After studying this chapter you should know

when a binomial distribution is a suitable model for a practical situation how to calculate probabilities using a binomial distribution how to use tables to nd cumulative binomial probabilities.

Binomial distribution

1
1

From rolling dice to quality control on a manufacturing production line, the Binomial Distribution has proved to be a very useful model to describe a wide range of problems.

CHAPTER

1.1

You can use factorial notation to find the number of arrangements of some objects.

In S1 you saw how to list the number of different arrangements of some objects.

Example 1
Find all possible arrangements of a 3 objects where one is red, one is blue and one is green, b 4 objects where 2 are red and 2 are blue.

The first object can be chosen in 3 ways. The second object can be chosen in 2 ways. The third object can be chosen in only 1 way. Here there are 3 2 1 6 possible arrangements. These can be listed as follows: RBG BRG GRB RGB BGR GBR b If the red objects are labelled R1 and R2 and the blue objects B1 and B2, then you can treat the objects as 4 different ones and there are 4! ways of arranging them. However, arrangements with R1R2 are identical to arrangements with R2R1 and so the total number needs to be divided by 2. A similar argument applies to the Bs and so 4! 6 Number of arrangements is: ______ 2! 2! These can be listed as follows: RRBB RBBR RBRB BBRR BRRB BRBR

Suppose the first one is red, then there are 2 possibilities for the second. If the first was blue then there are still 2 possibilities for the second. So the number of ways should be multiplied.

3 2 1 can be written as 3! or 3 factorial.

Try and list the possible ways in a systematic manner. For example, suppose the first is R then

Dividing by 2 is the same as dividing by 2! You divide by: 2! for the 2 reds and 2! for the 2 blues. Try and work systematically when listing. For example here the second row is simply the first with R swapped for B.

Binomial distribution

n different objects can be arranged in n! n (n 1) (n 2) 3 2 1 ways. n objects with a of one type and (n a) of another n! can be arranged in ____________ ways. a! (n a)!
This is sometimes written as n or nCa. You met this (a ) formula in C2 in connection with the binomial theorem.

Example 2
A child is playing with some identically shaped coloured bricks. Find the number of different arrangements that can be made from a 6 red and 3 blue bricks, b 5 red and 7 blue bricks.

(6 3)! There are ________ ways 6!3! 8761 ______________________ 9 32161 8 7 84 _________ 9 6 This can simply be calculated as 9 or 9 3 6 on a calculator.

Use the above formula with n 9 and a 3. Notice that 6! is a factor of 9!

( ) ( )

Notice that 9 9 since if a 3 6 3 then n a 6 and vice versa.

( ) ( )

(7 5)! There are _______ or 12 ways 7 7! 5! 792 ways

( )

Use the ( n a ) formula with n 12 and a 7

The formula for the number of arrangements can be helpful in probability questions.

Example 3
A fair die is rolled 8 times. Find the probability of: a no sixes, b only 3 sixes, c four twos and 4 sixes.
So S is the outcome that the die does not land on a six. There is only one arrangement of 8 rolls each having the outcome S.
5 1 1 P(S) _ and so P(S) 1 _ _ . 6 6 6

Let S the outcome the die lands on a six. a P(no sixes) P(S S S S S S S S) 5 __ 6

( )

0.23256

0.233 (3 s.f.)

Final answers should be left as exact fractions or decimals to 3 s.f.

CHAPTER

1
1 3 for the 3 sixes. (_ 6) 5 5 for the 5 non-sixes. (_ 6)

P(3 sixes) P(3S and 5S in any order) 5 5 ____ 8! 1 3 __ __ 6 6 3!5! 0.10419 0.104 (3 s.f.)

( )( )

8! There are 8 or 8 ____ 3 5 5!3! arrangements of 3S and 5S.

( ) ( )

Let T the outcome the die lands on a two. P(4T and 4S in any order) 1 __ 6 1 ( ) ( __ 6)
4 4

There are 4S and 4T and 1 . P(S) P(T ) _ 6

8! ____ 4!4!

0.00004167 0.0000417 (3 s.f.)

8! There are 8 ____ 4 4!4! arrangements of 4S and 4T.

( )

Exercise 1A
1 A large bag contains counters of different colours. Find the number of arrangements for the following selections a 5 counters all of different colours, b 5 counters where 3 are red and 2 are blue, c 7 counters where 2 are red and 5 are green, d 10 counters where 4 are blue and 6 are yellow, e 20 counters where 2 are yellow and 18 are black.

A bag contains 4 red, 3 green and 8 yellow beads. Five beads are selected at random from the bag without replacement. Find the probability that they are a 5 yellow beads, b 2 red and 3 yellow, c 4 red and 1 green.

A fair die is rolled 7 times. Find the probability of getting a no ves, b only 3 ves, c 4 ves and 3 sixes.

Binomial distribution

1.2

You can use the binomial theorem to find probabilities.

Example 4
A biased coin has probability p of landing heads when it is thrown. The coin is thrown 10 times. Find, in terms of p, the probability of the coin landing heads a 10 times, b 7 times, c 4 times.
There is only 1 arrangement of 10 heads. Assuming each throw is independent you can multiply the probabilities together. There are only 2 possibilities, H or T. q1p 120 for the number of arrangements ( 10 7) of 7H and 3T. Then p7 for the 7 heads and q3 for the 3 tails.

Let the random variable X number of times (out of a possible 10) the coin lands heads. a b P(X 10) p p p p p p p p p p p10 If the coin does not land heads it must land tails. Let q probability of landing tails P(X 7) 10 p7q3 7

( )

120p7q3 c P(X 4) 10 p4q6 4

( )

210p q

4 6

210 for the number of arrangements of ( 10 4) 4H and 6T. Then p4 for the 4H and q6 for the 6T.

You met the binomial expansion in C2. Consider the binomial expansion of: ( p q)10 p10 10 p9q 10 p8q2 10 p7q3 10 p4q6 q10 9 8 7 4

( )

( )

( )

( )

You should notice that the probabilities in Example 4 are terms in this binomial expansion. You could use the full binomial expansion to write down the probability distribution for the random variable X.

x
P(X x)

0 q10

4 pq ( 10 4)
4 6

7 pq ( 10 7)
7 3

10 p10

Notice that the power of p is the value of x.

CHAPTER

1.3

You need to know when a binomial distribution is a suitable model.

If you look again at Example 4 you can see that there are 4 conditions required for a binomial distribution. A xed number of trials, n. Each trial should be success or failure.
The coin was thrown 10 times, so n 10. The coin could land H or T on each throw. The distribution is called binomial because there are only 2 cases for each trial. You use this when you multiply the probabilities together.

The trials are independent. The probability of success, p, at each trial is constant.

You assumed that the probability of a coin landing heads was p for each throw.

If these conditions are satised we say that the random variable X( the number of successes in n trials) has a binomial distribution and write X ~ B(n, p)
B for binomial n for the number of trials p for the probability of success at each trial. This formula is in the formula book.

x nx and P(X x) ( n x )p (1 p)

Sometimes n is called the index and p the parameter of the binomial distribution.

Example 5
1 The random variable X ~ B(12, _ ) 6

Find a P(X 2)

b P(X 9)
2 10

c P(X 1)
2 10

P(X 2) 12 2

5 1 __ ( ) ( __ 6) (6)

12! __ 1 ____ 2!10! 6

5 ( ) ( __ 6)

Use the formula with n 12, 1 and x 2. p_ 6

0.29609 0.296 (3 s.f.) b P(X 9) 12 9 5 1 __ ( ) ( __ 6) (6)

Use the formula with n 12, 1 p_ and x 9. 6

0.00001263 0.0000126 (3 s.f.)

Binomial distribution

P(X 1) P(X 0) P(X 1) 5 __ 6

( )

12

12 1

5 1 __ ( ) ( __ 6) (6)

11

Interpret the inequality to identify the values of X and then use the formula.

0.112156 0.26917 0.38133 0.381 (3 s.f.)

Example 6
Explain whether or not a binomial distribution can be used to model the following situations. In cases where it can be used, give a denition of the random variable and suggest suitable values for n and p. a The number of throws of a die until a six is obtained. b The number of girls in a family of 4 children. c The number of red balls selected when 3 balls are drawn from an urn which contains 15 white and 5 red balls.
In questions of this type consider carefully whether any of the four conditions for a binomial distribution are not satisfied. Remember all four conditions must hold for a binomial. A trial is having a child. Having a girl is a success, a boy is failure. The gender of the first child shouldnt influence the gender of the second. (Identical twins may be a problem here.) It is not clear what p should be. Do you take a national average? However p 0.5 will probably be a good starting value for your model. The number of balls to be drawn is fixed at 3. Selecting with replacement is critical here for R to have a binomial distribution. If the balls are selected without replacement then p is not constant.
7

a b

Binomial is not suitable since the number of throws (trials) is not fixed. Number of trials is fixed (n 4). Each trial is success or failure. Trials are probably independent. The probability of having a girl should be constant. So X number of girls in families of 4 children and X ~ B(4, 0.5) Let R number of red balls selected. The number of trials is fixed (n 3) Each trial is success (red) or failure (white). If the balls are drawn with replacement the probability of selecting a red is constant 1 . and p _ 4 The trials will be independent too (if the first is red it does not alter the probability of the second being red). 1 So R ~ B(3, _ ) 4

CHAPTER

Exercise 1B
1
1 The random variable X ~ B(8, _ ). Find 3

a P(X 2), 2

b P(X 5),

c P(X 1).

1 The random variable Y ~ B(6, _ ). Find 4

a P(Y 3), 3

b P(Y 1),

c P(Y 5).

2 The random variable T ~ B(15, _ ). Find 3

a P(T 5), 4

b P(T 10),

c P(3 T 4).

A balloon manufacturer claims that 95% of his balloons will not burst when blown up. If you have 20 of these balloons to blow up for a birthday party a what is the probability that none of them burst when blown up? b Find the probability that exactly 2 balloons burst.

A student suggests using a binomial distribution to model the following situations. Give a description of the random variable, state any assumptions that must be made and give possible values for n and p. a A sample of 20 bolts is checked for defects from a large batch. The production process should produce 1% of defective bolts. b Some trafc lights have three phases: stop 48% of the time, wait or get ready 4% of the time and go 48% of the time. Assuming that you only cross a trafc light when it is in the go position, model the number of times that you have to wait or stop on a journey passing through 6 sets of trafc lights. c When Stephanie plays tennis with Timothy on average one in eight of her serves is an ace. How many aces does Stephanie serve in the next 30 serves against Timothy?

State which of the following can be modelled with a binomial distribution and which can not. Give reasons for your answers. a Given that 15% of people have blood that is Rhesus negative (Rh), model the number of pupils in a statistics class of 14 who are Rh. b You are given a fair coin and told to keep tossing it until you obtain 4 heads in succession. Model the number of tosses you need. c A certain car manufacturer produces 12% of new cars in the colour red, 8% in blue, 15% in white and the rest in other colours. You make a note of the colour of the rst 15 new cars of this make. Model the number of red cars you observe.

A fair die is rolled repeatedly. Find the probability that a the rst 6 occurs on the fourth roll, b there are 3 sixes in the rst 10 rolls.

2 A coin is biased so that the probability of it landing on heads is _ . The coin is tossed 3 repeatedly. Find the probability that

a the rst tail will occur on the fth toss, b in the rst 7 tosses there will be exactly 2 tails.
8

Binomial distribution

1.4

You can use the tables of the cumulative distribution function of the binomial distribution to find probabilities.

In S1 you met the cumulative distribution function F(x) P(X x). For the binomial distribution X ~ B(n, p) there are tables giving P(X x) for various values of n and p. Using these tables can make potentially lengthy calculations much shorter.

Example 7
The random variable X ~ B(20, 0.4). Find a P(X 7), b P(X 6), c P(X 15).
Use n 20, p 0.4 and x 7 in the cumulative binomial distribution tables. Always quote values from the tables in full. Since X is a discrete random variable, X 6 means X 5. The tables give P(X x) so use x 5. P(X 15) P(X 14) 1 (since the total probability 1). The tables only give P(X x) so you must write P(X 15) as 1 P(X 14).

a b

P(X 7) 0.4159 P(X 6) P(X 5) 0.1256 P(X 15) 1 P(X 14) 1 0.9984 0.0016

The tables can also be used to nd P(X x) since P(X x) P(X x) P(X (x 1)).

Example 8
The random variable X ~ B(25, 0.25). Find a P(X 6), b P(X 6), c P(X 20), d P(6 X 10).
Use cumulative binomial tables with n 25, p 0.25 and x 6. Write P(X 6) in terms of cumulative probabilities. Use tables. The tables give P(X x) so you need to remember P(X 13) P(X 14) and use the fact that P(X 14) P(X 13) 1. Then use tables.
9

a b

P(X 6) 0.5611 P(X 6) P(X 6) P(X 5) 0.5611 0.3783 0.1828 P(X 13) 1 P(X 13) 1 0.9991 0.0009

CHAPTER

P(6 X 10) P(X 7, 8, 9 or 10) P(X 10) P(X 6) 0.9703 0.5611 0.4092

Write the probability as the difference of two cumulative probabilities.

Use tables.

Sometimes questions are set in context and there are many different forms of words that can be used to ask for probabilities. The correct interpretation of these phrases is critical, especially when dealing with discrete distributions such as the Binomial and Poisson (see Chapter 2). The table gives some examples. Phrase greater than 5 no more than 3 at least 7 fewer than 10 at most 8 Means X5 X3 X7 X 10 X8 To use tables 1 P(X 5) P(X 3) 1 P(X 6) P(X 9) P(X 8)

Example 9
A spinner is designed so that the probability it lands on red is 0.3. Jane has 12 spins. Find the probability that Jane obtains a no more than 2 reds, b at least 5 reds. Jane decides to use this spinner for a class competition. She wants the probability of winning a prize to be 0.05. Each member of the class will have 12 spins and the number of reds will be recorded. c Find how many reds are needed to win a prize.
Define a suitable random variable. This makes it easier to rewrite the question in terms of probabilities and it can help you determine the distribution. no more than 2 means X 2. Use tables with n 12, p 0.3 and x 2.

Let X the number of reds in 12 spins. X ~ B(12, 0.3) a P(X 2) 0.2528

P(X 5) 1 P(X 4) 1 0.7237 0.2763

at least 5 means X 5. Since tables only give P(X x) you need to write as 1 P(X 4) and then use tables with n 12, p 0.3 and x 4.

10

Binomial distribution

Let r the smallest number of reds needed to win a prize. Require: P(X r) 0.05

Form a probability statement to represent the condition for winning a prize.

From tables: P(X 5) 0.8822 P(X 6) 0.9614 P(X 7) 0.9905 So: P(X 6) 0.9614 implies that P(X 7) 1 0.9614 0.0386 So 7 or more reds will win a prize.

Use the tables with n 12 and p 0.3. You want values of x that give cumulative probabilities 0.95 (since 0.95 1 0.05).

Since x 6 gives the first value 0.95 use this probability and find r 7.

Always make sure that your final answer is related back to the context of the original question.

This technique of using the tables backwards as in part c will be met again in connection with critical regions for hypothesis tests in Chapter 7.

Exercise 1C
1 The random variable X ~ B(9, 0.2). Find a P(X 4), 2 b P(X 3), c P(X 2), d P(X 1).

The random variable X ~ B(20, 0.35). Find a P(X 10), b P(X 7), c P(X 5), d P(2 X 7).

The random variable X ~ B(40, 0.45). Find a P(X 20), b P(X 16), c P(11 X 15), d P(10 X 17).

The random variable X ~ B(30, 0.15). Find a P(X 8), b P(X 4), c P(2 X 10), d P(X 4).

Eight fair coins are tossed and the total number of heads showing is recorded. Find the probability of a no heads, b at least 2 heads, c more heads than tails.
11

CHAPTER

For a particular type of plant 25% have blue owers. A garden centre sells these plants in trays of 15 plants of mixed colours. A tray is selected at random. Find the probability that the number of blue owers this tray contains is a exactly 4, b at most 3, c between 3 and 6 (inclusive).

The random variable X ~ B(50, 0.40). Find a the largest value of k such that P(X k) 0.05, b the smallest number r such that P(X r ) 0.10.

The random variable X ~ B(40, 0.10). Find a the largest value of k such that P(X k) 0.20, b the smallest number r such that P(X r) 0.01, c P(k X r).

In a town, 30% of residents listen to the local radio. Ten residents are chosen at random. a State the distribution of the random variable X the number of these 10 residents that listen to the local radio. b Find the probability that at least half of these 10 residents listen to local radio. c Find the smallest value of s so that P(X s) 0.01.

10 A factory produces a component for the motor trade and 5% of the components are defective. A quality control ofcer regularly inspects a random sample of 50 components. Find the probability that the next sample contains a fewer than 2 defectives, b more than 5 defectives. The ofcer will stop production if the number of defectives in the sample is greater than a certain value d. Given that the ofcer stops production less than 5% of the time. c nd the smallest value of d.

1.5

You can use simple formulae to find the mean and variance of the binomial distribution.

If X ~ B(n, p) then E(X) np Var(X) 2 np(1 p) These formulae are given in the formula booklet. You are not expected to know how to prove these formulae in the S2 exam.
12

Binomial distribution

Example 10
A fair, 4-sided die has the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 on its faces. The die is rolled 20 times. The random variable X represents the number of 4s obtained. a Find the mean and variance of X. b Find P(X , ).
Identify the distribution of X. There are 20 rolls of the die so n 20 and a binomial is appropriate. Use the formulae with n 20 and p 0.25. 0.75 1 0.25 1 p Remember Var(X) 2 3.75 . Since X is discrete, X 3.06 means X 3. Use tables with n 20, p 0.25 and x 3.
_____

X ~ B(20, 0.25) a E(X) 20 0.25 5 15 Var (X) 2 20 0.25 0.75 __ or 3.75 4

3.75 1.936
P(X ) P(X 5 1.936 ) P(X 3.06 ) P(X 3) 0.2252

____

Example 11
David believes that 35% of people in a certain town will vote for him in the next election and he commissions a survey to verify this. Find the minimum number of people the survey should ask to have a mean number of more than 100 voting for David.

Let n the number of people asked. Let X the number of people (out of n) voting for David. X ~ B(n, 0.35) E(X ) 0.35n So 0.35n 100 100 285.7 n _____ 0.35 So (n ) 286 people should be asked.

Define a suitable random variable. The proportion of 35% will give p 0.35.

Use the formula np. Form a suitable inequality, using the fact that the mean is greater than 100, and solve to find n.

13

CHAPTER

Example 12
An examiner is trying to design a multiple choice test. For students answering the test at random, he requires that the mean score on the test should be 20 and the standard deviation should be at least 4. Assuming that each question has the same number of alternative answers, nd how many questions and how many alternative answers each question should have. The number of alternatives for each question should be as few as possible.

n the number of questions p the probability of guessing a correct answer. X the number of questions answered correctly at random X ~ B(n, p) E(X ) 20 so np 20 St. dev 4 so np(1 p) 42 So 20(1 p) 16 1 p 0.8 0.2 p So the examiner should use p 0.2, i.e. have 5 alternatives for each question. np 20 with p 0.2 gives n 100. So the test should have 100 questions and 5 alternative answers for each. Let and Let

Define n and p to form a suitable binomial distribution.

Use the formulae for mean and variance. Remember variance (st. dev)2.

Substitute np 20 and solve for p.

Exercise 1D
1 2 3 4 A fair cubical die is rolled 36 times and the random variable X represents the number of sixes obtained. Find the mean and variance of X. a Find the mean and variance of the random variable X ~ B(12, 0.25). b Find P( X ). a Find the mean and variance of the random variable X ~ B(30, 0.40). b Find P( X ). It is estimated that 1 in 20 people are left-handed. a What size sample should be taken to ensure that the expected number of left-handed people in the sample is 3? b What is the standard deviation of the number of left-handed people in this case? An experiment is conducted with a fair die to examine the number of sixes that occur. It is required to have the standard deviation smaller than 1. What is the largest number of throws that can be made? The random variable X ~ B(n, p) has a mean of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Find the value of n and the value of p.

6
14

Binomial distribution

1.6

You can solve harder problems.

Example 13
In Joes caf 70% of customers buy a cup of tea. a In a random sample of 20 customers nd the probability that more than 15 buy a cup of tea. The proportion of customers who buy a chocolate mufn at Joes caf is 0.35. b Find the probability that Joe sells the rst chocolate mufn to his fth customer. Assuming that buying a chocolate mufn and buying a cup of tea are independent events c nd the probability that in a random sample of 20 customers more than 15 buy a cup of tea and at least 6 buy a chocolate mufn.

Let X the number out of 20 who buy a cup of tea. X ~ B(20, 0.7) Let Y the number of customers who do not buy a cup of tea. Y ~ B(20, 0.3) P(X 15) P(Y 4) 0.2375 b Let N the number of the first customer who buys a chocolate muffin. If C represents the event that a person buys a chocolate muffin then the first 5 customers must be CCCCC So P(N 5) (0.65)4 0.35 0.062477 0.0625 (3 s.f.) c From part a P(X 15) 0.2375 Let M number of customers out of 20 who buy a chocolate muffin M ~ B(20, 0.35) P(M 6) 1 P(M 5) 1 0.2454 0.7546 So P(M 6 and X 15) 0.7546 0.2375 0.17921 0.179 (3 s.f.)

Since 0.7 is not in the tables you will need to consider the complementary random variable Y. Note that X 15 is the same as Y 4 and then use tables with n 20 and p 0.3. Define the random variable carefully. Note the variable is the number of the customer not the number of muffins. N is not binomial since there is no fixed value for n. There is only one case possible so no ( n r ) term.

The probability for cups of tea was found in a. So define the variable M.

Use P(M 6) P(M 5) 1 and then use tables with n 20 and p 0.35. To find the probability of both X 15 and M 6 you multiply the probabilities together since buying a chocolate muffin and a cup of tea are independent.

15

CHAPTER

Example 14
Yummy sweets are sold in tubes of 15 sweets per tube. The sweets are of different avours and 20% are blackcurrant. a Show that the probability of a randomly chosen tube of Yummy sweets containing 3 or more blackcurrant ones is 0.602. Robert buys 5 tubes of Yummy sweets. b Find the probability that at least 4 of the tubes contain 3 or more blackcurrant sweets.

Let X number of blackcurrant sweets in a tube of 15 X ~ B(15, 0.20) P(X 3) 1 P(X 2) 1 0.3980 0.602 Y number of packets containing 3 or more blackcurrant sweets Y ~ B(5, 0.602) P(Y 4) P(Y 4) P(Y 5) 5 (0.602)4 0.398 (0.602)5 4 0.34042 0.340 (3 s.f.)

Define the random variable carefully.

Use P(X 3) P(X 2) 1 and tables with n 15 and p 0.2.

Define a new random variable. Note that you are now counting packets not blackcurrant sweets. This changes n and p.

( )

Since p 0.602 is not in the tables you will have to use the formula.

Mixed exercise 1E
2 . The coin is tossed repeatedly. 1 A coin is biased so that the probability of a head is _ 3 Find the probability that

a the rst tail will occur on the sixth toss, b in the rst 8 tosses there will be exactly 2 tails. 2 Records kept in a hospital show that 3 out of every 10 patients who visit the accident and emergency department have to wait more than half an hour. Find, to 3 decimal places, the probability that of the rst 12 patients who come to the accident and emergency department a none, b more than 2, will have to wait more than half an hour. 3 A factory is considering two methods of checking the quality of production of the batches of items it produces. Method I A random sample of 10 items is taken from a large batch and the batch is accepted if there are no defectives in this sample. If there are 2 or more defectives the batch is
16

Binomial distribution

rejected. If there is only 1 defective then another sample of 10 is taken and the batch is accepted if there are no defectives in this second sample, otherwise the whole batch is rejected. Method II A random sample of 20 items is taken from a large batch and the batch is accepted if there is at most 1 defective in this sample, otherwise the whole batch is rejected. The factory knows that 1% of items produced are defective and wishes to use the method of checking the quality of production for which the probability of accepting the whole batch is largest. a Decide which method the factory should use. b Determine the expected number of items sampled using Method I. 4 a State clearly the conditions under which it is appropriate to assume that a random variable has a binomial distribution. A door-to-door canvasser tries to persuade people to have a certain type of double glazing installed. The probability that his canvassing at a house is successful is 0.05. b Find the probability that he will have at least 2 successes out of the rst 10 houses he canvasses. c Find the number of houses he should canvass per day in order to average 3 successes per day. d Calculate the least number of houses that he must canvass in order that the probability of his getting at least one success exceeds 0.99. 5 An archer res arrows at a target and for each arrow, independently of all the others, the 1 probability that it hits the bulls eye is _ . 8 a Given that the archer res 5 arrows, nd the probability that fewer than 2 arrows hit the bulls-eye. The archer res 5 arrows, collects them from a target and res all 5 again. b Find the probability that on both occasions fewer than 2 hit the bulls eye. 6 A completely unprepared student is given a true/false type test with 10 questions. Assuming that the student answers all the questions at random a nd the probability that the student gets all the answers correct. It is decided that a pass will be awarded for 8 or more correct answers. b Find the probability that the student passes the test. 7 A six-sided die is biased. When the die is thrown the number 5 is twice as likely to appear as any other number. All the other faces are equally likely to appear. The die is thrown repeatedly. Find the probability that a the rst 5 will occur on the sixth throw, b in the rst eight throws there will be exactly three 5s. E E

8 A manufacturer produces large quantities of plastic chairs. It is known from previous records that 15% of these chairs are green. A random sample of 10 chairs is taken.
17

CHAPTER

a Dene a suitable distribution to model the number of green chairs in this sample. b Find the probability of at least 5 green chairs in this sample. c Find the probability of exactly 2 green chairs in this sample. 9 A bag contains a large number of beads of which 45% are yellow. A random sample of 20 beads is taken from the bag. Use the binomial distribution to nd the probability that the sample contains a fewer than 12 yellow beads, b exactly 12 yellow beads. E

Summary of key points

If X ~ B(n, p) then E(X) np Var(X) np (1 p)

Conditions for a binomial distribution A xed number of trials, n. Each trial should be success or failure. The trials are independent. The probability of success, p, at each trial is constant.

18