Computer Hardware

Input
Input: Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, fromcommands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer ordevice. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard ormouse, is called an input device. Types of input devices, Audio conversion device, Barcode reader, Biometrics (e.g. fingerprint scanner), Business Card Reader, Digital camera and Digital Camcorder, Finger (with touchscreen), Gamepad, Joystick, Paddle, Steering wheel, and Microsoft Kinect, Graphics tablet, Keyboard, Light gun and light pen scanner, Magnetic ink (like the ink found on checks), Magnetic-stripe reader, Medical imaging devices (e.g., XRay, CAT Scan, and Ultrasound images), Microphone (using voice speech recognition or biometric verification), MIDI keyboard, MICR, Mouse, touchpad, or other pointing device, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Pen or Stylus, Punch card reader, Remote, Scanner, Sonar imaging devices, Touch screen, Video capture device, VR helmet and gloves, Webcam

Different Types of Keyboards

Standard Keyboards Ergonomic Keyboards Wireless Keyboard Compact Keyboards Internet Keyboards Gaming Keyboards Virtual Keyboards

Pointing devices: A device with which you can control the movement of the pointer to selectitems on a display screen. Examples of pointing devices include mice,trackballs, joysticks, touchpads, and light pens. Scanner: A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color. Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for highresolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display. Scanners usually come with software, such as Adobe's Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured image. Capture: Capture is the process or means of obtaining and storing external data, particularly images or sounds, for use at a later time. There are various ways in which this can be done; the best method depends on the application. Audio input devices; allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Devices such as microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a voice message or navigate software. Others are made to interface a computer with a CD audio source, digital

Different Types of Monitors and Printers

Output Devices: Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to transmit or communicate the results of data processing by information processing. These devices include: speakers, monitors or projectors. Types of Monitors The two types of monitors available today are the cathode ray tubes (CRT) and liquid crystal displays (LCD). Because the price for an LCD monitor has become so reasonable, you seldom see CRT displays much any more. They are bulky and heavy, and take up a lot of room on the desktop. An LCD, on the other hand, has a very slim profile and can even be mounted on a hanger that attaches to the desk and is moveable both up and down and sideways. Prices for these hangers run about $130.00 at online computer stores. Printers Printers today come with every bell and whistle you could ever need, and at a very affordable price. You can buy a printer that is excellent for the small home office that will copy, scan, print and fax. In my office, I use a Hewlett-Packard Officejet 5610 All-In-One that has all these features, and meets the needs of my business. The price for this printer was $99.00 at Tigerdirect.com.

Input & Output

In computing, input/output or I/O is the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the

signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be
used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices for a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output. Note that the designation of a device as either input or output depends on the perspective. Mouse and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and convert it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human

users can see or read. For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving
input. These interactions between computers and humans is studied in a field called humancomputer interaction.

Primary and Secondary Storage

Primary storage, also known as main storage or memory, is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor. On today's smaller computers, especially personal computers

and workstations, the term random access memory (RAM) - or just memory - is used instead of primary or
main storage, and the hard disk, diskette, CD, and DVD collectively describe secondary storage or auxiliary storage. The terms main storage and auxiliary storage originated in the days of the mainframecomputer to distinguish the more immediately accessible data storage from storage that required input/output operations. An earlier term for main storage was core in the days when the main data storage contained ferrite cores. 2) Primary storage is sometimes used to mean storage for data that is in active use in contrast to storage that is used for backup purposes. In this usage, primary storage is mainly the secondary storage referred to in meaning 1. (It should be noted that, although these two meanings conflict, the appropriate meaning is

usually apparent from the context.)

Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is all data storage that is not currently in a computer's primary storage or memory. An additional synonym is external storage. In a personal computer, secondary storage typically consists of storage on the hard disk and on any removable

media, if present, such as a CD or DVD.

SSD, Flash Memory, USB Flash Drive

Optical discs versus solid-state drives: A solid-state drive (SSD) (also known as a solid-state disk [1][2][3] or electronic disk,[4] though it contains no actual "disk" of any kind, nor motors to "drive" the disks) is a data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives, thus permitting simple replacement in common applications.[5] Also, new I/O interfaces like SATA Express are created to keep up with speed advancements in SSD technology. Flash memory: is an electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Flash memory developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). There are two main types of flash memory, which are named after the NAND and NOR logic gates. The internal characteristics of the individual flash memory cells exhibit characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates. A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 grams (1.1 oz).[1] As of January 2013, drives of up to 512 gigabytes (GB) were available.[2] A one-terabyte (TB) drive was unveiled at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show and became available later this year.[3] Storage capacities as large as 2 TB are planned, with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected.[4] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles,

depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and a 10-year shelf storage time.

Cloud Computing and Cloud Storage

Cloud computing is a concept used to describe a variety of computing concepts that involve a large number of computers connected through a real-time communication network such as the Internet.[1] In science, cloud

computing is a synonym for distributed computing over a network, and means the ability to run a program
or application on many connected computers at the same time. The phrase also more commonly refers to network-based services, which appear to be provided by real server hardware, and are in fact served up by virtual hardware, simulated by software running on one or more real machines. Such virtual servers do not physically exist and can therefore be moved around and scaled up (or down) on the fly without affecting the end user - arguably, rather like a cloud. Cloud storage is a model of networked enterprise storage where data is stored in virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted by third parties. Hosting companies operate large data centers, and people who require their data to be hosted buy or lease storage capacity from them. The data center operators, in the background, virtualize the resources according to the requirements of the customer and expose them as

storage pools, which the customers can themselves use to store files or data objects. Physically, the resource
may span across multiple servers and multiple locations. The safety of the files depends upon the hosting companies, and on the applications that leverage the cloud storage.

Work Cited
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