107

Abstract: This article presents non-surgical

resolution of an extensive periapical lesion of endodontic
origin associated with the maxillary left lateral incisor.
Clinical examination revealed an asymptomatic bony
hard swelling confined to the palate, while radiographic
analysis showed a lesion measuring 22 mm in diameter
and nearly 389 mm
2
in area. Through apical patency,
4 ml of intracanal exudate was drained. After thorough
biomechanical preparation, a calcium hydroxide/CPMC
root canal dressing was applied and periodically
renewed for 11 months. The exudate was eliminated
at treatment onset and significant bone formation was
observed at the periapical region in the following
months with concomitant resolution of the cortical
expansion. Complete radiographic resolution of the
periapical lesion was observed two years after the root
canal filling. Thus, non-surgical treatment of this
supposedly cystic, extensive periapical lesion provided
favorable clinical and radiographic response. (J. Oral
Sci. 50, 107-111, 2008)
Keywords: calcium hydroxide; periapical cyst; root
canal treatment.
Introduction
From a microbiological perspective, after pulp necrosis,
the root canal system becomes increasingly susceptible to
colonization by the microorganisms that inhabit the oral
cavity and interconnected systems (1). Due to the close
physiopathological relationship between the pulp and the
periapical region, bacteria, fungi, and cell components
may trigger an inflammatory process in periapical tissues,
progressively affecting them through the resorption process
(2-4). Subsequently, immunopathological mechanisms
lead to the formation of abscesses, granulomas and
periapical cysts (5,6). Nair et al. (7) histologically analyzed
a sample of 256 periapical lesions and found that 35.0%
were abscesses, 50.0% were granulomas, while only 15.0%
were cysts; nonetheless, 52.0% of the lesions had an
epithelial component in their structure.
Supposedly cystic periapical lesions may undergo
asymptomatic evolution and reach large dimensions,
clinically leading to cortical expansion and displacement
of roots with consequent crown crowding. At this stage,
the cortical plates of the alveolar process have a paper-like
texture upon palpation; at a later stage, they may present
fluctuation, and the mucosa may exhibit bluish discoloration
(8). Radiographically, these plates display a round or
elliptical contour, involve the apical third, and are delimited
by a continuous radioopaque hard lamina (9).
From a therapeutic standpoint, most cases can be
managed with a combination of endodontic and periapical
surgical treatments. This article presents the resolution of
an extensive, supposedly cystic, maxillary lesion exclusively
Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 50, No. 1, 107-111, 2008
Correspondence to Dr. Eduardo Nunes, Departament of
Endodontics, Pontific Catholic University (PUC-Minas), Rua
Rodrigues Caldas 726 / 1104 Santo Agostinho, Belo Horizonte,
MG CEP: 30190120, Brazil
Tel: +55-31-3291-6496
Fax: +55-31-3319-4415
E-mail: [email protected]
Favorable response of an extensive periapical lesion to root
canal treatment
Janir A. Soares
1)
, Manoel Brito-Jnior
2)
, Frank F. Silveira
3)
, Eduardo Nunes
3)
and Suelleng M. C. Santos
4)
1)
Department of Endodontics, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri,
Diamantina, MG, Brazil
2)
Department of Endodontics, State University of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
3)
Department of Endodontics, Pontific Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
4)
Department of Health Sciences, State University of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
(Received 2 July 2007 and accepted 11 January 2008)
Case Report
108
by means of endodontic treatment.
Case Report
The patient, 32 years of age, of black ethnicity, attended
the Endodontics Clinic of UFVJM for endodontic treatment
of the maxillary left lateral incisor. The patient reported
recent occurrence of swelling and pus, which was resolved
by emergency treatment provided at a public health center.
Extraoral examination was unremarkable. Intraoral
assessment revealed an extensive coronal restoration with
composite resin and consistent expansion of the palatal
cortical plate with no pain on palpation. Electronic (Analytic
Technology Pulp Tester, Sybron Endo, Orange, CA, USA)
and thermal pulp sensitivity testing (Endo-ice, The Hygienic
Corporation, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA) were negative only
for the referred tooth. Periapical radiographic examination
revealed a well-defined periapical radiolucent area with a
round contour, which involved the apical region of teeth
11, 12, and 13 (Fig.1), measuring 22 mm in diameter and
nearly 389 mm
2
in area, according to the software Image
Tool Utscha 3.0. The clinical history, coupled with clinical
and radiographic examination, led to the presumptive
diagnosis of extensive, supposedly cystic, chronic periapical
pathology of endodontic origin. Thus, endodontic treatment
was initially proposed, with the possible need for
complementary surgical intervention at a later stage. The
patient consented to the treatment plan.
At the first session, after local anaesthesia, a rubber
dam was set in place and endodontic access was performed,
followed by neutralization of the infected root canal
contents with a Kerr file, under irrigation with 5.25%
sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO). After achieving
apical patency with a Kerr file #20 (Fig. 2), there was a
spontaneous discharge of nearly 4 ml of citrine yellow
serous exudate. Intracanal aspiration extracted another 1
ml of bloody serous exudate. Subsequently, biomechanical
preparation was performed by the crown-down technique,
under copious irrigation with 5.25% NaClO. After drying,
a calcium hydroxide paste was placed in the root canal
(Calen/CPMC - S.S. White, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil).
Calen/CPMC paste is composed of 2.5g calcium hydroxide,
0.5 g zinc oxide, 0.05 g colophony, 2 ml polyethylene glycol
400, and 0.04 g camphorated paramonochlorophenol
(CPMC). The root canal dressing was renewed 6 times in
11 months; as demonstrated in Figs. 3 and 4, during which
period a progressive involution of periapical radiolucency
occurred. No root canal exudate was observed after the
second change of the root canal dressing. Before root
canal filling, microbiological samples were collected and
incubated under anaerobic conditions in a culture medium
(Brain Heart Infusion - BHI). The samples showed negative
microbiological growth. Root canal obturation was
performed with AH-Plus sealer (Dentsply, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brazil) and gutta-percha points (Odous, Belo Horizonte,
MG, Brazil) using the thermomechanical compaction
technique, followed by a coronal restoration with composite
resin (Fig. 5). After a two-year follow-up period, the
patient was asymptomatic. Moreover, radiographic
examination revealed complete resolution of the periapical
radiolucency (Fig. 6).
Discussion
Epithelial islands at the apical region of teeth with pulp
necrosis may be stimulated by the inflammatory process
and progress from epithelial rests of Malassez (7) to
periapical cyst formation. Cystic development is common
and accounts for 7 to 54% of periapical radiolucencies (8).
Radiographically, the mean diameter of periapical lesions
ranges from 5 to 8 mm (4,6,10). Radiolucent areas larger
than 10 mm are interpreted as possible apical cysts
(8,11,12), the progressive growth of which are associated
with the high osmotic pressure in their structure due to
epithelial proliferation and degeneration (13).
Several decades ago, many endodontists, pathologists,
and maxillofacial surgeons considered that apical cysts did
not respond favorably to isolated endodontic treatment, thus
requiring periapical curettage (12). However, surgical
treatment of all periapical pathologies and/or large
periapical lesions is not often necessary, since they may
respond satisfactorily to adequate endodontic treatment
(5,14).
Teeth with pulp necrosis associated with periapical
radiolucent areas are similarly treated, regardless of the
histological diagnosis of abscess, granuloma, or apical
cyst. Based on their histological structure and relationship
with the tooth apex, Simon (15) and Nair (13) stated that
there are apical true cysts and apical pocket cysts. The
latter, also called bay cysts, have epithelial cavities
directly communicating with the root canal system via the
apical foramen; thus, they would completely heal after
adequate root canal treatment. However, the true apical
cysts (13,15) would represent an inflammatory apical
lesion whose cavity is completely lined by a stratified
squamous epithelium and contains a liquid or semi-liquid,
with no opening or connection with the apical foramen or
root canal. Therefore, these cysts would not respond
favorably to endodontic treatment, explaining why some
periapical lesions are refractory to endodontic treatment
even though such an assumption has been scientifically
questioned (8).
The success of the conservative treatment of supposedly
cystic periapical lesions could be explained based on the
109
Fig. 1 Extensive periapical lesion with elliptical contour,
associated with the maxillary left lateral incisor.
Fig. 2 Achievement of apical patency with file K #20.
Fig. 3 Root canal dressing at five months; note the diffuse bone
formation in the periapical region.
Fig. 4 Progressive involution of the periapical lesion at 8
months.
Fig. 5 Root canal filling at 11 months. Note advanced repair
in the periapical region.
Fig. 6 Follow-up at 24 months after root canal filling
demonstrating advanced repair of the periapical lesion.
110
following aspects: a) the effect of biomechanical preparation
on intracanal microbiota; b) lesion decompression
established by apical patency; c) complementary antiseptic
action of calcium hydroxide due to alkalinity; d) effect of
calcium hydroxide on bony repair; and e) effect of the
immune system on the epithelial component of the lesion.
Therefore, effective neutralization and/or removal of
infection from the root canal system would lead to non-
surgical resolution of the apical cystic lesions. Adequate
biomechanical preparation with the aid of 5.25% NaClO
is currently recommended for the above purpose, followed
by placement of a calcium hydroxide root canal dressing
(3,9,20). The favorable clinical, radiographic, and
histological responses obtained with calcium hydroxide
are attributed to the involvement of Ca
2+
and OH
-
in several
cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to regeneration
of periapical connective tissues (9). The benefits of calcium
hydroxide include anti-inflammatory action through its
hygroscopic properties, such as forming calcium-proteinate
bridges and inhibiting the phospholipase; the neutralization
of acidic products, such as hydrolases of clasts; activation
of alkaline phosphatase; and antibacterial action (16-19).
For quite some time, the Calcium hydroxide/CPMC
combination has been applied in teeth with incompletely
formed apices (20,21) in which CPMC acted as a vehicle.
The cytotoxicity of CPMC is dose-dependent (22). In
contrast with the Kaiser paste, CPMC is added to calcium
hydroxide in residual quantities (0.04g), with polyethylene
glycol 400 as vehicle in the Calen/CPMC paste. From a
physical-chemical standpoint, such an association provides
greater diffusion into the dentinal tubules and branches of
the root canal. It also presents greater flow and longer action
time due to the progressive release of calcium and hydroxyl
ions from calcium para-chlorophenolate, which is the salt
formed by the reaction between calcium hydroxide and the
CPMC. In addition, the residual presence of CPMC results
in a wider antimicrobial spectrum (23), an inflammatory
reduction through the diminishing of free oxygen radicals
(24), and proliferation of fibroblasts and osteogenic bone
marrow cells (25).
The apical patency provided decompression of the
periapical lesion upon the discharge of the inflammatory
exudate through the root canal. Moreover, the removal of
the source of antigen, associated with the regular renewal
of the calcium hydroxide root canal dressing, eliminated
the exudate and provided significant resolution of the
periapical radiolucency. The efficacy of calcium hydroxide,
owing to its antiseptic, anti-exudative, and mineralization-
inducing properties, depends on the sustained release of
calcium and hydroxyl ions to the root canal system and
periapical region (26). As they are progressively resorbed
by the periapical fluids, regular renewal of the root canal
dressing is fundamental in reducing the intensity of the
periapical inflammatory process; transforming the
inflammatory granulation tissue into reparative granulation
tissue; and simultaneously inducing the differentiation of
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into reparative cells,
e.g., fibroblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts (9,26).
These are combined with the effect of the immunological
system on the epithelial component of the supposedly
cystic lesion (5,27,28).
Current evidence strongly suggests that the immu-
nological system is able to cause collapse of the epithelial
wall of apical cysts, provided the source of antigen is
removed from the root canal system. Rocha (5) observed
different lineages of T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells
in the epithelial lining. Melo et al. (14), Kettering and
Torabinejad (27), and Callestini (28) all suggested the
participation of Langerhans cells, natural killer cells (NK
Cells), and macrophages in the rupture of the cystic
structure of periapical lesions. From a biological standpoint,
the ordered occurrence of these events would explain the
clinic and radiographic conservative resolution of extensive,
supposedly cystic, periapical lesions of endodontic origin.
We were able to non-surgically treat the extensive
periapical lesion exhibiting clinical and radiographic
characteristics compatible with apical cysts, exclusively
with endodontic treatment consisting of proper cleaning,
shaping, apical patency, and antisepsis of the root canal
system, and emphasis on the extended utilization of calcium
hydroxide/CPMC root canal dressing.
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