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Paorb Pa PB Paand B Pa B Pa PB Pa B: N N N XX X

1. This document defines and explains various statistical formulas and concepts including binomial probability, central limit theorem, confidence intervals, correlation, covariance, degrees of freedom, empirical probability, linear regression, mean, probability, standard deviation, variance, and more. 2. Many of the formulas presented relate to descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability concepts, and inferential statistics like hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. 3. Over 40 statistical topics, formulas, and definitions are covered in the document.

Uploaded by

Bhen Calugay
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views4 pages

Paorb Pa PB Paand B Pa B Pa PB Pa B: N N N XX X

1. This document defines and explains various statistical formulas and concepts including binomial probability, central limit theorem, confidence intervals, correlation, covariance, degrees of freedom, empirical probability, linear regression, mean, probability, standard deviation, variance, and more. 2. Many of the formulas presented relate to descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability concepts, and inferential statistics like hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. 3. Over 40 statistical topics, formulas, and definitions are covered in the document.

Uploaded by

Bhen Calugay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Additional Rule
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P A or B P A P B P A and B
P A B P A P B P A B
= +
= +

Binomial Coefficient
( )
!
! !
n
n
n x x x
| |
=
|

\ .

Binomial Probability
( )
( )
!
! !
x n x n
P x p q
n x x


Central Limit Theorem
x
=
Central Limit Theorem (Standard Error)
x
n
o
o =
Chebyshevs Theorem: At least
2
1
1
k

Combination
( )
( )
!
,
! !
n
C n r
n r r
=


Complement Rule ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 P not A P A P A = =
Confidence Interval for estimate for proportional,
p

( )
2
p q
x
p Z p
n n
o
' '
' ' =

Confidence Interval for mean, (o known)
( )
2
X Z
n
o o
| |

|
\ .

/2
x E x E where E Z
n
o
o
< < + =

Confidence Interval for mean, (o unknown)
( )
, 1
2
s
X t df with df n
n
o
| |
=
|
\ .

/2
s
x E x E where E t
n
o
< < + =

Correlation
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
n xy x y
r
n x x n y y

=




( )
1
x y
z z
r
n
=


Covariance of x and y

( )
( )( )
,
1
x x y y
covar x y
n

=


Degrees of freedom for error

( ) df error n c =

Degrees of freedom for factor

( ) 1 df factor c =

Degrees of freedom for total

( ) 1 df total n =

2

Depth of sample median ( )
1
2
n
d x
+
=
Empirical Probability
( )
( ) n A
P A
n
' =

Equation for line of best fit
0 1
y b b x = +
Estimated for variance of slope

( )
( )
1
2 2
2
2
2
t t
b
s s
s
SS x
x
x
n
= =


Estimated variance of error

( )
2
2
2
t
y y
s
n


0 1
2
2
2
t
y b y b xy
s
n

=



Experimental error

e y y =

Factorial ( )( ) ! 1 2 3 2 1 n n n n =

Mann-Whitney U test

( )
1
1
2
a a b b b b
U n n n n R = + +

( )
1
1
2
b a b a a a
U n n n n R = + +

Mathematical model

, ( ) c k c k c
x F c = + +

Mean
x
x
n
=


Mean (binomial)
n p =

Mean (frequency table)
f x
x
f


Mean of Discrete random variable ( ) x P x = (


Mean square for error

( )
( )
( )
SS error
MS error
df error
=

Mean square for factor

( )
( )
( )
SS factor
MS factor
df factor
=

Multiplication Rule ( ) ( ) ( )
P A and B P A P B A =

Mutually exclusive ( ) ( ) ( ) P A or B P A P B = +

Paired differences

1 2
d x x =

3

Pearsons Correlation Coefficient
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ,
x y
SS xy covar x y
r
S S
SS x SS y
= =


Permutation
( )
( )
!
,
!
n
P n r
n r
=


Probability ( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n S
=

Range H L
Sample mean of paired differences

d
d
n
=


Sample size for 1 o confidence estimate for

( )
2
2
n Z
E
o o (
=
(


Sample standard deviation of paired differences

( )
2
2
1
d
d
d
n
s
n


Slope for line of best fit
( )
( )
1
SS xy
b
SS x
=

( )( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
n xy x y
b
n x x




Spearmans rank correlation coefficient

( )
2
2
6
1
1
s
x
r
n n
=


Standard deviation
( )
2
1
x x
s
n


Standard deviation about line best fit
2
t
t
s s =

Standard deviation (binomial) n p q o =
Standard deviation (frequency table)
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
n f x f x
s
n n
(
(

(

=



Standard deviation (prob. Dist) ( )
2 2
x P x o
(
=
(


Standard Score
x
x x
z or
s

o

=

4

Sum of squares due to factor ( )
( )
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
2
error
C C C
x
SS
k k k n
(
(
= + + +
(
(


Sum of squares of x
( )
( )
2
2
x
SS x x
n
=


Sum of squares of xy
( )
x y
SS xy xy
n


Variance (shortcut)
( )
2
2
2
1
x
x
n
s
n


Variance (binomial)
2
n p q o =
Variance for a probability distribution (easier
computations)
( )
2 2 2
x P x o
(
=
(


Variance for a probability distribution (easier to
understand)
( ) ( )
2 2
x P x o
(
=
(


Variance of discrete random variable
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
x P x xP x o
(
= (

(



y-intercept for line of best fit
1
0
y b x
b
n

=

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