

i",l,,,rr.,rU'.r;';,;;;;;;;,;;;

,fir,,A,u,ir, ,;i;;

;;;;l;rl;.;

tol).,l.lrc

ii
i1

lio

:t;

il
.,I

coI{t',{NY I,tlN
nrlilipui:ltioll of\vonlct) i!lto:l ltillc;rt:rUc tnil u)rlysL(i thc,crrrtrtiurr:rl hbour' carricd 9u1 [ry ni6lrt ilt(cn(l.lnts.\vll0 \rcrc rcquirc(l r0 sulilc rs prrt ol thc scryiic: 'Thc cnlolionrl sU.lij ol ol1'cring thc scrlicc is prrt of lhc scrvicc itclI in r rvry tJr:rt lovirr.; or )i:rtirr6 rvrrlll)xl)cr ir not r prr: olproducin6 rv:rllp:rpcr,' 'fhc cotrrl:.rnics dcvclopcrJ ,coqlor:rtc fccling rulcs' tvhiclr diclltc clrotiorrul Liclrrvir-rur: ')'clrs of Inrirrirrg :nd crpcricricc, rni^-cd rvirli r d:rily cerrot-:rrrtt-:itick rJisciplinc, conspirc to push corporatc l'cclirrg.rulcs lurtlrcr urvuy lronr sclllr\v:l

'

t:Oil t':\)t\. t\,Ot\ .:N,

:rttrl litst crrrrrrrturrir:utirrns, irrcludin6 utlvcttisirrll, rclcvi:;irrrr, itrrrr.rrrlisrlj rrrrtl publisltin6. Iu lhcsc rrctiritics cvcl tlrc 0l(l l)rltric r:; b crwc cn 5(crr.

t:rlics urrtl cr-ccutiycs tvcic $cgirrlirrg Irr brc:rk dorvn. lJrighr rypisrr crrultl lirrd ou( huw ulliccs rcrrlly rvollctl illl(l r.cvcirl tlrcir rrrlcirts tu thcir llrlsscs, lrrrd yourtg llul ttrrrti rrP sccrct:rri:rl courscs r..ith thc i;uuc urrrbition. Uy r993 6o pcr ccnr ol'publishing :rssisr:rrrrs rrrd
suurcturics in Anrcr'iclr rvctc llcn. Sorrrctinrcr- tltc lirrrrilirr stcr.r:orypcs ol'ollicc-lilt r.crc turrctl irrsirlc rutrt, :ts tirlitl llcn rvcrc.d ollitr:tlcd by bclssy rvorrrr.:l rrr'killcr binrbos'. A lcrr. rvonrcl cuuld shotv thcrnsclvcs rrs r.r.rthlcss us rrrcl irr oflicc pulitics, lnd rvourcn's nctrvorli.irrl: bc6ln lo rivul rhc trrdition..rl old brrlrs' rrcts.'l'hc chungirr6 rclxtiotillips bctrvccn ryonrcn rnd ofljccr r(ctc cittic:rtulurl ilt succc"-sivc rrrr,\,ics. lti ly'ilc t,r.riuc (t g$o) thc rllulc churrvirrist lross ol' :rrr irrsrrrlrnqu cotrrp:rrry brrllics :rrtrl lr:rr:r:rcs lris scc|ctxr)' (l)oll). Itxrlon) illl(l (yl.xn|!i:icr- t\r.(, otlrcr rvorrrcrr (Jrrrc lrrrrrtl:t, l..ily'lirnrlirr)., l..lr: tclls thc 'Iirls' trJ 'spxrc thc $unrcr's lib crrrp' urrtl t:rllis lil,c rr [rrrsublrll couch, trr'11in1; ltis stulj'to 'cui lhc bJlls ol'l'thc courpctition'.''lhc thrcr: rvuntcrr hlvu :t thcrnc song - 'You'rc iu:.i :t stCp irt llrc lrUss-ttr:rlt's l:rrltLr:t... tlrc),trcvcl givc yrrrr cr.crlir' - trrttil thcl' lthrl trr llirltrrI tlru lrrri:; ;rnrl clr;rirr lrirrr rrl irr hi.s lrorrsc. 'l'lrr:J lxli.c rrvct tllc ollicc lrrrtl irrtlorllcc l|:xiblc hour:,-, u d:ry-u;rr.c c(rrIu xn(l b[ight iurnitrrrt, u'lrir:lr rrrpidly boust t)roductivilti \rhcn tllc bos:, r'ctunts to tlic ollicc (ltc chtirnlttt scncls hinr ofl'to Urtzil, . ll 'ing Gnl (t963) shorvs r drrnrin;rriny rrorrrur bosr (Sigourncy \\'c;tt'cl) irt ln oflicc nrukirrg uturlScrs lud lcrluisitiorrs, rvlro cmploys iln iln)hili(,rti sccrcltlry (McLulic Grilfiths), plonrisin6 hcr'rr trro-l,rr1, slrcct'brtt stc:rling hur.itlcrrs witlrorrt crcdit, Whilc tlrr: boss is:rrr.,r1. thc scclctr r). inrpct sonlrtus.hcr', r'cvc:rlin6l shrctvd lrc;rtl for busiIcss ryhich uttllcts thc :rdnrirrtion of l nnstcr-linlncicr,'l'hc boss rcLurns in hrrl'to discovcr tlrc tlcccption, but lhc scc;cury rrin:; our, cr-phinirrl; 'Yrrtr c;rn't gct ihcli rvithout blc..rkin6 thc nilcs.' 'l'hc'fun1t (tgj3\ tclls :r :;till lcss prr-rbrrblc st0tl. of J scr] ;lnd sul)cr-c(icicnt tcrrrp :;ccrclilr) \rho t,rl:.i olcr'honr u rvinrpish rnulc rvho lclr.cs in : p,rrric rvhcrr lris wilc is hriving;r b,rby. Slrc brillirritly rcurgrniscs hcr boss's lilc rrrrtl t:rs rcttrrnsjbut i,; h..rurrrcrl by tltc rcfrairr,lCs or:ly tcnlponry,, :rntl cvcntulrlly rlurdcls hcr b<rss, Uut <.rthcr lilrrrs ol" lhc nrirl-ciglttics rycrc rc!)ccting rvorncrr': rcjcclion of lrrrsincss irr f:rvour ol bll.rics, inclutlirr5 ,/.1a1,..1, llmn (r9S1J,

Icnc55.l
rrrcrr, thc 6ro*,iug
rves

WIrilc busincsscs rcrnliucd lirrnly controllccl by

prcscncc of,rtorllcn 3s rcccj)tiOtrists, sccrct:rrics rrrrd ussiSl:tnts

giving officcs :r nruch nrorc fcnrininc atrrrosphcrc, 1l:rrticul:rrty il Anrcricr.'Whilc nriligcntcDt rv:rs bcin6 dclirrctl :rs lr "nrnscrrlinc" pursuit,'rvrotc lloslbct| I(:rntcr, 'nlorc routinc J'r,bI tvcrc hcilg "lcrrriniscd".' As l:or!trrrc 'Jcscribc,J thc onicc of thc c:rrly lifrics:

'l'hc trtrlc is drc rr:rrrtc ort tlrc rlrrtrr:, tltc lr,rt un tllc c{,x( r'rck, rrrd tIc s rokc irr (lrc corrrcr rrt'tl1c r0JIl. llut thc rtrrrlc is rrut tlc oflicc. 'l'hc oflicc.is tllc con)pctcnt 1!ollirn rl llrc urlrcr cnd of tIc buzzcr, tlrc t\yo yourd l;rdicr clr;rrrtin11 lris n:rnrc monotonously inlo tJrc nrorrthpicccs ol':r kirtrl ul' Uutl:t-pcrcllx hrltcr, thc four girls in thc 111:rss crrrrp pcckirrll out his initi:rl:'rvitJr

'i',

pink.lingcrniils.'

':
!ii

Dut

t}c fcnrnlc inr:r6cs

rvcrc oftcn sulll:ic(l wirtr rr';rlc sc.\uxl crl)cc-

filrrrs,'l'lrc hclrr ofJoscplr 'rrrtl .l'lcllcr's rrovcl Soucrhit.q lh1'trcrtt / !974) conrbincs tirrritl :rnrbition rvidr ln obscssion 'rvith hying oflicc girls .rnrong,drc. lilirg clbincts: '1'hc cornprny is in lirvor of6cttin6 l:rid if it is dorc rvith:r tl:rslt of
lill;ons,:1s 1?rs rcflcctcd in,lictiorr

ilrn,

hunror, vul6rriry, rnd skill, \rithout cnroiion.! 1'lrc t:rrc sLuics, rlith \\tonrcn's Libcr:rtic,rr.:rld tlrc srr16c ofintclc:t irr scr-url frccdonr, sill-l'ullilnrcnt urrd Lrr-outl[,rshior], brorrUht ncw opportuuilics to c!1t;ri)risinU bur-iucs:;rvontcu: illclrrdiirg tlc'.;igncrs, rcliilcrs iud rgcnts vh0 could ciltcr fi:r crcrtivity in thc youugcr Ecncr:ltion, In Dritrin thc succcssful \rourur cntrcprcncur rvis ptrbliciscd by nrmcs Iiktr ivl:rry Qrr:rnt, lSrrb:rrr !lulinicki of Uib:t, Luurr

j]

A:)rlcy, rnd lvlrrjoric l'lurst of tlrc lJrr-rok.Strcut Uurcru, Worncd \rcrc nlost clc:rrly ldv:rncin6 in thc ntcdi:t rvhich dcpcrclcrl on c:rsy

r3:

rlt3

o,\l

r,A N

;\lAN

\vlrcrc r rjurcc5:rful \!orlrrll ill:ldvcrti!it1Li (Di;rrrc l(c:rtorr) is sutltJr:rrly lundcr.l rvidr;r bnby rvlrc trl,,cs ovr,il lrcr lifc, rrritil slrc lcrvcs lrcr boyfricnd, tlrc bos:,, irr farour ufr vct. IJy tJrc ciglrtics cvclr tJrc blrrks :rppcJrcd to bc Uirir)U rriry tu \vulltcn: tlrc fcrrrrlc stuclll,rrokcr or lltrl1.st rvitlt :r tirilorcd busircss suit, Irilohr rnrJ ruobilc pholc bcc:rnrc l ncty rolc-ntodcl. ln rJtc City of l-olrlou tlrc frll-out frorrr tlrc Uig Drrr6 l.rlought \vourcn du:rlcr':i irrto higlrlyprid jobs for tJrc lirlt tinrc, courpctirrg rvith rrrcn il lrst tJriul,,il6, hur d drinljrrg:rrrd b:tI l:ur6rrrgc. C.rryl Churchill's phy Striuu t\'lotr11,, pcrforrucrJ irr r937, tJrc )'c.r' of thc Cr.rsh, dcpictcLl iutcrniLtiunirl rrorci-\ronrcn - u Ulitirh 5lockbrokcr, l 'l'c;i:rn :rlbitrrlcur lrttl :r I)cruvi.ir buiirrc:rslrorrcri - cr'lrrvcrgirlU rll I-on(lolr for rutlrlc:;s rJr-rublc-rlc:rlirrg, too:rl-rsorbcrl by rrrurrr:1 tu lirrtl tirrrc lirt luvc ol lcr. ;\s tlrc lrcroinc Scille 'l'r-rdd s:ryr: Z,rc, yurr'rc su clr:rIrrrill1;. I'ru :IIrrlr):;t :r:; krl(l 0f lcrrr :rs l :rrr ol' ;t |:irrlobrrrrtI.

(:r)Il f AN\. \f ollt:N lul)ltlti(,trs

rrrr.ruld

'l'it,rtt.

ol

irr

tlr

sulu;rl ,rs rlull irs brrsitrcss rIiurtrIlrs, itt r: tr':rditior::rl rurrstcr.-lirr;rlcicr, li[c'1.[cotl-,rctltc tDxqllo DrcLy,i
r.rI il,.lu:trl,rvolrr:l :rlsu uPIc:rrucl ,,"r, 1;",,"r"tiu,, A,"fij,iUi",;

'l lrc lJriti:,lr iriUll-strcct b;rrrhi bruuglrt in il colrort o[ \vr)ulur, irrluJirrg lrrrrl, rvitl dcglccs rrd sprcirlliscd (luxlilicil(i(Jnrr c0nlnlittiuU 'tlrrnrsclvcs to cquil opportunitics rnd slrorvirrg of \vidc'jvidcncc sprc:rrJ prorrotion. lrr r,,1ll5 ll pcr ccrtt of tlrc A'lidlarrrl Uutrl,.'s rrrl.rUcr5 rvcrc fcrrr:rlc; itt t99r, app:rrcrrtly 2o l)cl ccrrt. Uut llrcrc \vcrc 5usplcion5 [lrrt lhis lrrrcly rcllcctcd i)cw titJcs - likc r sccrctary rcn:l lcd 'oflicc ttriltt:r[crr - radrcr tI.rrl a rcal brc,rktlrroulj[.'l'lrc l.:ill blrrk: rvcrc xll rc-fornlilU lhcrrrdclvcs inlo stnrctulci dtlt scplrltctl skill:; [rorrr rutlrurity, rvhir;lr. still kcp( \vonrcll out of thc tol) [rirdci: irr r99r rrcrnc ol'tIc tol) lurty-trvu ut,rit;rgcti of thc A'lidlrrrtd rrrrs lcrrr"lc. \Vorrrcrr irr l.:lnks, coticlurJctl tltc soc'iuk-rgist A'liku 5'irv:r6c, 'lllrrc not nlorcd illlo tl]c ior15 bf5cctort'rtltctc tlriltlrll;crirll tlisctctiotr i, i,riporrrrrr, or rvlrcrc tlrcy ric lil:cly io bc ir clr,rr6c ol':r spctilic urrit'. 'l'ltc rcrlly bi6 Iitrrnci:rl th:rls, irrclrrdirrg llids ;rld rrrcrUCrr;, rcnr.rirrc,,l :rr :rLiUrcssivcly ttr:rld prcscnc. 'l'ltc cutrtllclitivcnc:;s rll'tltc ciglrtics, rs rvc ltrvc noliccd, tltrirt<l'ott irn:r6cs ol'virility xll(l \vrr cut(inU off thc b.tlls, sturchirr6 irod dcstrotir)ti - \vhich hld li(llc l)lrcr for \vorncn. lvllry r-rf thc tlort i)ublici:ic(l crt(rtPrcrrcur:r, Iilc Sir Jrnrcs 6okJ:ruith, Lord Whitc rrrrJ Sir ll.rlplr l'lrrlpcrn, :rcrltrircrJ
2

or /ultcllc:t ri (r)l) c(xll).lnici; l_ry t993 Iivc hrrrrrlrcd ",, ryorrrcu Ir:trl olc or' ltorc (tl cctot.5lrillr :rrrrrrrrg tJtc tlrcrus:rnd biggcst industrirl urrJ ncr!rrc corrl)ilrrcI. Uilt tllc),\yrirc rlill orrly pcl.ccnL 6 of Ulu totxl rurtt,cr ol r,lilcctur':; in llrosc courp;trrics. Alrlost lr:tlf ul.Arrrr:ric:r,li u)p conrl):rrrcr! - rrclurlirrg l)isrrcy, Lockhccd, S:r[crvuy, .\ l)r;cl,cr urrrl l)i1:itul Lirlrrilrrrrrrit _ lr:rcl rrr, s.rrrcrr ,", Applc, I]lrrck ,fi.irl,"-,r,'l.*.

il'gilij; " :rc'r.rss lr rrruclt rvidur. ","f; ,.i.;;:J b;rttlu6r.oultJ ".,, of c,rlccr:, irrcludi.g i. l.'r,rh ctuvck,ictt ,,r,1 ,J.r.1o1,i,,1; .ouniri.!.:i,i, ",;j :llqll'.",1"r, x:; lluulilt u rl:rgic rv:rrrrJ lr:rs bccrt rv:rycrl "i',"""r, ov-cr ntillir_rrrs ;i;1";;l; [)c;lutics,'\vrutc Jrrlrrr li.rrvcy-Jorrcs ur r9UU, ,lor in countrics as drvutsu l5 IrrrJi;r :rrrrl J.Jr.rrr, tlrc USI\ :rrrj L:rtirr A",.;;;,'r;;-";; iccirrg tlrc cnrcr[:clrjc uf l rrcrv, :rn,J vcry r''clcoruc, f;"ij-"f i",,;f. t;rlr-.rrt, Jli6lrly tr'.rirrctl, lri6lrly rrrutiv;rtcrl .,,,,f i,,""f".j i,,-ii,.i, rtrrr'1,'. On tlrc lircc r_,f it, r\rrrfriclrr \yolrql"",y \ycrc rlukirrLi :rlridcs luwxrds tJrc top- h tr177 urly lbrrl,.sir \rrolru' wcl.c ,lr: ;;;;j;

. lll

lrr.tlrc rvidr:r' llcld

thc ciglrtics

ro

bc rdvrrrcirrr.

r1q1;1rr11u,, 0f.rvortriir dircctqrs lnd i:otrcr uD I)c'cc't tr,r::.rJ Ilci cc,t,'td l,fdcpriuucrrt ircarJs iroirr z-,r. I,cl cctr( to i.7 l,cr (.r:,rt. : I; i li I IJur by r 9r;.1 r.c r,.:nd .''crrcd rcvc;:in6i bJrI in Urirrirr .rt, fbci :rrrd Ncr'r'.Ar'c'icr,,r:,cr. ilic,1,,w'iuiri iii v6iucn:;;,1;;; ;i;:;; ::llli:.rl.],,;l.ll.l'1,:ll "r,uuir,tL,Jl* {rri',q 1,t,;;;br.;:;J \vrorc l)rurc5$or A;lichar:l ''":::,,l lvlcCarrcy:dIOrrii", r]i,i""1rif,li.,^-r;ir*l slcrc(,t)l)ci .rrtrI pcrlurrrr:rrrcc irri",i,gc,,tcnt.orlrppnisrl.,i In Uritrin ll)c Irrri('rc of M:rrr1;crrrc'r i..rr,.'.,r,firi.rl,;1i'rJi;dd ;i*l,J;

r)r lvr:lrrrIcll)clrt, tlrr:

orrtsjr.lc trusirrcss, Ii oru cduclLion or [ovcnultclf. Ol,1,o r z Iistc<J tlrc lrighcst-,.ritl ofriec's rrrJ tiir.ccrtr's uf,f,"i..o,,,,,,r,,i.'J,-.i,"i."i \,crc rrr)rlctr - lc:;s t!;rrr h;rlf ol- r.rrrc pcr. cctrt. Jtt Urit:rirr, tou, \voltco lycrc bccr_luin6 rlorc urbitious for busirrcss Dl llrc c:r'ly rri.ctics rlrcy rrr;rtlc up .tS pcr .",;,';i;;;;,; l_]',i.il:: rn uusulL.ss,:lt)ri ,,tt,'Jjc )cll{; :rrrd tJrc l.lc.tlcy GcrrLrc for Irorccrsritrrl l)r'culctccl UI ( trr.rrllcrr rvou.lrl Uct lllorc,iobs Urln r1lcn ora, tJra n.ri occ-iruc. uycr urc t\vut.{y yilt.s frour .r9741 ;rccdrclirrg io tlrc Injtiturc
:rs

r\lt0 l|lurt lclllllu dirrct0ti; \ycIc ,uil N.btilnd, \yonlc .ryh0 ciu lj ort

,l

t(rtl

o.U

s.l

2lJs ;:; i:" ::::: I ;,::

I, i.l;irij.
,..l
j',;.

. : I:-i',.

I..| | | .;

I.j,"i' ;..

:.. I i:iiii/,{iiiiiriiirir;,i', j:i

I I I
I
I I
I

c0ltt/\N\.

At/l' ].

(:r,t\ttAt{Y

\v (, i\t t;r.l

nlrnrijcrs :rnd dircctors irr thc Jrrrgc:t o16: rrisrrriorr:; lr:l(l l;llcl li,r tlrc first timc, from ro.:1r:r ccnt in rgg3.to,1.5 l)cr cclr irr r99.1; r'rrLl Trudy Coc of tlrc Jnslirutc lounrl confirrrrr.ion irrsirlc rlrc bill corrr pxnic;: Msrk & Spcnccrhld sccn;l Ilug(j rIritjotiof \r'orrrcn in rlrcir' mid-thirLics, nrost of dlc'11 bcing rcphccrl b1' ntcn. Thc rcvcrstl was nor iltogcdtcr suqtrising,. lor rl;rny rvorrcn lrrrtl bccomc mrnagcrs just rvhcn.big org:rnisrtions rvcrc lrryirrl; oflruitlrllcmanxgcrncnt in drcir thouslnds. 'Nory th:rt.lricr;rlclry is [rsL tlisrppcaring bclorc thiir.cycs,'rviotc'l'orrr Pctcrs irr r99:,':rlorrl; rrittr thc tochold so prinstikingly 1;:rincLl.' 'l'hc l:ryrills corrlrl l.rc ruorc dcnrorelisin6 for rvorncl, rvlro lo:;u lhc sccurity of :r lirctl brrsc, tlr:rrr lor mcn. 'lt's obscrvably truc tll;rl \vr)l)cr rtrc rlorc loyul tllxl lllcl, end rcedicr for r iob [or lilc,'s.rid tlrc hcrdhurtcriSlcphcr l(orvlirr:;orr in London.'Thcy put nrorc vr|.tc ol tllc job, its stuttr:; :rntl irrrprrr'trncc: pcrhlps bcclusc i!'s hlrdcr to lchicvc, pcllrrrps bccxusc ol'tllcir ncsting instincr,'Ycr rvonrcn :rlso uppcircd rcsistunl to Lril; conrp:rttics. 'Sontc wonlcn corrld llc rc:rctil6 rt6rtittrt ttrc rron hlrill'-liicrrtlly lrrrlicics of l;rr6c qunrP:rrrics,'iiri(l I(oUct Yon li, tllu (li[cctor ol'tltc lttstitutc of lvl:rnagcnrcDt, 'irnrl ilrc optinU to lc:lvc bulrinrl Ilrc "-lrcs:rc:; of corporltion lilc [or thc buzz, ol bcin5 in coltr'ol rrl' tlrcir' 0rvrr
conrpanics,'

rilliun. ltlli;lnlul Clr:rprutrrr, tlrc tlircclur rrl tlrr: lrrtlu:;trirrl Socicty ilr

lggj,

Ii:lvc rnc hcr tirvn csplrr|l:rli0rr: '

'l'hc

6lrrss ccilinllstill upcr',rtcs. ll:lorv, bcc:rrrsc l,rc bcc,r r,rrrrctl tloryn fol u scrrior post bcc:rusc I yts .,r \v0nlilr: thc clr:rirnr:rrr ilrst coul(ll'l blitr6 hiruscll'to rvot k rvith u uolr"n. lt':; not rc:rlly l (lucs-lion of gcrrtlcr, brrt <rl'bcirrg rlillcrcrrt. 'l'lrc chrrP:,- :rhYrl,s Iillc t<-r bc rvitlr tltc slntc lilrl oIpuolllc - you c:rrr :cc Irurrr tlrc srrrvr:ys ol'tlrc llo:urls - s'itlr ivivcs rvlro corrc fr<rn llrc s:rnrc kirrtl ol'buclilJriorrnrls. I rrntlcrsturrcl lhirt: lllcy'rc livirrg in :rrr rurcclr:rirr rvolltl, :rrrd ihcy orrlyJccl cotrrlbrt:rblc rvirlt lrcoplc Iit:c tlrcn)iclvcs.'l'licy rcully thirrk tlr:rt tlrc norltl is rrrrlc.
:

\\'orrrcn ;r1l1lcur to (ind tJcttcr l)rost)ccts irr'll:rtf orlirrris:rtioll rrilltorrr Irltrtul hicr:tr'cltir::;, tr irt sru:rll :rtrcl l]criblr: corrrp:rnicl rvlticI r'ctprirc sl:ills irr hrrnlrn lcl:rtiolships antl corrrru u rr ic:r tion:. i\41ry [J:tllcr, drr Ir',:srrlcrrt rrl'\\rrr rcit irr r\4:rrrrrgcrtrr:rrt irr Llr'it:rirr, lll:tiltt:tir:r tltxt:'ln tlrcsc r)rc (,1)c c(rfl)orxlu:itt'uciutcs, tvlrr:r'c Iur't crslril):rrrtl tli:;.
crrsr-irrrt rrllow sp:rcc

lrrl truty irlclts:rrrl ncrr,stl,lcs olrrt:trt:r1:cnlcnt

;rrl,

cmphrticrlly ru;rsculirrc. Whcl irr r99r lll': II)slitlrtc of l)ircctr-rt:; pollcd irs sonrcn dircclors (ll pcr cclt ,:.l llrcir rucrrrbcls) :t tltirtl clrimcd dircct c\'l)cricr)cc ol tli:crintin;rtion, utttl llrrcc-rltrtrtcts bclicvcd th:rt thc rvorl-pl:rcc (liscri!lrirnlc(i .t1;niu::t \rrrttcrt. A sttttly by ArtJrur r\rdcrscrr slrorlcd tlrrt bo:rr*l:; ha,l bccrr littlc clrurrl;ctl by tJrc supposcd !ocil! upltc:rlitls: lhc lyl)icxl r.litccl;ir \vir:; liliy-trvo'r tc:rr-old cllxrtcrcd lccourrlrnl, plob;rl-rl1' rr 1;ol[cr, frr-rnr:t gt:rttiltt:rr school; lris nrost likcl)' club rvrs tlrc l(r\C or tlrc rVlC.C. Otrt of:o,ooo dircctors xnd scIior cr...ccr.llivcs, oIly.l:6'.vurc r\'otttutr.'1'lt|'; lvotllqtl irr 6usincss rvho h:rtl 6lincd nrost lirllnciirllt.\'crc cl)icf crtc(rtivcs' sccrctrrics, rvhosc .rrcrlgc P:U ;n ccDtrirl Lotttlott tvcttt ttll 6'0nl f,rr,:oo tolt5,6oo ir thc fivcycrrs to trtt. Uut tlris h;rd nrorc trr do rrith thc cnIlnccd gr:rntlctrr ol chicl: crctuiivcs lllxrl rvillt rvorttctt's l)ronlolion; utrd scrtior 5ccrct:tric:; hrtrrrrl it ltercl to trxllsfcr illlo r'rrlnrgqllcut iobs \vith contprr:rblc p:ry.
I,

ln Dritrin tllc ils'jurllption:j ttf

ctlttvcrtliott'rl ct-rtrtprrttics tcrtr:rirt

ltlrovu :tll, rvlrulc tlrJ llcr'[olrrtrrtrcc rrl':rn irrtlivirlLr:rt is tlc:rsrrrcrl orr Ulrjr:ctivc rrot srrbjcctivc UrouI(15., tlrc srlrt ul brrsirrcsu cirlturc is ur'c;rlctl rvhcrc \rt,utc i\-litI :rrrtl ltrolllcr.' 'l'hc lcjcctiorr ol' 'scicntillc tniu);rUcntcnt' :rrrrl ol' rrrcchlrric:rl slstc ):,- sltould itr drcorl,6ivc uror.c opporltrnitl. lcrr rvontcn's intuition :trtl Irttrtrrrr lrltrcs. In Antcricr S:rlly l.lcl6cscrr i;r 'lltt l:unlc /lLtrt,ri3'hrrs poltrirycLl rrtirllcn us Plovitlirrl; tlrc llirrd ofbrcrl:rhrorrglr thjt t\tnclit:rrt conrllrrrics ncctl.Ju,Jy lJ. l(oscrrcr., l prul'cLsut ol'rrrlrr;r1;c-

rlcllt in CllifU

tllilt \rornc :;ucccr:d b1' ,l_rch:rvirrr; litc rvorrrcrr'- sh:rlirrl; irrfoltrr:rtion :rrrrl porr.cr., worllilf il)tcr:rctivcl).,
ti:1, lllitinlxit)cd

inspirinll cntltusixstrt ;rntl indirirlu:rl corrfitlcrrcc

- rvhilc rrcn \vcrc lo(, plcoccrrpictl by ;:orvcr'-structulcs, riii0n;llity ;rnd crrrrrrnlrrtll. l)ort:cstic cr.,llcricltcc su69csls drlt \r0nlcn cot)c bcttcr llrln nrcrr rvi{lr cornplic:rtctl rlx).-to-diry rcsolrrccs - rvlriclr is tlrc brsis of rlrrrirUcllctt[, Cl)ittlcs l.llndy insist:; tlt:rt srrr:rll rJl.n:rntic conrplnics ncurl:
t)cr-rIlc rvlrrr curr jugglc

rl.

r)rc

\\ronrcn rvhb rcrchc(l

Lhq

l0l) wcrc:itill.ycry cottrciotts ol tliscrirrri1s6

tllll

tillr,

rlitlr scyrrJt trrtrs:rrrLl ltli6rrrncrrtr rrr rvlro llc rrr<.rru ilttcrcstcd irr rru!:ilg thirrl;r; lr:rpltcrr in \\'llirt titlc or oflicc tlrcy holtl, rlorc lorrccrnctl rlirlr pr,u,cr
.?li7

1l

.{!r
z.'

coAt t"rNt.,,tAN
:urJ irnucncr LIl.ll:,t:ltus.'l'lrcy rr':ttrl llcoplc rvlto v.lr,. irrstjlct .rrrr-l intuition :s _rvcll al en:rly:is lud rxtionility, rvlto crrn bc {:t)lll!AN\'\\!oIlLN
lrruy lrrrvc dorc,i( rhcy t,,.rl1c olicrr t.rccourc ..tirrpr,"i,uiJ.jui sru]l.cd Jbuut \vll.(( lllcy ltu!c Iburrcl b".u,ri".i .r /rc_')rJlc lcLccll, ",r,1 big currrllntrics

l)r J udi r\4.rnlrrrll, p:;yclr.,,lr-,1;ir;t irurlrur uf l.lir,rcrr rlJaaa;rry,,bul

tou6h but rlso tcndcr, Iocu:cd but flicntlly, pcuplc rv)ro curr copc rvith dtcsc rrcccss:rry coltr:rdiitiorrs.'flrcl. rvlrrt, thcrcfurc, .r! rtlrrl) \fo rc .15 lllcy !:l uct.

rvlrr:rr

,firiiiij

! lcj5 \'rlcolrinlj
\\'urc

still Ir:rvc to rusolvc tlrc s.rrrrc [-r:r:;ic cuDI]ict, tJrrt. t.lrcy hccd rvlrcrr drcy fir'lt cltcrcr.l oIIicc lilc :rt thc bcgirrrrirrg of tlrc ccnlury: bctrvccrr Pursuilg;r busincss carccr:rld luir;irrg chihlrcir. In sonrc rcspccts tlrc corlbirr:rtion is nori c:rsicr. lJritish corrrll:uries nlurl by Ix!7 Uann( JL\ tlluntll5r trr:rtcrllity lcavc, i|ltd rltillly:rllorv tllntc llc.t,il,rlc Irr-rurs t(, tilcir br'i6lltri( \vootcn criccutivcs: rruthcr-..i xr-c lr)t noticc.rbly lc"s :rrcccs:;lul irr bul,irrcss tlr:rrr urrrl,rrricd or clril,-llcis rvr.rrrrcrr. Uu{ tlrc iniccurill ..:rrcl corrtpclilivcncss ul tlrc rrirctics h:li sitlcrrcd tlrc Uxj) l)ct\yccn drc rrvo :rcrivitics: tJrc yuurrli rrrudrcr irr tlrc u[i]cc I;rccs tctriiori bcLtvcctt o1t!o-silc dcru:rlds, rh]thtrrs:rrrrl !rrcc' - lllc currrl)utct vcrsus tlrc cIIrllc, lllc tclcl)ll(lllc yrrsui; llrc t:llrtru lti. r\rrd nr;rny rlotlrcrs ryllo rcirclr tltc tol) rrlll:rill \v0uicd ilbout lcLilccting thcir hrlily Iifc. i\s l)lryllis Stvurshy, crccutivc vicc-pru;itlcrrt oI tlrc :rluririrriulr cr.rrrrp:rn1, Alcor'p irr l\urcric,r, crpluincrl: 'l rlutttl cooll, ldol't trl:c nry childlcn to ur:rlls:rrrd uluscu!ls. And I durr't lr.rvc:rny closc fricrrrJs.'Uritish busilrcs:; rvorlur rrrll,bc lcsl dlilcrt tlr:rrr r\rrrcricrrrs, but tlrcy f:rcc 8rc:llcr l)rcssurc:rs tltcl'r'crrch thc top. "l'hc urrrl-rititrrr or) tllc l):u't of t)l:lny \vol cll to lruvc it ull - c,rtcur',
rur-,rrrcrr

Uutirroit ctrllrll:rrry

.lllulc iltclitrcd Lr.r clo:;u tlrcir ,^,,1,r. ,C"rto,u.., ;;';;;.i";,:l Jil:e rlilccturs,'its olc \vunlrn rlir.cctcrr.Put it : Ir r lp 1.1.. , lJ u t as thc borrrrh rrlc rnur.r: tlrrcltcrtctJ lrr. cul ouliidc (lrcy dorr't \rrnI trr ri:cr rrrr.cirrcrrccr b,,r'urrrc^ ,;,,,,j.t]j'"tt"o"

lJ*cclur's r';ulrt Ir:rvc bccrr c\.)ucr,.d (u I"rt fr, ,;;."-;;;.;;;irf"ri*ri [,"J tol), lu Icllrct tlrc LIivc'sit,, r..,f Llrci' " custor'c's :rrrJ r'.rrl;cts. iJuI drcv

c''r1lctc,J i' tlrc thc tlrcl, bcc;rrlc to scn;ur \vullrcn *irl, r.litt"r",rt 'irrctics,

.:
.i.

' ;,.
J/\t'l\NltSj,
\\,O
n

II

rrr:rrrgcrrrtrrt ;rrtU f:rrrrill,-'s;rid .r survcy by Urc hc:rrllrrrrrtcr-:; Spcrrccr' StLrrrt ir t99r,'lr;u bcctr prt-,vcd to bu l)ossiblc Uut coitJy:rrd frxu[lrt rlitJr corrprurrrisc.' In Novcnrbcl r99,g-rrrc ofthc hi1;ll!i-l-l)lid \volrrut in tlrc countD, l)crrrry lluglrcs, l)rcsidcrrt of Cuc,r-Col;r irr )Jlit:ril, lnnour)ccd tlil( slrc rv:rs guing to gilc ul) llcr j0l) il ordcl ttr huyu l brby. \V.rr r dcrrt:rnrlirrU jub ll.urth it? 0y tlrc lirrctir:s surrcys :rrrd iltcr'ticrvs rtcrc s\tg6crtirtg grorvitr6 dirillusiol atllot)U tlrccr rvulltcu, l)rtrliculrrly in biggcr coruprnics. l(itc l"igcs, tlrc Jutlrol ol' Bututc of

I'll.\vr)tlclt ltllryi'g ;r :;trl:r'ir:;ivc ur. rrrIP'r.lirc ,."ta, ,rt,.,tr.J i,,',i. rrllicc rrr.irr Ilrc lrorrc, trr ;ivc tlrc r'crr ,ot..tlrc ,i,,i" rlr:rcu lirr' rlrcir rrrccc:,slirl culcut;.Jir;11,,"r. ",,;;lr";;,r;: r",r,,,.],r'"pfl.r-..j .;;i._ tu bc 'ollicc l:rrlirs', r ccclrtir.rrrists or tc:r-l)our.crs Iookirr6 rftcr rll tJrcir rrrr:rr's .lus( \rcrc irr tlruir.c,rrly nvurrLi"r,,";j;;.;.,* 'ccrls: U:;,;:.;:;: s'llutinrcs rritlr Urcrrvirr1; :r:lricl),: illicr t\ycnt),_livU ,l;.), ,i,";.. ;;;;;;i :rs 'Clristrlr.rr c.rkc :rlicl CIr.i:rrn,rs'. i\ ru.,,.ri.,gc l"iif,f,,'ii. 1.,"1 utt\cc., slnhtltt {r{l.r;rr, lr:r<l iu) .rurir ul.ronru)cc, b;;.',;;;;,,
'r

'I lrc lc..rr'rrl \\.rirrcll \..1r rr.l:rilir ur,;.r, *.,. r,,.i,,f;i,;i;::,i,;li,l,i:'l,ri trrrr-1 J.,lr111g15c c(jr)l)n'), ,rc, ,l:,ii*r1u(l lh;il ,,,.i : i;;,;;;;,ji,]

''ll I ;l:
I '.i.

jlJlii.ll:,ffi;,;,:':ililil:

. :ii

;rtiul bL.(\.ccr)

crrr.ri, irr tlrc ::rrrrr: Ji'rrr ;r:; rlrcir. Irr';b:rrrds,

LIrc

lllrn

rrrr:r rllq

rh..-ir.:,rrl,rscrr'icrrr r olur

//r,. Jct in rgr4, lbund thrrt 'Nr:ill1, ull tlrc rvontcn I:;grokc tu l'clt llrxt wt,rk \viri c:\rclliirl, b0llt lirr:rrreirrlly.irrrrl tu kLclt tlrcrrr:iillc,'l)ltl rr.rl :;lrockrtl to (li5corcr tll:i('l)ucxujc of drc llrcs:;rrlc:; rrIrvotk :rut] funilics, lt-rrtrctt rtrctt'l h;rvirr11 lny luu'. 'Wdrrrcrr lltvc bccn succccdilrl; in tlrc rnrlc-dorrirrutcrl coryurr(c culllrrc:lii .r r:ir;rllcrrgr,'l;.ritl

I,q,rl"r'r;ii;i;;;;il, trrrrrPl.rillrtl llr:r( it lrrltorluccrl ill) illrc cuDccl)1, :rrttJ rJcrrtrrr..rlircLj tlrc il:rlltr (,l ltuusc\.ir(s. ' 'l'lrc ci1;lrrics L,l:uu11l,t ,0,,,. si1;rrs ol chrrrr6c, plrticulrrrlr, ,in rrrr.rllr:r' currpurics. Irr rlic c;rr.ll,rirrciics ,l.n,,,,.rll'.ri,,r.jl,,r,
iirlri'J
:lJ9

Otiicc lcbullc<J, urrly .()iry 'l lrcJ:rp:rrcsc guu.i,,,,,",,t ro fiiirvirlr<-,un1",r",],;""-"irf,"ll" ;r,iJil r,"sr"d ,u, IJ,1u"l JJi,r;i;i;;,:;; LrrrI irr r9li6, butlrrr:1111,.;s11;,,.,,. \yol)cn crilicir-crl ir irr,.t,,,ti,.,. ci*ccr'\\'ullli'r, r\,liulriko I.lur;u11rru,u,,.,vlr,

i, r|c c;r.ly sir,i., Jr. ie,-i;ri.":ii;,[ili:

".,.J,;;',; lrolrc. /\ f.,rl,,.,"rr, ,r"i.1,i.ij)jilil

ll,;,

*"f1",,,]l

":.::l

Oil;l;;li;

wiotl ,

c0,\t

r,\NI it/rrJ
ljrrl il
rvlrs

(: !, l,t l. .\ r;

tl \\,(,lt t: l

Sugiyjrur Lcbrl, irrtcrvicrvcd lrrcltc rr,0rrrr:rr crrurp,rrrl, prr::,i,lurrr:; r,ilrrr Itld brokcn tltroLrgh thc gcrrrlcl b.rrricr. i\lt:;t rlulc irirolvcrl irr crrrrrttlunicltjonsr usinf thcir skills in forci6n !;,ni;u;r1;,:s: 'No rrnn c;rn tto rttytlling ilbouf rvornctr's l:rrrgur6c rbiliq.,' :;ritl (,rlc oi thctn. kcpt r Iorv profilc,.;rtloptiny ;r hurlblc, scll-dtni6r'lrirrl; :;r1,tc r,,.hicti ^,losr rvrs cflcclivc in hrndlirrg rrrcn: 'lI rr rv(Jt]tilt) tricr lo rlu Lrrsirrcr;s orr rtr cqurl [ootinf rvitlt lrcn,' slid :rrrotlrcr, 'Prcly sourr :;lrc rvill bc crusltcd undcr r hril of l:icks:rnd blo\r's,r'l'lrc twclrc \vrrc nol t)'l)ic:rl: only lrrlf rvcrc rrrolhcrs, und ilrc l,oLrrrlJcr orrc:; Ir;rrl lrrr:;brtrrls rvlro. .rcnr;rlly hclpcd rvitJt horrrc cltorcs, llrrt thcy shou'crl thx( \vollcn':;
skills in conrnrurriciltions

(rlr;c d:rryn: irt tlrc rccr:::iorr ol" Ilrc rrinctit:, turr1. ctrtttprtttic:; oliL-r;rrlcrl tvurlctr clll)lu),ccs irr thcil t:rrtttlrcr.l:, s.lrilc tclrrirring thcir ltun: MitsuUishi, rhc yi:rnl tr;rrlirr6 collpxry, :l0l)l)((l lccnritirrl; rvonrcrr :rlro6cthr:r irr r99,1. ln lr4:iy r99,1 rhc r\,iiri..rcr fur lrrtlustry, Iiijiro llutu,.:rrlruittcd tlt:lt \r0nlcn lr:rrl [rccn thc trnr ro lru lrilttl :ttttl tltc lilst to llc lirctl,:rrrrl :r1l1rc:tlrrl rtr crrrlllrrycr:, lr cr)lrl)1,,
Iirttirtishctl.

sitlr tlrr: lirltr;rl [)r rrployrr rcrr t Oppor.trrrrit.l, ]-:rrr: brrr lrc rccrilerl lirLlc rc:;pottsc. Al t)rc trrlr oflrill corrlrunic:; tlrc rr:rlr: rturrrirr:rrrcc lrrtl lr:rr, i.
r

ild

rvith tlrc 6loblli:rtiorr uI '\\'onrcn cnlrcprcucrtrs rr'ill irl frrtrlrc conrc lu l)l;l)' xlt

Irrrgrrigc r';crc bccorriirrl; nrolc v:rhlrblc brrsirrc:;s. 'l'lrc :rrrthol corrcltrrlcrl tlr:rt
irrcr-t:rr:irr1;ly

Juplttc:;c cr.rrrtll:rrry rvontcrr, irt firct, prr,,l,ittcrt jt t)torc cr-trc.1lc cr;rrrrplc of thc prctlicurrrc11t (,f lvcitc11l tvontc[. 'l'ltcy r!crc tlror|irrg
ir nr:rstcf),ofskills rvlrich h,rtl orrc'd bccn thc nrr.:nolloly ofnr.l.s, ,rrJ lutltlittll tlrcil orvl stiills in colrururric;rtirrg;rnrl lrrrrrr:rrr rrnrlcr;rurrdirrl;. Yut tlrc corpor:rtc cit:t cl5 oflil:llcc lrlrl trr:rnrrficturc rvcrc [rc,:orrririg nrorc xliUrcJsivclt rrrrscrrlirrc:rrrd lcss plcllurcrl for rlivcrsity, lrr tlrcy
l.rcurl lrrrslrcl cotll)utilior), wllicll rrls bccotling lc:;s lil:c :r 1;rrrrc ;rntl rrrirr'u lil:c :r rv:rr'.

6rcrtcr rolc itt.Jull:ttr's illtcrnxli(rti:lli5rrli(lll.' \\tcll-cdrrcltcrlJ:rpr rrcjc \vontcl \!'crc :t|t'l rlirlcr rirr 1; tlr,:ir' lrrrliz,rtr:,, tlt:rrryitt6 l:rtcr - :rt Jll rvcrilUri :tgc oI lu'ctr:y-:;ir - t|rr!cllitr11 rrlttorttl :rnd sccirl; otltcr socictics. Sotrtc rrIllt,:trt rlclc :,trl]iltli irllr(t:t(1, rlr:lrr)'irr6lVcstcrrr lrrrsburrds rvlto 11:tvc tltctr tuotu lrcctlottt. Yrrlilo litrikc, :r cclsrtrr.rgltrliliri 'lV l)rcscrtlcf \ello irl r!ri't bcc:ttttc :t trritrillct irr

rvr.rntctt: "1'ltc lril;lr ycrr lr:r:l ltclpcd rrr riltrtrrlir: :rtlittrtlc:-,'slrc tLrltl rrrr: irl

tltc t'losokrrv:t U(Jvcnln\crrl, rvus:r r'rrlc-rrrrrtlcl lirr'rrrrrr'u rlLlcslirrrrirrli

'l'okyo in Dcucnrbcr r g93. 'lrr tltc l:rst 1cs",'Lrtr:; tuillittns olJ:tp;ttt"-rc rvcnt lLlrorrd antl s;rrv lrorv rvcll otltcr pcopir: lilr:tl: tltcy:rskctl tlrcttrsclvcs rvlry tlrcy slroulrl rtork so lr:rttl,.s'ltctt tlrcy ct,rrlLlrt't llrry thtlic -l'ltcy bc1;rrn lu dlinll ill)00t 1h : wltok: ol'lilt: rvh:rt is it]' l{or[cous houscs. Whcn skillcd lul.:ortr rvls sclrcc itt tltc cilllrtics-f:rDrrtcsc ctttttp:tnilr; rtcrc corttpcllc<l to jtirc nlorc \,lorncrr,:tgrl l-, Iivc llrcur lrorri ol)porlrlIlity l0d choicc: thcy corld cvcn rclirsc to \,r.r'k uvcttirnc.'l'ltcy rvctc stitl, likc Wcrtcr| wonrcn, nlorc srri'ccssfrrl :ts spcciulist:; tllitll:rr Ucllcrllists, but Lllu).\rcrc conrl)clinf scriouJly \/illr nrcrt: litr lrtttn slorvittg dorvrr'Lhc nrcrr's :rrlbitiorr - rs sorlc Wcstcrucrs lr:rrl h4lcrl thcy \voold - thcy :rppcrrcd to bc irrrcnsilyinl it. 'l'hcy corrlrl cr-cr:l ut liu:rncirtl scniccs, rllriclr bucrtntc tttrrlc vrrlu:'blc x:i J:rp:ulr:tic itttcre:,tr; strctcltcd :tbrcr:td, ;rn(l tlluy ol'lcrl ltutl :r sl,r'r:s'tlcr urrtlcrst:tntlinl; ol' pcoplc thrn rrrcrr. '\bu cotrkl s:ry rvorrcrr .rrr: lrrrrr:rni:rirr11 tlrc w(,rliphcc,' s:rid N4rlil:o Frrjirvrr:r, rcscurclr dircctor trf tlrc llrrkulrrrtlrr lrrstitutc of Lilc:rrrd l-ivirrg iu r 993, tlroul;h tlrcy r;till lr:rrl r)ol'lllilrrcrl out tltc riglrt slrJlcUics to rvo|L r\.itltitt r Irtrgc corlloIrtliort'.

,ii'

:9o

1t) r

C :. U

lr,.

l, lr.\'i i l,l: (; llUUNlJ

CIl,\l''l lrl( 'l \Vlir" lI

C| I o b ul D ut.L

lqt'o

ut r tL

'l l,! lsrrr)-lrlr r(',ru') L.rt,ir.,ti\rr ",lf i,. ,t,,",'lirctl lD r it".j(rn,llr ol c.rIilllirrrs, :ri'llrc rrrcctrsh,l. s',rrc rror. l lrr truci,l ,lucsrirrrr lir'r\rrrcricrrrr..rrrrl t'(rl'.'t,' lir rl,( s"'ltl .,\.' sl&l(. i\ \l'(rc ',r'r',,r,' rr.rti',h nill t'c l,,rxrc,l .,loIli tlrr i!er:tlurrr. n,,,,,. tr r ,,r.ri.hr,,r,, n. 't 't,ntrl ,', |)ar'',r I:t.'L'l!L,. t\\.1

it Ilcctl :r glcrb:rl rcttc;rl,;rftrl l slunp iu ttrurists rnd Iuiirrr:;:i tr:lvclli]r:i urrrl Iicrc,:r corrrIulitiort litnt i\silrtt riv:rlr rvitlr Iurrcr curlt :rntl :r clrciryrcr rvol ilulcr. ltr Llrc ycar, c rrdirrg ivl:rrch r 993 J/\l- lurl 55 billiL,,n l,crr rnd p:rirl no dividr:ld. 'l'hc visions of tIc iirtulc lr:rd ,:vl1;orrtcd iltr.r UI'-)orny co:it-cuttinU lnd r.loubts. As olc JAI- ,.lircutur r:rid: '\\/c uscd t,-r t.rhc tlrc i\urr:ricrrrs' idcir:.'lhcn tltcy lool uutr. No,r'tlrcrc;rlc rro rrcrv idc;r:.' lrrvcl(or:; lrr,l brLrrl,.crs in'l'crkyu tvcrc drurtically rcduciu6 tJrcir crpcetutiorrs ol tlrc biU cr.rrrrgr:rrrics, urrd luokirrg to Anlcr;cr for 5olrrtiurt:,. lrr (lrc r"urrl: of Ncrburtrit.;u l(lg:rrri, D;iccr.ttit'c Vicc-l)rcsidcttt ul Nlorrrrrtu llvu5lrtcnt Mlrritl;ctrtcttl:
lrrurr ;rltflrv:rrtl:,

.l
i

iil,

lil
,rl

'llrr:

lr((il)lc lcrs itcrrrr,rrrrl lcrs tottli.lcnl, :tr llrct hrrrLrrl .ttrrirrrtsly :tt tlrtir rivrrls ovr:r'lc;r:,. 'l'lrc I t i I crrttl'tottl:rli(,tt ilcroi,r thc l'itcilic \\.r! t.rlinU r llcw lur :rr tlrc Alltr:tig:rrrr:,urv llrctrtrclvcs x(llicYirrU Jll irrrlustri:rl tcrt:risr,rrcc, \rllilc lllc J:lt)ilrrcsc l;icctl 1'r:t itnutltcr stltc ul' .,lrocl.. J,rpurrcsc corlpirric:i rrcr'c strli'cr'irr6 llrrir \{r)rsl criscs li)r l'(,rlI
i rrr
r
r
r

Uy thc c.,rrly nincti(r lhc lllrrlr,rl lr.rttlcr rlctc

;
' r
r

t r:t

li i

t r

: I
.t I

ctrtrtgt:ut1'

Ll.ry:, ol-tri1t lrtsirrc:,,:;:r.e rcrlly rx'cr'. lt':; tLc crrtl r.rltlrc cr:r rvlrielr Uc6;rrr rvitlr tlrc N,iciji rc:ror:rtirrrr, rvIcrr rvc lirst sl:rrtctl ll, citlclr ul, rvitlr tltc \\/cst.'l lrc bi6 cotrrp:rllici \yu 't Uc rblc to' tlurrinrtc,,rrynurc.'l'lrc rcccssiott ha:; crotlcd 0rc :rtrthorily oI l,rr:;irr,:r,r; lc;rr.lqr'ilrilr; it tllrlt thu Iitllcr lvirsn't irlfxlljblc. "-lrrrrrsrl It's,rlrrr clr.rrr;irr1; tlrc Iiti:tylc ul thc cnrllluyccs,:rlkrrvirrg drclr lrr 1io lrotrrc tu tlrcil lirrrrilics,'l'ltc ploblcrrr is th;tl tllul lilc il, At Nrrrrrrrr.r. 1'ct,plc tlrrtt't \v,rrl tlr \!r)rk t.llc irl)' !tr(irc.

'l lrc rcccsrior rrrctrlrd xll lllr lltrlti in tltc

)cirr5, l|l.rdc \rursc b)' l)xnt gvcrh9119rvirt1; irtrrJ lirr,rtrciirl ct)r'trtplir)rl,

.systcttt

rrhiclt lrl,l

bccrr

c0nucJlrd rJuriug tltr: br.rortr, lilc l-rcirclr Iul..rhislt itt rttt cltlt liLlc, ittttl tlrrcJlc cJ tlrc r!lrrrlq tfitdiliolt 0l'ct:tltttmtc loy,rlty ilr)(l l):ttclrr:!li:;lll. l(ctulrittl; to'l'uk1'u:t[tcr t\\'o ) l'lll'5 rtrv:rf irr l-)cctrlll;cr t993, I l'urrrr'd tltc bu:ittuss :rltttospllctc ovclcirJt.'l'llt rlillrirrislrttl ct)lllldcllcc :rrrd lifcstylc uf llrc cotrtpuuy tl)ctl \vrt$ cri(lctll cvcqrvltcrc: tll:tlty ul'
th.: J,ooo l-r:rls:rtrd ctubs irt tlru Cirrz.rt rvctc closittl; rlorvtr lbl llrck ol' crpcric-xccuur( cullr)llrc[s, Orr rrli'lilst visit I lrarl lrlklll l)xrt ilr lllc lriurrrplt;rl l'utlictlt uttttit'r:t'sitt1 ul J;rprrrr Ait l-irrcs; rt slluu'lriccu ltrt' thc rllrcrtc ccortrtttty tvbiclt lr;rrl brrurrrcd rlitll clult ttr:lv suIUc of tlil(lc lr)d l0urirnr: it lrrrd itrst trou6lrt th,: l:lsscx llrrurc lrrrtcl itt Nurv Yolk' .rnd rlrs 1r'cp,rtitig rl l\rcnli'-li\r:-slorcy lrc;rdqu;ltlcrx oll lllc'li,k)'(t \\',rrcrfrurt. Jr\l-.lrrrrl cclcl:Lrtcd rvilh :rtt ittt:t1;itt:ttivt coltlcrctlcl: ('tt rlrc Ncr! Clcrb,rl ;\gc, rvitlt spccchcs lil,nt ir:itrolliruls' l)outs:llrJ philrr' roplrcrs rbortl tl)c !)xltlr': rrf rprtcc iltrtl lhs [ultrrc uf irir llrrltl. l]rrt
zr)r

W,.: uqc(l nrolq stllrll t:r.rsirtcsscs Ior scrricc irtclust-r'ics, rvitJr bcttct pcoplc, likc tlrc Arrrclicitrr;: but it rlill cost us sornc sociil st:rbilit). 'l'llc Arucricurr rccovcry st:rItcd rvitlr tJrcir clrlrrl;iD1; rorl)orirlc slr'\rctulc: tvc trccr.l lo ut:rl',c <-rur :rrJjustrllcrrts, rvidr rlcrcl;ul,rtiorr;rurl tririttirrg, to Uivc rnorc lrclp to snnll conrprnics.

l(:rJic:rl critics rlclr: rvclcorttittg rJrc duclirrc oI IJtc gillts. 'Or:r socicty lr,rs b,:crr c,.lrslluctcd on tlcpr:rtdcttcics,' srid M;rsirt:rka ltoh of tlrc rrcrvil:rlcl zfualri J?iirl,ra.. ,rvc.urc
.'l',lorv

l:ll:,,tlll,i^t:i,:i i scltcr.' r\rrrl criricisrrr ol't'ig cr-rrrrpirrrics l*:,il:11 rv;rs,crico'urigcd in:il-qflbyil. i thc cu;rlititrrr r:olclrrlcrt li(l bv Lirclrrcrv rliLtv bl Muiihtr6 t'tLiot<rivi. i ' i, i :;' ;".,i i; il l; ;rii':ii; ;;tiji:r ;1#i[j,i,ilii i I i,' .;;'i;.-.;;';',,';;i;, ,;' ,r'i, r,'',:" ilii.' .,'m.ri1,,,,1:rr!.,' lrrrsi rr:rs.' l hr: l c:r l crf risi is Iirrkurl io .utpr;'.rc i'tilirt,'i.'"il.lllriiiri lirrikr:. isrci lur rtrc ltrc Mrrngcurcni Mrrnr:curcni Ali'iiif Ariiritil'wcti iiilri lirrikc, rlrt Vicc-Mi is(ci i,Vrlllt ii tu lrrlp :rrn:rll cottrll.ttrics, tvlticlt:crtt rcducc dncn:plgjnJcl!,i, rrc(rrr:rl;,: ri:1, \\'c'rc i l).rrty ufvcnturusi lrc t)lust ijittacli:toj:d
.

ilil:,i;iii

[l;ili;

|t1

|
'

i ll
'

:i'i, ' r'l

:tt :.".1,

ll

: "i

'.

rr.l. :. r.i.'
til;,rl,f

c0Mt'ANI l\i^N

{;;.0

u t. ll,\.f.t.t,l:uIouNl)
rrrrrrv

to rcsllrt thc ldvcrrturous spiril.' : Tlrc big contpan!cs thcnlsclvcs \vcrc nlucll lcss conlidcnr,:rll thu lcss rltcr tlc dirth or rctircrncr)t ol thcir lirurrrlcrs. lrr r9il9 thc liionccr I(onostikc Mrrtsuslrir:r dictl, thc nr:in rvhrr lr:rtl scl rrp his clcctricrl co rll:rrry irr rgrll lrrrtl rrlirrlc i( rr rrrrlrl':l ol'P:rtcrn:rlir;l|t :rlltl phcrtorttcnll c,tports, sclling Itlnusorric clccttrrrrics ltrrrrrrl llrc rvolltl,

likc I'londr,'fo;'ut;r or Sony in thc r::rrl1'tlrrys. iJrrt ir rr.ill rrrl.c rirrru

tlrcil corrprrrry lu l.:c k:yll to tlrcnr, rvithorrl fccling loy:rl tu it., .Mrrrt bi6 J:rp:rrrcsc corrrp;rrri(s Itr(l irccurrrrrt,;tcrl Lrr too
,

rilicc-u'orlicrs: Sorry's rvhitc.coll:r r srl ff

I
I I

Aftcr lris dcrth'tJrc corrp;rny lirccd scrrrrrl:rls, dr:ltctivc l)r(,(lrcrii ;rrrl coll:rpsing prolitS. Iri r 993 Akio Moritu lrud :r.strcikc rvhich _r'crrrovcrl hinr frou tlrc Sony corporrtiorr rvlticlt hc h:rd frrrrnrlcrl irr r9.16. i\'lolit:r lrrd nr:rint;incd his ori6inulitf into his scvcnticsi hc lrrtl lir'-;t uutspotclly criticiscd Antcric,ttr ttt:ttt:rgctlcrl irl(l tlrcri rll:rcLc(l.l:rl)xr)c'jc colllpirnics, ur6irlL; ll)ct)l to bc r)ror'c,c(,r)ccr',lc(li\villr rvotl.cts :rtrtl
sh:rrclroldcrs rncl liss rvith tlr;rrkct slrrlc. I'lil,- succcrisor irt Strry, Norirr

r Sonl'building in Ucrlin

opcr,r sirgcr rvho c<rntrrri:;:;ionctl br:cuusc ltc hitd.lc:tlut.to rin6 llr':r'c. Iltrt hc could not corttpctc rvitlt N4oritit's iuvcrttircn,:rs':rtttl liitl,:strr,Lttsltilt. I\4oritl's dcpirturc ipcl( out tllc cntl ol'tlrc h(iroic irgc 0l'ctltIcl)rcncurs lftcr tlrc Sccorttl Worlrl.\\tirr. Nc,rvJ:rPrtncsc colrtltunics rlr:tc bccorrring rrrorc likc \Vcstcrrr brrrcrrr,rcr'.rci,:s, ir.rvlrich risk-l:rl.cr'.; rvclc Ohg,r; rras also hir ori6irrll

- a fonlr:r

it:r's rllritc collrr:.s rvcrrr ul) by.l7 l)cr ccni rvhilc ils bh,r iolhrs lrrrl l:r,r)c (lo\vr lr1,u,1 I)cr.ccnt, IJy tgr,, buth crrtrrlr:rrrics rvcrc tlrulric..rllv lcor'U:rniiinli: 5orry.tlividcd itsclf u1l ilro ci11|t :rlrrrorr :rrrrorrorirorr'c corlll:rrric,-; l\4:rtsrrrltitlr r.ctlucctl fr_rrty-cig|t.li"i,,iu,,, tr,",,. flforJ" \'rrr tryinI to l)rrrULl its lridrllc-:rgctl irr"ri;r6crs ,,viLh rl," ,,"," fur.ut, , r:rt il tlrcy tvcrc trot l)rollotcd rvitltirr trvclvc ),cJrs tl)cy rvorrhl ccrsc . , bc lntul.icrs. Birt :rll ihcsc corup:rnics rcrrrnirrctl ovcrrrr:,rrrrctl irr ,,,rrrp:rrisrrrr rvith Airrcric:i, Ctrlltl rhc bi6 corrrp:trics liccl) thcir prorrri.:;c of lilctirlc r.rrrploy_ r:,clll? ll \v:ri_ lcss c.r;rctrsivc tltnll lllc l)il]t corrrrrritrrrcrrt ol t,,rcLrrr,i | 'rnl)iurics Iilc Illlvl: lhcJxl):ulcsc h:id;r Iorvcr.rctirirrl;;rgc (lifry-livc), ;rrrrl thcy cuull slrift rgcing ut:rurgcrs irrto tlrcir subsijiri cuu,p.nl"i,

irr lhc r:i1;ht ycrrrs ro r 992, irs bluc collrrs by oirly 6 pcr Jcr,;

h;rr.l 6r.rnc

u p.

lry

,3

9 1,., c.rir

ii;;rl"

,rr

irlo

rtuch hlrdcr to linrl.

I I

rtirrrlurv'), lly tlrc crrr.ly rrirrctics thc rvindol,rv;rs;r cu1:ltcrrrisrir, ;r:; thc rrIl crrrpluyr:cs rvcfc nrovcrl intu b;rscntcnls \vith(Jur JtlyliUht o, tt)ld trr \vrlk :tl Irrrrttc. lvl:rly colrl):lly ltcn rvcrc prc:;scrl lo t:rl:c crrly

(litfniliu(l rrorr-jr.rbs krrorvlr ts urtlqiinu-:ol:u (,rirtil,1 by

r)rc

J:rplnLsc cohrp:rni. r)lcn \vcrc bccorrtiul;. rttoir: ir)llucncc(l l)y thc Amcricrns rs drcylcnturcd rbrorcl. l)rolcssor N:rohilo YirJIriro, ol'titc Institutc oflntiinationrl llclrtions il 1'ol:yo, s:rrv rvolliirrl: crrstonts in J:rprn bcginrring to convcrgc \?itlt thosc in Anrcricu rttttl litttrrpc, tvitlt ntor,.: [uirncss al]d !lrorc ol)porlulilics lot tvtrrlctr. 'ln sonrr: citscs, J:rprncsc ntrnlgcrncnt is rpplicd ir rt rtturc rclincd tnxnnur :rbroxdt

:.irrrtrltlcr.').

lt:lirctrfclt, rvlrich rvus 1;ivcrr tlrc rrcrv n.,ttt.c htt,l.t,tt,rIi (,t:rp orr tlri ... | ,i IJut lltost Jrl);1r)csc corl)or:ltiot):; still slrv trrrti:il loy:rlry rrrr,l conr.ritrrcrrt :rs tlrc kcy to lhc Irrr.lrr.rrry arrtl jorrg pcrsllcctivc rviriclr 'di:tin_

blcndirrg tJrc Jlp:ucsc c[6cicncy rvith tlrr: irirnr:ss,' hc slitl in Dcccmbcr r993. ButJ:rpen's nrxniUcrs wcrc lcss surc of thc lilctinrc cnrploymcnt 'rvhich h:rd givcn tJrcrrr such prst stability. Younr srlrrymcn rvho had tolcrutcd lorv pry in rcturn for stcir(ly pronlotion no\\' sarv tlcir hddcrs collipsing, flld univcrsity Urrlduitcs \vcrc crpcricncing uncnlploynrcnt for thc lirst timc. Botlr cmploycrs ind cnrployccs wcrc nrodifying thcir vicrvs ol loyrrlty, thoufh lcr;s thtut lhcir countcrpirli in thc Wcst' 'l rv:trrt to pick youn6 nrcrr rvlto :trc, nlorc conlidcnt rn.J'rcsilicnt, trcceusc trc c:rn't pronrisc tltc srnlc kind of sccurity,' slid ivlrs:rltiro Ogr, prcsidcnt of tltc Shol;rrkrrkrrn publishing youp. 'Brrt tltc lois of lo1'elty is orlc-\v.y: cnlployccs \vltlt
:9.1

;rrisltctl tlrcrr lir-rnr tlrc . Arlclic:rls: frri thc' nrorc sccrtrc tllcir crrrllloyccs, tlrc nror.c llcriblc ltrtl cutcrl.lrisirrl; tlrcl corrkl bc. 'l'lrr prr.rblcrrrs sr:ut)lc(l tu bcrll. (lotvn ol ,l.otolrt 'City rvhcrr l visiicd . it in l)cccrrrllr:r r993, irr tlrc duprlrs of tlrc ruucsrion.,l'hc lrigh ycn - rvhiclr hud rrl)pr.cciittcrl 2.5 {inlcs aUJi,lsI rlc doll:rl ovcr:crcri )c'rrs - lr:ttl nt:rdc Jupuncsr: curs l'irr tuorc c.,-pclsivc lbror,l. rlrtl .flvoi"'
of choicc- tlllt
nrtlllcssly cuttit)g bilck its costs. It h.rd llrc:rtly rccluccrJ thc rrrrgc h:rd crtcnrlcd lo custonlcls in tl,c ,u.ricry .,r.rs; "of -il thc',ciUh tics..'Wc givc. pc-optc nrorc options rl,.n rhcy ,.riiy ,,r.,rrc,i
\vxs

blbltl: ycurs,'srid nry llritJc ts:ro lrrr-ruc. ,\\'c tr.,rtt r,,r, nllpy :ll,.ll]i.].:. stccrinli rtrttcrcnt rvhcclr or rutlios _ so|lrc rvith sir spcrkcr:. Norv rvc'rc rctlrrcing tht chuicc, ryirhout crrstorrrcrs obfcctinl;.,
ing rv:rs c.:rrrsirrg nruclr ,"r"n,nr",r,; tlr" ,l,ppl;,rr, *"r" , lrclirnnulU lo pn)tcst ir[xin5t ,jrisr

'l'hr,cust-crr

tltc rulcltlcss Plcssrrrc ol

195

ir, tirnc,

'\'ilAN

,
strorrgly

(;LO ti./rL trAl..l.LLCAOUNl)

on tlruir;l)t:olitr (irr rlrc phstics inrlusrrl, supplicls lrurl cllcciircly reltrltcd ;rglirrst tLc systcrn)l Evcn thc 'l'oyr.rtrr rvorklblcc rv;rs lcss lcry:rl irr tlrc rcccssior.'lll tIc lirst thirty ycar:; rrurkcrs tuuk l)ri(lc ill tlc 6rorltlr of tltc cotull,ury itsclf,' sirid uuc r1r:rlirUcr. 'Nott rrc lt:rvc to l.;i\c our.vorkcrs jolr s:rtisf:rctior, too. \\rc rtcctl to ltxkc l)ctillc
t,.i: ll
i
l

undcr':trrrd ell thc rlrilcrtts.''fo)'olx lvil5 cvqrt loolittg clitic:rlly xt i(s Ircarl<luartcrs strff:'Evcry big olglrrisrrtir.ru ltls tltc bLrlclucrrrtic discrsc. You hlvc to rccogttisr: tltc sytttltlottts Jll(l tr)'t(, cul'c it, but drcrc's no p:rn,tccr, Wc c:rtf( rctiucc tlrlnir[cttlcllt rltrJ'Il$lcr \Yithout crusinl; bi6 sor:iul problcttrs.' Sotttc ytrttttgcr 'l'ojotrr tttrttt:tgcrs rvctc

crllirr6 for:r urucll lllorc ritilic.rl lcs!rttcturillg. A 6ilr6ct"gluup of J,ooo sct up rvh;rt tJrcy clllcrl tJtc licvolutiorlrrrT Crutrl); tlluugll \Yllull

thcir iobs rvcrr: tllrc;rtcncd thcy ch:rngcd (l1q nilltlc t(, (ltc l(cstntcttrtirtl; G rcrult. '['lrc'foloLl;r f:rrnily, u'lro still r-rvtr 3 l)cl cclt ol'lhc colllp:rny' \vcrc losirr6 tlrcir Ir<-rld. l-iji 'liryocli, tltc lurrntlct's ncpltcrv - tlrc ttt:ltt rvlto lr:rJ visitcd l)ctr',.rit irt t95o :rttd ;tctccivctl its lirrtit'rtirrrrs - \rils llow ciltrty, lrttl ltcrtor:tty clrtitlttrttt ol'tltr: ctrttlpitlty, 'l'ltc lutrtttlcr''s trvo sorrs, Sltoiclrirtt :tttd'l'itlsr.trrt'lilyodit, rvct'c cltitirtltrtlt rttttl ltlcsidctr{. Yourrgcr'l'oyr-rdrs rvcrc clirttbittg u1t lllc lll:tllaticlllcrtl, blll lllcru wclc no obriou: succc:;5o15. Attd tltc cutttprtty, lvith irll its l):ltcrllrrlislll, rvas bc6innirrg to looscu ils crrntntiltncnt, A5 tlt'j plll)t lllilll;ll.icl Miki0
Kitrrrr-r rlcrcribcLl it:

'l'nr cotrccrrrcd Lllilt .I.o),ol;L llcullJc rrrly bc too lrro6rut. TJru!,s thc.r'crrl d.rrrgcr': Iikc Lhc A,tr"ri,;ri,:, irr tirc Iifrics,, .;iJ;,.^;;.;* dircctul NliJiio l(iturru. .Wc h:rr.c itr lrrvc conLirru.l i,i,prou.,,,",,ri ltui tlrc J:rp'rrcsc lrrrvc tJrc eclv:rrrt:r6c ,f " "u,ul,,..,ri'i,J"r;;;i;;,,;;r;_: lJrc.1''tc trcvcr sulc ol tlrcrlsqlvcs.'

llurrtl.r, Niss;rrr rrrd Mrzd:r. lt rvrs scllin6 colr)tulcr suf(\v:lrc, digitLll :.qlcq9111111u1icaLiorrs, crr phorrcs, cycn nr"l IirlJric:rtcd lrt_,uscs. r\rrd .ilj; t)ur15 "Lrro",t, ,,i"ffi"l.J ;;,jr.'';l:i;; yc', \vurc..\(cl)l)ir)U uP LIr,:ir'r.ocluctiorr, rvhilc'tJrc U,i,lrf, i".,"1i.! rvcrc l,'uiltlinl; e prcciour [,cech-hc;rrl in'tt," Uuro1,"in n,.;lct.'""" ell 'l'oyotx sdll l):rinr:r;r)cd n.xibitil),, riiro"it;;;;;;0..r, of-Abr-rvc laizctt,.or corrtir)url inrl)rovcrncrr. ,rvr,y Ji,'y* ri,".i,lll your rrrctlrods ro fr-rrcignc,s?' I:rskcrJ rvlrclr "r" "* j' j, f,i"r r ,",r,i l"i ;ru;crrbly phlr. ,.lJcc:rusc rvc srjll r]rilk rvc Jir " i;; n;;".r':1,;; of tlrc lVcst.'
f

tlr.rl its rivnls

AN ir( tC,\ rrt(; I t.l.S lt/\Cli

Ac'ass rirr: l,;rcilic, tJrurc r:rulrl 1..,c rr'doubI Lhrt tltc r\r,,rriao,,,.,".r" butl) ciitcLirLi up nruj bccurrirrl; ulurc Iikc drcJrU)rrr,.;;; U;.iii; ;r,j; lirrctics ncrrly rrll l_rig ArlL ricrrr cojrU)xnics vcrc rulking i; tcrl)$ - suitxbly dj:iUuiscrj - aburrt, turrrirrvork, p,rrticipatioir Jrpl;;;:
r"'t.f

\\/c'rc tryitrg to rtrilitl(;il] Iifctitrtc ctttploytltcttt, btrt i['s tttuclt Ir:rrdcr'. 'l'o1'ol;r ltrrtcd as x lclJ lounl culllp',rny \vhctc l)c0plc rtorkcd togctlrct likc ;r fintily; iltd tvr:'vc trictl l(' kccl) rl l'ccling ol cqurliq' bctu'ccr yottttg puoplc rrrtd lll:rn:rfurs. Uul 'l'oyotrl
bcclutc lo0 likc IUA'l in its prttctttllisru,;ttttl rvc:;cc tltc
.

Ll:ru6crl

p,ricrirrlisnr is cuLIin6 irr Jrpatt turt, rtttil tltc llcrt 6cllcriltion' likc tlrc politici:rrrs, llrrc:r ltorc itttlcpcndcnt ltiituLlc.

,\nlcric t obscrluri \rcrc ttorv plr:dicting

tllil ti'l'oyoltl rvould havu tu rcinrcrrr ilsulf, luf irr6 rrlflctts oftltc,us;tttds rr l'c ttt;lloyccs, rvlriclr rvou[l rtlrrlcrurirrc cortrp:trry by;rlt1. lJtrl tltr:y uttrJc|cltirrr:r(utl itl rcsilictrcc: by N'l:rrch t99i'l'oyr.,t.r hrd nut lircd ir sin[lc qrtrploycq. Artd it rtill

hrrl irnnrcrric slrctrUllrs' lts crslr lroltlinlls -'thc blrrk uf'['oyot:r'tqrc rrortlt SL1 billiurt,;rlrd it survlvcd lltc Lcccssitttt lilttcll lnlrc
I I I

,*..,i".

Jrrpancsc contnlni". lu"rf lrclurics rrcir-dot_rr. Ouly i.Jrc' 6:rllopirr6 torr., ..,rt,iJ, tllrcjrtcr)c(l llrr: Arirciiclr. ,:;rr.-rrr;rkcrs rvirl ioilrpsc ,,_,,f. ifl.,,, ira. lrl) t(, liru drxstic Chrrrrgc:.; ,r,:cdcrJ,, 'l"uld,:rs rrc s.riv.i1 l)r'xclrirrrU

UrvrrI t]rcll rr Ic\vryc;lrs t,r rcoll.iilr)isci lld drcy rvcrc :ilasr jcan:jrro rri rrcl tls !l Ulc tjuiu) 1lt c,Juction' rvJu.clt

llluclicu. Irr DctloiL tJrc c, r-irr,,!.crs f,,,a "fr..r,-t*,n.rri;l;';;;:,i'il; thu,JrrIurrcsc rr.r,Jc ,,6r.cr'crris rvlrich rcstrictcr.l ,J,; l,;;;;-;i;;r1

uirl irDt)rovcrnclr, crcuurrgctl by rJrc lrun,lic,'ts Jf f_.i", l*"r".suliIllt;lts,.;lud courscs oll J;rputrcsc rcthoCls, fillcd rvitlr cvrn6clic;ri '"-"-"' zcirl. /\r d)cy srrirl ;rt l.lcu.j:lt-l):rckrrd; ,lVc,rc Uof rclision-.i'l hc Arrrcricrns rvcrc li.rrlly succccdilg jrr rirn:laLjir Jrcorv
inro

lr,,i-"_

rl

., i,,i,,,

CIr;,nlcr ",',i,iin"ii,;.ii

rrrcrrt rrrc(lrorlr :rrrtl llccon.,: rlrc

rr:.iJ'ii.ll,l: iiH'trfi ,$:;: jc,rncst .fJrrcc.

r.r-

of rhc Ui6

L;

l;;i;.

2')6

2r7

t:

co AItA

,{

ll

.
rtt:rrt

(, t.o

tti l. IL\'|''j'|,I;(; t

'(,

t,

lhcy- \vcIc scvclrlics thcy cn)PloIcd ovcr 2oo'ooo pr:r)Plc: i))' 197'l

Jrprttcsc cottccl:t. ' 'Dut l.'or,l', ic"l sccr.t

I

chrrllctrl:cl ,fotn it to.'6.", i'hcy nrnclc no boncs itLorrl lltcJ:rp;rtrcsc iir swcrrtcrs.rttttl il)l)crrr'ctl ,iJ,iir. tuorri co,tfcrcllcc ilt l9t 2 t)lxtrx,icrs 'l'oytrtlr by I99? llld cotl]llll(tllt1l oncn-ncckctl ilrirts, r'orvirig to ttt:rtch tllolollUllly tl,.nrr.lu., to tltc trcrv policy ol''collcctilc irrtcllil:ctlcc'-:r \v,rs:r ttcrv tlcrlic:ttiott trr tltcir b:rsic;ttrtltrrsc'. clruimlru ol' ,r,"",lurliv-ur,r," c.rr. i\s Lirrrls:r1, ll:rlsrc:rrl, tlrr: ltrlrrrcr bccrttrsc rvc tltc crtrttprttry ioriln'utt",ta, Prrt;t:' 4ust ol trs:trc itt r'lrrr r1'pilictl tlc slirirtttrrtt rt cltosc thcv r993 ln i;;;:;;;;i;i':
rr:; sctrrsrttrttr'

:rs

rr rvrr'Lirr11-cl ;; l;ili;;;i;",iu"' '(i..-* tiu'u'",' rvrs \vl)o sPcrrt tirrrc rvitlr thc l(r\lj crtqrct-lrycr' u.ji,,'urtr'5h or ii,":ril "n li,,inti r' rtnivtrsirv' llc rrrrtr(' l;i t:il,;; l:;Ji;' l),,ic'lr,'i' \viri,o,,t :lricl prr"trrc( itrtrlyi'l' :rr'l bccrrrirc rlic Curti'r:" iit tl."t" t""*t,tt,tr

tnodcst lrish hnrily, but Itc lutrl bccrr lltrougI r grucllirrg :;lrr-,c];trcxllllcrl(. l'lc h:rtl bccD crlrricttcd lo Jrpirncsc nictlr'Jd:,- \vlrcn lrc rctlotirlurl tltc NUlvlMl joirrt vcrrtrrLc \yith 'l'0y0tr (sr:c Clr:rptrr I r ), :rrrrl rvlrcrr hc visiictl 'l'oyotu City hc krrcrl it hcltl rhc ):cy tu lri:;. crrrrtprirty':,- littrrlc.,\\/hcnr hc rv:rs prrt il cL:rr1ic r-rt'Ch'l irr lirrropr lrc rrviftly:rgr;llictlJ:r1l;rrrcsc ptirciplcs, plc:-siu6 tlrc srrpplicrs to crrl co:rr :rntl tlclivcr jtrst irr'tirrr: rvith tlrc IrclJr rrl u lirrr:rtic:rl l)usrlrrc rrr:rrr:r1;r:r, Jrrsc l11r;rcio Lr-rpcz,;rrttl ltis tc;tttt of'rv:ttr-iots'. Ilc co-oltlitr,rtctl GNI's :.cx(crc(l lll:ults, li'onr OPcl i| Ccirtlurry to vru::h:rll itl Uritrirr, irrrrJ rrrrrvcrl ttrc hc,rtlrlrr:rltcrs tcr Zuticlt, in l tltrtlcsl trtrikling ttc:tr tlrc xirt)r,rt r{ljoining tlrc Nttvolql, rvlrich crrrrld rrot ltoltl rrrorc thurt trtrr
llirrrtlr'ctl pcrrlrlc. I lc trrtrrcd CA4 l:,rrr'r4rc irrtrr u bi6 Prrrlit-rrr:rllcr * lriclr rrlliut thc losscs irr r\rrrclic:t: rr lr'iutrrltlr rvlrich pul lrirrr in lirrc l'ur tlrc
:itrcqcsstolL

rs prcsirlcrrl,Jrrck Srrritlr, rylro sir rlorrtln lutcr rcphccrl Stcrlpcl clricl clccrrlivc, Srttillt rv:rs:rrt rrl:risurnirrg cr.rrrrll:rrry rrrrn lrorrr u

ir

tr:lnJlcrfcdtoDctloittocJcilt)clJr'itislrt'rrcs.:rrrclgctclrrsc-trr.tlrc rluictlv lrr ttrt ttrlr' rr'ltcrc ltc rvir:ltlcrl ltis l lc :;",.;;;;;.t' 'r'sc Llittittlr t"r:ttt:r' :ttrLl ;::';,t",itJ:;;,;ttltrccs, rltu pcr'1i rrrr'l u:':':rrti'c rttrt 6rirtg trt l"ti-tiuf,t ul'tltc Jrtp:rtrcsc cutrrl)clililt)' "l'lrcy'rc itr Jtrrtu r().1 l' 'c\(rl)l rr) "."* :;;;,"-;; ii,.1 Ii,,.;,ttti't" ftrtttr(" llu s:tirlrcrrlttirt':tl xrl c\l){rl trrl lrir ellicicttr."l'r'trlrrt'rrt i-li'',1",'r*r,rr,l '",tti," rttolc pr,,,'t., Ilc dirct:lrrr rtl'/ir(cr artrl rLlc' rrt:rLlr: ll,,llii. rt1i"rr,,"i cttttt'j'ii..,itf",t' i.tr.- l't'r rlrc IJII(i lrc rlrrrrtl rrtrlsitlc srtccts:iivc

;.;;r'"It",,;;,;;;';tt

:t trtcl::rplrrrnc 'rrr'l clt:rllcrtllctl thc l)o:is(5. trr ct rt'irh sPccilic !",,i.'.1", l",i ,r,"\\, llrcir lrtlulylc(luu Lt tlrcir l)r(,rl itt rr ri.r''lr r:'ir tlr rtv urr:rrt1litt6 J" :l'i,;' ;i ;i;;';''";;;"'i' itli..i

Srrritlr tlitl rot cr,li'cxl Iri:; r\si:rn irtllrrr:rtccs, frrrrri :rucicnt Clrirr,r :rs rlcll us nrotlclrr J;rpurt: itr his clricl criccutivc's oljiur: hc tlisplrryccl rr slrrrrr: irrscribctl rvillt it ttrrllrt Ijr)ttl l.il0-l7c rvlriclr lrcllirll: 'A lc:rtlcr i:r lrr.:rt 'rvlrcrr IcrrPlr: b;rr'cly litr,rrv ltc t'"-irls.' ltt Attrr:r'icu lrt: r'cIculcrl his lirrlupc:ur str;ltc[y, l)cxtiu! dorvtr supltliclrr rlith thc lrclp trl'Lopcz. rrrtl c:rrrsirrl: rrrtrch bittcrncss urrtil l.,rrgrcz. dcfcctcd:rrrritl hrr11c controvcrsl'trr \/ulllsrr':rgcn u ycrrr lllcr'.5nrith lcl'r tllu lr)torious furrrtccrttlr

'r'itlr

;;li;

truck. ""Cau"r,,t

\Vlrcrr l(r-'6cr N4olols Irtld lctttlinr:d thc rll':;t ir)trxclxt)lc b1''l*tt: lr:pl:rcttl hc rr"rs :t::l]]:l' S"r'i,-1, r.fi',it.h"itrrtm iu t99Q tlrtcc clc.cxdc:i Lrkc itr lol) thc rclch ro iirrr.ngin".t li:.:':,it" "]tccnltlry' ."r-fft",aitaA muclt :tbout dtc contp:ttti';n tltc t\vcnty-llrst tltc losscs wlticlt ir)urrciirtc t:r'iscs'

llrrrr 0l'tlrr: cotIor':rtc lrcu<lquultcrs, cut tltc burc:tucrrtcy fronl rl,ooo tu :,ooo rrrrd rrrr.rvr:tl trt CA4's nr:rv tcchnicrl ccllltc liftccl rrrilcs rrr':ry irr tlrc subrrlbs, "l'lrc problcnr \v:rj lcvcr lltc pcoplc,'Itc cl-pl:rinr:rl. 'lt \v;ls lllc sctcrvcrl-rrp :,-tt'uct!rrc \vc lt:rrl ,.. Wc Ir:r(l x hi:jtory l'(l
likr: not ttr rcpcrrt.' Uy rgg,t thc Ui6'l'hlcc cirr conlpinicl rvcrc :r6uin rl:rlling lrrld5uolc l)r0lits; ;rnrl tlrcy lHd irll bccolltc nluclr rlrolc lil:c thcJlprrrcsc. 'l'hcir clricl' cxccu(ivcs \vcrc nlucll lcss conrpl;rccnt, rftir ;rll tlrc lrrrnrili;rtious in(l tr'ips t0 'lol1'0, 't'licy \vcrc xll rccruitinU bctlcrcclucrtcd rvorkcrs, including sorrrc gr;rdu:rtcs, initci(l of thc ol(l 'c:rttlc-crll'.'l'hc1'rvcrc lll srlucczinlt thcir supplicrs :rnd tcstin6 ilrcir rprrlitl', likc thcJirprrrrcsc. r\rrrJ rhcy lt:rrl bcgun trrll:ing to ciclt utlrcr, irntl to tltc gorcrnurcnt in \VitshinUton,:rlnttr:;t ls iftlrci rlcrcJ:rprni:rc conrPrnics t;rlking to lhcir Ministrl'r-rf llldusrry, iVil'l'1. ,'l'hc thrcc of rrs h:tlc lrrrtl ntrrrc rlircct c(rllrct \vitll lltc Atlrrtirristrrtiol in tllc l)r5t
2t))
:

;;;;: ;;"il '';, .;l)c \ridr thc 'rrtd lrc droppcd.:r borrrbshcll ;.;;;;J .;.,T qu,it"r' In Dccctrrbcr togr pl:rnts' coit i; ";;;;';.i"1, ih".ln'u'" of trvcntl'-irtrc positivcrvlrich \votrld xll(l sllirrt ltlltllri-'! ctrrrcrprrrrrlirrl;ly iubt. lt,tr ltc lt:rd tto
ilr,ooo

itli.f.rt"n.l politiuirns rvcrc "1'1'tit"'l''ul'"t rlrrs brrLl lirr CNI for '" thc US: ptrrlcrlirl d.;ioril loo" thc Ccn'irrrl N'lotors borld' Nhiclr itrcltrtlcd rhcir orvrr ir pur rhcy .rlri,f.lr. rr"',,'fr,,,t crrorr6h. lu r )risltiric crrrrp
rv:rs b:rrl

|l

29li

'.t.

col'lrAN\'^lAN
pr:ir trrclvc yc'tr's" slirl Uob [;rtr'rrt Dilrc Inorrtll5 tlt;rtt crirrcrl for rllc

(; l,O ll,^

l, llrvf ll,l:Ol(OUNI)

of clrryrlcr itr Dicctrtbcr' '?.?1..-,. ,r.r" C)rltcr Atttcric;ltt colnl);rlly lllcn'

;rrso rrrurc

ol)ri'rirtic irbuut

d';,":;",;;,i;li:.."'ss rvirlr'J"l'rrr',,rru,oiiil,,'t,3',:":i]H,i:i:ifi:

if:'3:i,:l,i';i:'.t ilTi {}y iII,iiiJ:il f";lt!,u'':u: uc rturc t,

shoc!:tr
:t

:lj:;,:*,'ri i-i,ii"ru.,,." ,r llj rvr., rricd rccovcrirtl; frortt tJrttr wtt.1"'il"'"",,,rf .,""1, losr out to.t'c rtill '';crc lc'rdcrs)riP J]l :rl..rorrt rlrcir lrss of clccur..rnrci,
",'1-

*:i".;*i::r;ll.:

irrto tlrc lrirrrrls ol'lrrhur r' . . , Ifur us, lhc eurc r.rf rlilrr..rgcnrqlt is tltc :rIt ufrrobili:,irl6 tlr)d l)rrttinlj tugcLlrcr'tlrc illlrllccturl rcsourccs <rl'rrll cttpluyccs il thc linrr.' 'l'ltc J;rltlrcrc still Jrrr,l rrtuclr cl:;iut cr.rrrrrnulicltiolls bct\vccl lul, lnd Uottour, nrrrrc icll.c ulcorrrrrorr pur;losc, bcItcr c<l,icrtion :trrd rrrrrlc irrtlustli;rl litcr':rr:1 'l'lrcy,crrrhl still corr(rilc irrdivitlull iliti:rtivc r!illr Ilr:,rionutc LrIrr\'-r1.. Arr,-l Llrc co rp;trrics' loIl1;-tcnrt conrr]litrr!nt ln(l Iu)'rllly still girvc thrrr illuru icul)c to pllrt f:rr rthcrd irrto:r

Unitcd Stlrc; in dtc

,".ii'li*,.',',"

i: :ililli.i:J;i3:l;":'i,rlli' cottlt::lll;;ii:';;i;;;,,,ut'i.t,,1,".;,'1"u,.," ,\,,'.,i..n, ht5"Y]ii,:;; irtfurtrt:rtiott V,'ll.y d,c l.c) t to drc 'fltt J ;i;;;;;;cs tu Sili.<,ri cot,ltl'rrot rcIlicrtc Irtc'rcxrr:, "lt nrx'yJirl),rrusc-n -:1.\::;.,; trt":::,d.. ",rd rrrrl tIc j\'licroiolt C:rrrp,r'ts UuL rlrcy cr-,,,ltl ,u.1":o:t, St,rrtfortl frr-'rrr .l-lrc ",;;jfi.,,ks. r:r.r,lri.rrc,l lirrvrIrrrrrcrrr rirrrtlcr:. 1.,,,.,,,. i,ut t,.',,,1,1""t Llrc curturc '-l"t:) l:,l,ili;l;i:,,1',;,jili.",, i, ,,,,'.r ,',.,r'. tlrcir rltttsl tt
rrcrc spccirllv

duruiri rrcc r(eku, crrairrrrtr

i'

lc.r,lir)' scctor:; lil,.c

il:il

l:rrt-clrilrlfillU rrrrrrkcl-1llucc, !clrirrtl tlrc :rl)l)Jlcnl c(JirycrUclcc of Jlllitttcsc ltn d . A ttrcricltr rrctlrod:;, tlrcJ;rp:rncic c(Jrll)xry tncl still bclicvcd irr,r quitc diffcrcnt

lirrtl rrl' c.rpitrrlisrrr, rr,illr rcsputrsil.rilitics to ctul:loyccs rLud coutntutriticl Irrllrcr tlr:rtr t0 l;lr:tr'r:lrrrlrlcrt;;:trrLJ bcltittd dtltt rvls:r tttuclt ttturc rrrlg,rrric, lcss rrrccllrrristic rierv ul'tltc cutttp;ttty, rvitlt a scttsc of its nr.,tli ;lrll iLs rrccrl lo l.-rc slurvly ttut ttrtcd iLttcl tr'ltitrcd Iikr: l g.rrdcrt or

irr'l'ol:yo srrv tlrir

:rs

i: l,: ;';:. :.,:; ; i :l*:::::lUl"ll:iii:i:iilllIJ::lli;',i:,",ili:l: :; y:l':liillilliill:1,: j'"fi il:i.l:,lll: ::t:;i:; il :#l,ii:: lii:l clrros;urd *n u]ltll1"-t-lili,;:i,l'ni"pr|j

t,LI(Ot'lj.
llrrlr.rpc:rrr

t) l.:.l

(:l I I.:l)'
.

colrl)ll)

llrr:rr wcrc \yirlulliLlU tlrcJ,rpitrtcsc-Atttcriclrr'ducl

tlrirc ou r", rrii,.' cr,rt\olrltttc:'LJrrtoursclroolsc'1rIr'(rr"itl::.lli:,'..:.;''iIl',, lrrttrtttc:u jurw:ri:":l:'Jillil'i:"ll''il:ri')'li".;,

': :i'i;.-,,;.;.;

or Arttcric:rrr ot P'l"l;';i;J;;;i :trul rvctrt cottccrtt5 ebuut tlrcir lrck lrt, tzcrviru rcrs t'::l;;;;;,, irt d':it irrrllicd tlrc cul\\'hich t.r:rr autl ,f ,.ii,'.ti"i,t".'t l-rrcl: to tJr c .lu trd r.'""t''l :'il:'::J*":'r;;;ii"^],,-J iu,h" n"'" iirfotttt:ttiott rl l)l luctivc ttritrd rvltich ac(iulrcd i'ljtcr' uct{'I I'iofcssor

]"'::?'' td :::::':1,'",i;:; ;'"' worl'1" vlutc Ji;t ccbrro"ric crrltu rc"sh '1: tfi"*t'"fttt trr:ty;t1;ritr thc 'A,tt.rictrr' rrru i,,.u".:"" luu":* rv irtdirlduilllslll i rrdir.iLl u:rlisrrr,u,t 'lr!r!'!'r-by l::]J':tllilJ::Judiil6 adr...rItrr6c.' of culturirl n *ill,iiO*frr"rtl,r-Cilifo'rni",u.r,,u,
'1":"t'lll-:]ll.l.:t;.,,,i. r:con tltt
J:rPrttc:c cuhurc, rvirlr its ctttpl"rs's
urt

:l ii

ii li ll iJ Ii
u It

u1,.,,lt"t .,',ploy tJrcrrt' is succc:;s of crtrcrtrc tttu':::-.;;:,,..'"".-"< clscrv'crc. ri'u Uut t\r.l u"' lltc " " '-'-- tur" to itrorc orglrrliscd busin-csscs cl'cwllcrc'
corlro'rtc l,v''ltv'
h;rLl t, .,r., still r'uc, rs.lvl'rtsrrshitr .;;.;,,,i.r. .""rid.,;;i: tlrc srill lrr,l (scc ch:rprcr t t): 'l;or y'rr' trt"'tti*ittt l"' \v-t'tt"'J'u' '"t'"ttl trrr r.rf tlrc hc:rdr uf l-rusrt:'

rvitlr iurrrc drtlclurc;)1, fcclittg utotc cutltlottcd ngnlrtst tltolsltbck' ttc:rt rjltt. Cunrtlrrr ur,'l lt:rlirru rrr:rDll;cr:; Iurd ilrc,rdyibccn tlrrouUh . . tIcir uwu 'clcxtivu d,:J.ilt':irlicr drc rv,rr:,'ludlh.rd rcsirondi:d !vitli Ilrcir orr'rr rrrir':rclc:, .lrr'orvitrg rrll iclf-tuur.lc ctltrcprcltcu15l rird rllrr.rrric crllolt inrlui trics, llLrt Llrcy llckcd thc contirruiu6 ittsciurity ' crrrrrplr:r ul llrc Jupuntsc, :rrrd thcy hud:bcLorlc lrorc colrphccitt irt tlru scvr:rrtics, l)rotccl({l by LJrcir r:rcrttopolics, by cotrtrolling htnilics ol birrrh:;, crcl tlruugl: lr:rrrl,irrdu:llics rvur:c fallirrI bchirrrl Amcricr :rntl A:,irr. tr'lrrrrl' ol' t rc big6csl conrpluics rvhich opcrrtcd riross lJurrrltc, lrtclurlitrg Clri, I,'ord urtl l'l-l', rvcrc Aurciicrn-orvncd, rv)rilc rluclr ul'thc Uliti:;lr cur' :rnrl conrl:utcr industlics, irrcluding lCL,\v;rs
J.rpu

'l'llc cxr ir)du:rtt1 i,'lriclr thc l-ur.rpcrls hld

lcsc-orvrrcrl.

invcutcd, rvrs uurv

cs1;cciirlly lLrlrrcr;rblc, ;;ru6lrt bctrycrrr Antcricrr lrrd Jrplncsc rivrls,

rurrrl

14 tn

titt., c:s."tt u' ut.'utft"l'i"t';t';.;i;;

Joo """

lclt bchirrrl by lLulh.'l'hc loultlcrs, Iikc llcnlult, Agnrlli and i\'lrrlli:r, rrcrc l)roluctc(l by t:rrifl! liuur Arrrqric,rrr coutltctitir.rn rntl
Jo
r

coi\ltAl'l)

l'lArl

(; t.(') tr,\

t. tr/1't..t.t.l:cIouNt)

lrrrl ncvcr fulll' tr:ruspl:rntcd thc ori6in:rl tnrs:-ptr-rtlttctiurt.systttlt uf Dctroit, lt rvrinot tilithc fihics irntl sirtics llt:rt lhcy scriorrsly rdoptctl An,aria"n systctns - just rr4rcn tJrc J:rplncsc lvcrc -bcgir:rtilrg .to' iipto"" o" tJr.m, Ily tJic l,rtc slrtics rltcir rvorl:crs rvcrc licrccll'rcvolting rg:insr dtcir inhuntln conditions' il'i,l;n liuropc tJrc crr ntattufirc(utcrs could cotttpctc rvillt tlrc

\rcrc Pro(uctc(l n".t"rial"-""".i rfords antl Gcncrrrl Motors, but thcy rtcrltrirctl l(cttrtttlt rtttd l.n.n.t. irlrrurlcrs. \\rhcn Vollsrr':rgcrr srrflr.th "n.inii tltcv sc*cttlics tltc ;.';,;;;1 ;; ;i; A,u"ri..n trt:rirtl:rrrrl irt x lcw itirrl ljtlrol)'j lo [r:tck f"r.J U..,lly k-rsscs; tllcy rctrcrttcd lvlutor:' :rrt'l Ccrtcrrrl l"old L:r'rtll rl"J"oi"*.ou,,t i.r' i'rrrdoric'rlty, rnd lo. tlrcrr o,vc,l o"rioi thcir rcvivrl lo tltc cr-Pcricncc in [ttropc' \rcrc lcss xblc to

'l'hc ori6inrrl llritish Lcyl;rnrl, strippcrl rluwrr uutl rurrrrrrcd l(ovcr, Itrrl ltccrt rcvivctl ,,vit)r thc hclp of rr r1u:rlrcr'-:h:rrc orvrrcd by Iloltlr, lnd buught by llrirish Acl'osl)Jcc. But it rvrs slill rorn bct\lccl rllc contincnts, urtrl rvlrcn IliVlW irccrlcd :r lJritish b:rsc llolcr rvls sohl tr-r tlrcnr, rvlrich nrltlc u t;uick 6:rirr fur shrrrchohlcrs brit rnrrgoniscrt tltc J:rputtcsc, 'l'hc rcsultirtg torv rcvc:rlcd .,rll thc coltrrst bctrvccn J:rD:ttrcsc:rtrd Ijrilisll:lttiludcti t0 crpit.rlisrrr, siru,t-tcrrrr vcrsu..; Io 5lcrtfl: x)- 5^ir l)r:tcr l':trllcr ;lut it, it rr:rs 'thc :;:!nlc bcrl, tlifl'crcrr t
tlr'clrtts'. .Nlost liur'oltclrlt-orr'rtctl c:tt ctrutp:ttrics rturv lrlr..rkcrl rvr::tl:cr corrrp;rrctl to tlrc Jlpunusc anLl Antclic:rrts. 'l'hc Uirropc,rns lrrd uctcr rluilc conrc to tcnlls widl tJrc isstnrbly-lincs of thc trvcrrlictJr ccntury, rvhctlrcr lrortlisrrr or',Jrlluncsc lc:rrr plotluclion; lnd norv,tlrcy rvcrc rulJrtirr sLlr ll, cirtch !tl) rvitlt tltu lcrv ch:rllcrrgcs, l.lcrvcl lirrrr-rpc.rrr

usc of Contirlcnt,,l cnginccrs, rvhilc tltc lfuropc;rtt; nrobilisc tlrcir skills rcross tlrc fiorrticts' lflt" r"nt"i,ti,tg littropc:rn-ort'ttctl c:tr corttprrrtics c:rcI hrrtl llltit' ll)' furrtilics.or b-:rnls rllliclL o,*n ,,.o,,1; n:rriJnel cttltlrrc, sustrrinctl

."tir'ii.r.fn ,ft.* throrrIh

il.rl.,f.i Or"",fi i"tift, rr"ir crportc'l

*'*r*,t"r" iftJ tlrrrtlcstic J:rprtrcsc lrlxl!il lrixt rcrrtrrirrctl :r tltti!ltrc Jo l)cr' lri""r" ti"fdu,t,' ot'rvlrich tlrc Agrrclli l':rnrily :'till rtrvttttl r'vcr It 5till trvr:tity-ciglrt rrlicr Ic:rrs' ci,uti nun"tii i"".:. 'rrrl "ii"t"r.j'rrt rndicsilll rvhich coultl prutlucc rtrt clcgrrnt r". rulriclt clorrt "'t'ii"J.rirrg lcrrrl'politicrrl ""ii.it ii',icld':..l An'l ;";;it;;";l':; il," Uno. colllPclrlron' it front Jeprncsc orolcctcd ' c'rts

crisc:i xlr(l plotirlc 'r l'ru11r'icrr" lrr C':r'rrr:rrt)' by tlrc ti,rs s,'p1'o'iccl by llrc l)crrl5rlr': lJ rtrl:' rrttr'l llNI\\r cvctt tt'trltl rvlticlt c:rrs' rltr:tlitl' tlcsilrrhlc

irrtlrrsllic:;, tuo, irrclrrtlirrg clccttortics '.rrrrl corrrprrlcri, l,rcl:cd tlrc tciorrrccs lttttl c(rnrllilrnc'rI lo corltltctc rvith thc otlrcr'cortlitlcrtl,. Sigrrilic:rrrtly it \rxs llrc rt:llicrs trl hrrrly 6ootls, b:rtcr.l ort tlrc t:r:tcr ul'tllc nilctccrtlr-ccntury buurucoisic, rllro uclricvctl tlrc niost striliirrll l'iultrpc:rn succcsscs, rvith tlrcir hr:rurl rr:rnrcs glittclinll frr,rrr intcrtr:ltiorrxl irirl)or'ts :rrrrl ltrrtr:l lrrrrrtirltrt:s irr tlrt: li:rr'.li:rst. l.r,rris Vrritt,,rr's I r r r r r I - r r r r t I r: ltr6g;rgr: rvls tunrr:r.l irrtrr :r glcrb;rl stu trru syltbiJl in lllu
: :

l9?os by I'lcnri l(:tcirttticr, rvlto h:rd lrllricd I Vuittorr tlc:;ccntllrrr. Crtrticr, rvho hrrd bccrt tlrc lrlclch cour( ic\vcllcrs, lt:rd cxtcrrrlctl irtu lcirtircr gootls, pcns, st)cctrclcs'rnd rvrtchcs:'Wc'rc not sclling \viltchcs lo tcll tltc tlnrc,'tlrcir prcsidcrrt Dorrrinirluc l)crrirr clplrinctl

i
rt

: "l;; -tf";;;it;"f"ri,utl urttlutt iA,rd lri,rt,,""s nrucl inorc ltIIncrrtblc, politic.rlll' :ri \vcll rrr'lrtltncr:llly'

' n,ri t u,tt" rrinciics UM\V iVlcrcc"!cs rlctc ircinllJr;'l:tttcsc 'rntl tp*rli'1'.lud,t'v tltc.'l'.yrrtrr Lcsrrs'

in t9ll7.'Wc'tc scllirrg t|cur to pcoplc rvho l-:clong to :r ccrlxi[ socixl

rvlru rviitrt to:shorv ol1'.' r\,lurry ol'tJrit;rirr's rno:;t dlrrrruic busirt 0n.lhc rir:rsctrlirrc ;rl)pc:rl o!.:trr c:rrlicr corrrrtllItousc lilcstylc - itrcluditr6 Dulhill, Uurbcrry rrrd Ilrrbour, r.irh rlrc Jrrtcl utlrlition ofthc Ii:rngc-l(ovcr, :rll ofrvlich conjurcd up tJrc grou:c lrcrors.'l'hc liurollu:rtr tuiuntjcts tllcl)tscl!'cJ \!'ctc c\TrcrLs on lcisrrrc, rtcuslorurd to ir rrrolltllrs holid:ry co rplrcd to tltc sinIlc rrccl;s of ntiuty Anrcliclns lnd Juplncsc; und. thc utost ldnrircd conrp;rnics \vclc lllc put\cyor$ ol'lcisulc iurtl stirtus, \vilich coul(t proicct intrljc5 r.rf clritc:ru.r- :rrrtl :,-ulorrs bcforc rluss -prod ucl ion criJtcd. 'fhc1, provirlcd vcry rrrlrllctrblc cNporti, pxniuuLlrly in Asir, but tlrcy rvcrc nrr substilrrtc lbr slcccisful miss-industryi rvhilc thc liuropcrnr rvcrc loolling to J:rp:rrr.lor thcir clcctronics, rrnd to Anrcric:r for tlrcir
clrrss
c.\-t)orls \vcrc

...

tltntlrgurs i":inn''t i,t chicfclcculivc Ccs:irc Ilonriti :rntl otltcr scttior it rntl \\'crc uscrrhling' loiscs ils 'tt'.;J:i;;;J t"i,lt.o,'upriu't, 'rtrttltl r999'.r\glclli irr. protcctiurr its lost it f"." ,t I"p""ncs" inv:rsion.l'hcn

it.t

to his brothcr Untbqrto rtttd ltis ttcphcrv urovirlrnr' rntl lurrt Firrt r"l,u i".r."utur. likcly to nrcrl;i rritlt itnotltcr cutnprrty c{Jnlrrt' , inio,i uutop.rn cortibini \rhich tlrty coultl r)0t

gi"ing

rv:r1'

""i'it.

'

f:iriftft itt tltc tttcrrtlitrtc h'rd virttr"lly

rrbtlicrrtctl

"rr';';;"rJ,;; ;;i ;;;",lt.it' l,r,p", in rht J'rprncsc-o'vnc'J

Niss:n :rntl l'lorrrl:r' Jo:

collpclilivc lt)rord' n,io,l'''ctlt,'', rrlriclr hrrtl ttcvcr bcutt irctorics ol''liryoltr'

.liorrr

llrcir

lo3

col'llANl ^l'\N rrrrd [olkioft\\'irc rrld cntcrtiillll;cllt. Uictr tlc olLl L'urollclttt llrlt|s scll tr:rcli rtrd tl:rsi'prudr'rcc populirisc., ,tf.t ,t.t. i.fi,u-Dir,t"y lo
to l!rrropc.

(:t_i)ll,1t, I A.i.l.t,t:c tt0UNl)

cr..rllrgi:rtc s{r'rrctLrlu tlr.,rr Ut.tislr

cLOllAL
'l'lrc

^ll\

,,.,;";; ;l,it,;;.t

Uur<.rttc.ltr

colllPllly lllcll \{cIc slill illtlllcrscil itl tltcir'scIl:trlttc

,',i,1

'rylt" lircrrclr irr(hrsr'r)' ,ii,i:i' ;".';i'"u";'.i, o'u'r t1'.,ci'liti" "'ri li'tit 'Liur" t'rold' rvl'.-r ltrrtl fiottr tJrc 6rnrr'ltr

[utrrrcd Lty drcir cduc'rtiuD:rl sI:itclrrs

;;i;;;';';i.i bv 'u'"'1"'i",' rgllos,rvith,irrrplcis":, ,,,"".,i","rc .,,,r,"ri:rsric:rllyilrr-rl-rusirrcssintlrc

i".',*riin.r,i",,,
t ut still rcsist:rrrt ro drc glob:rl IrtrrLct-Plrt:f

9:tlll:ll:

l]ta,r"garr\\'crctllcll)oSttorrfirlctlt'clltcrillIcolllprlllcSxltcrirlorrl; \vidl il stlollU tcchlrolt-rgicrrl tll'Jititltt cduclLiolt xt rbollt (\vcllly-scvctl'

:;;';"";;;i,

,trrcv ;::i: lll'i:;iiliiil,:1il;f ir(ti\ckcd rcsisl:rltt lo cll:lllUc, rrrd "ol "i"rrii,irii,r', ., Gcrrrr''. bust-scllcr' ;rtr:rckirrli lrrrtrrxlicrs)' ,,1r" titlc "";i:it. prolcsriotrrtl.sittcc iiriutrt ttrrttrgcrs ltrd bccotrtc tttuclt lrtorc ittto Ucntlclllcll tlctrt rlividcrl rvhich rri tlic. t-rfticr

?;;"'

,tt'c

r.':''rlsi bur

i;

or Arrrcric.rrr bo.lr.ds, rvlriclr lirrritccl tltc Iorvcrs of tlri chicftrccutivc urrd tltc tcrrdcncy torv:rrd! rutorj(rtrjyr rvhilr: slorvltrg rlcrrvl tlrl dcclylorrs,'fllc t\yo liugc r\uglo-Durch corllrirrc:; Slrcll :rnr.llUrrile,.cl h;rLl l-ruL-lr long ugo rJcrclopccl tlcir oryrr tclsir.lrrs ol'thc Contirrc.-.t:rl r:ollc6c; bLrt thc full contrrst b,:trvccn thc r)'r\lculi cnlcrUcd uftcr tltc l)trtc[ publishiug conrplny Usclicr h::d rrrclgc,J irr r99z rvith rlrc lllitish liccd Croup, uudcr lrvo coclruilrrrcn. I)ctr:r D.rvis, tlrc Ulitislr clt:riltrrrn rvliu hlcl bccn e.prinrc rtovct il llrc tlc:rl, rvillltcd to dot)rin:r(c tlrc bo:rrd;rs hc h:rd rlorlin:rtcd liccrl, but cllrc ul):rUirilsl lcscnt[ul l)r-rtch collc,rgucs lcrl by rJrcir clr:riltrrrr lriclrc \/irrkctr.'Mr.rvilg lrurrr :r cllssic Arrglo-5lxol chuirtlurrilrill tr.r tJrc Crrltincltul crccu(ivc corlnrittcc ltylc is rcrluiring r eh:rrr6u ofgc:rIs,' Dlvis l:rtcr cllll:rincd.'l drink u corDplnl'Iccds u clcul lt.ruus:rrrd clc;rl kirrlr:t slrill."fltc Dutch irrsistcd on,Jrcir cullc6iltu contlul,:rld thc bulrd lcluscrl to cldorsc Dlvis rs solc chlintt.,rtt ttlrur \/irrlcrr lctilctl, prcicllirrg lr) cxccutivc coutnriltcc rvitlr trlo rrrcrrrlrrls lionr cxcll c!)llrtr),. l),rvis lcsign,:rJ irr protcst irr,Jurrc r99.1 -'l tlirlrr't \yilnt to liccr) livirr6 lilc tlri:;'- unLl picllcLl u1i ir {z rrrillion
1',r'lrl,:n lr:rrrrlslr:tIc.
l"ry

r.r'"^.i.r,

;;;;ii;.;;. u;, .u,"p^"it'

ii";ri","

rvltilc Cctttlitlly ll rtl rl'rrr crttlitlccrs (Urit.ri|] h:rd l2o,ooo ilccuulltxllls' rtrrttr:tgcrs rctttrtiuccl lcss ;l'iv'0,""1'1"..t uririslt ;;;i; .'r rcport l'rv charlc: l-l.rrdv ,,io,i c,i'Li,'"nt"ls;

''"t'c cuttr'ollcd bt :rccountx't:i trthcr'

;.$;;iil :-:,'i-:l;:;';;',

'}:l.irrtirrs, ',:r.ltrcrtiurr or clrly:tllprclrticcsllirr-' "''::i'. t""ir"t,ti.liji'siort' oftiPirtlisttt rctttrtittcd rury di5(ir)ct rrr)rrr Ccrttt'ttt brttks lrtd tlrc ,lt" AuUtuirf,tt.,l."'l' 'l'h': cross-holtlittgs t'f gtcrttcr
t;

u];l:,""11..i.1 ;;;";;":;;;;;;,;;; s"ruic,.s cur'r'ri:sir-rrr ltt t9.il7.f'u''Jtltl;ll lrcillrolr:i' i,.r..ltiuftu"lt,ttt'rs:r14lc:rtcr'lttt,ll:rvc:rrryproltssir-rtrrrl l:"."',',;:; i';;: ,*r.'r littt frurrr-Jrci' rvuuld-bc tttrrtt:tucti.' of cdttc:ttiutt' ti;.,' tlrctrt t'tru lirtlc itt tct'ts tili;it;",';';;'i:-;;;; '"0 otlrcr t-ulc i' rrrr tlrrt'lior out :j.ill;i ' ;';;i ;;.1",,,,,"u,] l l. l)oi'tcd i! tlrcrc tto Prulicicttcl lcir' rro prcp;\rr(ur) i;;;. ;;i1.; t;;'
I

urrrrrp:rnics rvu c ltccr)lninI ntotc itrlhtsnucrl pLuss\lcs, Anglo-Sruon i!s [llc), ilc(luircrl lbrcign slrrrr:iloldcls \vho tlurrrrltlcrl lrotc iulorur;rtiurr irnd iururciliitc rcsults. Whr:l Dlintlcrllcrz bcg:rrr scllir6 sllilus irt Nurv )r.rrk tlcy clrlc unclcr Anrcricrrr tulc:; rylriclr cunpcllr:rl t.lrctl to bcconc nuch lcss sccrctivc. PcrcT lJulncvik rt AUU iu Zu:icL lcccptctl tltc rrccd [o corrrprourisc bctrvccrr (lrc J),stclls: 'Ulitislr rrlrrlyrts ulc bcginnirrg (o rcillisc 1vL; nlus! looli lirc ),c:rls;rlrc,r.l,'lrc trrlLl rrrr: iri r99,1,'Cuntiircltrls corupl:rirr tlrlt l'trr bcirrl; tuo Arrcricr:r'. r'lrilc Arrrclic:rns tcrrrl to sny: Jrc'sjrulrring

lrirt rrJly Contircrrt;rl

it Nirlr lri:i lrcirrt, not lrit;

ll
1;

i,,tr""'ti.' t,rpcnisory trr-r'trrJs g'ryc C c rrrt:rtt. totttprtttics "f irrttnunity'tu rriLlurs' rvltilc tlrc lircttc.lt U:]:llt:l::]" ,.."tiU' "rrr.f cr)rnf", ,uo,i lt"t"6t ovcl privrttc rs rtcll ls tr'rlioll:rliscd

,.,"in.i

I l.

it,,t.t;rtt,,, ito"tl"'1" "'i'tt

:r Inurc Cottlittcrtt:rl coitrlt'rrrics l)rcscrvcd

of conrlxrics rlcrc jbicr.rnrirr6 rltogctJrcr rrrc'r'c blulrr:rJ,.rs tJrcy l:rru6lrt uP forci6u busitssscs rrrd molc tlanrullcls rvolkctt r-rutsidc .hcir orrr country. 'l'hi llrcncltnrrn Denicl (jourlcyclt juirrcd tlrt borrd of lbllurvr6crr j. A-nrcriiln, !ob, -rJrc Ucckrrrrrrr ulririlcLl rlrc,i'rr6lu-t\rncricln Srnirlil(lilc:iJccclilni, ric: 5rot,.\lcri'l'rorrrr:rrr rctJ, uvcr liorcl..Wirlrirr rlic.Ulitid: Siltc's, rJrii 1..;, cor)tusl bct\rucl tlrc lrcnrisplrcrcs rva: confuicd lurilrcr: by.UrC.jii.t i,:l:,;ii rul' irrrrrri6r'.rrrls horrr Asi,r, borh urana;Crs .ndi";(ki'"j,lihtolifliltjil inrr:lli11crrcr, h,rrrl r'urk rrntl Ilcriibiliry I'.rpi is
k-,1;rltir::
:

'l-ltc rrltir,rrr:rl

br:rin.'

,.

lo.l

!i t,

..1,:l:;

ros:'i :
JUJ

".rc

r, ,i,ll i: i:
,li,r:ti.lt..

illillili,lffiiil$

l':lir,;;11;

'l
.t

colr

I'A

Nl' rl i

;l :l

conrprnics nrorc conrpcririvc rvitlt tltc otlrcr sidc. t-,l thc l':rcilic.'l'hc Asirns. in Anlcricr \vcrc curupcling rvith tltc Asirtns il A:i;r. [vcrr protJucts rrc lcss n:tion:rlisiic drrn thcy look. All thc irr:rjor c:rr-corrtprnics:rc norv intcrlockcd rvitJr sh:rrclroldirgs lnrl nrc l.:uyin11 kcy conrponcJrts front ciclt otltcr: it is hard to l,rtort rvltctc M:rztl:r bcgitts rnd Iiord cnds. Airlincrs or cornputcrs, tcio, irtcludc prrts 6'otn trvo or Llrrcc contincnrs. Airrcricrn multin:rlionrls:rrc bcconting lcss likc

ct.tAl,Tlil( ,T$'IN'IY ONIi

t^

il
't
:!

:ilr

.L?tp)?'trla lQttgs
'0
Lr;rvc rrcrv rr.rrrhl,'s:rirl l(rrtryrr,'rvIcrc on!y rtrc rriuxUirU (lircrt0,'s ll:rvt ir)1,i.'

ii
' ri
'I

.y.
.l

niliol)rl industri:rl clt:tnlpiotrs, tltorc likc 6lob:rl rssunrbty-ptrirrts. ''t'lrc corc corpcr:tiort is tto IottScr cvcll Alllcricitl,' rvrolc l(ubcLt ltcich in r99t, bcforc bcconting Sccrctirry ol Lrrbor irr W;rslrirrgton: 'lt is, incrcrsingly, :r hqrdc, bchitrd rrhiclt tccnts :rn :rrr:ty ol'tlccctttr:rlisttl
groups rncl subgroups corltinuously cotllrlctinli \vill) sirlil:rrly tlillir:;c .rrorking unils all ovcr thc rvorltl.' r\trd hc suttrtttctl trp: "l'lrr:rc is conring to bc no suclt thirtg ns rrn Anrcricrn corl)orxliorl or rtrt i\rrtclicin industry. Tltc t\ntcrictrlt ccollonry.i! Lttt r'rcgion ol'thc globrrl

il
.l

'j

. u.rv|,

t.olr(;t, A,i. lllrri, tr:13

'l lrc tnrr.litiorr:rl coDtpiuty ll:ln rvirlr Iris currlirlcrrr:c irr :rrrrru:rl irrcrctucntl; ;rnd :r 6r'orvin6 pcnsiol is .;ls rjtitil)c( lrs rrr ciglttccn rcctrtuty clcrgynr.rn. l.lis dcclinc lrrs t:rkcn rrc:uly cvcryonc try surprisc, l,,rrticulirrly poliricirrus rrho pr:cltrrcd not t0 frcc up to ir; yct it is c,ursirry r-rrrc 0f dtc bi[fcst s0ciitl phcirvills 0f dtc t\rc ticlh cct]tury,
runtl

ccoriomy.'

'o\\'rlcI:ihip is ttttiltlportrtrtt' - lrs hlicll:tcl rvltcrt thc Gclltrn UlvlW brxrglrt Lhc Uritislr l(ovcr l'lcscltinc cl',rinrcd comp:rny. TItc rhctoric o f trtultirt:ttionrrls still cotrccrrls nttrclr lrttnrbttg. Only a vcry fcrv rrrultitt:rtionrl conrprnics lih': Urrilcvcr, Allll rrrtl Slrcll h:rvc bcconic gcnuiucly dctlchcd frorrl rr sirtglc lrrltir.Jllrl irllcrq\t. Scvcnl rttcmptcd utcrgcrs, front Dtrnlop-!irt,lli lo \t0lv0-ltcnrltrlt, hrvc comc rpart drrouglt n:rtionll rivrlrics, rlitl lllo:;t so-cilllc(l triltlsnrtionil comPlnics rrc lirmly blsc<l on I sittglc n'ttit-rn. \Vhilc thcy nrry bc rblc to run subsidi;rrics rbrorld pcacclully so lon6 irs tlrcy

But it is trot truc th:lt

L-

Irrvc conrplcntcntrry s!:ills (:rs Christoplr':: Lorcrlz poirtts otrt), rJrcy frcc politicrl lows:lJ sooll is lllcy;lrrrt dclvtt f:tctt.rtics lt.t sttit

tlcir

its rcpcrcussiols:rrc slill sprcldir6. ltt llrc tlli(l-scricttlics llrc bill crlrIrrr:rlirrrrs lrcutttcrl :r:i Iurnr:rrcrlt r.i ltirlions: tnlny ol'tlrcrrt rvcrc corrlirlurrtly prcp:rirrg lbr tlrijir ccnlcnrrlics.'l'hc frc'rt si[ns uf lirrd, lUlvl or l;irt rvlriih.slronc rbovc (hc ciq'skl4incs :rppcurcd to l)ind logctircr thc u,olkl's c0nsuntcrr rnd prurluccrs in thcir confidcnt cntbrlcc. Norv oncc-ffcJt nerlcs til:c l'un Arn rrnd Culf h:rvc dis..rpprurcd lltogcthcr; Lhc loyllLics to old blund l;rnrcs :rrc tlinrinislring; :lnd sourc of thc hc:rltlicst suwirors, Iikq Ccncrirl ljlcctric in tlrc US rntl Corrrtirl(ls irr IJrir:ril, hrvc bccl
Ir-utrsl'ornrctl itrtu

,i

domcstic intcrcsts. Most skillcd ectivitics rctnrin dccply rr.rr.,t';tl in llrcir brvtt cuutltly' or rcgion or lotvn, rvitJt I pridc lnd nloti'/iL'jcll rvlticlt crnrrot rcrclill' bc trr'nsplintcd; whilc nrtrch of tlrc:lp1:c:rl of ltrxury llrodltcts, including food rnd fashion, is rssocirtcd rvitlt tlrcir l)orrrc corrtrtry" Wllilc comprnics nccd globrl tnilniEcrs to to-ordin'Jtc thcm :rnti litrl" tlrcnl to dtc markcl-pl,tcc, tltcir cxccllcncc stcnts frcrrtt tJtcir locll roots, 'und tlrcir rcl:tionslrip l'itlt tltc surroutrding socicty. Antl lhc grcarcst dengcr in thc lvrvc of mcrgcrs, llyoffs irnd rcstrttclurirt6 of conrpeny mcn is rhc dcstruction ofthc continuitl'orl \vhich thxt (ltl:r1ity dcpcnds'

([rilc difftrcttt cl'cltturcl, iVlo:rt ol'rhcrrr rro lotlgcr fccl p:ttcnr:rl to\vir(ls tltcir crrrployucs rnd conrrrrurriricr; rld thcl. ruc tpuick lo rcplrtcc lilctiruc crrrplol,ccs tvirh slrort-tcrrrr spccirli:u,
corrsrrlllrnts ;rntl tcrrrp ntrrrlgcrs rvitlr rro corrrrrrilrrrcnl. 'l'lru ploltisc of cr.rrllor:rlc loy:rlty bcg;rrr to lor.r!: lil:c :rrr rbsurtt
-t

irrtltrl6crtcc nlriclr prcsct.vcd inconlpu(cnts rrrrd t'rrilt up crtrr!rUirlt btrrcuucnrcics. WIlrt,r'crc tl)c)'.Jll doiny tlrroLigh thc fifrics rnd sLrrics - tlrosc co-ortlin:rtors, li:risou ufliccrs, irr-housc spccillisrs, rth.i:cr: :urd Ilrqrcrs - il'tltcy coulLl cvcntually bc dispcrrscd rvirh so cr:ilrJ lJut :lt tllc Iiruc tllc cnrpcror's clotlrr:; rvclc rc:r I cnough. 'l.ltc lricrrrcliv syrrrl-rr-rlisttl b1'tlrc skyscr.rl:cr :1td tIc clcvlrtor rv;rs tui:crr for gr:rnlcrl.
J07

i::

306

c o i\l

l"\

lr

]"\1

,\

Corrrprry l)lcn iriiunrcd llr:rt (ttc) llus( spcrrtl

il.'l'ltc

lilctirtc clirrrlrirrll

cot 'oIAl'r
irlr

KTNOJ

lc'okcd irrdi:;pcnsrl,rlr:. 'l'hc rrrust pr<rl'rt:rblc corrrllirnirs, rvhiclr rvcrc rrrorrollolics or oliUol)olici, c(llrirtc(l tltcit Jucccrs l itlr tlru liz,c uf tlrtir.
btrrc.rucr.rcics.

o1l.rrluc structtyc rvitlr i.ts lrurrdr.cdi ol nrxrrUclri xud l;llcci,ilirrs

'l'ltc corIor:rtiotr clurntltctc rr'.ts.cortscir.trr:,ly rrt rrncorrstir-rusly lr.rtt of r pr-rlitic;rl s)5(clr iurd l socicly to rvlriqh it lr:rd lu justili iticlll Ovcr tIq l)o:jt-\y:rr dccudci il rcsporrrlcd to llrc clrullcrrgcs 0l'sr)ciJlis ll collruri5tlt :rrrd l:rl-rr.rul urions by tlcvclol:ilg ils owl lirtrl ol ptiv:rtc \vcll-.1rc 5l:llc. lrr r\rlcric:r tllc biU culrl)xnics lratlc urrrvt illcrr lllrguirrs \ritJl lio!crrlclli, rlliiuh:;u1llrr.rltcd tlrcn irr rc(rrrn Ibl tlrcir looliu6 rltcr tJrcir torlp;rrry pcoplu::r polilicul b:rlurrr:irrg rct,;r:; Ccr',rl,.l Cz,rr'nccIi of illlvl clcicribrcl it in ClrupLcr r5, lrr.lJlirlin rlrc cor)rl)iuly trtctt ir Urrilcvcr or lCl \vcrc hird (o distilliui:ilt (rolr rrr:ru:rgcls irr r)itjoirrliscd .irrdustrics or tlrc ciyil scrrics, In Jrrl)ur tltc poJt-\yirr coqrorltions protrriscLJ lifctil!rc ctttlllol'r)c t l)ilrdy in rcJpull5c to lllcir lcrrr:; ul'corrrnrrrrrist urions. l;rcrltvhcrc biti tluliit)css lclt vulncr;rblc lu:rlt;rclii [rorrr tlrc Lcfl,:urJ lc:;l)orrrJc(l rvitlr its orvrr:icculity, lJut tJret b:rrgrin rv;rs l,rrokcn in tlrc ui6lrtics, :rr cor'l)orrrti(,rti crposcd to tJrc 6.rlcs of rvorld conrpclitir-rrr crrulLJ uo longcr fccl lrry rcsporr:il-:ility lor nrrint:rinirrl; curplul,rucrtt.'fhlouglrout tlrr: \\rcst thc politicel nrood, turrrcd Iicrccly :rguittst trulcuucrucics, rvhctlcr public ur ;:riv.rlc. 'l'lrc r:ridcr:; DtoclcLl llrc crrrrrPl:rccrrl corp()cr:llri fot' bctr:ryirrg thcir sh:rr'clroldcrs, rvhilc lirrtd lt:luxUcr:i ct)ntl)lxilc(l xb(rul Llrcir rlulrrtcrly clrrirrl;s lrrd llrcsscrl tltcrtt lo cut birck thcir ovcrlrcud:;. \\titJril:r rlcc.rrlc cluirrucl hrd stopl)c(l tirlking:rbout socirl rcspunsil.:ilitics rnd conllulritics, ilrd slxr(qtJ bolstilU ilbout rcducir)Li tllc Irc:rdcoult. 'l'hc corrrll:rrry nlcn \vl)o lr:rd bccn clxrlburirlli ul) thc coqror:llrj l:rddcrs rvcrc Dow bitck o tllu pirvc0lcrl, \vitll tlru drrors
5lrul ;rU,rintt rlrur\t,

,,,rrsrirrdi'6 d;;1;i;;,;r;;;i.;'illll,,iJi.i,XTl]i,liil':fil',r"i,'i]';:: c:rr ri ilopl)cd., ,I lrc ccrrrrll nrtr .u,',1,1"t.ry'u,,1,,'.."J";;;.';;.li:::]i"' ctl our d;rvs, ltc :rid, is 'tJtc
1'.u1i1.,

dcicribud i; ;,,

ur urc c;rrry rirrcrics i(

rcsrr:,ir;cd ,r;;;;";-';.. corrror.rrc rrrc,rropo'i,, r,,"",,,"',""iii,ii tls Iorec aUrirr, rviLlr grorvirrlJ l|lurrr

rrll-irrtcrcst lrrcl c.rllr_rus c.rilt n:r ro dcs(roy a: rvc n:, ...",..'";,')]",.llll:,.TIrc crl,'tcity of crpitelisnr Sclrur'pcicr's d,;"; ;;l:;.lfi"', " 1:rrrrrliur conccpr, 5ur'rncd up i'

"'.'

;..i. llil':u:""'uu(

iL5 rcroc:ry \yal

i,l,lill;iill

l,lT

*", ".,,r'.1]llf"t'to ;r;,;,;1,";; ii li:'i:l{. j|"^ij;. -t

tlnLcvcn-irr drcrcccssion

iT:i:l

rdr'erd,Lurt* rk

i;;i-;;";;;;:,,jr"l"J;iii,i::i;'i,;l'l,l:1ff i:i:;f i: :
6rr_rvirrg ,..-'1.1,:r:,rt.r" ul) \yrtil tllc prcc
<1,:rrbE

iu,,'

;';"';;til';;i:;;'irrr

ccorr(,,') c irt:ccr.rrirv of rvorl:inr'

j:,.",1j1:

cr.rrrrrurrilics tll:rt tlrcy \yill lr:rvc to :rbrrrrdorr Irurrrr rrtirrr brrt :rl:,,o tlru *lrbrrl trudc
rr..r, crccrctJ,r

rs lo rvlrcdrcr tIc Wcsr coukl !cco of clnrrr;,: rvidtour;r rrrajor. 1:r.rll,i;i;;1,;;i, S:;: t-rrl.,1,c;rrr lolilici:rrr:; rrorr bclicvc tJr,rt 6lub;ti Ir"" ,r,;;';;;.;;;;:: titirrrr liuru clrc:rp Asi.rrr l::l,ruur rvill b"Jurr" ,u

Urrldsruitlr, rvlro lr.rd rrr:r,lr: lris fn

", ;,,,rirru,,i,,i;,;,,',,,;,;ili;i;i;;'illi;,,:l;iH:l;,|lij$t'ob:rrcn6inc
cuul)cl;lli l_ro rI rvjri lurdrcr ]l]]i',],',',i elrc.lc.r' ;rrrd rrrurc llcrjblc l:rbr.rur ]l,ltlt irr Asi. ,'j I itc) \y(.rc lirccd ;rg:ri' by
rlrr:rr

rcr'tr co:.ts r)t l)rutucliur)ijr.r :rrc :rt n.trri1U, tlrc clr:rllctrl;cs of currrltutitiul :rrrd

lrrrrrc)., rrrr..rrr:rlic{l r,1. L;,,

,i;;,,;;; ;;,;,:, Il",jortun.c

"u,".,,,;;i,-i;;,,;;"il:ilr:; iD rJrc rrrrrkcr-phcc,

sroLr:rl

,l;;;";;';i;:il!:"J ,,,f, i .f"*, firli,l "",

..ut,6i.:,,'t".,';:ljI',]':,,i1,;ii,t'i lll",l::1:l:, i, .r,r,U*lr"?,ir,,lu_

drc WcsI rvcrc tltc urrsuUcd tvorkcrs.
I

c ,lost.dcvJsti(cd cli rs

r.D

rsclvcs

'l'lrc cx-cr.lnrplnl'tlcn \rcrc ufcuur:ic l)illt ol'ir llruull rvidcf (liJrupti6l.'l-lrcl likr: othurs \yurc l;rciriLi u lcrcrsion ti.r lrr c;rrlicr kitrd uli c"pit"lirrl L,cfur. it rv:rs crrtu.ttclcf by llr-,rvcrful t'ruiuni,urtl sufrcrrctl b)' urrr Irur.rtc \vclfrrr, \vlrcI i\,rrrirc clc:rrl; rc:,crriblcd 'I|irturc, rctl irr
I

'rcc

tJrc irrsccu'itics

a;,;;;;;:i Lj;; il;;:: ,;;,;;;;;il;;;lj

rvhc,

t.
I

,lI
t I

oo

th

rr

tl clurv' :ind :,ccrr cdr((;ihrlc:rlcn :rll it:rblc

ir u r rr:rrr

lclutir.rrrslrips.

_ Ictl.lltfilDl ryollcrs xll'.r c:ttcIilI: lor. ;r rtrr.rbilc .lc.lt.t tlruir. ,:')lcr,

rlrc rrrulc jruliricrlly rilJrrilic.:url , cl,tsrrr, \!llo,vclc trrulc sur.ir,,,rlu
IJrrr

jr":l

l*xiru,'li #ilfi :tl*"t ,iJt,lt,i.l;i;Jli::u*iclirrrlcli

rrclur cvcrr
i,,,1,1,.t

..1
I I

As Kurl M:rni dcicriburl ir lrr'rUjU:'lt lrrrs pitilcirly tur,r rl,. "rr,,r,t.r. nrollct fcudrl rics tlrat bound rn;rn to lris "rrrturil sul)uriors" xttd hils lcft rorrrirrill; ro otllcr nc)rus bcltvccn in,rtt ind rnxn tll:rtl n:rkcd

i(cicrr trivitrr:s;i;;;;;:,:";:;,llJil,,'ill ,11'" :rr.rtrcr r5 ,,.r..,,,.,r,."r-.:'.i11;.i;;..,'l'i:l;:

Jag

i''

rlrc rrrirJrJlc d':v. r(obc. '\r:rn's

,"", crr

i,"i:1,;i:,iJ:ftt;i
,

los

;;i:
\:.1,',

ii:

,---::i.
I
I

- . - , :-: : : ;:

i: :. .

c0l\ll

Nl l\l,\ ll

,.:(l tt t,(,

l{ /\

t.l. ):IN0s

I
I
I

\vlronl lrc crlls'thc urrrious cllss', rllro rlill bc ircrc;l;irr11ly tcrrrptcrl to Juppor( protcclionisnr: l',.'hc cornirrg politicui buttlc rvill bc lirr tlrc souls of dlc anxious cl:lss,' 'l'hc nriddlc cl:rsscs, il is lruc, hlvc olicn squcrlcd bcforc, rvhcr.lt*;rbout lrilllr trrcs, crJur:ution or crrlicr ry:rvc:; ofuncmploynrcn ti but today thcir lcnrs lrr: ruorc justilicrl. i\ll rrricltlluclrss irtstiLutions ilcross lll0 Wc.\-t :rrc norv vulrrcr;rhlc t(, thc tiro\virl: insccuriry:rnd conlpctition, Covcn)nlclls irrc tllcr)lJclvcs crrttirr6 tlrcir' l.lurclucrrcics und rvclfirc; cvcn tlrc oltl Prol'cssion:;, irclrrtling thc l:nv :rud nrcdicinc, crl no longcr Iuir:u1tcc jobs for Iifc, utttl ttttivcrsitics dcrulnd pcrlbrnrlncc-rclrrtcd p:ry. 'No ottc c;rtt lccl :tllollctltur sccttru,
cvcn

lr;lnxlict,\ itrc tlclrrlrrinctl lo rrttrrirrrisc tltcir clicrrts,prllir:;, r:runiturirr11 rlrr:rrtc'ly c:rr.irrgs:rrrtl prcssirrg clricfcrrc,,ri"cs'ru r"iclrt rl," l,*" Irrnllrr, cyctr in crrrrlrurrics rvlriclr :rrc tcly pr0litiblc: ll'lrr: nrorc r.rflicc ruulkcrs rrrc hid off, rlc rnorc lhc sh:rrcir;tdcrs bcrcht:.,,,t ,t,.,,." l)ul\rccl tllc fcncrxli(,ns is tvidcncrl, Alrc:rrly by ,t,. ,.;.,,,;c, i.,1, lrrrrrli rrriddlc-cluss lrcr4rlc could Lspirc to th"ii l,ircnrs,jt:ltdir(t rrl livirrlJ: by llrr: cightics crrrployccs rvcrc rrruch lr:s:; sccurc, rvhilc slturclroklcrs wcr.c richcr. 'l'lrc crltlcr Ucrurltiol, lurgcly rctirc,l,

'l lrc prolits lbr tlrc oltl :trc:tt thc

bcrrclit l'rrrnr thc

l:ryo11.s,

rvhitc tlrc yorurUcr llclqtrliorr rrc tlrc victinrs.

c.\-pcnsc

oft|u:;ccrrriry

ifrvc do

scc

yclrs:rnd

yc:rrs ofstc:ttJy Uro\vlh

\vitll lotv irrllrrtiorr,'

ol.rhc.1,ourr6.

rvrrncd Andrctv 0rittcrr, thc tlircctorol'lltc Nrrtior'.rl institrrtc ul'licorr-

onric:rnd Soci:rl l(csc;rrch, in t99,1. Cons,:tl:rlivc lrolilici:ttts :rrc c:lu(hl bctwcctr trvo idcolcrgics: ns ttcu-libcr:tl:; tltcy p[risc ctrttrPr:titivcncss rt'td dcrcgtrl:ttiott, rvltilc lrs tr:rtlitiort:tl c(losclvillircs lllcy dcplorc tJtc dcclinc in strblc f:rntily vllucs \rhigl:'ii bLrnlcd It-rr ctitrtr:, th rrl:s uncl socirtl tlisintcgrirtiun. Dttt thcsc itrc ($o si(lcs of lltc s;tlttr: coiu: tIc industliul dynrturisut hits br:crt rtclricv,:d ilt tltc crrst (tl'srtciitl st:rbilitl,. Wc rrrc buck:rgrtirr Lo tllc nirlclcclrlh !crltut)': l)ut rvitlt tttttch lcss support froni tltc clrtrrcltcs tr uxlcttrlcr.l liririlics rlltich plovir.lc.l sonrc kind ofsociil s.rfcty-nct itt Victrrri:rn littrc:;. r\nrl lttc slrtrtt6ltrrhl ol'tltc tn'cnticth-ccntury liiddlc cltlJs, lltc co11r.'rltilrrl, il ltrrtl ils trtost vulncrri:lc scclcri. 'flrc comprrty nrcn rvho scctDcd rrlosl scc,.tr'c lltc trorv lhc rttrJ:;t rulncnrblc. Il IJrit;rin thcy rvcrc quilc ulprcl;lrcd :lirr tlrc spcr:rl ol' thc chrrngc, irrd rcnliirrcd rvcrk irr politicrrl or'1J:tnis:rtiotr,'l'hcy cutrlrl
consclaxtiv! :rllics. As tlrc Irrlitic:rl scicritist Jolrn Cr:r1' rilotc in 'fltc Un,luit'11 ul 1i'utt'wrttitnt:

,
rrrusl otrvitrtrs

NIiW AI('NARCIIItiS.

'.

trtsirlc tlru cortD.rrrics tlrc bll:trtcc lt:rs clr:rtrgcrl ctcrt rrorc rlr.rrrr:rticrlly, rvitL :t :;lrili olliirtlr pr,\vcr tlll(l nloncy trl\v:u(l:j thc tup. 'l.lris i.:

lo tltc r)rdililtl.r,torkqrs: thc ttrrir_rtts rylriclr graru u1, " c]Jlllllly illio xs tltcit clr;rr!|ltiorrs lr:tvc lrccrr urrtlurtrritrcrl hy.tlrr cortrpclitiotr lirrrrr chc:rpcr l:rlrurrr;rblrr:rrl, lrrrtl lry ri:;i,,11.r,,rcrrrpl,,ytrrc,,i :rt

i:

fild litdc support fronr thcir forrrcr

f't,c socirl :rtrd culturrrl cffccrs of nt:rll:ct Iibcr,rlii'rr :rlc, virrtrtlly \ritl)oul c\-ccption, irtimic:rl to drc tulucs tltu( trrtdititrt:tl conscn'ltivcs holtl dclr. Coru rurritics.rrc scxtlcicrl to tllc \vi (ls by thc grlc oI crcrtilc dcstrucli0n. liudlcss 'dort'nsizirrg' ;rntl 'flrttcning' of cntcrpriics fostcrs ubltluitou:; itrsccurity utttl

\r)n ic(l nbout thc licli of r:outrtcr\ycili)ts,,/VIilt:xUcrs,ra,.ri5,'j* stlorrli,'s:rid SirJohn l.l:r rvcy-J tr ne;, tlrc cs_ch:rilri"n uf lCI. ;i\.1,;;: bccrt s0 |)orr'clfirl, or so rrrt:rccorrrrlrbtc,, s:rirl ltlctltctl(.lrrts.rrcvcr Llrriil(Jl)ltct. I.l;r:;l:irrs ul'Nullltcr.rr Iroorls. livcrr :;urrrc I(clrrrblic",r brrsirrus,r-rrrctr in r\rrrcric;r itrc conccnlc(l u,".t,,,"J, oi J," "lruu,.,t," tttriotrs. ''l'hu crullloyccs nccrl to huvl propqr rcl)rcscntition,, jrid
Cicorgu Shultz, rllc fonllcr Sccrcr;r11

lrurrrc.I l:r rry rvqrrllctr, it is tlrru, crrju.1, rrrulc tusllor rsibility, urrri irrvolvc_ nrcnt.tlr:ut lrcforc: tlic ncrd lbr cfltclivc tcurrrwork:rrtrl qurlit1,, inllrr_ crrccd by thcJ:rp:rncsc, h:rs.curn;lcllctl thc bcst,r,.r,.1;"r,; to (,rl:c rtruch ut(,rc ll{Jtc ol'thcir rvrrrkcls' tnoliv:ttiol. Dut cnrporr;crrrrcnt bcconrcs rrcurrirrglcss,u,lrc' irilc,rds tu rlc rr.k. So,,r..iirirli.;.r;;;;i,;;j;;;

,i:

nrelcs Ioy:rltl' !o thc corlrp:lny :t cluel iol:c.

ln tlris f:rst-clrrn6inE sccrlc thc conrp:rrty cnrplrryccs ,trc tttrrclt ttt<rrc vulncrablc to tilc controllcrs of c.rpit;rl. 'l'ltij tltorc rrg6rcssitc lirrrtl
I lo

r)urc lltlbrtut)iltu tltill. lltc ulti(Jnj:lrc so bidl),run., 'l'hc rliddlc-rrr:rntrgcrs t(,0 xrc n,,,cl,,nor. tlcpcrrtlcrr on:r fcrr nritl :rt thc top. CottI{rnl)rJrrry thcorics ofbusirrcss ,rr,ar",i, ,, ,r1.,,i.. ol llct\vcr bcinl: rlisscrrril:rlc<1, ls lrcuttqtr:rrtcrs pll,,cc, rurtl tlrcil irrhrbit;rrrts rlispilscrl irrto rnr:rll ,Lfticcs "rc "u"aua,"j ;;.; i;;;; Llrtcl cxcclrtivcs irr lJ|ilrrin lrs $,clt r.; Arrrcric:t,t:rlk ",r,t
uborrr cnrporvcrirrll

ui,li" ,t'..1,r,uj, ;ii;,

,irr ,,r,"

'' .Ja
,! i'
1..

3t

:l ;l

(:(rAl t,?1NY

it,\N lrrul tlcirirry'. 'lt's

..

r,r

rt',

n,l.r.r; xir.tus

nrrn:rUcrs, rbout 'trllirrl.; orvncrship' or'corrtrullirry nirt thc bosscs rthg tlrtrosc (hu ur:rn:rUcrs,' sly:j

lvlilllin 'l'itylrrl rrl' I'lrnsorr's,'i('s tlrr rIlIIkct,'[Jut thc rrrr:n xt lltc lop cr|l illtclIrc{ tllc
rrr,rrlct-pl.tcc itt n vcry p,:t-liort:rl rv:q, ;rs tlrcl' rrr.rlc jrrr,l6cnrcnl:; :rlrotrt lririn6 rnd liring; rrrd thr:1'c;rrr irrsllilr nruclr rtrorc ltrrr il irn:r11c rrl' lri6lr uncruplol rrtclt. 'l'lrc Jpl)crrilncc ol'rJclcgutiun c:rn bc tnislcrttlirtl{, lirr cortltr.ttct ir;crl lirr:rrrcill s.ystcrtrs c:rrt cffcctitcly concrirl \rhcrc tltc tcitl lturvcr lics, 'l'hc lrrn:r6cr of ;r srrpcnu:rrkct or:r sur:rll lirctorl.nr:ry bc tuld th:rt lrc
llis rcrl cortrullcLs. ut-c thc cott:;l;rttt |)I iIlIutrtii, :r5icsilrcrrrr :rtd lirt:rrui.rl cltecks frotrt ltis Irc:rrJrlriullcls. 'l'ltc cotttl)utcr tclls lrirrr lruclr rlor-c ril)out tlrc c;rsh llrrrv;trrrl crrtitrtrl irt ltis o*rr br.rrclr, irut tlrc kcy dccisiuns uburrt :itr,rlcU) :rrlJ irlvcsllllclll, rrlrich ttrul clorc durvrt liis rvlrolc ol)ct'rtiun, irc lrcl',1 closc :rt tlrr.: ccntrc. ljycn (lrc lc;u)cs( Itcitdquirltcrs ufliccs cittt tttxitllilitl vclT.rtlicl cor)trols, likc I'crc.1'Uurrtcvik's AUU ufliccs irr Zuliclr.'AUU is trrrt :rr tlcc,jtrtr.rlisud ,rs it trrry,rppcirr','s:rirl rrrrc ul'its crrl:irrcr:ls, llcltil Nordrp ist t.:f tlrc l"ctlcrrtiul oI Ct:tdurt(u l-ttgittt!r's itt Stvurlctr:'l(criporrsit-rility lt.r:; Uccrt ,lcictttlrtlisctl - llut trot prlvct.' 1'lrc Lrig6cst:urd couiistcr)tly t)csl-lllJllJl.jcd ci)rtll)irrricri lilc Shcll
corrtrol:;
lr

rrr:ry Ur: Ic:,s

is .Jcstinl , but

,,"",.r"..,,,,,',,r,;iiy.'i",,"ii,ili,Xli,'l]iil;i.lilr::",il"::i::",i,i:,):
Jril;lr lucs !cct-rrrc ,corrllcrrs;rtiotr,,

r'lrrcr I.r,*l.irri ,,,,r] ii.'l'u", i.ililil,ll .tt:tt ,tl uutoc^ts,'

of Llrcir riy:rls. rft:rrucr:rtic: drc c:rrly orvrrcr-rrrl

;..ii; ;;;::;Hi;:_ trtlolt :'td i'5J)cctitjll: l)ut ,l .y rr. "r. ft,. ,,ro." ;;,;;;i;;r;;;rfi 'turc tlrcrr:,clvc:j irt dlc c\j)crr,. " ,f:rr1,".,
,u,t

,l].i,: scrrio. r':rrr.r,.Jcri _ rvhu i.:.111:l:,: cul)julltDls .r'iglrr bccur'c rivrls _ ryir.lr rvlro :rrc plitl to :rr \vrtlr llrcnl' sotrtc of tllc chicfs t,tuiu r, tuut , u r;.li'n.' ,,r I ..rttt" I c:rglc, Mccrtv.rrr ., o,,',,r,1i,',illLl]L 6rrrtdccs' of drc rhinics' likc , r,. i r,u",,r, *i i,',r,l; : i,; ili:::r/. :::y,i:H:il:
i

sccurc

tl,:'l

ill j;::;f

tJt,j old,

frlti.y

li:

i.1l;l

,"ri,iiii;
cl:ri5-

as

I)roducc tlrcir trrvrr Irolitic:rl corj.cctrc:,j,r tu

Uccr,r'c$ 'iuuitiU.l)ur.rplc
stztlt6

; ccr r:rlisirrli bcco rcs ,rl ,,r,.,' i,,,,,,,,, ;1il':Til:lr;;.?l,lill,1]fo: iil,_ '.,..i,,,u,:;;;i::l
l lc:trllrrrrrtcr's ;rr'11rrc tlr.r. crrrnL))ccj Ir.clcI tJtuir. clr:rir.rDlrri-tu bc sulr ourrrlcrl rvjtlr .rpplopli rtc spicrrduur.. ,.li.ihcsr,,.,,

.",,.""1 ,i.;, ;;;,r;;;:"", ,r.crvrrr.rls,ur;;;;,;;;;ilr;;j;ill;. .r.r::t'r.rctLrrirrg,, .,Jrl","i;i,;;; 1;o', ;; l;i_irl:

rnJ A'l'Sr'f ltllc ttttitttuittcd x triditiotl itt whiclt tlrc cltitirtttrtrl is l):rrt of ir cgnrlittcc, rvitJr lirttitcd l)(rwcr'5i !ut cuDtltxtrics tllldcrguilrI drcs(ic rcfr.,rlts :rnd cutbitclls irrclitlbly 6ivc rrlurc l)o\vcr l(, il sillUlc bo:s. As tJrcl l.rccorttc lc,ttrcr, cuttirlu brcli. tlrcir llrycrs ol'litt, tltuy lcnd to look lc:s lilc rcpuLrlics, tttttt'c likc DroD:tlchics' lttvcsttrrs,
rc*ivcrJ crrrplr;r:is on lcadctrhip cnc'tturirUcri ir

,/rccurd, ,r)rivrrc$ irr rrrc

titlt to l,c

*u,k.," i,,.rr,.trvriir",,.,,'i,i,"'ii",i"u.,il:':i,l:,,liiii:.ilr"'itii,ii:l-iI '

cliiJ bcrrutifully it(L,r.c(1., ,,",r1lr'cvs of 'l').2:rck rrrr y ,,*."l",l..lll'_",, . ]

1

fif. ,i,ij,

nrrnrrIqrs irnd thc rttcrlirr :rll look lbr r chJlislllirlic, llrttnbtrylttt boss r"itJr r disrirtctivc inagc, rvlto i.rl 9crsr., rrifi Lhc cotrrprlry, rvltilc tltc
stylc,

clr|urrr:rric, rur rror)octrroNc., U"if"l,j]"i" .iilf,jlili :lll:,:":.:1,U" rel:rrc rud llruLcc( drcll:;clvus, tlrcy c:rrr rro lorgcr. ,J.1i".. .,;;;;;;; ,"y".,.'.u::, \vxnr:r: """' "'" l)rolccti(..ur [rr.rrrr tlrc irscculit;,"""o:iJ".-'
Asia lLl Irrvc rrrobr'rltr corrt'oilirJ; nutocrirt5. rvir,i'thciiviLlclyir;;i;;;;i;;;f c;rpit:rlistrr. 'l'hc Jlllirrrcsc cJJi;lt ro orgJnisc rcLjrcrrrcnts lnd
rurrrs

,....1.r'c.ltlUcst

cy11ltirrri* irr Anrcr.icir, IurL,pc air,l

rlolc pcrsull:rl irlld rcl.iill surroutld llilllsqlf\ritll il.nlillii!lurc coul( uffirvour'irc:;;uld n:rllcrct:j, \\/lrcn hc is utt.stctl ut rtlircd, lli5 succcssor cilll br ing irr Iris otu courlicri rvltottt hc cltt tlust, :ll)d clllbxrk gtl 'col'l)ur'':rtc clcarr:in6' lo lclrovc suspccl ittllucrtccs :tttr'l cst:tblislt llis orvtl

i\ Ictdcr cin

c_r'.tIie:tIJ.1-rlirrtJctJ,

,r,.y,,r.,, rii,.;,il ;llil;:r,ll,lli;j:;ili:,:i,:,,fi;fi ""'i l)oit-\\':lr i'(lrslti:rl pi'lrcc's irr l,.lr,rrr rvurc brj;

ccstiurr:; l.rq cr tlrurr tlrr.: \Vcst tltlr -ri,J

suc_

I
I

I I

i
I

culttrrc. 'l'lrc lloril tir(litrll rcfi,rtncrs irrcvilltllly lirvrttrr' lnolc ctntrilliscd ryitrrirs, likcJrrc!:Wclclr ol'Cctttrt.rl l:ilcr:tlic, rvlrrr rv;rs tltc tttur.lcl lbr'lr;ury othcrs, l'lc rcpllccd tltc cotttp:trt1/s'rvcddilrg crkl'sllilclulc *itlr tlrc'crrtrvliccl', rvlrosc sllokcs rrll cr.rtlvcr6cll urr Irirrr, I'rlrilc lrc crsctl out tllc 'rcsi5to15' \vll{, s(o0d itt llis tv:ry1 (rcr: Clrrrpt':r t1), Di::'iricnts clr) bc Por(riycd ils trililulJi' ltnLl ltt(ucr':ttic cllicli; cirrt

"ri,",".,.'i,. ,r,.1:,.,,ur.i,1",,,i,.'in,,,ri,,i,,llll"iii,.i,l,i,jri,t,1li1ii,jlli,iil'lil
I:::ljl:l]1.'1i,,, l)ltrcilltcritc) ltrtrl
lxrr';ttc
rtrc LurrrJor. Lc:rdr1r,,,n.r,

tlrr

l_,

r,

rr';rlipirrgs

t tlt,:il succl

;;";;;;'";,i;;:

fj

:rrc lllotc

rr.*!55orJ

i'clirlctl to rclislr

ufruo,,,u,r,j.;ii,;:;;j;ri:

r\.1,.,.r,ir',k;,iii;"''u".tn.',,'.ll,ili

l;orvcr s(r.trclrrIr:

kirr6:;.'
I

tro rcrl chccls,' said liiicjri : 'r""c ttt t994' "fhcy arc rb:olutc corl

I
'..1

'

l tz

'ttl

.:

,ii;

,t

coltP^)t]'NIN

,.

hrc t,..,,' bccorttirll lrur'rlcl t,i tlishrrlllc, irr:;pitc i'h,r G.rn'rn .trirlr,ril,i \rr" ol'thcir supurv;r-(,ry btlridsiulrl thc inLlrstr'i;rl l:riltrics trl'lltc rrittclir:s. ''fhc cltrirntcn ulwiys l.:c;iir to tJritrk thcy orvn tltc irrnrprttry,'s:titl rrttr: .{nglo-Gcrnrln soiiolodst. "l'lrcy'rc rrcting Iikc sctctttccttth-ccnttrtl' princcs, oi likc brlsincss in thc tS$os llcl'rrrc tltc trriorls l)ccrrllc stronf,cr. Conrplt)ics rrc Icss rt'cll orlllrtisctl tlt;rrt gritlitici;rtts ttr 11ct rid ol thcir bosscs :tncl cl)or)sc :t \trcc(\srtr.' Lvcn t-hc lircnch rrc bcconring tttt.rrc \\'urric(l xl)(,tll tltqir tlrltlitirrrtllly ovcr-ccnlrlli:cd porvcr. "l'hu [tcttclt clstc:tyslctll, l)ilsc(l trrl:r nlrnd:rrinatc, tlircs ltugc I)o\Ycr 1r) l)lcsitltllts: it's rcrrllt hxr-c(l i,rl rnou:lrclric principlcs,' s:ritl Oct:rvc Cclirlicr', ur'-prcsitlcttt ol'Cc1:ttr:,
tlrr: Comnrission for Scictrtilic

lr

c,r)

tr

t,urt..t1.r: l:rN(i:i

'r\rlcricu is still l itir(l ril'fiolricr: srrcir:ty rrlrich rcspccrs rhc rirlror rlll in lo\r'tr,' llui cir:n iA rrtclicu ri invcslrrrs rrirc.bccrrrrring rvorrir;rl :rboul rvlru rc,,lly jcci,JcrJ thc scorr, rrntl rhcy rvclc I)rotcl;;U iUri!ljr sorlc'ol'thc big6cst p:ryntcnls, likc th:rt to i\'lich:rcl liisntr, rhc chicf cr-ccutivr: ol'l)is cy, rr.hosc sll:rry hls br:cn rcch0rrcd ls closc tu tlrc cl]lirc llr('lis nrlirrrrrrl glrorlrrtt ol'Clcrr:rtl:r - uI io Ilrc 1t:ry ol':rll .1,ooo [::tt rlcttct:r itt l)isttcyrvolH in ljluritl:r. 'l'hc disr:(,lncction bctrvcr:rr rhu r iritt6 s:rluricl; rrf clricf crccrrtivcs :rld tlrc rrrr:tliucrc pcll'orn:rrrcc of tlrcir corpol:rliuus - lirr instlrrcc lllnd i\ rlskug :rt l'l-l'- rv:rs infr.rri:r tirrl: Arrrcrir::rrr furrJ rrr:rrralicrs. irr lllit:rirr, rvhcrc pcoplc livc crlrrscr togcthr:r, Urrsincssrrrcrr in tlru prrst-rvlr rJccirdcs lr;rtl sccrt tlrcrrrsclvcs :ri lturc :rccounllblc thrl l\trt,:ticirrts lo llrr:it strrlurntlirtll srrcicty. ivhiclr lrcllrcrl to rc:;lrrir rlruir tlcrrrrrrtls; :;o lhcil churtl;c.of irttr'ltrrlc irt Lltc ciUlrlics \!:rt rll llrc ntolc sIcctlcul:rI, irrst rv[crr ntlrtugcrs:tnd rvorkcls rrcrc fucing urr:s l:ryoli.\. At lirst hi6hcr sulirlics l'crc c.-pluincd is csscnti:rl tr.r ollsct hillr 'lxrcs, r,r'tu courl)cllixlc lirl thvirrrllirrg cotup:ttty ltctls; trut:rs t:ts.-s rrcrrt tlorvn xn(l pcrlis rcntuirrr:rJ, thc sullrrics rvcrrt up. 'l'ltuy,r'rcrr nrr,:il i-l)ucllruIlirr irr thc City (,l l,tttttltrtt, rvltcru rt [c!i \vclll rll)(tvc :t rrilliorr prrrrrrrls rr ycurl ltnrl tlrr: Oitl' :;rrtrtt itrllrrcrrcctl thc rlcrrrrtrtls
cl:;crvhurc in irrdustry- t0 tlc disuury ofi[dustrirl chrirnrcn likc Sir l)cu1's I'lcntlcrson ol'lCl, rvho sat on bnnks'bo:trrls.'lhc collOctition lirr srl:rlics ;tcqrrircrl ils tlvn nronrcnttrrrr, rpcctlctl up by tlrc hc:rrllrurrtcll; rvllr crtultl llhy conrprrrtics :rlirirrst crrclr crthcr rnd crsrtc nc\v rrr:llkcts in dircctorships, brcrtkirtg tlorvrl corl:orutc loy:rltics und urqcotrr:t6itrg nrol>ility. lly thc c:rly nirrctics tIc csc;rlrrticrn ol'fccs rrrcl. p;ryr.rli's rppcurctl to sonrc obscrvcrs to l)c ort ol'coltrol, Arrd ls thc r\ritclic:rl l)xy c.\l)clt l)r'ol'cssor Grlcf Crystul rv:rrrrcrl tlrc Uritirh irr rgr.t, conrplrinU rllcir sxlirrics to tllc.nnlcricius': 'You rin'r sccn

Or(itlisrltic' 'l)ccctrtrrrlisrttirrtt :tllorvs !lorc ccntrili:'-1(ion of trt:tior tlccisiotts,' :'-rlirl Jclrrl.l'icrrc 'l it'rrtrllcl' tlrc ;oillt dircctor-gctrcrrrl ttl'I(htrttc'l',,rrlcrr':. 'l-crttlctsltip ltccrrttrcs nrorc ittrl)ortirlt tlt:rtr dilllottus.' lJut llritislr:tttd r\ttlcricln curtrllitlrir':s lirc(: lllc [:lcxtcsl tliflicrrltics
itt corrt rollitt[a tllcif
utr t ocr.,rts.

I'
t.
! I
I

'l'lr cy rtl.c rrrorc r:rr rtrlilirrttctl trr itltlil'itlttltl lcrrlcrslrip 'Jt lltc lul)' ils \vc sil* in (:h:rl)tr):' 2o, rrililirlst llc Irrttrc collctjiltc tritcliriolt itl Colllillculrll l'itrlopu: t!lis lrits tlr;tttt;ttisctl itt tlrc Angto-Dutch tucrg,:t'of llcctl-lilscticr. l'hcy ltrrvc ltrtl-:r ttttrtc fr"rnrcitcd owrrcrship, rvitlt fcrvcr d,:tltittlttr(:;ltirrclrr-rhlcrs.'l'ltcy l:tck drJrcstnints of thc supcrvisory lltr:trtls, or I broildcr colllnlitlnctrt to stikclioldcrs. Anrl rlcir Inck of rrccorrn trrlrili ty.rvrrs spotlighlctl by rhc ruslr of higlr s:rlrriis irr tltc trinctics.
:

i.

'lllli scol;
II is rvith thcir srl:rrics tlt:tt tlrc clticfs sltotv thr:ir rrltirttrrrc l)o\vcr ovcr tJrc cornprny ntcl). Wllitc ntiddlc'ntrtrrgcrs ltrvc ttcctt ltcllllcss lo pror;ct dlcursclrcs frolrr lll'ofls, rcrv:trds lt tltc top ll:tvc itrcrc:tscrj to lcrcls rvhich hrvc cxispcrxtcd cnlployccs, sllarrcholdcrs ind politicirttts on both sidcs of thc Atl:rrttic. Irr Anrcric:t hu1:c rcrvrrds rvcrc p:rrt r"rl';r tnorc risk_trkitr6 cntrcpr'c_ ncurirl tr:rdirion rnd r rcspcct lbr nrultcl'-v:rlttcs. Wllctt 5ir Orvcn Grccn of B'fR i:kcd otrc ofhis Anrcric:rn tlircctors rvhy hc tlcnr:tndctl such r lrigh salrry hc rcplictl:'l('s tltc scorc.'As Crucll ptrt it to nrc:

rrotlrin'yct.'

A fcrv r-rl'thc LlLitish high cJlr)cr:; wcrc gcnlrirc cntrcprclcurr on lltc Anrcricnu pirltcrn NIlo lrrd bccn brou8ht in to rurn round r sonlrlolcnt contpirny, rvith r sllury, bonus',rld shrrc options'linlcd to lllc pcrfonlxDcc, Llrrt rttrnl,\ycr'c vcrJ cottycrtlion:rl conlp:lny nlc'r, olictt itt ct-rrrtir.rrr;rli:;crJ inr.lur,.lrics, rvlru could br:rrclit front thc ncrv rnootl to rloublc ol triplc tltcir s:rturics uud cr:rct lrtrgc p:yoff: rvhcn thcl, rctilcd or rtcic lircrl. 'l'lrcy rvcrc lourlly criricil;ctl by shrrcItoldcrr-, tlrc ntccli:r rrld cr,crr Conscr.v:rlivc lrirtistcr:;: 'l rvirh nrorc ot' 3t5

i::

ll,l

:,
!.

c0lrrAN)

ItAM
C {) t( t, O ji, A.l.:j Ill,tO.\ rritlrurrt ;rrr), cff(ctivc cuntlul: I, c.,,,,1,",,y.rgrr.-N.,rr,,,,;; i;;',,:i:;;,lu,j'J]l:"i,:l:jlr,l,.l,,u,J:,"ri1:,j ;
I

,...1

:'.i.'

:l

::)

.r

ltl

our busincsr lcadcr: rhorvcrl ;r dcccnt lcvcl ofrcstrlint,, conrllliincd l(crrrrctJr Clrrkg thc Clrrrrccllor of rhc lixclrcqucr lrr r9j,1. Ut,t r|is]rcs rvcrc t)o( ct)ouUlt; in Novc rbcr r99.1 rlrcrc r""" o,rirv o,rr"rl, rvlrcrr tlrc clricIcrccutivc oflJritjsh Grs, CctJric Diorvn, rvxs rrvirdcd a 75 pcr ccnt p:ly irrcrcisc ju5t a5 dorncsl,ic 6as priCcs tvcic guing up. 'flrc bo:sc: :rppcarcd inrrlunc (o critici:rrrs aird sicirl ::rncti<.rrrs: 'lrr tlri: busirrc:s you nrust Irivc l tlrick sl,.in,' onc of thcru cxpl:rinctl. 'l'lrcy rvcrc dctcnlincd to 5ctirrllc tlrcnrsclvcs lrorl thc rcst of t]rc cgnrp.rny nrcn, :rnd frour tlrc socicty arountl thcrl, to Lrccorrrc prrt bf ;r ncrv clitc of orvrrcrs ol crpil;tl, 1'hcy sccrrtcd t<.r bc rc-cstll-rlislrirrg
:r

tt .

r/

cl:rii 5)stcnl,:li tllcy il!txllcd

tJrcrrt:clvcs

i:;r

rrcrv aristocrucy irr

rtclurlrc Plolit:; [r) tlislcrdr:itrr: r rh..1,b..rr,,c ,r;1 ;;:..,J."rj':.'ll:.:ori)ocrrls irr :lccPv-.ctrrtp:rrics, "rr,l ,,1,,,ri.
xr,u,,r

ji:;ll:l::,1,,,,ii,";r;l;i;;.':;:il:;'i;:lr:$j:Ti:::il:J,h:ll;ili:J; (o

'l'ltc rrrujr.rr. slr:rlclr,.rltlcls. tlrc ,t,.,,,r.t"..'.,1',,i,,,i ,,,,, ,,",;l,i::;,1]:l':l.,rr 'furrds, rvcrc storv.1e 1.;5q,1

tlrcir urvl crr.iclrrrc,,,.

c nltLl lurur), Itutcl s.ritcs _ -- '" ro cI ''rLrjrL:rlll llis ftjcllds utld c<-,ris'i'c for

/
I I

I
lr

cortritry lrcrr':cs aud rttutci. 1'hc riru of tllis rrcw cl:l5i coirtciclcrl nc;rriy ryitll thc rcuc:ll of oL-l l:rrrdorvrtcrs rvho h.rrl lost (llcir lorturcl; irr Llcrytlr instrr:rlcc nr:lrkct, ild \ihbsc tsl:rlcs could bc litkcl) ovcr'. 'l'lrcy bcglrr 1o Iook rrrorc lil,,c t}c crrictturcd fit c;tts ol'tltu t9:o:; :rrrtl i93os, or thc'h;rrd-f;rcc(l rrlcrl wllo lagkcd l: il'thuy hlJ dr-rtrc lcrl rvcll crr.rt t-rf tlrc rvlr'. Uut dlcy \vcrc rlo\y (rl)cr;1lirrLi itt it ttrrrclr Drorc lrnrrsl):rrcnt ill losl)llcrc, rvitlr lrtuclr. gr'ciltcr' prcsstrr'c lr,rr ;rccr..rtrrrtrbility: drcy scrc doirtg scrious polilicll dxllxUc (u tlrc

Corr:cr"rti*c )':rrty rvlrich h;rtl lirst rrrtlc:rslrctl tlrcit

'rrrd

:rrrrbitirtrt:i.

.t:

t;

li ii
li

'InIi
\\'lro coulrl corrtltrl tlrcrll'llrc

o\\,N

ti

t(s

li '
II
1,

irbuscs of purrcl huvc lclivc,.l Llrc lrr)ccrl:lirtlI ;rburrt tltc busic lc6itirrlcy of thc cor'1lur;rtion. 'I'lrcrc lr,rtl rls:r)s bccrr doutrt:; ubout tlrc sifc6u,ud: of tlrc liruiturl liubility cr-rrrr-

iir cr:tj rlrurrr ,, i,,,"^",,"" ,,,r," ,',i""""Ii ut"",'t.'t :rltd I'ollv l'ucI trtottstrous,ru,rri,rio. r('b.;;;i.,-',;;ri;.,;i;;il;::r:l:':'rsrv.'r'rtc :tudircrri rr rd Pcrrsiorr frrrrrJs "r irr ru rrrrrrrrir,riorr ,,,,,r i,",,i.,i'ii,; rr,. r,,.r. ,,r: ,',,i"s,,;, iiJ ii;;. ;;;r;"li"ctuIs, "lil:j :lll,t":l; lrc rlrtic rrcrcxrcs itt busscs' sltllr ,,, ,1i,., ics.i , r,c ,,,;,:,,.;:;,;.:,i'i;: ;l:l.lllillji lllillll? t lrc lJIirislr lirrr(l:r l)cLiirrr lu i tutv( visibll,.lud Ly tJrc I'ostul .rirrrtr:, r'rrrr ,,,,ri'oi,,..'i,,r'l'i,J'1"" I cic(:(rrrr l)crr!iorrs' 'l'hcir clticI crccrrrivc i\l:rsl:rir. ',.,,,,,,. l(,;,, ;;;;.; " rr'r',,; ,.1".",,,r,, j,,,r,if:;",,-,,:::ti,Jllllili,.;i,,Yl":;: ;lli:;i'lii:,,:.j (lrrt!tult; Lltr'cc ),clrrs' t:.,y il. rlrcr,, r,*. r,..,, ,*,,,ii,i,;;,: :i,ii.' j;{..*i:

sc.rrrcr.rrr

Irrr(ts \vcrc coll:rbur:ttirrg irr .r srrcccssitrrr cu rrl):;:, ir "f,jr.,,;,.,",;-i;;;;;;;]ii U:ri rj, t lUrVI, \\rcitirr6lrorrsc, ClVl :rrrl l(utJ:rkrrr rrlt:llt Itc lluttii,,lt furrL.Js rvr: toxrovc.

.i,,i;;,;..i1il: :l;,i'lill":,:.i,:l:,i,:iljll,il
i.,i.'.;,ir,i.-.'i,,.ti,l,lllY.t"j"l".,",'t

j;ff:

i.,r,.

bul drc

l:i:llliTilli:]H l:ill::

li

):

il
ti t' ti It
lr

'.i.., :
',1

riiii,r ij .. ljl :.1'.::.||

l,'rl.' r;,

;rl ':
i

ll'
t-r

ll.rly <tt tutiiti tnut 'lrc \vhicll took sllrl)u in tlrc tlid-nirrctccl(lr ccrrturl rrrrJ crp;urdrd \vith thc ruil$irts, run bI cntlcpruncurs wlto \!crc rcIrolc fr0lll thciI ll)ouslr]ds ol slt;ttcltoldcls. l\ftcr tJrc oligitrrl owncrs or [rnrilics Llisturrccd tlrcrtsqlvcs lr0rrr tltc c0Illl0l ul'lllorJuctiorr, thc idc:r of'rurn:r6crill c:r1tit;rlisnt'rvrs rvclcutttctl, rvith s:rlrr'ictl Profcisiorrrli \rho ul)l)crrcd dcdirirtcd (o thc lortg-tctttt goud of tlrc collll).ln), :rrrl oltcrt xchicvcd 5J)cctilc\rl:lr Urorvlll lrrrd ilxl.)ilily. Ilut colljdcr)ic \\'incd i5 (hcir'l)crfotnruttcc ditrittisltctl, rvlrilu tlrc rr:c,rc rrrbitious rn:lr)rUcrJ could crploit lhcir cqllrl)ill]icti to 5uit lhcln:cllcs. Iri Arrrcric;r l fcrv ulscrupulous b0s5cs could cnticll tllsrlsclvci
316

l: lrrttdl crn'( ln.lt.rUc _. rlc cuttldtt, ttttt n c:ttttly storc,' llols L,o(,bc),rul(l Iru irr rr,9;. ,rv".,,,, ],.i.li.l], tt, a Irltrtcrvork for nrrrnr:crrrcrrt. \\rc .,,r*,,1i., ,,.u,i,,",,""'r ".,,,,
,:i.,,,r rrr:lr)ilUcl: lo b:rrr r.ullir..;
rti'r.cr'r:;, rrr,rrry

fr,.,;,"r"1.;,,j;;i,,; *j;: .tr,,r,sc ctricr-c^ccuri;,i,;,;;'b.::,ilJ'l;);:::lil,,:i,"r:j:xl'lT

l.::...1'.',,]'.,,, cill)ttitli:illt,r

irr (lrc rvurl.tolcc, irrc nor Uoud Uuo.J jrrrrlc., Uut tlrc

i,'Ji;;ji;ij][rj.,:iri:i:i:T:

r.i,,u,,,.,,,,;':i;:,;l;ilj.1'.:i.::,1i,rr.,il: rr*r
cot){r.,rr;15

owrr r,,j,,i,,,ir,l:t;;l:l:,'i'.it',',,.u I rcc(l $ lr uYcr-p:,r...cr.fu I bossr.5, 1l1c rrrrjoriitrvcttors ifl iJrit.irr :rrrrl l\rrrclic.r bcc.rrlc

i:;:Hll:
by tJIcir

,,,.,

l.:
14

r.rulc scliously rvolricd lbuut rvhrt rJtiy discrcrrll c:rllcrl 'cor.porr., . 1;uu.r,,r,,..;. f , ,1,. U,JrcJ Sorc, Oi,,lrli
317

co;\lt,]\N\'

AtA

(:(tlrlott^.t.l:
Cor'prrr';rtirrus rrlc b:rck rvitlt

itt0ucnccd nltny otllcr corpor:rtioltj: tllcy f:lvc nlrcll ,,,ura i,,,.1a1,r:,,dcnl potvcr to o u lsidg dircctors, t0 luccl scplr;rtcly u'l(lqr lllcir olvtl lcldcr, to rcviciv Iic chicfcrcctrlivc's ;tcrlornr:rncc c;rch ycrr urrtl to rurakc plrns for tJrc succcssion, In lJrir:rirr ir ct:rlrlittcc hcrrrlcd lt1,Sir. Adrian Crdbury rccotlmcntlcd nrorc cfl'cctivc lccountrrbilitl,, irrclurling scprrrting chicfcrccutivcs lrorrr cb:riynrcn, nntl givirr6 rrrorc porvcr rnd informrtion to non-c.\-ccutivc (lircct0rs; but thc propr)srrls rcnrrincd volutrtlrl'. Outsirlc dircctors lctrr:rirrcd vcrl rclrrcl:rrrl lo clrrllcngc thcir clrrirnrcrr ryhcrr thlt rvould risk fr,rrgoirrg thcir orvrr lccs, rnd tJrosc rvho fircd chrrirnrcn's :rtt,l llticl'cxccutivcs' l;:rl:rrics rvcrc oftcn hnriliar 'rcnruitcr;rtoli' \rllo lr rd thuir orvl ir)lcrrit in highcr fccs.

Mot<-rrs lrublisltcd 6rridclincs lbr crrrloftrtc l;o\1lrnlrr)cc irr r 99,1 rrlrielr

( .t(;:i
rrl.rrrr:recrrurrt:rbilitv rrirlr

. Thc rcfornrcrs

intirnid:rtc tris bolrdllnd silcncu lris oppositiorr. 'l'hc problcnr rv:rs pcrsonilicd by Lord l\/ciustoc!, rvho lor thilty;.c:rrs lrrrl donrirr:rtctl

undcrcstinr:rtcrl

t[c por,t:r o[:r

rlorr;trc]rir: l,ros:; lo

tltc - ll)ctrItvcl)ctis ol lr:rtiotrs- :rrrcl ct, tltc hc:rlth ol. rlrcir. sucictics, rr.ltilc ' tlrrcltcnirlll tu rvidcrr thc r.ili bctrrrcrr clrrploycrs r,,,l .,,,r,t0"..1r. )i:i,J c\ccss(s :u c rrrrlikr:ly to llc cll'ucr'ivcly r.".irri,r..l f,r. ui",r'lu cor'l)rtt:ttc litJvct'rlxtlcr.:, .'I'lrc urrly ,:l]cctivc cuurrtcrl.orcc "_iri;,,j rir,:t rIorlt ttlc trfo:t(lct. I cl)rcsct[:ltiorl ol'b<rrlr crrrPloyccs :rrrrJ 5lt:rrclloldcf5, s'ilh clctlcrrts ul'tlrc Cultincrl:rl syst,:ur, tirrt rrirlr ,rr..,.1' ir",,*,,. e'ttc1' artl rrrrrrc licr;trcrrt rrrr:clirgs _ rvlriclr c:rrr,",ly fr. ".i,ii_.,r trrltrrrlJlr srrst:rilctl lloliticlrl,ltlcssrrlc: l-rut srrciul l)crrrrrcr.ur prrlitici:rrrs lctlr:lirt rclltctilnl lrr rrr:rkc:rr1.nlrA,(,:: tlr:lt ,,,i1it,r t," rr,,,at,,lil ,rr.,,,1_
cr-,rrrc

,1,. ir,rr, ,,f f,i;ri,l".ri iurrblttol, sl)rcildill.; li.r-,rl Arrrct.icu to lirrltrllr:, rvhiclt t,,r,t,ar,,"1rrr"i".ri llrc t(il) liot)t tllc boRoIt., -l'lris.rv:rs incvil:rl,l),bccorrirr1l:r pulitic:rl pr.olllcrr, :rs it:rflcurs

tltc clt.licr purtncrs loollirrl; :rftcl. rlrcir. u*,,. ,1.1,. l;; ;,; :rccrrtrttl:rbility tv:r:; :r r.ccurtitrg pr.rLbltrrr ;rs corpur.,rlirrrts ;,;;; ;;,;;,.. irr(t (tlccturj ltorc Icl)otc; but it rcuclrr:rl ,r rrciv cr.isis i,,lf," i,iJor. sitlr..thc rrc;rkcrrirr6 (,1'cor.l,(,r rc loy:rlty:rrrtl
:rr"

]l],]i'.y: \llirlxnl

rvlriclr thcy bc6,rrr. 'i'lrc ,lirccto,.s rulrr, *.r. ,"r".r;,1 .r Atlrrrrr Sr:rirJr u,rrrrctl, couh.l ,,.".,. frt".^ir.,.,i ",f,.;

tllr l)rol)lcll

;;::;i.i:
i,;

i.

:r,

i,:

GtrC, Britrin's bigilcst crrginccriug corrpnr:y, :rs rrrrrur6irrll tlir.cctor., choosinf his osn clrrirrncn irrd Llircctor's \/l)o tlrrrctl lot crrurr:rrlict hint - includin6 his sort Sinton, rvlrunr ltc liryorrl.crl irs hi\- succcs:ior - rt'ltilc tlrc corrrp:rny's crgilccrirrl; l:rn11r'i.;hcrl.. At thc :rgc ll scvcrrty Wcinstock's position rv:rs rcncrvctl l'ot :r,rutllcr' i\r(J ycxrs, xliirir:;t 'opposition fronr Postcl, but \vitlt tllr rclrrr; :rrrt rrsscrrl ofrrtlrcr l'uirtls. Unccrt:rintics lbout succcssiorr rctnilirrjJ lht tircntc:;t (lnnucI lut nlonlrchic colllpinics, ls thcy rvcrc lol r:iulicl ljuropciln kitlU(lorti - or for Donrbcy rnrl Sr.rn, )vlosr brilliir.rt rrrtocmts, likc Wciirstock :rntl l'[:rnson, hlvc sonrc kinrl ol' Nrrllolcrl ric ..vis h to csl:rblislr lr ttyrrrust;', tlrus crc:ltiIli tllcir or! succcs:iill]i 1l|0blcrt, crrrrsci0rrily rrI
tunco ns cio ui I1' rvcu

r':rDit:rlist,
'l'ttc

kcnin6 I

n1'

rit';rls,

[1

tlrc dcdicltcd crr6inccrs ot crirjculilqs

dcp cn d.

is irrr rursc linl; urrrrospht:r'c It.rr trrr ',rlrorrr !hcr r'rclrurl ptorlrrcls

ul lilc c:tptlilli
cril)rosrvc rsriuc

sufl'cr liurrr rlrc Lli.;r.rr1lti,rr, ,i,,,1 iir;,,i.,,,r"ti,,,, ,',i ')o'c cr)rl)ur:llc. Ioy:rlg'. 'l'lrcy rrr.r: bc6irlrirrg tu r.c:rlisc, tl,c), ir.;l;i; d;:. ",r irl'lrsc:i r)l l)D\\'cr xt thc tol), tlt,rt thC uccorrllt:rbility,rfrlrcir crrnrD..rrric, is.csscrrli:rl lrr llruit rrivrt currtittrrity urrtl ,.1,i"r.,t,..,,t, rt,,1 u, ,ir. i,;.;i;1,

rrrrrsl cllcdtivc llt.c:;rrrr.c rlr:;l crrntc lirrrrr tlrc corrrr.rrrv n,,,,,,1,. tlrcrrrsclvts. lt is rlrc rrrrrr:r11uls, frrl irll tlrcir.p.r:,t rrrist,rIcs., ,1i',r..ii._ rrcssts, u'lro tclr:rin lhc kcys lu ,,,,,t llr.urlrrclitrtr I,ru,,,r.ri,r, ,,,,,i ,j,.*

tlli'l

ur:1'rrirc,

ill lltc l\!cllt),_lirr-t cc lrrrr.

syr-lcrll. r\tr.J uccor: t:rbitity tvill bcc0rrrc

rrtrrru

ln tltc ninctics loyrrl conrprny nrurr rr':rtilrcrl thcir Llcpultinl; bor;:;cs rnikint tlrcir Ibrtuncs out ol'filihrrc; xntl surv licrsurnl prr.rlir bcconrirr6 incrc:rsingl1, dilorccd frorn Pllrluctirrl, rtrlrlccl lultru unrl tc;rnrltrlk. 'l'hc scnsc ofcorpor:rtc lo1':rlt1'rr:rs uftun too ri(,lid irr tlrc ;l rl; Lrrt it rtrs trorv dissolvirt6 so f:lsl tll:l( il lllrcxtclr(l lu utr(lclliinc xn)'co,l(inuit)'. ,\nd ihc prol)lcnt wrrs.norc !ct iour in thu lucc rrl gltrbul corrrltutition rvith r\silrr corpor:rliorrs which li:liltxil((l :l cl'ntinurruri contrttitrtrcnt, trtolc closcll' rclrrtcrl to tlrr: rcst o( tlrrir srrcictl,

:"'

lli)

.:ri ,.:-j

il

lry