BIRDS OF SRI LANKA A PICTORIAL GUIDE AND CHECKLIST

Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne

JAFFNA

India

Sri Lanka
Mannar A9

TRINCOMALEE

A12

Wilpattu National Park ANURADHAPURA A12 A11 HABARANA A9 PUTTALAM A6

A15

Minneriya National Park POLONNARUWA Passikuda

Annaiwilundawa

A15 DAMBULLA Wasgamuwa National Park Eravur

Chilaw Sand Spit

A3

A6

A9

Hettipola Matale Peradeniya KEGALLE Mawanella A1 Gampola A1 Ginigathena KITHULGALA A4 Bellanwila Attidiya Panadura A4 Ingiriya Adam's Peak Gilimale BADULLA NUWARA ELIYA HakgalaA5 Welimada HATTON A16 Pattipola OHIYA Horton Bandarawela Plains KANDY A26 Hunnasgiriya

A5 A4

KURUNEGALA NEGOMBO

Meegasvatta

COLOMBO

AVISSAWELLA Talangama

Pottuvil Hulandawa A4

A4

HAPUTALE Peak Wilderness Beragala Rassagala Wellawaya A8 HORANA Bodhinagala A4 A4 RATNAPURA PELMADULLA BALANGODA A2 Kalawana Madampe A18 Yala Rakwana Uda Walawe Veddala (Ruhunu) National Park Kudawa Tanamalwila National Sinharaja Park Timbolketiya A2 EMBILIPITIYA A2 TISSAMAHARAMA Wirawila A18 A17 Kirinda Weligatta Kanneliya Ambalantota Bundala Nonagama National Park Hungama GALLE HAMBANTOTA A17 A24 TANGALLE Kalametiya A2 MATARA

BIRDS OF SRI LANKA

A PICTORIAL GUIDE AND CHECKLIST

Gehan de Silva Wijeyeratne

Design
Chandrika Maelge

CONTENTS

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 Birdwatching in Sri Lanka..................................................................................... 6 Plates and Checklist ............................................................................................. 7 Grebes ............................................................................................................. 9 Shearwaters, Petrels & Storm-petrels .............................................................. 9 Tropicbirds, Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants & Frigate-birds ............................. 9 Herons, Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills................................................................ 11 Flamingos ...................................................................................................... 13 Ducks & Geese .............................................................................................. 13 Hawks, Buzzards, Eagles, Vultures, Harriers, Falcons, etc .............................. 15 Partridges, Quails & Pheasants ...................................................................... 19 Buttonquails & Rails ...................................................................................... 19 Waders, Gulls, Terns, Coursers, etc................................................................ 21 Pigeons & Doves............................................................................................ 29 Parakeets, etc ............................................................................................... 31 Coucals, Malkohas, Koel, Cuckoos, etc .......................................................... 31 Owls .............................................................................................................. 33 Frogmouths & Nightjars ................................................................................. 35 Swifts, Needletails, Treeswifts, etc ............................................................... 35 Trogons ......................................................................................................... 37 Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, Rollers, Hoopoes & Hornbills .................................... 37 Barbets & Woodpeckers ................................................................................ 39 Perching Birds................................................................................................ 41 Useful Information.............................................................................................. 58 Organisations ..................................................................................................... 58 Books ................................................................................................................. 59

INTRODUCTION
Why use a checklist? Information on species seen on visits can form a valuable accumulation of information to scientists and conservationists. Over a period of time they can provide data on species which frequent a particular area, an indication of their rarity or commonness and seasonal movements. Birdwatchers can assist in gathering data by filling in these checklists and making their observations available to local ornithologists.
At the most basic level, ticking off species seen, provides a simple summary. The checklist can be made more useful if it is annotated with additional remarks on behavior and an indication of numbers.

What nomenclature and taxonomy have been followed? The taxonomy of birds like that of many other groups, is in a state of flux. I have followed the taxonomy and nomenclature of Rasmussen and Anderton (2005). Wijesinghe (1994) used a question mark (?) when the sub species of a bird recorded in Sri Lanka was not known with certainty. I have followed his treatment at the sub-specific level.
I have adopted the Latin and English names used by Rasmussen and Anderton without debating the choice of one vernacular name over that of another or the merits of taxonomic decisions. Such debates are outside the scope of a simple checklist. Where Rasmussen and Anderton use square brackets in the scientific names it may warrant some explanation. For example; Indian Jungle Crow (Corvus [macrorhynchos] culminatus) This indicates that the culminatus sub-species of Corvus macrorhynchos is probably a full species, Corvus culminatus. Thus some authors will treat it as Indian Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus) whilst Rasmusses believes it could be treated as Indian Jungle Crow (Corvus culminatus). Similarly, Ceylon Scimitar-babbler which Rassmussen and Anderton have elevated to a Sri Lankan endemic will have its two subspecies described in either of the two following styles on whether an author accepts it as a distinct species or not. If it is accepted as an endemic to Sri Lanka as suggested by Rasmussen and Anderton, the presentation will be as below. Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus melanurus melanurus) Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus melanurus holdsworthi) In the older literature, where it is treated as a bird found on the Indian mainland with two sub-species in Sri Lanka, it is shown as below. Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus schisticeps melanurus) Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus schisticeps holdsworthi). The two taxonomic treatments available are shown by Rasmusssen and Anderton as follows. Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus [schisticeps] melanurus melanurus) Ceylon Scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus [schisticeps] melanurus holdsworthi). As stated earlier, the treatment used by Rasmussen and Anderton have been followed in this checklist consistently.

The Species List The list comprises of species recorded reliably to the best of my knowledge in Sri Lanka as at May 2007. I have been influenced by the work done on the revision of Henry (1998) and the decisions of the Records Committee of the Ceylon Bird Club. Any errors or omissions, are my sole responsibility.
Observers are encouraged to submit new records to the Records Committee of The Ceylon Bird Club and also to the Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka.

Reference Books The following books are of relevance to those who wish to pursue in more depth the taxonomic issues of oriental birds.
Henry, G.M. (1998) A Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Third Edition. Revised and expanded by Thilo. W. Hoffmann, Deepal Warakagoda and Upali Ekanayake. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 488 pp. Inskipp, T., Lindsey, N. & Duckworth, W. (1996). An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental Region. First Edition. Oriental Bird Club. 294 pp. King, B.F., Dickinson, E. C., Woodcock, M. (1975). A Field Guide to the Birds of South East Asia. Collins. London. Rasmussen, P. C., and Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2 vols. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Sibley, C.G., Monroe, B. L., Jnr (1990). Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press. Sibley, C.G., Monroe, B. L., Jnr (1993). Supplement to the distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press. Wijesinghe, D.P. (1994). Checklist of the Birds of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Bird Club Notes Special Publication Series No. 2, Ceylon Bird Club. Colombo. 49 pp.

Status The abbreviations to status are a combination of letters to indicate a measure of abundance (e.g. common, uncommon, scarce) and their status as to whether resident or migrant. The measure of abundance is subjective in the absence of quantitative data. I have used a subjective measure based on field experience and published information which takes into account both the geographical spread as well as the number of birds. Should the Square-tailed Black Bulbul which is a highly conspicuous bird in well visited wet zone forests like Sinharaja be treated as a Common Resident (CR) or merely as a Resident (R)? On an island-wide basis it would be better to describe it as an Uncommon Resident (UR) as it is largely confined to wet zone areas, preferably with good forest stands. Similarly, Lesser Sand Plovers although seen in large numbers, are listed as Migrants (M) rather than Common Migrants (CM), as they are confined to relatively small areas of suitable habitat.
The key used for the island-wide status is as follows. C = Common R = Resident U = Uncommon M= Migrant S = Scarce E = Endemic H = Highly as in Highly Scarce V = Vagrant (Very Scarce is not used as V is already used to denote vagrant) As can be seen from the table above, a qualifier (an indication of abundance) on the left usually combines with the resident/ non resident status to indicate the overall status of the bird. Thus HSR means Highly Scarce Resident, CM means Common Migrant and so on. A combination such as "HSR, M" means the bird occurs as a resident as well as a migrant. The absence of a qualifier means that it is neither common or uncommon. Thus the range of abundance, used for a resident species would be as follows.
HSR SR UR R CR

In many instances I have used 'Common' where others would be inclined to use 'Very Common". Similarly in many instances I have not used an 'abundance qualifier' implying it is neither common nor uncommon. But others may describe these species as common. As a rule I have been cautious in the use of 'Common" and not used 'Very Common'.
Key to Images - Male

- Female

juv - Juvenile

Br - Breeding Plumage

nBr - Non Breeding Plumage

BIRDWATCHING IN SRI LANKA

With 444 bird species recorded, comprising of endemic, resident and migrants, Sri Lanka is a superb birding destination for viewing a great number of species within a relatively short period. Due to its small size, the visitor can comfortably visit virtually all of the good sites in the country in the space of two weeks. The visitor with limited time can judiciously combine the sites for endemics with sites of general wildlife interest and archaeological/cultural sites. The island has a diversity of habitats from tropical lowland rainforests, cloud forests, dry zone scrub forest to arid habitats. With the exception of the scarce Sri Lanka Bush-warbler, all of the endemics have been recorded at Sinharaja, if its higher elevation Eastern areas are also taken into account. However in the areas visited by birders, some of the montane endemics are unlikely to be seen. Hence to have good coverage of the endemics, as a bare minimum, a visit to a wet lowland site such as Sinharaja, Kitulgala or Bodhinagala will need to be combined with a visit to a montane site such as Horton Plains or Hakgala in the mountainous Central Province. For the latter two, the hill resort of Nuwara Eliya can be used as a base. Most birders visit Bodhinagala en route to Sinharaja as it offers another chance to find the endemic Green-billed Coucal. The Indian sub-continental endemic, Ceylon Frogmouth, is also a possibility at Bodhinagala. To see a wider range of Indian sub-continental birds and mammals, some of the national parks in the lowlands are very good. Uda Walawe is superb for elephants. For a greater variety and concentration of mammals visit Yala and/or Bundala. For the shorebird enthusiast, Bundala is a must. Hambantota and Kalametiya are other good wader sites on the south. On the outskirts of Colombo, is the Talangama Wetland which is good for water birds. This site is an urban ornithological jewel. Visiting the famed lost cities of Sri Lanka can also be combined with birding. Sigiriya is a spectacular rock fortress not to be missed. The Sigiriya sanctuary is also a well known site for Blue Rock-thrush and the Shaheen, a distinct race of the Peregrine Falcon. The archaeological sites at Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa have a lot of scrub jungle around them and are good for birds.

BIRDS OF SRI LANKA A PICTORIAL GUIDE AND CHECKLIST

DETAILS OF SESSIONS Date
SESSION (1) SESSION (2) SESSION (3) SESSION (4) SESSION (5) SESSION (6) SESSION (7) SESSION (8) SESSION (9) SESSION (10) SESSION (11) SESSION (12) SESSION (13) SESSION (14) SESSION (15) SESSION (16) SESSION (17) SESSION (18) SESSION (19) SESSION (20) SESSION (21)

Time

Comments/Site

Little Grebe, Br

Little Grebe, Br

Little Grebe, nBr

Spot-billed Pelican

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PODICIPEDIFORMES (Grebes)

Grebe (Podicipedidae)
1 Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis capensis), R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

PROCELLARIIFORMES (Shearwaters, Petrels & Storm-petrels)

Petrels (Procellariidae)
2 3 4 5 Cape Petrel (Daption capense), V Barau's Petrel (Pterodroma baraui), HSM Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), HSM Jouanin's Petrel (Bulweria fallax), HSM
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

Shearwaters (Procellariidae)
6 7 8 9 Streaked Shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas), HSM Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), M Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes), M Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris), HSM
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

ELICANIFORMES (Tropicbirds, Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants & Frigate-birds)

Storm-Petrels (Hydrobatidae)
10 Wilson's Storm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus), HSM Wilson's Storm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus), M Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma monorhis), SM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 12

13 13

14 14

15 15

16 16

17 17

18 18

19 19

20 20

21 21

11

PELICANIFORMES (Tropicbirds, Pelicans, Gannets, Cormorants & Frigate-birds)

Tropicbirds (Phaethontidae)
12 13 White-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus lepturus), SM Red-billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus indicus), SM
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

Pelican (Pelecanidae)
14 Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), UR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Gannets and boobies (Sulidae)

15 16 17 Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra melanops?), SM Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster plotus), SM Red-footed Booby (Sula sula rubripes), HSM
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

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Little Cormorant, Br

Indian Shag, Br

Great Cormorant

Oriental Darter

Little Egret

Western Reef-heron

Great Egret, Br

Intermediate Egret, Br

Grey Heron, Br

Purple Heron

Eastern Cattle Egret, Br

Indian Pond Heron, Br

Striated Heron

Black-crowned Night-heron

Malayan Night-heron

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Cormorants & Shags (Phalacrocoracidae)
18 19 20 Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), CR Indian Shag (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), CR Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), UR
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

Darter (Anhingidae)
21 Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), UR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Frigatebirds (Fregatidae)
22 23 24 Lesser Frigatebird (Fregata ariel iredalei), HSM Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor aldabrensis), HSM Christmas Frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi), HSM
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

CICONIIFORMES (Herons, Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills)

Herons & Egrets (Ardeidae)

Egrets
25 26 27 28 Little Egret (Egretta garzetta garzetta), CR Western Reef-heron (Egretta gularis schistacea), SM Great Egret (Egretta alba), CR Intermediate Egret (Egretta intermedia intermedia), CR
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

Herons
29 30 31 Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea cinerea), R Goliath Heron (Ardea goliath), V Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea manilensis), R
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

Cattle Egret
32 Eastern Cattle Egret (Bubulcus coromandus), CR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Pond Herons
33 34 Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii grayii), CR Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus), V
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

Striated Heron
35 Striated Heron (Butorides striata javanicus), UR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Night-herons
36 37 Black-crowned Night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax), R Malayan Night-heron (Gorsachius melanolophus melanolophus), SM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

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Yellow Bittern, juv

Black Bittern

Painted Stork

Asian Openbill

Woolly-necked Stork

White Stork

Black-necked Stork,

Lesser Adjutant

Glossy Ibis

Black-headed Ibis

Eurasian Spoonbill

Greater Flamingos

Lesser Whistling-duck

13
Bitterns
38 39 40 41 Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis), UR, M Chestnut Bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus), SR Black Bittern (Dupetor flavicollis flavicollis), UR, M Eurasian Bittern (Botaurus stellaris stellaris), V
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

Storks (Ciconiidae)
Storks
42 43 44 45 46 47 Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), R Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans), R Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), HSM Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus episcopus), UR White Stork (Ciconia ciconia asiatica?), HSM Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus asiaticus), HSR
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 12

13 13

14 14

15 15

16 16

17 17

18 18

19 19

20 20

21 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Adjutant
48 Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae)

49 50 51 Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus), SM Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), R Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia leucorodia), UR
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

PHOENICOPTERIFORMES (Flamingos)

Flamingo (Phoenicopteridae)
52 Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

ANSERIFORMES (Ducks & Geese)

Ducks & Geese (Anatidae)

Whistling-ducks (Tree-ducks)
53 54 Fulvous Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), HSM Lesser Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna javanica), R
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

Grey geese
55 Greylag Goose (Anser anser rubrirostris), V
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Shelduck
56 Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), HSM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

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Indian Spot-billed Duck Cotton Teal

Northern Shoveller, Northern Shoveller,

Northern Pintail, Northern Pintail,

Garganey, Garganey, Br,

Common Teal

Oriental Honey-buzzard

Oriental Honey-buzzard

Black-winged Kite

Black Kite

Brahminy Kite

White-bellied Sea-eagle

Grey-headed Fish-eagle

15
Perching ducks
57 58 Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos), HSM Cotton Teal (Nettapus coromandelianus coromandelianus), UR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Dabbling ducks
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Gadwall (Anas strepera strepera), HSM Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope), M Indian Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha), HSR, SM Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), SM Northern Pintail (Anas acuta acuta), M Garganey (Anas querquedula), M Common Teal (Anas crecca crecca), SM
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 18 18

19 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 20 20

21 21 21 21 21

Diving duck
66 Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), V
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

FALCONIFORMES (Hawks, Buzzards, Eagles, Vultures, Harriers, Falcons, etc)

Hawks, Kites, Eagles & Vultures (Accipitridae)

Bazas
67 68 Jerdon's Baza (Aviceda jerdoni ceylonensis), SR Black Baza (Aviceda leuphotes syama), HSM
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

Honey-buzzards
69 Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus orientalis), M Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhyncus ruficollis), R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Kites
70 71 72 Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus vociferus), UR Black Kite (Milvus migrans govinda), UR, M Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus indus), CR
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21

Sea-eagles and fish-eagles

73 74 White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), UR Grey-headed Fish-eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus), SR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

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Crested Serpent-eagle, juv

Crested Serpent-eagle

Crested Serpent-eagle

Pallid Harrier

Shikra

Shikra, juv

Himalayan Buzzard

Black Eagle

Crested Hawk-eagle

Mountain Hawk-eagle

Common Kestrel

17
Vulture
75 Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus ginginianus), V
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Serpent-eagle
76 Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela spilogaster), R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Harriers
77 78 79 80 Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus), UM Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), UM Pied Harrier (Circus melanoleucos), HSM Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus), UM
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

Accipiters
81 82 83 84 Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus layardi), UR Shikra (Accipiter badius badius), R Besra Sparrowhawk (Accipiter virgatus besra), SR Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), HSM
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

Buzzards
85 86 Himalayan Buzzard (Buteo burmanicus), SM Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus rufinus?), HSM
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21

Eagles
87 88 89 90 91 92 Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis perniger), UR Bonelli's Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatus), HSM Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus milvoides), SM Rufous-bellied Eagle (Hieraaetus kienerii kienerii), UR Crested Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus ceylanensis), R Mountain Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti), SR
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Osprey (Pandionidae)
93 Osprey (Pandion haliaetus haliaetus), SM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Falcons (Falconidae)
94 95 Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), HSM Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus), UM Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus interstinctus), HSM Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus objurgatus), HSR
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21

18

Amur Falcon, juv

Shaheen Falcon

Grey Francolin

Ceylon Junglefowl

Indian Peafowl,

Barred Buttonquail

Barred Buttonquail

Slaty-legged Crake

Slaty-breasted Rail