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DIPOLE

This MATLAB program calculates properties of a symmetrical dipole antenna of finite length radiating in free space, including directivity, resistances, reactance, current distribution, and far-field patterns. The user inputs the dipole length and radius in wavelengths. The program then calculates the maximum directivity, radiation resistance, reactance based on current maximum, and generates plots of the normalized current distribution, elevation plane patterns in dB, and directivity pattern.

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Rakesh S K
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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122 views8 pages

DIPOLE

This MATLAB program calculates properties of a symmetrical dipole antenna of finite length radiating in free space, including directivity, resistances, reactance, current distribution, and far-field patterns. The user inputs the dipole length and radius in wavelengths. The program then calculates the maximum directivity, radiation resistance, reactance based on current maximum, and generates plots of the normalized current distribution, elevation plane patterns in dB, and directivity pattern.

Uploaded by

Rakesh S K
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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%

****************************************************************
************
% DIPOLE.m
%***************************************************************
**********
% This is a MATLAB based program that computes the:
%
I.
Maximum directivity (dimensionless and in dB)
%
II. Radiation resistance (Rr)
%
III. Input resistance (Rin)
%
IV. Reactance relative to current maximum (Xm)
%
V.
Input reactance (Xin)
%
VI. Normalized current distribution
%
VII. Directivity pattern (in dB) in polar form
%
VIII.Normalized far-field amplitude pattern (E-theta, in dB)
in polar form
% for a symmetrical dipole of finite length. The dipole is
radiating
% in free space.
%
% The directivity, resistances and resistances are calculated
using the trailing
% edge method in increments of 1 degree in theta.
%
% **Input parameters
% 1.
L: Dipole length (in wavelengths)
% 2.
a: Dipole radius (in wavelengths)
%
% **Note:
% The far zone electrif field component, E-theta, exists for
% 0 < theta < 180 and 0 < phi < 360.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------% Converted from Fortran to Matlab by Kelly O'Dell 3/2002
% Modified by Marios Gkatzianas
%----------------------------------------------------------------------%
function []=dipole;
clear all;
close all;
format long;
warning off;
%---Choice of output---

fprintf('Output device option \n\tOption (1): Screen\n\tOption


(2): File \n');
ERR = 1;
while(ERR ~= 0)
DEVICE = input('\nOutput device = ','s');
DEVICE = str2num(DEVICE);
if(DEVICE == 1)
ERR = 0;
elseif(DEVICE == 2)
FILNAM = input('Input the desired output filename: ','s');
ERR = 0;
else
error('Outputting device number should be either 1 or
2\n');
end
end
%---Definition of constants and initialization--PI = 4.0*atan(1.0);
E = 120.0*PI;
THETA = PI/180.0;
UMAX = 0.0;
PRAD = 0.0;
TOL = 1.0E-6;
%---Input the length of the dipole--L = input('\nLength of dipole in wavelengths = ','s');
L = str2num(L);
%***Insert input data error loop***
r=input('Radius of dipole in wavelengths = ');
%---Main program---------------------A = L*PI;
I = 1;
while(I <= 180)
XI = I*PI/180.0;
if(XI ~= PI)
U = ((cos(A*cos(XI))-cos(A))/sin(XI))^2*(E/(8.0*PI^2));
if(U > UMAX)
UMAX = U;

end
end
UA = U*sin(XI)*THETA*2.0*PI;
PRAD = PRAD+UA;
I = I+1;
end
D = (4.0*PI*UMAX)/PRAD;
DDB = 10.0*log10(D);
RR = 2.0*PRAD;
if(A ~= PI)
RIN = RR/(sin(A))^2;
end
%---Calculation of elevation far-field patterns in 1 degree
increments--fid = fopen('ElevPat.dat','w');
fprintf(fid,'\tDipole\n\n\tTheta\t\tE (dB)\n');
fprintf(fid,'\t----\t\t------');
T = zeros(180,1);
ET = zeros(180,1);
EdB = zeros(180,1);
x = 1;
while(x<=180)
T(x) = x-0.99;
ET(x) = (cos(PI*L*cos(T(x)*THETA))cos(PI*L))/sin(T(x)*THETA);
x = x+1;
end
ET = abs(ET);
ETmax = max(abs(ET));
EdB = 20*log10(abs(ET)/ETmax);
x = 1;
while(x<=180)
fprintf(fid,'\n %5.4f %12.4f',T(x),EdB(x));
x = x+1;
end
fclose(fid);
n=120*pi;
k=2*pi;
if exist('cosint')~=2,

disp(' ');
disp('Symbolic toolbox is not installed. Switching to
numerical computation of sine and cosine integrals.');
Xm=30*(2*si(k*L)+cos(k*L)*(2*si(k*L)-si(2*k*L))- ...
sin(k*L)*(2*ci(k*L)-ci(2*k*L)-ci(2*k*r^2/L)));
Xin=Xm/(sin(k*L/2))^2;
elseif exist('cosint')==2,
Xm=30*(2*sinint(k*L)+cos(k*L)*(2*sinint(k*L)-sinint(2*k*L))...
sin(k*L)*(2*cosint(k*L)-cosint(2*k*L)cosint(2*k*r^2/L)));
Xin=Xm/(sin(k*L/2))^2;
end;

%---Create output-----------if(DEVICE == 2)
fid = fopen(FILNAM,'w');
else
fid = DEVICE;
end
%---Echo input parameters and output computed parameters--fprintf(fid,'\nDIPOLE:\n-------');
fprintf(fid,'\n\nInput parameters:\n-----------------');
fprintf(fid,'\nLength of dipole in wavelengths = %6.4f',L);
fprintf(fid,'\nRadius of dipole in wavelengths = %6.7f',r);
fprintf(fid,'\n\nOutput parameters:\n------------------');
fprintf(fid,'\nDirectivity (dimensionless) = %6.4f',D);
fprintf(fid,'\nDirectivity (dB) \t= %6.4f\n',DDB);
fprintf(fid,'\nRadiation resistance based on current maximum
(Ohms) = %10.4f',RR);
fprintf(fid,'\nReactance based on current maximum (Ohms) =
%10.4f\n',Xm);
if(abs(sin(A)) < TOL)
fprintf(fid,'\nInput resistance = INFINITY');
fprintf(fid,'\nInput reactance = INFINITY\n\n');
else
fprintf(fid,'\nInput resistance (Ohms) = %10.4f',RIN);
% fprintf(fid,'\nInput reactance based on current maximum
(Ohms) = %10.4f',Xm);
fprintf(fid,'\nInput reactance (Ohms) = %10.4f',Xin);
fprintf(fid,'\n\n***NOTE:\nThe normalized elevation pattern
is stored\n');

fprintf(fid,'in an output file called


..........ElevPat.dat\n\n');
end
if(DEVICE == 2)
fclose(fid);
end
%---Plot elevation far field pattern-----% plot(T,EdB,'b');
% axis([0 180 -60 0]);
% grid on;
% xlabel('Theta (degrees)');
% ylabel('Amplitude (dB)');
% legend(['L = ',num2str(L),' \lambda'],0);
% title('Dipole Far-Field Elevation Pattern');
% Figure 1
% ********
z=linspace(-L/2,L/2,500);
k=2*pi;
I=sin(k*(L/2-abs(z)));
plot(z,abs(I));
xlabel('z^{\prime}/\lambda','fontsize',12);
ylabel('Normalized current distribution','fontsize',12);
% Figure 2
% ********
figure(2);
T=T'; EdB=EdB';
EdB=[EdB fliplr(EdB)];
T=[T T+180];
polar_dB(T,EdB,-60,0,4);
title('Elevation plane normalized amplitude pattern
(dB)','fontsize',16);
% Figure 3
% ********
figure(3);
theta=linspace(0,2*pi,300);
Eth=(cos(k*L/2*cos(theta))-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta);
Dth=4*pi*120*pi/(8*pi^2)*Eth.^2/PRAD;

Dth_db=10*log10(Dth);
Dth_db(Dth_db<=-60)=-60;
polar_dB(theta*180/pi,Dth_db,-60,max(Dth_db),4);
title('Elevation plane directivity pattern (dB)','fontsize',16);
%---End program---------------------------------------------function [y]=si(x);
v=linspace(0,x/pi,500);
dv=v(2)-v(1);
y=pi*sum(sinc(v)*dv);
function [y]=ci(x);
v=linspace(0,x/(2*pi),500);
dv=v(2)-v(1);
y1=2*pi*sum(sinc(v).*sin(pi*v)*dv);
y=.5772+log(x)-y1;
OUTPUT:
Output device option
Option (1): Screen
Option (2): File
Output device = 1
Length of dipole in wavelengths = 36
Radius of dipole in wavelengths = 39
Symbolic toolbox is not installed. Switching to numerical
computation of sine and cosine integrals.
DIPOLE:
------Input parameters:
----------------Length of dipole in wavelengths = 36.0000
Radius of dipole in wavelengths = 39.0000000

Output parameters:
-----------------Directivity (dimensionless) = 17.7412
Directivity (dB)
= 12.4898
Radiation resistance based on current maximum (Ohms) =
519.0828
Reactance based on current maximum (Ohms) =
154.5109
Input resistance = INFINITY
Input reactance = INFINITY

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