IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AODV, OLSR, GRP AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH DATABASE LOAD IN MANET
Puneet Mittal1, Paramjeet Singh2, Shaveta Rani3
Dept. of Computer Engineering Govt, Poly. College, Bathinda, Punjab, India 2, 3 Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Engg, GZS PTU Campus, Bathinda, Punjab, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
1

Abstract
Wireless Technology has an enormous use these days and is still becoming popular from times immemorial. It is at its peak when we talk about research. This is because of the latest technological demands now days arising from Laptops, Wireless devices such as Wireless local area networks (WLANs) etc. Because of its fast growing popularity day by day, it has led wireless technology data rates higher and it has made its price cheaper, which is why wireless Technology is growing so fast. In this paper we have presented some most commonly used routing protocols in MANET and compared the performance of AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR routing protocol by using OPNET simulator 14.5. The performance is evaluated under different parameters like Delay, Load, and Media access delay, Network Load, Retransmission and Throughput for Database load.

Keywords MANET, Peak Value, Protocol, Drop value ----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a temporary wireless network in which mobile nodes are communicated with each other without an infrastructure. MANET is a fast growing area of research [1]. The communication among routes is difficult due to its frequent changing network topology and requires efficient and dynamic routing protocol [2]. In MANET, protocols are classification into three categories: (1) Proactive protocols provide fast response to topology changes by continuously monitoring topology changes and disseminating the related information as needed over the network [4] like Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP) is classified as proactive routing protocol [3]. In GRP the Global Positioning System is used to locate the location of node to collects network information at a source node with a small amount of control overheads. (2) Reactive routing protocols such as Ad hoc in demand distance vector (AODV), find the route only when there is data to be transmitted as a result, generate low control traffic and routing overhead. Dynamic Source routing protocol (DSR), each data packet contains complete routing information to reach its dissemination and each node uses caching technology to maintain route information. (3) Hybrid protocol could be derived from the two previous ones, containing the advantages of both the protocols. In this paper, we perform the comparison of AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR routing protocols in terms of various traffic loads. This paper is organised as follows. In sec. 2, we describe the routing protocols in MANET. Sec 3, gives various parameters traffic loads in MANET. In sec 4, simulation environment in OPNET SIMULATOR 14.5 is given. Sec 5 shows the results and discussion about the performance of various parameters of AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR protocols. Conclusion is given in Sec 6.

2. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET

Routing protocols in MANET are divided into three categories: proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. The most popular ones are AODV, OLSR, GRP and DSR. This section describes the main features of three protocols AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol) and DSR (Dynamic source routing), GRP (Geographic Routing Protocol) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) deeply studied using OPNET 14.5. An ad-hoc routing protocol is a convention, or standard, that it improves the scalability of wireless networks compared to infrastructure based wireless networks because of its decentralized nature.

Figure 1: Classification of Protocols

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 412

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

2.1 AD-HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV)

AODV is reactive routing protocol. In this route is discovered or maintain according to node request. For loop freedom and freshness of route, AODV uses destination sequence number. It is capable for both unicast and multicast routing. Mobile nodes respond to the any change in network topology and link failures in necessary times. In case of the link failures the respective defective nodes are notified with the message, and then the affected nodes will revoke the routes using the lost link [5]. AODV uses the message types Route Request (RREQ), Route Replies (RREP) and Route Error (RERR) in finding the route from source to destination. AODV performs two operations: (1) route discovery and (2) route maintenance (3) Route Caching.

2.1.2 ROUTE MAINTENANCE

Once the route is established, a route maintenance protocol provides feedback about the links of the route and to allow the route to be modified [6]. Maintenance of the discovered /established route is necessary for two main advantages: (1) Achieve stability in the network. (2) To reduce the excessive overhead required in discovering new route.

2.1.1 ROUTE DISCOVERY:

In AODV routing, when a source has data to transmit to a new destination, it broadcast a RREQ for that destination. A neighbours node receiving the RREQ checks if it has not received the same request before using the ROUTE-ID. It is not the destination and does not have a current route to the destination, it rebroadcasts the RREQ and at same time backward route to the source is created [6]. If the receiving node is the destination or has a current route to the destination, it generates a RREP. The RREP propagates; each intermediate node creates a route to the destination. When the source receives the RREP, it records the forward route to the destination and begins sending data. If multiple RREPs are received by the source, the route with the shortest hop count is chosen. In case a link break is detected, a RERR message is sent to the source. As the RERR propagates towards the source, each intermediate node invalidates route to an unreachable destinations. When the source of the data receives the RERR, it invalidates the route and reinitiates route discovery.

2.1.3 ROUTE CACHING

Route caching is carried out for two purposes: 1. A cached route is available to the demanding node to reducing the routing latency significantly. 2. Route caching avoids route discovery process for reduces the control traffic that is required in searching for a new route. The caching mechanism in AODV allows one cache entry per destination, therefore, once the initial data packets get a valid cached route, the changes for successful delivery of subsequent packets is almost guaranteed [6]. In AODV routing protocol, a newly discovered route is cached for reused the next time when the same route is requested. AODV carries out route caching both at the source node and at intermediate node that has a cached route to the destination and reply to the source with the cached route.

2.2 OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING (OLSR)

OLSR is a proactive routing protocol. Every node of network maintaining information about all routes in route table When a

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 413

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

route is needed, the route table is immediately available. OLSR uses the concept of Multipoint Relays (MPR) to reduce the overhead in the network. OLSR uses two control messages: (1) Hello and (2) Topology Control (TC). Hello message are used to find the link state and neighbouring nodes. In OLSR, nodes send HELLO messages to their neighbours at a predetermined interval. These messages are periodically sent to determine the status of the links [5]. TC message is used for broadcasting information for neighbours which includes at least the MPR selector list. It also handles the calculation of outing tables. The selection of MPR is done according to the algorithm. Notice that M1, M2 and D(y) are described as follows: 1. M1: Represents the 1-hop neighbours set of the node X which we want to determine its MPRs. 2. M2 : Represent the 2-hop neighbours set of node X. Using Hello message, all 1-hop neighbours of the node X declare their 1-hop neighbours that must request to transmit a packet to its 2-hop neighbours [7]. 3. D(y): Represent the degree of 1-hop neighbour node y, is defined as the number of symmetric neighbours of node y, excluding all the members of M and y.

2.3 DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR)

DSR is also a reactive routing protocol. It uses the concept of source routing [8]. In source routing the sender knows all hopby-hop routes to the destination. All the routes are stored in the route cache. When a node attempts to send a data packet to a destination it does not know the route. In DSR each node maintains a route cache with route entries which are continuously updated. The advantage of DRS is that no periodic routing packets are required. It is used to updates its route caches by finding new routes [9]. DSR has also the capability to handle unidirectional links. The sender of the packets selects and controls the route used for its own packets, which also supports features such as load balancing. All routes used are guaranteed to be free of loops as the sender can avoid duplicate hops in the selected routes. The following sections introduce state machines that implement a simple DSR routing protocol without caching. There are basically 4 separate state machines to implement that each handles one of the following events [10]:

1. SENDING DATA:
When a node wants to send data and data message is triggered as a send request then the next hop has be determined. A route request has to be broadcast to discover a route to the destination node. After receiving the route reply from the destination node the actual data message can be transmitted via the newly discovered.

2. INCOMING ROUTE REQUEST MESSAGE:

When a route request message is received by a node, several tasks have to be done depending on the content of the received message. Firstly, it is checked whether the message was already processed earlier by this node. If yes, the request is simply discarded and no action is taken. If the route request is addressed to the receiving node, a route reply message has to be created and replied to the requests sender. In all other cases the route requests node list is extended by the own node ID and broadcasted to all neighboring nodes.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 414

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

DSR contains 2 phases:

2.3.1 ROUTE DISCOVERY (FIND A PATH)

If sender node has in his route cache a route to the destination node, this route is immediately used. If not, the route discovery protocol is started: Step 1: sender node sends a route request packet by flooding the network. Each route request packet contains: route record, initiator address, request ID Step 2: if the route discovery is successful the initiating host receives a route reply packet. Step 3: when any host receives a route request packet, it processes the request accounting to the following steps. a) If <initiator address, request id> is found I this host then discards the route request packet. b) If this hosts address is already listed in the route record discard the route request packet. c) If the target of the request matches this hosts address return a copy of this route in a route reply packet to the initiator. d) Otherwise, append this hosts address to the route record and re-broadcast the request. After getting the route reply the sender send the data to the destination.

3. INCOMING ROUTE REPLY MESSAGE:

In case a route reply message is received there are two cases: The receiving node is the destination of the message or it is an intermediate node on the route between sender and destination. If it is the destination node the data transmission that caused the route discovery can be accomplished. In case the route reply is received by an intermediate node, it is forwarded to the next node in the replys node list.

1. ROUTE MAINTENANCE
In DSR every node is responsible for confirming that the next hop in the source route receives the packet. Also each packet is only forwarded once by a node (hop-by-hop routing). If a packet cant be received by a node, it is retransmitted up to some maximum number of times until a confirmation is received from the next hop. Only if retransmission results in a failure, a Route Error message is sent to the initiator that can remove that source route from its route cache. So the initiator can check his route cache for another route to the target. If there is no route in the cache, a route request packet is broadcasted.

4. INCOMING DATA MESSAGE:

If the data message is addressed to the receiving node (it is the last hop of the route) the payload can be handed to the upper layer to be processed by any application. The routing mechanism has finished. If not, the next hop is determined from the data messages node list and the packet is forwarded to this node.

Figure 10: Example of DSR protocol Step 1: if node C does not receive an acknowledgement form node D after some number of requests, it returns a Route Error to the initiator A. Step 2: As soon as node receives the Route Error message, it deletes the broken-link-route from its cache. If A has another route to E, it sends the packet immediately using this new route. Step 3: Otherwise the initiator A is starting the Route Discovery process again.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 415

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

2.4 GEOGRAPHIC ROUTING PROTOCOL (GRP)

GRP is classified as proactive routing protocol. In GRP the Global Positioning System is used to locate the location of node to collects network information at a source node with a small amount of control overheads. Source node can finds routes and continuously transmit data even if the current route is disconnected. This approach is widely known as hybrid routing protocol, because it can simultaneously use the strengths of reactive routing and proactive routing protocols. A packet that named DQ is used continuously to forward to each nodes neighbours until the destination is reached. When it reaches the destination, the destination node broadcasts a network information gathering (NIG) packet to its neighbours. The source node computes the best route according to collected information and then immediately starts to transmit data packets. In GRP two techniques are used. These are :

2.4.2 Greedy Forwarding:

Greedy forwarding algorithms perform varied optimization techniques to choose the next-hop node near a destination node [12]. Source nodes send messages to destination nodes in greedy forwarding mode. When location service selects the next-hop adjacent to the destination For example, node A selects the next-hop using similar selection rules till the message reaches the destination node. When a next hop is unable to be located by a node, it uses void-handling mode where a node decides to route packets around a void due to the existence of a valid path from source to the destination node [12]. For example we find the shortest path in mesh graph by using flowchart [13].

2.4.1 Geographic Forwarding:

In Geographic Forwarding, the sender node rebroadcast the packet and this packet receives by nearer sensor node. When receiver receives the packet it also receive the time period, it will first store the packet in buffer. At the end of the receive period and if the channel is clear, the packet at the head of the queue in the buffer will be transmitted [11].

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 416

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

3. VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN TRAFFIC LOADS

SR. NO. PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION

4. SIMULATION ENVIROMENT
Several researchers have done the qualitative and quantative analysis of ad hoc routing protocol by means of different performance metrics. They have used different simulators for this purpose which is one of several tools provided from the OPNET Technologies suite. For undertake the experimental evaluation, the most recently available version, namely OPNET MODELER 14.5 has been adopted in our study OPNET is one of the most extensively used commercial simulators based on Microsoft Windows Platform, which incorporates most of the MANET routing parameters compared to other commercial simulators available [11]. The network entities used during the design of the network model are wireless server, application configuration, profile configuration, mobility configuration and workstations (nodes). Table 1 shows the various simulation parameters. Table 1: Simulation parameters SIMULATION PARAMETER Simulator Area Network Size Protocol Mobility Model Traffic Type Simulation Time Address Mode VALUE OPNET MODELER 14.5 800x800 (m) 20 nodes DSR,OLSR,AODV,GRP Random Way Point DATABASE 900 (Sec) IPv4

Delay(Sec)

Load (Bits/Sec)

Media Access Delay (Sec)

Throughput (Bits/Sec)

Network load (Bits/sec)

Retransmission (Packets)

Represents the end to end delay of all the packets received by the wireless LAN MACs of all WLAN nodes in the network and forwarded to the higher layer. Represents the total load submitted to wireless LAN layers by all higher layers in all WLAN nodes of the network.(Global) For each frame, this delay is calculated as the duration from the time when it is inserted into the transmission queue, which is arrival time for higher layer data packets and creation time for all other frames types, until the time when the frame is sent to the physical layer for the first time. Represents the total number of bits (in bit/sec) forwarded from wireless LAN layers to higher layers in all WLAN nodes of the network. Network load represents the total load in bit/sec submitted to wireless LAN layers by all higher layers in all WLAN nodes of the network. When there is more traffic coming on the network, and it is difficult for the network to handle all this traffic so it is called the network load. The efficient network can easily cope with large traffic coming in, and to make a best network, many techniques have been introduced.(node network). The number of times data has to be retransmitting i.e called Retransmission Attempts. How many no of times data has to be retransmit by the Source node.

All these parameters help us to evaluate the best routing protocol between them. All the parameters that have taken play a very vital role to judge or evaluate the performance of the wireless network. Figure 13: Environment Scenario of 20 Nodes

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 417

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DATABASE LOAD

Figure 14: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for Delay in Database Load In figure 14, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes time in seconds. It shows that the average peak value of delay is almost 0.007804 seconds for AODV, 0.008207 seconds for DSR, 0.008014 seconds for GRP and 0.008161 seconds for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops and attains a constant value of approximately 0.007144 seconds for AODV, 0.006750 seconds for DSR, 0.007144 seconds for GRP and 0.006585 seconds for OLSR.

Figure 16: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for Media Access Delay in Database Load In figure 16, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes time in seconds. It shows that the average peak value of Media access delay is almost 0.002924 seconds for AODV, 0.002832 seconds for DSR, 0.003001 seconds for GRP and 0.002810 seconds for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops and attains a constant value of approximately 0.002344 seconds for AODV, 0.002157 seconds for DSR, 0.002344 seconds for GRP and 0.002130 seconds for OLSR.

Figure 15: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for Load in Database Load In figure 15, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes data rate which is in bits/sec. It shows that the average peak value of load is almost 420148 bits/sec for AODV, 410631 bits/sec for DSR, 430260 bits/sec for GRP and 415752 bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops to almost 5021 bits/sec for AODV, 7637 bits/sec for DSR, 5091 bits/sec for GRP and 7631 bits/sec for OLSR.

Figure 17: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for Network load in Database Load In figure 17, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes data rate which is in bits/sec. It shows that the average peak value of network load is almost 761704 bits/sec for AODV, 800194 bits/sec for DSR, 781165 bits/sec for GRP and 813179 bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops to almost 10183 bits/sec for AODV, 15274 bits/sec for DSR, 10183 bits/sec for GRP and 15262 bits/sec for OLSR.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 418

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

Figure 18: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for Retransmission attempts in Database Load In figure 18, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes data rate which is in Packets/sec. It shows that the average peak value of retransmission is almost 0.04199 packets for AODV, 0.03657 packets for DSR, 0.04199 packets for GRP and 0.03450 packets for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops as time progress and reaches to almost 0.01851 packets for AODV, 0.02469 packets for DSR, 0.01851 packets for GRP and 0 packets for OLSR.

Figure 19: Comparison of DSR, AODV, GRP and OLSR Protocol for throughput in Database Load In figure 19, X-axis denotes time in minutes and Y-axis is denotes data rate which is in bits/sec. It shows that the average peak value of throughput is almost 420148 bits/sec for AODV, 410569 bits/sec for DSR, 430260 bits/sec for GRP and 415752 bits/sec for OLSR. After 15 minutes, it gradually drops to almost 5091 bits/sec for AODV, 7637 bits/sec for DSR, 5091 bits/sec for GRP and 7631 bits/sec for OLSR. Table 3 shows numeric values of various parameters taken into consideration for Email load in AODV, DSR and OLSR protocols. It gives the performance comparison of 3 protocols in terms of delay, load, media access, network load, retransmission attempts and throughput for email load.

Table 3: Values of various parameters corresponding to 4 protocols for Database load.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 419

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

As shown in Table 3, AODV performs better than DSR, GRP and OLSR protocol for delay. For load parameter GRP performs better than AODV, DSR and OLSR because it transfers large number of bits in second as compared to AODV, DSR and OLSR protocols. For Media Access Delay DSR and OLSR is better than AODV and GRP because in DSR and OLSR, the drop value is less than GRP and AODV For Network Load GRP is better than DSR, AODV and OLSR because in GRP transmission of bits are more than DSR, OLSR and AODV in seconds DSR is better than AODV, GRP and OLSR for retransmission attempts because the packet in DSR sends more packets than GRP, AODV and OLSR. For DSR, route discovery and route maintenance is done by using route cache for the retransmission of packets. So the DSR is better than GRP, AODV and OLSR. For throughput parameter GRP is better than OLSR, DSR and AODV because GRP transfer more data in bits from lower layer to higher layer.

CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we performed the comparison between four protocols AODV, GRP, DSR and OLSR with traffic loads database in terms of Delay, Load, Media access delay, Network Load, Retransmission and Throughput. The results are taken in tabular form as well as graphical form by using OPNET Simulator 14.5. The results show that which protocol performs better than another corresponding to various traffic loads for some important parameters.

REFERENCES
[1] Prasanna Padmanabhan, Le Gruenwald, Anita vallur, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, A Survey of data replication techniques for mobile ad hoc network databases , The University of Oklahoma, School of Computer Science, Norman, OK 73019, USA, The VLDB Journal Springer (2008) 17:11431164. [2] Viral Parekh, K.H. Wandra, Effects of Traffic Load and Mobility on APDV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols in MANET, Computer Engineering Department, C.U. Shah College of Engineering and Technology, Gujarat Technological University.(Februray 2013). [3]Gagangeet Singh Aujla, Sandeep Singh Kang, Comprehensive Evaluation of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA Routing Protocols with Varying number of nodes and traffic applications over MANETs Department of C.S.E, Chandigarh Engineering College, India (April 2013) [4] Hui Xu, Student Member, IEEE, Xianren Wu, Member, IEEE, Hamid R. Sadjapour, Senior Member, IEEE, and J.J. Garcai-Luna-Aceve, Fellow, IEEE, ACM, A Unified Analysis of Routing Protocls in MANETs. (2010) [5] Sumit Mahajan, Vinay Chopra, Performance Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols with Scalability using Qos Metrics of VOIP Applications, Department of Computer Science Engineering, DAVIET Jalandhar.(Februray 2013). [6] Rakesh Kumar, Sidharth Kumar, Sumit Pratap Pardhan and Varun Yadav, Modified Route-Maintenance in AODV

Routing Protocol Using Static Nodes in Realistic Mobility Model, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur, India.(March 2011). [7] Dalil Moad, soufiene Djahel, and Farid Nait Abdesselam, Improving the Quality of Service Routing in OLSR Protocol, University of Paris Descartes, Ireland. [8] Gurleen Kaur Walia and Charanjit Singh, Node Density based performance Analysis of two Reactive Routing Protocols in Mobile Adhoc Networks, UCOE Department, Punjabi University, Patiala.(2011). [9] Parulpreet Singh, Ekta Barkhodia and Gurleen Kaur Wali, Evaluation of various Traffic loads in MANET with DSR routing protocol through use of OPNET Simulator, Department of Electronics & Communication, LPU, Phagwara Punjab, India. (May 2012). [10] Ad hoc and sensor networks, University of Paderborn, Computer Networks Group, 19 June 2007. [11] Zhi Ang Eu, NUS Graduate School for integrative sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore and HweePink Tan, Winston K. G. Seah Networking Protocols Department, Institute for infocomm Research, A*STAR, Routing and Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting. [12] A. Tamizhselvi, Dr. R.S.D. Wadida Banu, Enhancing Geographical Routing Protocol Using Swarm Itelligence, Department of information Technology, St. Josephs College of Engineering, Anna University, India, Principal, Government College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India, Life Science Journal 2013. [13] G. Shen, S.K. Bose, T.H. Cheng, C. Lu, T.Y. Chai, Efficient heuristic algorithms for light-path routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks under dynamically varying loads, Network Technology Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore Computer Communications Elsevier 2000.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 420