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Fig1. Overall Water Flowsheet at A Factory, Showing The Most Probable Water Treatment Processes

Flows of matter and energy from resource extraction to waste production imply deterioration of the biosphere over time. Technology can help establish new systems that minimize waste and maximize recycling. Assessing technologies for their environmental impact can guide research toward innovations that build a network of eco-friendly techniques. This network includes technologies for treating industrial and domestic wastewater, which have grown in importance for meeting pollution regulations.

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Agung Prasetyo Nugroho
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60 views3 pages

Fig1. Overall Water Flowsheet at A Factory, Showing The Most Probable Water Treatment Processes

Flows of matter and energy from resource extraction to waste production imply deterioration of the biosphere over time. Technology can help establish new systems that minimize waste and maximize recycling. Assessing technologies for their environmental impact can guide research toward innovations that build a network of eco-friendly techniques. This network includes technologies for treating industrial and domestic wastewater, which have grown in importance for meeting pollution regulations.

Uploaded by

Agung Prasetyo Nugroho
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flows of matter and energy from the first stage of production (depletion of natural resources of low-entropy materials) to the

last stage of consumption (pollution of the environment with high-entropy wastes) imply a continuous deterioration of the biosphere. Technology can contribute to setting up a new model of matter and energy transformation with waste minimization and recycle maximization. The application of such technological innovations is not always economical and a bio-assessment of technology is needed for the re-orientation of applied research to the development of innovations of this kind so that a network of biocentric technological methods might be constructed. The operation of this network may lead to a holistic reconsideration of conventional patterns of technology as it is suggested in a biopolitic scheme (!). Technology of bio-environmental protection constitutes unambiguously part of this network. The processing of a"ueous effluents from diverse chemical industries or from domestic sources has ac"uired great importance all over the world to meet stringent state regulations. The problem becomes very complex as a mixture of pollutants is involved and their amounts may vary vastly from !# mg$l to !#% (&). 'n some cases (e.g. metol ions such as (g )r )o )d etc.) it is necessary to bring down their amount in the final effluent to levels which may be as low as #.* mg$l. Further many of the heavy metals may be refractory or even deleterious to biological treatment and would therefore call for special attention (+). 'n considering processes which might be applied to both metal recovery and water recycle to offset these costs attention must be paid to the particular re"uirements of each situation. ,eferring to the overall water flowsheet at a factory shown in Fig. ! it is clear that the ob-ective must be to (.)/ 0aximise/ metal recovery and water recycle 0inimise/ disposal of toxic solid waste make-up water and discharge and cost of treatment

Fig1. 1verall water flowsheet at a factory showing the most probable water treatment processes. Typical results obtained from chromium arsenic zinc lead and germenium with the appropriate conditions are presented in Table ! (*). 2 general scheme for germanium separation from the other elements (arsenic zinc and lead) as a result of the conditions found has been also suggested (3).

4ollution is generally viewed as an external cost i.e. a cost that is imposed by one human activity on another without compensation. 2 rational method named 5internalization of external costs5 to correct this 5anomaly5 is to ensure that any external cost (i.e. damage caused by pollution) is ade"uately paid for. TABLE 1 Optimum flotation conditions for the effective recovery of the examined pollutants.

'f we depict on a diagram the 0arginal 6ocial )ost of pollution (06)) and the 0arginal )ost of an effluent treatment (0)T) vs. the mean concentration ) of the pollutant (caused by this effluent) in the system then the optimum concentration ()opt) is directly obtained. 7hen the effluent treatment is carried out by means of physical separation or 5soft5 techni"ue (like flotation) which contributes to materials recovery and$or energy saving then the curve 0)T changes to 0)T8 and conse"uently a new optimal concentration )8opt )opt is achieved while the 0arginal )ost (0)) corresponding to optimum level of pollution decreases from 0)! to 0)&. This superiority of soft techni"ues against chemical separation or 5hard5 techni"ues is not necessarily extended over the whole domain where a 0)T curve is valid9 a hard techni"ue may exhibit a lower total cost even without materials recovery and energy saving over the whole domain or a significant part of it. The main efforts of applied research are soft methods and especially in flotation are directed to the development of techni"ues and to the optimization of conditions that contribute to the reformation of the corresponding cost function in the vicinity of )opt9 such a reformation may result in a lower marginal cost even if the greater part of the new 0)T8 curve of the hard method (see e.g. the intermittent curve in Fig. & which depicts 0)T8 by means of a soft method proved to be superior in comparison with 0)T). 2nother significant reason that leads to the preference of a soft method with materials recovery and$or energy saving even if this method is slightly 5more expensive5/ as economic growth increases the entropy (reduces the order increases the randomness) of the nonhuman part of the biosphere the relative scarcity of certain materials increases having as an expected result the increase of prices in the long run9 taking into account the present value of these materials instead of their current value a 5more expensive5 soft method (like flotation) of effluent treatment combined with materials recovery and$or energy saving might be proven profitable (:). example of the resource saving wasteless recirculation close circuit type technologies developed by us is the development, equipment manufacture, erection and turnkey commissioning of the no-waste section of the low temperature washing station for parts and assemblies at Vibrator Public Co. td in !t.Petersburg. Section schematic diagram

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