Size

W100x19
W130x24
W130x28
W150x14
W150x18
W150x22
W150x24
W150x30
W150x37
W200x15
W200x19
W200x22
W200x27
W200x31
W200x36
W200x42
W200x46
W200x52
W200x59
W200x71
W200x86
W200x100
W250x18
W250x22
W250x25
W250x28
W250x33
W250x39
W250x45
W250x49
W250x58
W250x67
W250x73
W250x80
W250x89
W250x101
W250x115
W250x131
W250x149
W250x167
W310x21
W310x24
W310x28
W310x33
W310x39
W310x45
W310x52
W310x62
W310x67
W310x74
W310x79
W310x86
W310x97
W310x107
W310x118
W310x129
W310x143
W310x158
W310x179
W310x202
W310x226
W310x253
W310x283
W310x313
W310x342
W310x375
W310x415
W310x454
W310x500
W360x33
W360x39
W360x45
W360x51
W360x57
W360x64
W360x72
W360x79
W360x91
W360x101
W360x110
W360x122
W360x134
W360x147
W360x162
W360x179
W360x196
W360x216
W360x237
W360x262
W360x287
W360x314
W360x347
W360x382

A
mm2
2470
3020
3590
1730
2290
2850
3060
3790
4730
1900
2480
2860
3390
4000
4580
5310
5860
6660
7560
9110
11100
12700
2270
2850
3230
3630
4170
4920
5720
6250
7420
8550
9280
10200
11400
12900
14600
16700
19000
21300
2690
3040
3610
4180
4940
5690
6670
7590
8510
9490
10100
11000
12300
13600
15000
16500
18200
20100
22800
25800
28900
32200
36000
39900
43700
47700
52900
57800
63700
4170
4980
5730
6450
7220
8140
9110
10100
11600
12900
14000
15500
17100
18800
20600
22800
25000
27600
30100
33500
36600
39900
44200
48700

d
mm
106
127
131
150
152
152
160
157
162
200
203
206
207
210
201
205
203
206
210
216
222
229
251
254
257
260
258
262
266
247
252
257
253
256
260
264
269
275
282
289
303
305
309
313
310
313
317
303
306
310
306
310
308
311
314
318
323
327
333
341
348
356
365
374
382
391
403
415
427
349
353
352
355
358
347
350
354
353
357
360
363
356
360
364
368
372
375
380
387
393
399
407
416

bf
mm
103
127
128
100
102
152
102
153
154
100
102
102
133
134
165
166
203
204
205
206
209
210
101
102
102
102
146
147
148
202
203
204
254
255
256
257
259
261
263
265
101
101
102
102
165
166
167
203
204
205
254
254
305
306
307
308
309
310
313
315
317
319
322
325
328
330
334
336
340
127
128
171
171
172
203
204
205
254
255
256
257
369
370
371
373
374
394
395
398
399
401
404
406

tf
mm
8.8
9.1
10.9
5.5
7.1
6.6
10.3
9.3
11.6
5.2
6.5
8
8.4
10.2
10.2
11.8
11
12.6
14.2
17.4
20.6
23.7
5.3
6.9
8.4
10
9.1
11.2
13
11
13.5
15.7
14.2
15.6
17.3
19.6
22.1
25.1
28.4
31.8
5.7
6.7
8.9
10.8
9.7
11.2
13.2
13.1
14.6
16.3
14.6
16.3
15.4
17
18.8
20.6
22.9
25.1
28.1
31.8
35.6
39.6
44.1
48.3
52.6
57.1
62.7
68.7
75.1
8.5
10.7
9.8
11.6
13.1
13.5
15.1
16.8
16.4
18.3
19.9
21.7
18
19.8
21.8
23.9
26.2
27.7
30.2
33.3
36.6
39.6
43.7
48

tw
mm
7.1
6.1
6.9
4.3
5.8
5.8
6.6
6.6
8.1
4.3
5.8
6.2
5.8
6.4
6.2
7.2
7.2
7.9
9.1
10.2
13
14.5
4.8
5.8
6.1
6.4
6.1
6.6
7.6
7.4
8
8.9
8.6
9.4
10.7
11.9
13.5
15.4
17.3
19.2
5.1
5.6
6
6.6
5.8
6.6
7.6
7.5
8.5
9.4
8.8
9.1
9.9
10.9
11.9
13.1
14
15.5
18
20.1
22.1
24.4
26.9
30
32.6
35.4
38.9
41.3
45.1
5.8
6.5
6.9
7.2
7.9
7.7
8.6
9.4
9.5
10.5
11.4
13
11.1
12.3
13.3
15
16.4
17.3
18.9
21.1
22.6
24.9
27.2
29.8

Ix
mm4
4.76
8.80
10.90
6.87
9.16
13.40
12.10
17.20
22.20
12.70
16.60
20.00
25.80
31.40
34.40
40.90
45.50
52.70
61.10
76.60
94.70
113.00
22.40
28.90
34.20
40.00
48.90
60.10
71.10
70.60
87.30
104.00
113.00
126.00
143.00
164.00
189.00
221.00
259.00
300.00
37.00
42.70
54.30
65.00
85.10
99.20
118.00
129.00
145.00
165.00
177.00
199.00
222.00
248.00
275.00
308.00
348.00
386.00
445.00
520.00
596.00
682.00
787.00
896.00
1010.00
1130.00
1300.00
1480.00
1690.00
82.70
102.00
122.00
141.00
161.00
178.00
201.00
227.00
267.00
302.00
331.00
365.00
415.00
463.00
516.00
575.00
636.00
712.00
788.00
894.00
997.00
1100.00
1250.00
1410.00

W360x421
W360x463
W360x509
W360x551
W360x592
W360x634
W360x677
W360x744
W360x818
W360x900
W360x990
W360x1086
W410x39
W410x46
W410x54
W410x60
W410x67
W410x74
W410x85
W410x100
W410x114
W410x132
W410x149
W460x52
W460x60
W460x68
W460x61a
W460x67a
W460x74
W460x82
W460x89
W460x97
W460x106
W460x113
W460x128
W460x144
W460x158
W460x177
W530x66
W530x74
W530x85
W530x82a
W530x92
W530x101
W530x109
W530x123
W530x138
W530x150
W530x165
W530x182
W530x196
W530x219
W610x82
W610x92
W610x101
W610x113
W610x125
W610x140
W610x155
W610x174
W610x195
W610x217
W610x241
W690x125
W690x140
W690x152
W690x170
W690x217
W690x240
W690x265
W760x147
W760x161
W760x173
W760x185
W760x196
W760x257
W760x284
W760x314
W840x176
W840x193
W840x210
W840x226
W840x299
W840x329
W840x359
W920x201
W920x223
W920x238
W920x253
W920x271
W920x289
W920x313
W920x342
W920x365
W920x387
W920x417

53700
59000
64900
70100
75500
80800
86300
94800
104000
115000
126000
139000
4990
5890
6810
7580
8600
9550
10800
12700
14600
16800
19000
6630
7590
8730
7760
8680
9450
10400
11400
12300
13500
14400
16400
18400
20100
22600
8370
9520
10800
10500
11800
12900
13900
15700
17600
19200
21100
23100
25000
27900
10400
11800
13000
14400
15900
17900
19700
22200
24900
27800
30800
16000
17800
19400
21600
27700
30600
33700
18700
20400
22100
23500
25100
32800
36200
40100
22400
24700
26800
28900
38100
42000
45800
25600
28600
30400
32300
34600
36800
39800
43600
46400
49300
53300

425
435
446
455
465
474
483
498
514
531
550
569
399
403
403
407
410
413
417
415
420
425
431
450
455
459
450
454
457
460
463
466
469
463
467
472
476
482
525
529
535
528
533
537
539
544
549
543
546
551
554
560
599
603
603
608
612
617
611
616
622
628
635
678
684
688
693
695
701
706
753
758
762
766
770
773
779
786
835
840
846
851
855
862
868
903
911
915
919
923
927
932
912
916
921
928

409
412
416
418
421
424
428
432
437
442
448
454
140
140
177
178
179
180
181
260
261
263
265
152
153
154
189
190
190
191
192
193
194
280
282
283
284
286
165
166
166
209
209
210
211
212
214
312
313
315
316
318
178
179
228
228
229
230
324
325
327
328
329
253
254
254
256
355
356
358
265
266
267
267
268
381
382
384
292
292
293
294
400
401
403
304
304
305
306
307
308
309
418
419
420
422

52.6
57.4
62.7
67.6
72.3
77.1
81.5
88.9
97
106
115
125
8.8
11.2
10.9
12.8
14.4
16
18.2
16.9
19.3
22.2
25
10.8
13.3
15.4
10.8
12.7
14.5
16
17.7
19
20.6
17.3
19.6
22.1
23.9
26.9
11.4
13.6
16.5
13.3
15.6
17.4
18.8
21.2
23.6
20.3
22.2
24.4
26.3
29.2
12.8
15
14.9
17.3
19.6
22.2
19
21.6
24.4
27.7
31
16.3
18.9
21.1
23.6
24.8
27.4
30.2
17
19.3
21.6
23.6
25.4
27.1
30.1
33.4
18.8
21.7
24.4
26.8
29.2
32.4
35.6
20.1
23.9
25.9
27.9
30
32
34.5
32
34.3
36.6
39.9

32.8
35.8
39.1
42
45
47.6
51.2
55.6
60.5
65.9
71.9
78
6.4
7
7.5
7.7
8.8
9.7
10.9
10
11.6
13.3
14.9
7.6
8
9.1
8.1
8.5
9
9.9
10.5
11.4
12.6
10.8
12.2
13.6
15
16.6
8.9
9.7
10.3
9.5
10.2
10.9
11.6
13.1
14.7
12.7
14
15.2
16.5
18.3
10
10.9
10.5
11.2
11.9
13.1
12.7
14
15.4
16.5
17.9
11.7
12.4
13.1
14.5
15.4
16.8
18.4
13.2
13.8
14.4
14.9
15.6
16.6
18
19.7
14
14.7
15.4
16.1
18.2
19.7
21.1
15.2
15.9
16.5
17.3
18.4
19.4
21.1
19.3
20.3
21.3
22.5

1600.00
1800.00
2050.00
2260.00
2500.00
2740.00
2990.00
3420.00
3920.00
4500.00
5190.00
5960.00
127.00
156.00
186.00
216.00
246.00
275.00
315.00
398.00
462.00
538.00
619.00
212.00
255.00
297.00
259.00
300.00
333.00
370.00
410.00
445.00
488.00
556.00
637.00
726.00
796.00
910.00
351.00
411.00
485.00
479.00
552.00
617.00
667.00
761.00
861.00
1010.00
1110.00
1240.00
1340.00
1510.00
560.00
646.00
764.00
875.00
985.00
1120.00
1290.00
1470.00
1680.00
1910.00
2150.00
1190.00
1360.00
1510.00
1700.00
2340.00
2610.00
2900.00
1660.00
1860.00
2060.00
2230.00
2400.00
3420.00
3810.00
4270.00
2460.00
2780.00
3110.00
3400.00
4790.00
5350.00
5910.00
3250.00
3770.00
4060.00
4370.00
4720.00
5040.00
5480.00
6250.00
6710.00
7180.00
7880.00

W920x446

57000

933

423

42.7

24

8470.00

DESIGN OF A COMPOSITE GIRDER DECK BRID

Data and Specifications:
Clear span (c. to c.) =
Clear width =
Live Loading =
Wearing surface =
Concrete, fc' =

18.2
8.48
HS20
1.20
28

m
m
truck load
kPa
MPa

Steel Reinforcement
Smaller than or equal to
A36 steel beam =
fc=
fs=

1. Slab Design:
Assumed girder flange width =
Distance from edge slab to center of flange =
Span of slab (c. to c.) =
Effective span of Slab, S =
Trial slab thickness, t =
Weight of slab =
Weight of top cover =
Total dead load per meter of span =
Dead load moment, M D =
Live load moment, M L =
Impact Coefficient, I =
Impact Moment, M I =
Total moment, M T =
EC =
Modular ratio, n =
say, n =
k=
j=
R=
dreqd, mm =
dfurn, mm=
AS =
Required spacing, s =
%Atr =
Atr =
Ast =
number of bars, n =
say, n =

db, mm
16
250
11.2
207

fy, MPa
414
MPa
MPa
MPa

2. Interior Girders
0.267
1.04
2
1.87
0.17
4.012
1.2
5.212
1.823
14.473
0.3
4.342
20.638
24870
8.04
8
0.302
0.899
1.520
117
125
887
227
67
594
340
2.955
3

2a. Effective flange width:

b1 =
b2 =
b3 =
2b. Dead load moment on steel beams (noncomposite):
Effective span length, S =
Weight of slab per meter of girder =
Estimated weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =
Total uniform dead load on girder =
Noncomposite dead load moment, M DS =
2c. Dead load on composite beam:
Wt. of bituminous wearing surface =
Composite dead load moment, M DC =
2d. Live load moments:
Wheel load per wheel factor =

m
m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN-m
kN-m
kN-m
kN-m
MPa

Resultant load, R =
Right reaction, R R =
OK!
mm2
mm
%
mm2
mm3
pcs
pcs

2e. Impact moments:

Impact factor, I =
2f. Selection of the cross section:
Section Properties:

Required main reinforcement:

Therefore, use 16mm dia @ 200mm o.c. top and bot straight bars

Wide flange:
d
766
Cover plate:

A
23500

Required transverse reinforcement:

Therefore, use 3-16 mm dia transverse bar in each slab panel

W760x185
bf
267
width
230

Actual weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =

Locate centroid of composite section:
Moment of inertia of the composite section:
Locate centroid of steel section with cover plate only:
Moment of inertia of steel section with cover plate only:
2g. Stresses:
On noncomposite beam (Steel section with cover plate only):
M DS =
Top flange: f top =
Cover plate: f bot =
allowable bending stres in steel:
Fb =
On composite beam:
MT =
Concrete stress: fc =
Top flange: f top =
Cover plate: f bot =

Therefore, use W760x185 beam with 1-230x32 mm PL

GIRDER DECK BRIDGE

Curb width =
Sidewall height =
Sidewall thickness =
Concrete Unit weight =
Sidewalk live load =

0.80
1.00
0.15
23.60
4.08

m
m
m
kN/m3
kPa

Girders
2h. Cut-off point for cover plate:

4550
mm
2000
mm
2307
`
nt on steel beams (noncomposite):
18.20
Effective span length, S =
Weight of slab per meter of girder =
8.024
ed weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =
4.50
Total uniform dead load on girder =
12.52
Noncomposite dead load moment, M DS =
518.39

Controls!
m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN-m

Wt. of bituminous wearing surface =

Composite dead load moment, M DC =

2.40
99.37

kN/m
kN-m

Wheel load per wheel factor =

Rear wheel =
Front wheel =
Resultant load, R =
bar x =
Right reaction, R R =
M max =

1.193
84.90
21.23
191.03
1.42
88.06
648.21

kN
kN
kN
m
kN
kN-m

Impact factor, I =
M max =

0.271
175.66

Locate centroid of composite without cover plate:

A=
yc =
Moment of inertia of the composite section:
Ics =

66000
684

mm2
mm

5.6468E+09

mm4

Try at a distance of

3.8
m from the supports
OK
Dead load moment of the steel beam prior to hardening of the concrete slab:
M'DS =
342.55
kN-m
Stress in steel due to this moment:
Top and Bottom flange: f top / bot =
58.83
MPa
Dead load moment to be resisted by composite beam w/o cover plate at
the trial location:
M'DC =
65.66
kN-m
Influence line for moment at 3.8 m from the support
3.006

2.115
1.224

kN-m
3.8

4.419

4.268

5.864

Max live load moment at 3.8 m from the left support =

Impact factor, I =
Impact moment, M' I =
T. moment on composite beam w/o cover plate, M'T =

SECTION IS ADEQUATE
tf
tw
Ix
23.6
14.9
2230
thickness
32

al weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =

4.268

Concrete stress: fc =
Top flange: f top =
Cover plate: f bot =

3.63
68.29
137.72

460.76
0.271
124.87
651.29
MPa
MPa
MPa

kN-m
kN-m
kN-m
OK!
OK!
OK!

kN/m
Extend cover plate past the theoretical cut-off point 345 mm

e centroid of composite section:

A=
ycs =

73360
614

mm
mm

mm

2j. Design of shear connectors:

ent of inertia of the composite section:

Ics = 8.8947E+09
e centroid of steel section with cover plate only:
A=
30860
yst =
288
ent of inertia of steel section with cover plate only:
Ist =
3.122E+09

(a) Influence line for shear @ left support:

1.00

mm2
mm
mm

0.765
0.531

4.268

4.268

9.664

oncomposite beam (Steel section with cover plate only):

518.39
79.36
53.13

kN-m
MPa
MPa

OK!
OK!

allowable bending stres in steel:

150
MPa

923.24
4.18
95.14
120.18

kN-m
MPa
MPa
MPa

OK!
OK!
OK!

ore, use W760x185 beam with 1-230x32 mm PL.

At the left support, the max live load shear, V LL

Impact live load shear, V I
Total shear due to live load and impact load, V r
Variation of horizontal shear, Sr

=
=
=
=

For welded studs:

Loading cycles =
Diameter of Stud, in =
No. of rows =
Height of Stud, in =
Allowable range of horizontal shear, Zr =
Spacing of connector groups along the beam, pitch, p =
say =

161.12
43.66
204.78
257
2,000,000
3/4
3
4
13247
58923
228.92
200

kN
kN
kN
N/mm

OK
lbs
N
mm
mm

Compute the required spacing at some other sections:

(b) Influence line for shear @

2j. Welds at end of cover plate:

3.00

m from the left support

Average stress in cover plate at the cut-off due to initial DL:

fcpi =

0.835
0.601
0.366
4.268

Final ave. stress in the cover plate at the cut-off point:

fcpf =

4.268

3.00

6.664
Tensile force acting on cover plate at the cut-off point:
T=
Required length of welds:
Using E70 electrodes, weld thickness, t,mm =
Force per unit length of weld, q =
Required length, L =
Required length at side, L1 =

15.20

(c) Influence line for shear @

0.670

6.00

m from the left support

0.436

2k. Intermediate cover plate welds:

0.201
Total dead load, W D =

4.268

4.268

6.00

3.664

(e) Influence line for shear @

12.20

0.791
0.397

(d) Influence line for shear @

8.00

0.557

m from the left support

0.560

4.268

4.268

3.80
0.326
4.268

0.091
4.268

8.00

1.664

10.20

Live load shears:

V3 =
V6 =
V8 =

129.69
98.17
77.15

kN
kN
kN

V3 =
35.15
V6 =
26.60
V8 =
20.91
Total live load and impact shears:
V3 =
164.84
V6 =
124.77
V8 =
98.06

kN
kN
kN

Dead load shear, V3.8D =

Live load shear, V3.8L =
Impact shear, V3.8I =
Total load shear, V3.8 =
Horizontal shear carried by the welds, v =
Minimum length of side fillet welds (AISC) =
Number of weld rows =
Weld capacity =
Spacing of welds, s, mm =
Maximum spacing, mm =

Impact shears:

Variation of horizontal shears:

Without cover plate:
With cover plate:
With cover plate:

Therefore, use 8 mm thk 38 mm lengths side fillet welds @ 300 m

kN
kN
kN

S3r =
S6r =
S8r =

207
141
111

N/mm
N/mm
N/mm

The required pitch at this location:

p3 =
285
mm
say =
250
mm
p6 =
418
mm
say =
400
mm
p8 =
531
mm
say =
500
mm
The stud spacing pattern selected, starting at the left support
use =
use =
use =

15
12
5

15 spaces @ 0.2 m =
12 spaces @ 0.25 m =
5 spaces @ 0.4 m =
rest spaced @ 0.5 m

Check strength of connectors:

P1 =
P2 =

7715
8092

3.00
3.00
2.00

kN
kN

The ultimate strength of one stud connector:

Su =
26822.67 lb
119307 N
The required number of connectors:

(0 - 3 m)
(3 - 6 m)
(6 - 8 m)
(8 - 9.1 m)
Controls!

N=

77

pcs

Based on fatigue, the total number of connectors:

N=
105
pcs

OK

3. Exterior Girders
3a. Effective flange width:

age stress in cover plate at the cut-off due to initial DL:

33.35
MPa

ave. stress in the cover plate at the cut-off point:

79.48
MPa

le force acting on cover plate at the cut-off point:

584.97
kN
Using E70 electrodes, weld thickness, t,mm =
824
N/mm
710
mm
240
mm

14.92

kN/m

3.80

m from the left support

b1 =
4550
mm
b2 =
2040
mm
b3 =
2307
mm
3b. Dead load moment on steel beams (noncomposite):
18.20
Effective span length, S =
Weight of slab per meter of girder =
8.184
Weight of safety curb =
4.720
Weight of sidewall =
3.540
Estimated weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =
4.500
Total uniform dead load on girder =
20.944
Noncomposite dead load moment, M DS =
867.19
Dead load on composite beam:
Wt. of bituminous wearing surface =
1.49
Composite dead load moment, M DC =
61.69
3c. Live load and impact load moments:
Proportion of the load =
0.820
Mmax =
445.54
Impact moment, Mmax =
120.74
Static live load at sidewalk area =
3.264
ML =
135.15

Controls!
m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN-m
kN/m
kN-m
kN
kN
kN
m

3d. Selection of the cross section:

5.695
Section Properties:
0.322
5.864

Wide flange:
d
766
Cover plate:

A
23500

14.40

Dead load shear, V3.8D =

Live load shear, V3.8L =
Impact shear, V3.8I =
Total load shear, V3.8 =
Horizontal shear carried by the welds, v =
Minimum length of side fillet welds (AISC) =
Number of weld rows =
Weld capacity =
Spacing of welds, s, mm =
Maximum spacing, mm =

79.05
121.28
32.87
233.20
122
38
2
62624
513
566.4
300.0

kN
kN
kN
kN
kN
mm

bf
267
width
230

SECTION IS ADEQUATE
tf
tw
Ix
23.6
14.9
2230
thickness
32

Actual weight of beam, cover plate, diaphragm =

4.419

kN/m

74210
617

mm
mm

Locate centroid of composite section:

A=
ycs =

Moment of inertia of the composite section:

Ics = 8.9439E+09
Locate centroid of steel sectio with cover plate only:
A=
30860
yst =
288
Moment of inertia of steel section with cover plate only:
Ist =
3.122E+09

N
controls!

se 8 mm thk 38 mm lengths side fillet welds @ 300 mm o.c.

W760x185

mm4
mm2
mm
mm4

3f. Stresses:
On noncomposite beam (Steel section with cover plate only):
M DS =
Top flange: f top =
Cover plate: f bot =

867.19
132.76
88.88

kN-m
MPa
MPa

OK!
OK!

allowable bending stres in steel:

Fb =
150
MPa
On composite beam:
MT =
Concrete stress: fc =
Top flange: f top =
Cover plate: f bot =

763.12
3.4
145.47
144.25

kN-m
MPa
MPa
MPa

OK!
OK!
OK!

The maximum stress developed in the section is within 90% of

the allowable bending stress in steel

THE SECTION IS ECONOMICAL

Adopt the section for INTERIOR GIRDERS
Therefore, use W760x185 beam with 1-230x32 mm PL.