E&TTS E&TTS

The Technical English Company

TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR MINING ENGINEERS

Level 1

PEDRO M. RUIZ

Without technological boundaries in the knowledge age! Total Solutions For our !eeds "n Technical English!

TECHNICAL ENGLISH FOR MINING ENGINEERS

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Chairman and CE' o* E+TTS 'ctober ,- ./10 Lima1$eru 22/3441,. prui56thebest7yahoo8com

Technical Dictionaries. Technical English Texts. Teaching of Technical English. Translations. Diccionarios Tcnicos. Textos de Ingls Tcnico. Enseanza de Ingls Tcnico. Traducciones.

CONTENTS $re*ace Section 1 9rie* English :rammar &eview applied to ;ining Engineering8 1. 2. !. '. *. Morphology. Root and derivative words. Formation of Technical Words. Using suffixes prefixes and affixes. Modifiers" #ndefinite $rticles" $%$n. &efinite article" The. Modifiers" $d(ectives and $dver)s. $d(ective and adver) comparison. +entence. ,oun or -ronoun. .er) +tudy. /omplement.

Section . "ntroduction to Technical Translations8 1. -resent Tense. #nfinitive. +imple -resent Tense. -resent /ontinuous Tense. #mperative. 2. -ast Tense. +imple -ast Tense. -assive .oice Tense. -erfect Tense. !. Future Tense. +imple Future Tense. '. Modals 0/an /ould May Might Must +hould and Would1.

$&EF<CE This )oo2 is intended to mining engineers or students of Mining 3ngineering who have already mastered the elements of 3nglish and who now want to use their 2nowledge of the 3nglish language in order to read%write a thesis a)stracts technical )oo2s and papers on their own su)(ects. 4owever all of us should understand that the purpose of the )oo2 is to teach 3nglish language not to teach mining engineering. 3ste texto se dirige a los ingenieros mineros o estudiantes de ingenier5a minera 6uienes ya han dominado los elementos del #ngl7s y 6ue ahora desean usar su conocimiento del idioma #ngl7s con el o)(eto de leer%escri)ir una tesis extractos. 8i)ros y art5culos t7cnicos de su propio inter7s. +in em)argo todos de)er5amos entender 6ue el prop9sito de este texto es ense:ar el idioma #ngl7s y no ense:ar ingenier5a minera. The 3nglish language is a glo)al language in which scientific engineering and technical facts are expressed certainly not a different 3nglish language from that of everyday life )ut all the same it presents the glo)al student with a lot of special features. The most features are related with the definitions or nouns of a phenomenon or phenomena created or achieved )y original e6uipment manufacturers 0;3Ms1 spread into the entire world. Then it is necessary to use a good technical dictionary due to these definitions reflect the state o<f the< art at this time. +uch technical nouns as outsourcing internetwor2ing M3M+ smart wristwatches and so on are hot spots in the technical voca)ulary. 3l idioma #ngl7s es un idioma glo)al en el cual los hechos cient5ficos ingenieriles y t7cnicos son expresados con certe=a no en un idioma diferente de la vida cotidiana sino 6ue se presenta al estudiante glo)al con muchas caracter5sticas especiales. 8a mayor parte de las caracter5sticas est>n relacionadas con las definiciones o sustantivos de un fen9meno o fen9menos creados o logrados por los fa)ricantes de e6uipos originales dispersos en todo el mundo. 3ntonces es necesario usar un )uen diccionario t7cnico de)ido a 6ue estas definiciones refle(an el avance en este momento. -ala)ras t7cnicas tales como terceri=aci9n inter< conectividad de redes sistema microelectromec>nico relo(es inteligentes etc. son definiciones nuevas en el voca)ulario t7cnico.

$nd there also is another 2ind of words which are ad(ectives and adver)s which are not specifically participate usually into sciences engineerings and such as increasingly )road entire countercloc2wise to this grouping.

important" the ver)s technical )ut which technologies. Words and so forth )elong

? tam)i7n hay otro tipo de pala)ras los cuales son importantes" los ver)os ad(etivos y adver)ios 6ue no son espec5ficamente t7cnicas sino 6ue participan generalmente en ciencias ingenier5as y tecnolog5as. -ala)ras tales como cada ve= m>s ancho completo sentido anti<horario etc. pertenecen a este agrupamiento. Then it is common to use word groupings that are called expressions or idiomatic expressions which are very fre6uently used. @roupings such as Aon the other handB Ain order toBC Aa lot ofBC etc. are examples of them. 8uego es comDn usar agrupamientos de pala)ras 6ue son muy frecuentemente usadas. -ala)ras tales como Apor otro ladoB AparaBC AmuchosB etc. son e(emplos de tales agrupamientos. Therefore # present the vector representation of a technical sentence that is called The Rui=E Method or termed an integrated method for translations. Finalmente presento la representaci9n vectorial de una oraci9n t7cnica 6ue se llama el M7todo Rui= o denominado M7todo integrado para traducciones. This )oo2 comprises two sections. +ection 1 deals with a Frief 3nglish @rammar Review applied to the mineral industry. ;rigin of words roots prefixes suffixes and affixes are revised and applied to real occurrences a)out exploring exploitation production transportation and commerciali=ation of these useful minerals. +ection 2 is programmed to perform real technical translations with data and information from original e6uipment manufacturers into mining field. 3s texto incluye dos secciones. 8a +ecci9n 1 se ocupa de la Revisi9n +ucinta de la @ram>tica #nglesa aplicada a la industria de los minerales. +e revisa el origen de las pala)ras ra5ces prefi(os sufi(os y afi(os y se aplican a hechos reales acerca de exploraci9n explotaci9n producci9n transporte y comerciali=aci9n de estos minerales Dtiles. 8a +ecci9n 2 est> programada para e(ecutar traducciones t7cnicas reales con datos e informaci9n procedente de los fa)ricantes de e6uipos originales 0;3Ms1 en el campo minero. ;cto)er G 2H1! #n 8ima<-erD. $E%&' ;8 &(") Chairman and CE' o* E+TTS

Section 18 < 9rie* English :rammar &eview applied to ;ining Engineering 18 ;'&$='L': +tudy of origin of the words.

Root W;R& &erivative

Root words are ;pen pit mines Finance Ris2 3xplore The si=e of the aluminum particles The roc2 mass The si=e of the ore deposit 8and la)or and capital ;verall depth +urface mine design Mine water For copper gold and uranium wastes The entire pit $n optimum pit limit design 4igh gold prices The roc2 surface &emand for copper -ermanent roc2 mass support /oncentrate Mar2ets /ommodity prices The mineEs life +lot raises for stopes Waste dumps 8each dumps

E+TTS Sel*1Testing %ivision =omework 18 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 ,ame"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<< 1. Mine si=e 2. The ore reserve pro)lem !. -it dimensions and geometry '. Water rights *. +trong mar2ets I. 8ong<term contracts G. $vaila)le area J. +urface conditions K. /limate 1H. ,oise 11. The dust 12. Wastes 1!. 4ead frames 1'. 4igh walls 1*. /ut<off grade 1I. @host towns 1G. Total profits 1J. The mar2et price of common stoc2 1K. Tax purposes 2H. Funds flow &ate"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

DERIVATIVE

NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB VERB PREPOSITION, and so on

&erivative words are Mine property 3xploration activities Minerals industry World silver<mine production Ris2 6uantification Mining<related investments -eruEs copper mining output Mineral mar2ets Mineral commodities The financing decision Responsi)ilities of Management -roperty access /ollection ponds Mining method selection -rocessing plants $ high level of mining efficiency /losed down mines 4igher<)ul2<strength alumini=ed explosives Technological advancements in e6uipment &rilling and explosives costs &irect mining costs per ton of roc2 for underground and surface operations 3nvironmental impact Mine and plant capital re6uirements -roduction rate in tons per year ;re reserve estimation and mine valuation -roducers of concentrates -lant construction and mine development +tart<up operation #nternational mar2ets The timing of expected returns Mining machinery and e6uipment @eographical location The widespread use of roc2 )olt reinforcement systems &omestic minerals production $ ventilation networ2 for dilution of the methane )y fresh air

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework .8 =ighlight the derivative words and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:------------------------------------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. Date:------------------

3xploration expenses -roduction technology -hysical plant Mine closures The mining and processing of mineral commodities 3nvironmental regulations The closing of mining operations -recious and )ase metal producers $ mining property for production Mine location and ocurrence Mine evaluation process +uccessful exploration and property ac6uisition The glo)al mining economy @lo)al silver tin =inc and lead copper and gold production The $ntamina copper<=inc operation Roc2 reinforcement systems $ competent and dura)le reinforcement system &ifficulties with resin cartridges in underground environment #nsufficient reinforcement of the shotcrete ;pen pit mining

'. FORMATION OF DERIVATIVE (ORDS a) Us$n% s*!!$+es ROOT , SUFFIDERIVATIVE

Mine -roper Regard .alue $rrange Tax Finance 3nvironment #nvest Mine @eology /ontinuous 8ocate /limate Ton &istri)ute /lass +ample +afe 36uip +hip +pecify $vaila)le ;wn /oncentrate Tail &rain Treat +2ill +tore 4old &istur) Thic2 Re6uire -rocess Metallurgy 4ard ;perate -repare

<er <al Mineral <ty -roperty <less Regardless <ate <ion .aluation <ment $rrangement <ation Taxation <ing Financing <al <ly 3nvironmentally <ment #nvestment <er <al <i=e <ation Minerali=ation <ic @eologic <ity /ontinuity <ion 8ocation <ic /limatic <age Tonnage <ion &istri)ution <ify ic <ation /lassification <ing +ampling <ty +afety <ment 36uipment <ing +hipping <ic <ation +pecifications <ility $vaila)ility <er <ship ;wnership <or /oncentrator <ing Tailings <age &rainage <ment Treatment <ed +2illed <age +torage <er 4olders <ance &istur)ance <ness Thic2ness <ment Re6uirements <ing -rocessing <ic <al Metallurgical <ness 4ardness <ing ;perating <ation -reparation

Mine <ing Mining E>amples o* $hrases (sing Su**i>es in ;ining Engineering $=&<SE ? <rticle @ !oun ? <dA8 @ !oun ? <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !oun ? <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !oun ? <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA1-.-88 @ !1-.- B- !m Where ,1 2 L are called ,oun<ad(ectives and the M, is termed the Main ,oun. 3xamples are +ite preparation Mine )uildings Mine e6uipment Mill )uildings Maintenance supplies Thic2ness and varia)ility .aria)ility of chemical characteristics -roximity to distri)ution centers /ontract agreements /ompilation of geologic and geographic data Mine si=e determination 3nvironmental considerations -it layout -it orientation ;pen pit mining +urface mining 4aulage power and drainage systems 36uipment selection +i=ing production estimates /apital and operating cost estimates -ro(ect cost estimation Mine support e6uipment Manpower re6uirements &evelopment schedule 3nvironmental approval +urface operating costs Within economic limits +urface mining legislation 3ndanger wor2 areas +ome metallic deposits +ome industrial minerals /omplete )ac2filling &eferred reclamation +ome open pit operations 4aulage costs and reclamation costs The mining process Mining procedures $rea mining contour mining or other techni6ues

;re extraction E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework 08 =ighlight the su**i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:---------------------------------------------------- Date:----------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. @eologic structure -hysical properties /limatic conditions &irect shipping ore 3lectric power ,atural gas /oncentrator site Waste dump location Tailings pond location &rainage method +2illed in mining -roposed and pending mining legislation Flending re6uirements +urface distur)ance -roduction re6uirements -rocessing methods /hemical properties of ore Metallurgical properties of ore ;re hardness ;perating costs

.) USING PREFI-ES PREFI- , ROOT "/ #nfra< #n< #n< ,on< ;ut< #n< Under< ;n< -ost< Fac2< 3m< &is< 3x< ;ut< -re< #n< #n< ,on< &i< Multi< &is< ;ver< Fy< &own< 3n< Re< ,on< ,on< &is< ;ver< ;ver< Multi< Un< -re< #m< Re< Un< ;ff< &e< Re< Fy< -re< structure come direct cash lay pit ground site concentrate fill )an2 charge change side set ta2e solu)le car)on oxide component integrate flow pass stream large load standard metal advantage )urden si=e stage saturate install prove cover sta)le highway water agent product treat DERIVATIVE #nfrastructure #ncome #ndirect ,oncash ;utlay #n<pit Underground ;n<site -ostconcentrate Fac2fill 3m)an2 &ischarge 3xchange ;utside -reset #nta2e #nsolu)le ,oncar)on &ioxide Multicomponent &isintegrate ;verflow Fypass &ownstream 3nlarge Reload ,onstandard ,onmetal &isadvantage ;ver)urden ;versi=e Multistage Unsaturate -re<install #mprove Recover Unsta)le ;ff<highway &ewater Reagent Fyproducts -retreat

Re<

sale

Resale

E+a01 es o! P23ases *s$n% P3e!$+es $n#o M$n$n% En%$nee3$n% The precipitation of multivalent ions #n<hole delays The disproportionate increases #nflexi)le in operation The inclination of the conveyor at the loading and discharge points The oversi=e material Underground mining #n<pit crushing and conveying systems ;ff<highway truc2s &isadvantages of )elt conveyors The operating ore<to<over)urden ratio &ispatch vehicles Resale value #n open pit metal and nonmetal mines The advantages and disadvantages of specific )elt fa)rics $cid mine drainage and heavy metals discharges The )yproducts /hemical sta)le reagents The type of reagent and water chemistry This family of reagents Unsta)le geotechnical conditions ,onstandard wor2ing methods The disadvantage of the operator The over)urden load ;versi=e in the slurry Typically centrifugal multistage systems $ method of overhand stoping For each man underground Restrictions on su)level spacing Underground sampling Uranium exchange values ,on<platinum catalytic converter Fy<products of platinum refining or nic2el production $ )y<product of platinum production The energy output The sta)ility of most of the ma(or underground excavations The main underground facilities $ large underground cavern $ssessment of underground sta)ility and installation of support Underground insta)ility The potentially unsta)le wedges and )loc2s in the roof &irect and indirect geological evidence via the drillhole spacing Total exchange stoc2s ,ew forecasts for $ustralian lead mine output

+ilver output in Mexico the worldEs largest produce E&TTS 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework 38 =ighlight the pre*i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:---------------------------------------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. Underground operating costs #ndirect costs ,oncash costs $ctual monetary outlays The income tax lia)ility ;n<site generation @ross income from mining ,et operating income -ostconcentrate cost &ischarge pressures ;utside diameter of pipe +u)contracts &ischarge lines -reset value The upstream flow The downstream pressure ,ontoxic properties #nterstate pipelines $ definite microstructure Underground mining Date:----------------------

5) USING AFFI-ES PREFIUn< /ontra< Mis< Re< ,on< ,on< Uni< Trans< Un< Re< Un< -re< Re< ,on< Under< Re< Re< &is< -oly< Un< Re< ,on< -er< Un< &e< ,on< Un< /ounter< #n< ,on< Re< Re< Re< &e< &e< -re< Un< -re< &is< Un< , ROOT , SUFFI"/ DERIVATIVE Unprofita)le /ontractual Misunderstanding Replacement ,ondeducti)le ,onmetallic Uniformity Transportation Uns2illed Recovery Unproductive -reproduction Remova)le ,onprofita)le Underpressure Removal Reintroduction &issolved -olyphosphates Unsuccessful Recompression ,oncorrosiveness -ermanganate Unattaina)le &erating ,onassociated Uncertainty /ounterproductive #nsta)ility ,onmetallic Replacement Reactive Reassessment &ewatering &epressuri=ation -reexisting Uneconomic -reproduction &iscovery Unexplored

profit act understand place deduct metal form port s2ill cover product produce move profit press move introduce solve phosphor success compress corrode manganese attain rate associate certain product sta)le metal place act assess water press exist economy product cover explore

<a)le <al <ing <ment <i)le <ic <ity <ation <ed <ry <ive <tion <a)le <a)le <ure <al <tion <ed <ate <ful <ion <ive <ness <ate <a)le <ing <ed <ty <ive <ility <ic <ment <ive <ment <ing <ure <i=e <ation <ing <ic <ion <ry <ed

-oly<

metal

<ic

-olymetallic

Some e>amples phrases using <**i>es Ma(or nonmetallic open pit mines /ounterproductive economic decisions ,onmetallic products Uneconomic mineral resources ,oncar)on constituents $ domestic mining operation with no nonmining costs $ pre<descri)ed angle $ pre<installed drainage point The unsaturated =one of the upper valley dam The most cost effective recovery method Uneconomically minea)le )y conventional truc2 and shovel $n impurity Finely disseminated discrete mineral matter particles $ new family of pyrite depressants Fetter selectivity and depression of pyrite The use of large amount of potentially toxic pyrite depressants #mproved efficiency and increased productivity #ncreased geotechnical pro)lems greater stripping ratios and waste volumes Fiooxidation of arsenopyrite concentrate The pretreatment of refractory gold ores $ high level of uncertainty -olymetallic deposits The discovery of an economic mineral deposit $ multi<)illion dollar discovery $n extremely unli2ely event The most important ris2 in mineral exploration The high discovery ris2 3ssentially unlimited resources The cost of discovering a deposit $ )efore<tax undiscounted )asis The high discovery ris2 in mineral exploration The average cost of discovering a mineral occurrence The re<exploration of 2nown discoveries -re<development pro(ects 3xpected value of exploration investment per economic discovery Undercutting machines The undercutting mini<fullfacer machine The * level of the +outh mine in a complex of interlayered vertically oriented varia)le strength and highly a)rasive schistose country roc2s Within prearranged safe limits $ non<interactive system 8ower recovery Fioleaching -re<feasi)ility wor2

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework C8 =ighlight the a**i>es and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:----------------------------------------------------- Date:-----------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. Replacement value ,onmetallic commodity -roduct transportation Uns2illed in mining Recovery grade -reproduction development Metallurgical recoveries -reproduction period Reserves and percent remova)le ,onprofita)le concentrations -reproduction stripping -reexisting high<angle normal faults and associated fractures +uccessful depressuri=ation +lope dewatering /hemically inactive $ recent reassessment of slope angles Reactive limestone units &egasser 8imited interchangea)ility Replacement deposits

. MODIFIERS ;'%"F"E& @ !'(! INDEFINTE ARTICLE 6A7

<rticle @ !oun <rticle @ <dA8@ !oun <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !oun

$ 2H<year operation <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !oun 1-.-B- ! $ 2*M increase in gold production $ maiden production of G*H HHH o= from Farric2Es -ierina gold mine $ IM increase in output to K!J I'!t. $ mature operation $ significant increase in silver production $ forecast rise to GHMo= from the I'Mo= $ hefty !'.'M surge in output to approximately 'H GHHt $ !HH 2m slurry pipeline $ mechanical excavator $ result of deformation of the excavation $ permanent reinforcement system $ previously mined<out pit $ highly successful exploration drilling program $ reconnaissance exploration program $ mine valuation study $ very rich ore deposit $ given deposit $ significant impact on the valuation of mineral properties $ copper porphyry $ gold concentration $ small amount of valua)le mineral $ medium<to<large mineral deposit $ ma(or role in mineral pro(ect evaluation $ function of deposit characteristics mining method and many other factors $ metallurgical testing program $ copper producer $ small group of mineral commodities $ wide variety of industrial and fertili=er minerals $ depression )elow the natural ground surface $ new series of cuts in =one F $ range of elevations $ wor2ing slope $ difficult tas2 in high<tonnage operations )ecause of surge pile limitations $ copper deposit $ rise in the copper price $ sufficient condition for mineral investment $ minerali=ed )ody $ wor2ing slope $ mineral occurrence $ modified mining techni6ue for cuts ad(acent to the final slope

$ production of 1'2 HHH tpd 012K HHH t%d1 for the next 2* years

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework D8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:-----------------------------------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. Date:-------------

$ specific deposit $ very large custom smelting industry $ concentrate producer $ disseminated deposit $ shallower wor2ing slope $ porphyry deposit $ complex mon=onitic stoc2 $ pit limit $ large ore )ody $ minimum towards the end of the mineEs life $ large num)er of stac2ed narrow )enches $ low waste<to<ore ratio area $ function of the actual roc2 conditions $ greater utili=ation of lower<grade material $ conceptual pit design and overall facility layout $ predicta)le ore availa)ility $ low over)urden<to<ore<ratio area $ predicta)le mill feed $ function of production scheduling $ separate calculation of direct mining costs

;'%"F"E& @ !'(! <rticle @ !oun INDEFINITE ARTICLE 6AN7 <dA8 @ !oun <rticle @ <dA8 @ !oun <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !oun <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !1.-B-! $n 11M increase in production at -eruEs foremost gold operation $n expected *HM increase to 1'' HHHt. $n aggressive expansion programme $n immediate support action after installation +u)se6uent )lasting or drilling in an ad(acent area $n expansion shell anchored roc2)olt of 2 m 0I.* ft1 length $n ad(acent waste em)an2ment $n ade6uate return $n actual operating mine $n existing operating mine $n economically marginal deposit $n engineering%economic evaluation of a mining property $n international classification system for mineral resources $n accessi)le roc2 face $n accurate appraisal of that reserve $n essential element of any mine investment analysis $n important mar2eting mechanism in the metals )usiness $n electric shovel $n open pit mine $n ore )ody $n ore discovery $n impact on metal demand<supply relationships $n increasing tonnage with much lower ore values Metal value per ton in an ore )ody or minerali=ed district $n ideali=ed tonnage<value curve $n enriched =one $n exploration expenditure &epreciation on an asset $n increase in productivity of la)or $n inappropriate angle $n essential part of optimising surface mining costs $n average stripping ratio of H.'"1 $n additional grinding line $n elevation of II*Hft 02H2G m1 $n in<pit crusher and *<mile 0J<2m1 conveyor $n economic discovery $n economic deposit $n overall gold%silver ratio of a)out 2"1 $n eight<)ay haulage<truc2 shop $n average ! to * degrees steepening in ultimate slope angles $n evaluation and selection of the optimum scheme

$n exploration group E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on !ome"or# $. Translate into S%anish the follo"ing exam%les. Name:-------------------------------------------------------- Date:--------------1< $n unsafe condition 2< $n alternative stripping method !< $n inclined presplit line '< $n outside curve *< $n initial pit I< $n approximate dipper si=e G< $n approximate allowance of G to 12M J< $n increase in dragline productivity K< $n operating cost item 1H<$n opening dipper )ullclam 11<$n alternative to conventional push<pull elevating machines 12<$n approximate guide 1!<$n influence on the choice of layout 1'<$n allowance 0usually 1I.* ft or * m1. 1*<$n outward centrifugal force 1I<$n integral part of the unit itself 1G<$n integral mo)ile crushing plant 1J<$n indication of the strength of the fa)ric 1K<$n articulated type of feeder 2H<$n electrical or mechanical impulse system

DEFINITE ARTICLE 6THE7 MODIFIER , NOUN

A3#$5 e , No*n A3#$5 e , Ad8. , No*n A3#$5 e , Ad&. , Ad8. , No*n A3#$5 e , Ad&. , Ad8. , N9,':,N

The gold sector The expansion at +outhern -eru /opper /orp.Es 0+-//1 /ua(one mine The main production increase The Mahr Tunnel%+an /risto)al assets The )ac2 of mining expansion programmes at FuenaventuraEs Uchucchacua operation at .olcan The unrelia)ility of the -eruvian road infrastructure The availa)ility of s2illed la)our good energy supplies The tax system The installation and the effectiveness of the )olt The re6uired level of ore production lower in the pit The ac6uisition of mineral properties The potential of the mineral deposit The type of mineral property The drilling pro(ect The existence of minerali=ation The mining e6uipment industry The well<2nown sensitivity of profits to metal prices in the metal mining )usiness The removal of facilities and restoration of the land The mine investment decision The attractiveness of a mining investment The mineral commodity 0metallic nonmetallic fuel1 The magnitude and 6uality of the ore reserves The timing and magnitude of mining revenues The operating environment of mining properties The cyclic ore reserve pro)lem The fundamental nature of mineral occurrence The analysis of mineral investments The 6uantity of ore reserves The ore<waste )oundary The price of a particular mineral The amount of valua)le mineral The notions of ore 0valua)le1 waste0worthless1 and the finite nature of the resource The concentration 0grade1 of the valua)le mineral The costs of mining and processing The dynamic nature of ore reserves The mine planner The geologic endowment of minerals in the earthEs crust The degree of certainty of occurrence of the deposit The uni6ue nature of mineral mar2ets prices and product specifications

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework 48 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Name:-------------------------------------------------------- Date:--------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. The future price of mineral products The tonnage of ore produced The mining schedule The grade of the ore mined The estimate of ore grade The unusual conditions of direct<shipping ore The valua)le mineral in the ore The mine revenue calculation The nic2el mar2et The spot mar2et The high unit transportation cost of ores The refined metal The minerEs concentrates The copper industry The 6uestion of mineral price forecasts The evolution and status of mineral price pro(ection methodology The AtypicalB low<grade porphyry deposit The large expansion potential of many existing mines The num)er of mineral commodities The minerals depletion allowance

<%E @ !'(! <%F8 @ <%E8 @ !'(! ADJECTIVE;ADVERB MODIFIER , NOUN <%F8 @ <%E8 @ !'(!1-.-B-! .ery low operating costs N approximately OK*%o= at ?anacocha and (ust O*H%o= at -ierina 3xtensive exploratory pro(ects #ts flagship +an .icente mine +outh $merican mining operations ;verland haulage of concentrates Mechanically anchored roc2)olts @routed< and ca)le)olts Friction anchored roc2)olts #n mining and civil engineering applications ,ormal milling operations '.* million tons of ore 3xploration costs $d(acent mineral<)earing lands For domestic copper mining Many ma(or metals producers 4igh profita)ility in the mining industry 8ow<grade minerali=ation 4igh<cost drilling program Ultimate exhausti)ility of mineral deposits Final closure of the mine Mine development ,ew mining ventures 3nvironmental protection 4igh grading of mineral deposits 8ong range stripping re6uirements 4aulage ramp pattern #nverted truncated circular cones 8arge disseminated deposits such as copper 4igh<tonnage operations +tandard unit operations 0drilling )lasting excavating and haulage1 The worldEs first low<grade open pit copper mine @rade and metallurgical )lending re6uirements -lanned production Five waste shovel faces Five ore shovel faces +ulfide minerals For rail haulage of ore from reload facilities Truc2<haulage ramps +oft material on final surfaces 8ong<term mine planning Maximum allowa)le slope angles

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework 28 =ighlight the adAectives and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8

Full !ame:-------------------------------------------------------- %ateG--------------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. The financial analysis of mining pro(ects $n important and essential component in the analysis of normal mine investment ,ew mining properties or ventures .aluation studies for mineral properties Feasi)ility studies on mining properties 3nvironmental and other regulatory re6uirements Mining pro(ect valuation Massive low<grade deposits Mineral resource classification +pecific mineral occurrences Mining and mineral processing technology 3conomically recovera)le mineral @rade of mined ore Mineral prices and revenues $nnual mine revenue $nnual ore tonnage #n<situ ore grade Mining extraction and dilution +mall high<grade precious metal mines 8ong preproduction periods

ADJECTIVE;ADVERB COMPARISON ;'%"F"E& @ !'(!

Ad8. , No*n <dv8 @ !oun <%F8 @ <dA8 @ !oun <rticle @ <dv8 @ <dA8 @ !1-.-B!

The worldEs most impressive and am)itious mine developments and expansions The worldEs largest mining pro(ect The seventh largest copper mine 02GH HHHt%y1 The third largest =inc producer 01I! HHH t%y1 -eruEs largest single export copperEs fortunes More modest levels $ more diverse group of producers 4igher levels of output The )iggest increase in production -eruEs sole producer Minsur the worldEs second largest tin producer 3ven more important to the countryEs economy The upper levels @reater depths @reater participation in mining pro(ects The most uni6ue aspect of the minerals industry The greatest amount of misunderstanding in mine valuation studies 4igher grade =ones #ts highest<grade ore The largest volume of concentrate trade 8ower cost production 8ower re6uired prices @reater reliance on mineral imports $ stronger minerals industry and more relia)le sources of mineral raw materials Mine higher grade ore 8ower 6uality deposits $ higher cutoff grade $ higher mining cost and higher cutoff $ higher cost selective mining system The higher grade poc2ets or veins The lower grade areas of the deposit 4igher cutoff grades and lower resource extraction The re6uired level of ore production lower in the pit The upper reaches of a large mine The greater circumferential distance $t lower elevations @reater flexi)ility and more uniform production @reater conse6uences The lowest ore level The largest man<made excavation The most cost<effective and productive mines in the copper industry The two upper tunnels The most important host roc2s for copper minerali=ation The upper part of the mine

E&TTS Se !"Tes#$n% D$&$s$on =omework 1/8 =ighlight the adAectives and then translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 Full !ame:------------------------------------------------ %ate:--------------1. 2. !. '. *. I. G. J. K. 1H. 11. 12. 1!. 1'. 1*. 1I. 1G. 1J. 1K. 2H. 8ower operating costs +maller maintenance and operating personnel re6uirements The lower installation and operating costs @reater energy losses The upper part of the mine +maller si=e 8ower installation cost Ma(or metaliferous open pit mines The most common sulfide gangue mineral The upper )enches The highest relative profit margin The smaller si=ed hole The larger electric drills 4igher productivity and lower maintenance costs The upper structurally controlled main ore =one The lower stratiform<replacement deep west ore =one The much greater depths of opencut mines $ greater depth in open pit mines The most economic final pit design The highest point of the )ench

<. THE SENTENCE !'(!H$&'!'(! #t They FE&9 ST(% 8 .ector Representation. The Rui=E Method &'ESENT TENSE INFINITIVE SIMPLE PRESENT To concentrate It concentrates They concentrate It is concentrating They are concentrating Concentrate it Concentrate them )*T*'E TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE It is concentrated They are concentrated It has concentrated They ha!e concentrated It can concentrate They may concentrate It co" d concentrate They might concentrate It m"st concentrate They sho" d concentrate It wo" d concentrate SIMPLE FUTURE It wi concentrate They wi concentrate @ FE&9 @ C';$LE;E!T

PRESENT CONTINUOUS IMPERATIVE &(ST TENSE SIMPLE PAST It concentrated They concentrated

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&ecisions pertaining to a firmEs proposed capital investments can have vital short< and long<term conse6uences on the organi=ationEs a)ility to compete- and even survive8 /apital investment decisions in general center around two fundamental activities" 011 allocating capital funds to specific investment pro(ects or assets and 021 o)taining necessary financing in such proportion as to increase the overall value of the firm. #n recent years a new generation of heavy<duty machines have )een developed and introduced into the mar2et to overcome the limitation of the lac2 of stiffness of the system Nwith its adverse effects on machine life productivity and cutter life. These heavy<duty machines have a higher mass and power together with special provisions such as telescopic )ooms and multi<speed gear<)ox arrangements with stiff electric drives intended to e>tend their applica)ility to cut harder materials than was possi)le )efore. To survive- mining operations must maintain a high level of mining efficiency. To that end much attention has )een given to drilling and )lasting procedure where direct cost savings can )e o)tained and where downstream costs can )e reduced through improved fragmentation. The use of aluminum in explosive products can play a ma(or role in reducing drilling and )lasting costs.

2.

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=omework 118 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 a1 #nitial wor2 in the use of aluminum in explosives to optimi=e drilling and )lasting costs and improve fragmentation was conducted in the late 1KIHs at iron ore properties in -eru and later in $ustralia. #n -eru significant cost savings were reali=ed through increased drill<pattern si=e while in $ustralia improved material fragmentation was o)tained with an overall reduction in energy input. )1 The most important criterion in planning the ventilation system for Ta=are was to insure that all the e6uipment was centrali=ed. $s there are many roadways a)ove the main adit it was decided to use most of these as return airways and to use a forcing ventilation systemC the main fan is located in a fan drift next to the main adit. The wor2 in esta)lishing the ventilation networ2 was first done manually and calculations indicated that in two airways the airstream velocity would )e more than J m%secC the cross sections of these two roadways should )e increased accordingly.

18.

S";$LE $&ESE!T TE!SE

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1.

;ne of the )asic considerations to )e 2ept in mind when developing a ventilation networ2 is that the planned system remains valid until there is an important change in airway conditions. $t that point the networ2 must )e chec2ed and recalculated which is a long and tedious process especially if as is the case at Ta=are the networ2 is extremely complicated. Resource and reserve figures of various minerals are estimates derived from mineral occurrence data using different methods. The financial constraints on data ac6uisition at least in the initial stages make it rarely possi)le to get an accurate picture of the total extent and distri)ution of the minerals. +everal methods are availa)le to extrapolate the interpolate the sampled data for estimation purposes. The results of these methods are approximate i.e. they have an un2nown error component. 3xpected value is the average value that exploration will yield in the long term when the successes and failures associated with a very large 0theoretically infinite1 num)er of discoveries are considered. The expected value of exploration may )e assessed from an average time distri)ution of cash flows fro an economic discovery within an environment of interest. From the viewpoint of a mining company costs and returns should )e placed on an after<tax )asis.

2.

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=omework 1.8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 a1 $ mining company has O2H million to invest in mineral exploration. The average cost associated with discovering a mineral occurrence is O1HH.HHH. The average return given an economic discovery is O2H million for a small economic discovery and O2HH million for a large economic discovery. The pro)a)ilities of economic discoveries are .HH' for a small economic discovery and .HH1 for a large economic discovery. #t is assumed that the mining company would reinvest *HM of the returns resulting from economic discoveries in exploration. )1 The allowa)le mining cost category includes" sorting concentrating sintering loading and su)stantially e6uivalent operations. 4owever for those minerals where there is su)stantial trade in crude ore these costs must )e deducted in determining gross income from mining. -rocesses which are designated as non<mining are electrolytic deposition roasting calcining smelting refining and several other advanced processing or semi< fa)rication steps.

180

$&ESE!T C'!T"!('(S TE!SE

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1.

2.

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We )elieve that we are the lowest cost 0gold1 mine in the world. $nd we are the largest producer in +outh $merica )esting #nti Raymi )y a couple hundred thousand ounces. While last yearEs )udget was '*HP o= this yearEs )udget is GHHP o= so we are taking a gradual clim)s up. We do not 2now what the ultimate level will )e. We are looking at several scenarios from G*HP to 1M o=%yr. The geologic potential for the district is very good. ;ver the next couple years we expect to significantly add to reserves. We have 1' anomalies. Right now Ma6ui Ma6ui and /arachugo are being mined and we have )egun +an Qose. The +an Qose pit has had to )e redesigned due to discovery of an additional 2HH P o= in an area thought to )e )arren. #t runs a)out ! g%mt and leaches li2e cra=y as it is li2e sand yielding KHM of the gold in a couple of days. Fluor has )een awarded the expansion contract. The grade for +an Qose runs 1.1g%mt with a top of 2g%mt. The AlightB =one runs a)out 1.Imt%m! N with a 2<! d leach cycleC the AheavyB=one runs a)out 2.2 mt%m! with a !*%d cycle and somewhat lower recovery. ,ewmont is trying to raise the awareness of miningEs importance. #t has employed a 4arvard specialist who conducted socioeconomic studies real time to mining in /hile. +ome *P people depend on mining in the /a(amarca area where ?anacocha operates. $ tangi)le example is that )efore the mine there was one wee2ly flight to the city now it is four daily and sometimes 1H%d. We have a very exhaustive social program raising money for )oo2s school supplies and school lunches. ,ewmont has )uilt seven schools. Two years ago only 2HH children went to school. ,ow there are 2 HHH. $nd significantly girls are going to schoolC normally campesinos do not send girls to school.

=omework 108 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 a1 ;n the safety side we certainly find that a clean mine is a safe mine. They have pride are environmentally aware and are taking to the time to examine the area. #t helps prevent maintenance pro)lems too. ;ur safety incidence rate for 1KK' 0)ased on the U.+. computation per 2HHP employee<hr1 is 2.' Nwell )elow the !.! reported as the U.+. mining average. For 1KK* it was even )etter a 1.J. )1 Today /anadian mining is e>periencing nothing less than an industrial revolution in underground mining technology. +ince no producer can control the prices received for metals on world exchanges the only means of remaining competitive in the glo)al mar2etplace is to improve productivity and there)y to reduce the unit costs of production.

183

";$E&<T"FE

9<SE FE&9 B

1. <ssume that the data are accepta)le and provide at least the following categories of information and guidelines" 011 detailed drillhole dataC 021 mineral and waste inventoryC 0!1 geologic hydrologic and geotechnical criteriaC 0'1 topographic layout including property )oundariesC 0*1 metallurgical flowsheet recovery and design criteriaC 0I1 access water and power informationC 0G1 environmental )aseline dataC and 0J1 financial criteria 0minimum rate of return pay)ac2 period etc.1. 2. (se the steepest possi)le pit slope with regards to the safety factor deemed accepta)le for the particular pit. !. Strip initially in areas with lower over)urden to ore ratios to reduce e6uipment re6uirements. '. ;inimi5e the preproduction construction and mine development period to the greatest extent possi)le. =omework 138 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 aJ For example consider the case of )ase metal exploration in the shield region of /anada. $ssuming that exploration is funded on a )efore<tax undiscounted )asis the relevant exploration parameters are" / R O'*H HHHC - R .H1J. bJ &eview the environmental aspects of the $lto operation including environmental permits and current and past environmental performances. This will include a review of current environmental audit reports and reports on the monitoring of effluence and the water 6uality in surrounding rivers.

""8 .81

$<ST TE!SE $&ETE&"TE !'(! @ S";$LE $<ST '& $&'!'(!

1. ;ver recent years planning and operating considerations for surface mining imposed )y environmental re6uirements have increased mar2edly. There have at the same time )een enormous advances made in the design aids availa)le to the mine planner. /omputer simulation of the various options whether it )e for mine design or e6uipment selection provides detailed information for decision ma2ing in real time. 2. -ersons closely associated with open pit mines have coined terms or phrases for certain operations or for defining commonly occurring geometric parameters in open pit mining. !. 3xpected values assessed on the )asis of overall environmental parameters reflect the average performance of all organi=ations which have underta2en exploration there. ;)viously there are )enefits to )e gained from the application of superior s2ills and selectivity in explorationC )enefits in terms of increasing the pro)a)ility of economic discovery lowering the average discovery costs and improving the return characteristics of economic discoveries. =omework 1C8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 1. The ris2 associated with commodity price varia)ility of return of an economic discovery and the high discovery ris2 should )e considered in exploration planning. These ris2s individually and collectively present challenges to the long<term profit survival and growth of the mining company. 2. Typically over)urden removed from an open pit is transported to an ad(acent waste em)an2ment or to a previously mined<out pit. +eldom is waste redeposited at its place of origin. #n some operations waste is placed on engineered surfaces and treated to recover values which are not high enough in grade to (ustify processing through normal milling operations. This activity referred to as AleachingB is common for copper gold and uranium wastes.

.8.

$<SS"FE F'"CE

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1. +tandard unit operations 0drilling )lasting excavating and haulage1 are generally employed in removing )oth waste and ore. The type of drills most commonly used include rotary and down<hole percussion rigs. #f the material cannot )e ripped the explosive of choice is $,F; for dry )last holes and emulsion for wet )last holes. +ome operations prefer to pump water from holes and install plastic liners to prevent degradation of the $,F;. 2. $fter )rea2age material is e>cavated using electric shovels hydraulic shovels )ac2hoes front<end loaders scrapers and less commonly draglines and )uc2et wheel excavators. The height of a )ench is normally dictated )y the reach of the prime excavators to )e used. The height should )e well within the maximum digging range so that the slope and the tendency toward caving of the face and high wall can )e )etter controlled. !. $ mova)le crusher is centrally located in a mine near the same level as the mineEs wor2ing face. #t is relocated every 1 to 2 years as re6uired to maintain the relationship )etween distance and elevation from the face. #n &utex system at the +ierrita mine in $ri=ona. /opper ore is processed at rates up to 'HHH tph 0!I2J t%h1 )y a gyratory crusher which is part of a mova)le three<section system. The crusher can )e completely relocated in 'J hours )ecause no concrete structures or retaining walls are reKuired8 =omework 1D8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 1. /rawlers are widely used in moving heavy e6uipment such as mine shovels and do=ers. +ingle sets of crawlers have moved up to 1HHH tons 0KHHt1 and can )e teamed to move even heavier loads. /rawlers are also a)le to move at relatively high speeds 0up to 'H fpm or 12 m%min1 loaded. 2. 4aul roads are reKuired in )uc2et wheel excavator%conveyor mines for access )y service vehicles traveling at modest speeds. $part from the need for )ridges to cross conveyors at 2ey points haul road re6uirements are not a ma(or consideration. @enerally such mines are e>cavated in relatively unconsolidated formations 0e.g. lignite and )auxite mines1 and materials suita)le for haul road construction may not )e availa)le.

.80

$E&FECT TE!SE

!'(! @ =<FE @ $<ST $<&T"C"$LE '& $&'!'(!

1. The cyanide<free flotation technology developed for processing of poly< metallic copper<=inc and copper<nic2el sulfide ores has been tested on lead<=inc ores with a significant content of oxide minerals. The test results o)tained on pure minerals and ore material indicate that it is possi)le to use sodium dimethyl dithiocar)amate which is simultaneously an additional collector for lead minerals and a depressor for =inc minerals. 2. The 2inetics of )acterial oxidation of refractory car)onaceous gold<silver pyrite<arsenopyritic and pyrrhotite<arsenopyritepyritic ore concentrates )y Th.ferrooxidants has been studied8 The )ehaviour of elemental sulphur has been analy5ed8 The compositions of oxidi=ed arsenic compounds and $s solu)ility in solid )ioxidation products were determined. The effect of the Fe%$s molar ratio in a solid phase on the characteristics of the arsenic< )earing residues has been studied8 !. &uring reducing heat treatment the stic2ing effect of pellets has been avoided- as this would ma2e it difficult to separate the non<volatile residue 0Fe +i;2 /a; etc1 from the reducing agent. The thermal profile was studied determining holding times of up to three hours at different testing temperatures up to 1!*H / o)taining fairly good results with 2 hours of heat treatment. -rolonged treatment times can allow the performance of reducing treatments at lower temperatures thus avoiding the appearance of undesired molten phases. =omework 1,8 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing e>amples8 1. The preparation of the charge )efore reducing heat treatment has been considered an important factor and the 3$F& is agglomerated in the form of pellets in order to prevent dragging phenomena. -arameters such as the temperature and time of reducing heat treatment have also been studiedas well as the composition profile of hot gasses the nature of the pellets inserted in the furnace with and without reducing agent in their morphological composition and the effect of the reducing agents. 2. This research wor2 refers to new alternatives which will facilitate the o)tainment of ultradepurated Sn; from electric arc furnace dust 03$&F1 minimi=ing a large part of secondary )y<products. This residual dust has been catalogued )y all environmental legislations in developed countries as a toxic and ha=ardous waste containing mainly Fe Sn and -).

"""8 .81

F(T(&E TE!SE S";$LE F(T(&E !'(! @ F(T(&"T @ 9<SE FE&9 '& $&'!'(!

1. $ll of this will *acilitate and make more attractive the alternative of constructing the )oric acid production plant in the -una locating all the processes for the technological harnessing of the )orate deposit close to their origin. The first development mentioned a)ove will permit the ta2ing of the necessary energy from the high voltage line. The second development will make it possi)le to produce the re6uired steam )y )urning natural gas which is the least pollutant fuel. 2. Many surface mines have depleted reserves of shallow high<grade ores in simple geologic settings. This will inevita)ly reKuire mining companies to consider deeper deposits of greater complexity with more critical groundwater conditions increased geotechnical pro)lems greater stripping ratios and waste volumes which are further from mar2ets. !. .aria)le speed drives are in common use in surface mines. #n the future most will be based on solid state or static control systems. The trend will be away from direct<current machines towards synchronous and induction machines driven via varia)le fre6uency and voltage invertors. For low speed or at very high power the cycloconverter is preferred )ut continued improvements in semiconductors Nin particular high<speed high<power switching transistors and gate turn<off thyristors N will e>tend the range of application of lin2 converters. =omework 14 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 1. #n addition to increasing power capacity improvements in controller performance can also )e anticipated with faster responses improved relia)ility extensive condition monitoring and self<diagnostics reduced harmonic pollution and maximum demand control. The greatest advances will come through the use of automatic control most pro)a)ly )ased on microprocessors and including closed loop se6uencing and optimal and intelligent 2nowledge<)ased control systems. 2. Ultrasonics are well esta)lished in the field of nondestructive testing 0,&T1 of engineering components. Routing testing gives an early indication of fatigue failure or of faulty manufacture. $daptations of the acoustic camera as used in medical scanning can produce !<& images of internal structure. -ro)ing of the internal structure and microstructure of mineral deposits will be of great assistance in mine and processing plant design and in the assessment of a)rasivity.

"F8

!'(! @ ;'%<L @ 9<SE FE&9 '& $&'!'(! 1. ;ne of the ma(or fields of application for electronics in mining is in operational monitoring and control. This involves the use of a measuring system to monitor critical operating parameters and relay this information to the user. The user may be an individual or an automatic control system. #n either case the measured parameter is compared with a desired value and the difference or error is used to modify the operations in order to minimi=e the error. 2. #nduction techni6ues are well esta)lished in geophysical exploration. $daptations of the techni6ues can be used to detect moving o)(ects or the proximity of metal o)(ects. This has )een utili=ed in the detection of the entry and exit of vehicles from =ones within an open pit operation and )y fitting each vehicle with a coding device individual vehicles can )e identified. $s an alternative each vehicle could be *itted with a radio )eam that could then be located using scanning direction finding. The same )eacon could be used for voice and data transmission. !. #ntelligent 2nowledge<)ased systems 0#PF+1 have enormous potential in the field of control engineering particularly in the more difficult control situations typical of mining. They have the great advantage of )eing a)le to learn the rules for control of a process from a 2nowledge )ase. The 2nowledge )ase can be built up from a num)er of sources that include o)servation of manual operation or manual input of process rules or the controller itself can e>plore the process )y pertur)ation and o)servation there)y deriving the process rules. #n mining )oth the processes and the raw materials suffer from enormous varia)ility. The a)ility of an intelligent controller to continuously adapt to the changing conditions opens up new fields for automation. =omework 128 Translate into Spanish the *ollowing paragraphs8 1. #t is difficult to identify any operation in surface mining that has not or will not in some way )e influenced )y the microcomputer. $ny application must however be based on cost effectiveness. The evaluation of the potential )enefit re6uires careful and detailed appraisal. Techni6ues of evaluation have )een descri)ed )y the Fritish /oal Foard. 2. $s increasingly marginal deposits are exploited there is an o)vious need to improve operational planning in order to remain competitive. ;perational planning must therefore look to a. Utili=e the availa)le information efficiently ). 3mploy the )est analytical techni6ues c. Transfer the results of this analysis to the operations.

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