smffii.ARTfCi.

n:='=-~ -

-~ ;.';F~ll!\
id li2es

S!%&iA'A()f&i*%

s $
am,i2alent to(ards t$e m%rder - so far as famil $ono%r is !on!erned& s$e is (it$ $er $%s,and& ,%r at t$e same time $er silen!e ,etra s $er lo2e for Rano& $er onl da%)$ter& 3in)$ ,elie2es Rano's a!tion $as !a%sed $im loss of fa!e

--.------===~===~--:~~--~
'''' ''

~%%%% % %:.%~% % %%~% % ~. &::.% .

Export and import intensit indi! s r":.:l ####: s$are of !o%ntr i~# t&~d'' to(ards co,::!. )- ##\##: share of world Ir:1d(\ IOW,lTd:. ('0I1111~' ~ Q than unity has to Iw IIHt"I)I('lla~ _, ~ ~ 1\\ I 'smaller* t$an xp+'+'++'d +t '++ h'f.! 8' " :11:\

l'll

is ~

-r in a vas reo ends a

(nook vadhijayegi -literall & !%t off $is nose* and t$at $e mH3t
redeem $is $ono%r on t9D !o%nts - !aste and 8ins$ip& and t$e

Ta,le -: +nttn.ll otlra.t ,.' 1 l"d t.'I 9. ::

.r%!rion
rer Mirza

I"'&ill1\

r ~r;<l+t II 7+ n~IIV IIld IlI:lInll HII' u ! 11... ~

~+'.!.\. &f if $e a,andons

~ .nar it is nor +. .'\l.#~' ,etra easil &

village community* 1owever, in his en,eavour to save his hon. our, his village community woul, not #e a participam #ut a witness . he is e4pecte, to ,emonstrate the a#ility to act an,
sa2e $is famil from p%,li! oppro,ri%m& T$o%)$ !aste and 8in. s$ip are !lose& ,ot$ !o%ld t%rn a(a from $im. 7e is t$erefore left (it$ no !$oi!e ,%t to a!t (it$ t$e $elp of $is famil & +t is

~---. &--------~$e no2el $is son marries a no stor or poem 'ex!ept 1al 3in)$ Fil's poem* t$at ta8es %p G2ono%r. 7o(e2er& +n t$e last parttf , $ $ame 7ardit t$e iss%e of an %pper !aste ,o marr in) a dalir )ill. 9$o +3 an G )irl from t$e Bama !aste. Hna, e to ear t e snarne& %pper !aste person in >%n?a, toda I Join) , t$e ,ra$mani! dies (it$in a fe( (ee8s of t$is marna)e8A $ d ' t of model ,ra$mins s$o%ld ,e at t$e top ,%t t$e empiri!al realit t$e men ($o ta e t e rasn! s ep& & $ 8i d of +n ,ot$ t$e !ases& . + f >%n?a, is different - ,ra$mins do not en?o t e +n 8 of $ono%r are lando(nm) Cars. none @ d $ d T$ f re a 8illin) for t$e sa e . $ i t$e ot$er t$e respe!t t$eir !o%nterparts in Httar >ra es o. ere @ .' 'Astor t$e fat$er 8ills $+3 da%)$ter& ( ereas n d $ ' dalit ,o marr in) a )irl from an %pper !aste $as somet$in) 'a'$:' 8ills $is da%)$ter'3 lo2er. +n ,ot$ !ases& t$e a%) ter s d it$ Car 3i8$s T$o Cassi 3id$% !ase !annot ,e ta8en
1 (( (''

)h h racters resortmg to

to ) Wl

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hnpnt' h~
111111111

1'1

' ' ;~& '

2i

.&&~a~ &&&ends 'i,id: /0*& .1o2e 3 &&&e di~4a rides to 3a$i,an's \"+irer& $er ,rot$ers follo( rr- t$e !at!$ %p (it$ t$em &5 !lear ,%t it is said t$at s$e AS a matter of fact, the entire .ona of 6ir4a ($o dies fi)$tin).

interesting to note that sense of honour in !un7a#i S+&iety is

lo2er ,elon)s to t$e lo(er !aste& e !adi3 ra!ed and as t$e ar!$et pe of s%!$ marria)es sin!e all marria)es in2ol22iolen!e a)ainst speClfi! persons !learl feel ) +'d lit ,o and a Cat 3i8$ )irl do not ne!essaril $a2e a + of fa!e T$e narrati2es of t$ese t(o post!o @- m) a a # dread r$e oss &&' d$ %r demonstrate E%alita- 2iolent deno%ement& .& ' nial no2els depiCtm) lo2e an ono ined i $ io%s +n dalit (riters' narrati2es on t$is +ss%e& t$e %nderl in) !%r-ti2e depart%re from t$e t(o Eisse exam me +~ t ~pr~2lD:rG rent ,etra s !ertain paradoxi!al elements& In t$is re)ard& it is & T$ is reasona,le ,a3+3 to s%))est t at t +3 ep *# t$ se!tiDn& ere& '+ $ experien!ed , rele2ant to E%ote Fanon '0@@/: KL at en) & rresponds 9it$ t$e so!ia ! an)e
.

caste #ecomes a participant in reacting to such marriages t$ro%)$ t$e !aste asso!iation 8no(n as khap. An8$i's Kothe Kharhak Singh is a famo%s no2el and is !onsidered to ,e an important part of >%n?a,i literat%re& T$e 3tor spans almost t$ree )enerations of 2illa)e life and ,e)ins some($ere in 'OK@-K0 !on!l%din) (it$ t$e end of t$e Canata >art 's r%le in t$e earl #O/@s& T$e stor is set in =ot$e =$ar$a8 3in)$ 2illa)e& T$ere are no !entral !$ara!ters in t$e no2el- t$e !$ara!ters die& disappear& are ,orn and )ro( %p d%rin) t$e so ears& Ea!$ part of t$e no2el tells a different stor & ,%t t$e t$ird and fo~rt$ parts !o2er a relati2el s$orter period t$an t$e first and se!ond parts. Milla)e life is portra ed in a 2i2id manner and t$e narrati2e ta8es !o)nisan!e of t$e !$an)es in t$e politi!al lands!ape of t$e !o%ntr & state and 2illa)e& 1o2e& sex and 2iolen!e form t$e essen!e of t$e narrati2e& ($i!$ ,rin)s o%t t$e Cat ps !$e in an %nam,i)%o%s manner. +t ,e)ins (it$ 7arnami and $er $%s,and Co)inder 3in)$ (it$ t$e former $a2in) an affair (it$ a Muslimjheer '(aterman* ($o o!!asionall !omes to meet $er in $er $%s,and's 2illa)e. 1ater& 7arnami falls for a o%n) $andsome ,o & Ar?%n& a ,a!$elor ($ose elder ,rot$er's (ife $as ens%red t$at $e remains a ,a!$elor so t$at $er son 7ardit 3in)$ )ets $is %n!le's !( .. s$are of t$e propert . 9it$ Ar?%n's $elp& 7arnami )ets rid of $er former lo2er ,%t after some time& ($en s$e sees no possi,ilit of marr in) Ar?%n 'd%rin) t$is period $er $%s,and ,as t%rned insane*& s$e $as Ar?%n 8illed (it$ t$e $elp of a ne( lo2er& Bot$ )o to ?ail and after t$eir release& (it$ little t(ists in t$e stor & t$e finall li2e $%s,and and (ife& 1ater& ,ot$ .. : 7amami and $er se!ond $%s,and disappear from t$e narrati2e& +n t$e t$ird pari of t$e no2el& Ar?%n's 'nep$e( 7ardit is a ma?or !$ara!ter. 7e in$erits $is fat$er's propert as (ell $is %n!le's s$are and !ontin%es to a!!%m%late more and more land t$ro%)$ manip%lation& 7e $as t(o !$ildren& a son and &a da%)$ter. 7is da%)$ter >%s$pinder is t$e main !$ara!ter of G t$e t$ird part. 3$e falls in lo2e (it$ a ,o named :asee, from t$e :aiA !aste ($o is st%d in) in t$e same !olle)e as $er. 3in!e ,ot$ are a(are of t$e diffi!%lties and !$allen)es ,efore r$emA sin!e t$e ,elon) to different !astes& t$e de!ide to marr onl~. after t$e !omplete t$eir ed%!ation and )et ?o,s. All r$ese t$in)s !ome to pass and ($en >%s$pinder. tells $er parents; 7ardit $andles t$e sit%ation (it$ ta!t ~ $e m%rders'.:asee,-A (it$o%tan one !omin) to 8no( a,o%t it - to sa2e $is f~l 's

" "\lHI lilt'

unov narratives that the act of killing

p%nCa,l so!iet &

* ture* !~

+7 +'llt ##&'## ++tll il + $i' +llr+'s 8in - 7eer's %n!le and 3a$i,an's +++ +++ $rl 9+++++ +: .tlllllil important is t$at in ,ot$ tales& t$e
"WI\I Iwloll

)he sprea -

d f e,ucation an, emergence of new occupations, f ,ifferent . an, other ,evelopments have le, to men an, women - /

+ut of the #lackest part of my soul, across the 4e,ra stnpmg of my desi , dd + white

&&

min,* surges t$is esire to e su en '* I wish to #e acknowle,ge, not as black #ut as white*

! l" III(' #li$e %aste. tn !un"n#l $ovels

G castes interacting with each other at workplaces, an, ~d%~a

'fw" M"

imaginary ,ivine moorings, remained pnmanl3,a romantic

'####' + 9++ +lo2'.+: + $a2 !$osen to examine are Darasal , = +& C:.'7 (:l"o#) nnd Kothe Kharhak Singh , Ram 3ar%p An8$i +~++.'* I ###*# II (ill rs are (ell-8no(n names in >%n?a,i litera- . lilli'& 9+++'''''ns Darasal is a no2el on $ono%r 8illin)& Kothe KIItJI'/Jak iiillS" is t$e stor of a 2illa)e in ($i!$ t$e iss%e of ##@##@##&. 8illin) is a part of t$eA narrati2e& +n ,ot$ t$e rio2els& + (o so!lnl instit%tions - famil and !omm%nit - ($ose nor##+### l2e patterns !o%ld ,e %nderstood as t$e !ontexts of $ono%r 8illin)s fi)%re prominentl . 9$ile t$e !omm%nit s%,s%mes ,ot$ t$e !aste and t$e 2illa)e& t$e famil is insepara,le from t$e !omm%nit sin!e all a!tions of t$e famil remain em,edded in t$e !ontexts of t$e !omm%nit & +ndeed& t$e !omm%nit determines t$e )ood and $ono%ra,le famil . Darasal does not $a2e a lon) narrati2e and t$e stor line is strai)$tfor(ard& la!8in) t$e metap$ori! 2al%e )enerall asso!iated (it$ literar (ritin)s.. Bal,ir 3in)$& an esta,lis$ed no2elist& is 8no(n as a person (it$ pro)ressi2e 2ie(s. 9$en a Cat )irl from $is 2illa)e elopes (it$ it :ai ',ar,er* ,o ; $e stands , t$e !o%ple pointin) o%t to fello( Cats t$at times $a2e !$an)ed. 3in)$ $imself is married (it$ fi2e )ro(n-%p !$ildrenfo%r sons and a da%)$ter. 7e is also $a2in) an affair (it$ a n%rse ($om $e plans to ,rin) to $is 2illa)e after $er retirement. 3in)$ arran)es $is da%)$ter Rands marria)e (it$ a ,o li2in) a,road& '7o(e2er& s$e is in lo2e. (it$ a ,o ,elon)in). to t$e 'lo(er* Ram)aria$ !aste and t$o%)$ $is famil is ri!$& 3in)$ ref%ses to a!!ept a kamin 'o!!%pational* !aste as $is son-inla(. Dn t$e da of t$e marria)e Rano p%,li!l ref%ses to marr t$e man $er fat$er $as !$osen and t$e )room's part $as to ret%rn (it$o%t t$e ,ride. A fe( da s after t$e in!ident& 3in)$ and $is fo%r sons ,r%tall 8ill Rano. 1ater& 3in)$ is o2er!ome , remorse and )%ilt& ($i!$!laims $is life. +n t$is stor & t$e fat$er and sons prefer t$e extreme sol%tion of m%rder to sa2e t$e famil 's $ono%r& T$o%)$ 3in)$'s (ife remains E%iet and is

d f t s ,et(een t(o persons of& t$e opposite sex& t$e relations$ip !ontri,%tin) to t$eir fallin) in lo2e %nder-

r a!o

$ow 0 an, this is a form of recognition that 1egel ~ad not en2isa)ed 0 who #ut a white woman can ,o this for me2 *+ lo~m) me she proves t$at + am (ort$ of ($ite love, I am love, li8e a white man*
I

am white man*

1o2e ,et(een a dalit ,o and a Car 3i8$ )irl is not a simple $i' al + xes rooted in &

,a! )ro%n . f# matter; t$ere are deeper ps ! @ o)re !omp e (ent a !$an)e. +nterestin)l & t$e rea!tion to !ases @ o2e t$e past& A dalit ,o 's desire for a Cat )irl is not an a!!ident of Atended to perpet%ate t$e sense of $ono%r lin8ed (it$ it& Cases p$ si!al proximit or opport%nit to intera!t -& +t is a matter& of of ($at is no( !alled $ono%r 8illin)s $a2e ,e!ome iss%es of transmo)rif in) into Cat , $er lo2e. T$ere +3 a parallel in=-- ,e#ate* Since literary te4ts !apt%re the ~s~%e of l~2e an, 5l+.

stance of &hamars emulating "ats* 6or e4ample, !ertain "ar

len!e in a reasona,l adeE%ate manner& +t is no( +mportant to son)s are repli!ated 2er,atim , repla!in) ''Cat'' (it$ .C$amar.. sit%ate t$e iss%e of $ono%r 8illin)s in t$e 3DC+Dlo)i!al !ontext. +ndeed& C$amars $a2e also em%lated Cat 3i8$s on a m%!$ T$e next t(o se!tions of t$e arti!le anal se t$e 3DCial (orld (ider s!ale as t$e follo(in) example s$o(s. Amon) t$e 3i8$s& of $ono%r 8illin)s. ta8in) o%t a pro!ession (as traditionall limited to onl !ele. ,ratin ) t$e ,irt$ anni2ersar of J%r% J&o,md 3in)$& t$e iot$

as

)%r%& +n all 2i++ a)es& i!oni! presentations s$o(e t e pan) T$~Gexpression .$ono%r 8illin). $as ,e!ome a )eneri! term to piaras 't$e !$eris$ed fi2e*& displa of (eapons 's(ords*: ere; des!ri,e an 8illin) !arried o%t in rea!tion to t$e a!t of a $o(e2er on o!!asions li8e Maisa8$i& 7ola 6o$alla& 6a)$i& et!& person dire!tl or indire!tl !onne!ted to marr in) (it$o%t :i$an); demonstrate t$eir s8ill in s(ordsmans$ip and ot$er Fllt5ntal !onsent and , 2iolatin) t$e r%les&of mate sele!tion: +t marrial arts& Em%latin) t$e 3i8$s& C$amars& too& $a2e ,e)%n to .i'~~&;ils t$at most so!ieties $a2e $ad a tradition of $ono%r 8ill- ex$i,it similar martial ima)es d%rin) pro!essions mar8in) t$e +n t$e modern (estern so!ieties& if (e )o , 7oll (ood ,irt$ anni2ersar of J%r% Ra2idass& +t s$o%ld ,e noted. t$at 8illin) to redeem indi2id%al $ono%r seems to ,e& still C 3i8$ t eate a t$e are not ?%st imitatin) ,%t !op in) at # s @ !r & present& if not (idel pre2alent. 7ono%r 8illin) is a rea~no~ to !%lt%ral ima)e of kharhkoo 'militant and ,ra2e*& rep&rod%!m) .&' er of a!tions of ot$ers t$at !a%se ins%lt and $%miliation t$eir !%lt%re (it$ repli!ations and !laimin) it as t$eir o(n. +n of fa!e and ,rin) s$ame to an indi2id%al andNor famil & s%!$ a s!enario& t$e !reati2e ima)ination impli!atin) a Cat ~lrl oA, a2aila,le information& (e find t$at t$e freE%en! If marr in) a dalit ,o is an attempt at !rossin) t$e !aste di2ide r. A8illin)s is E%ite $i)$& (it$ in!idents ta8in) pla!e in d $O t ears to ,e!ome a Cat. . ; 7ar ana and (estern Httar >rades & +n re!en .' +n li)$t of t$e a,o2e dis!%ssion& it is !lear t$at $& ono%r 8ill.its.eems t$at !ases of lo2e and marria)e-related $ono%r 8illC te in)s are not ne!essaril a res%lt of inter-!aste marna)es: . as -.in)s. are on t$e rise. T(o reasons mi)$t $a2e !ontri,%te t.o all t s in !an 'e a fa!tor in t$e sense t$at not !aste !omm%m ie :~&is.Ca!t: First& (ider media !o2era)e; and& se!ond& !$an)es in $ f l $on . f >%nia, are 8no(n to )o to extreme len)t s to sa2e. ami 'iP~.&ia.# mores pro2ide s!ope for intera!tion (it$ mem,ers.o & d + stes o%r. +t also does not mean t$is is !onfine to parn!% ar !a . & #Ci!;opposite sex and& in t$e a,sen!e of famil interferen!e& in- t$o%)$ !ases of $ono%r 8illin)s in2ol2in) Cat 3~s are E%ite

3o!ialand C%lt%tal Context of Miolen!e

d$

&;QC.ilse t$e li8eli$ood of fallin) in lo2e (it$o%t )i2in) $eed to $i)$. 3ometimes lo2e affairs !reate fe%ds t$at $n)er for de!.norms. & %nin) t$at $ono%r 8illin)s are t$e res%lt of onl m.ter-

46
,O-.M*./

8* 0)10 -O1 21-II ,O 99 $:$ %conomic * >oliti!al 9EH1S

).

)ion and politi!s (it$ t$e extent @ t ls!onne&:& +on & arria)es ($ere t$e ,o is a dalit is a mispla!ed notion. from !ase to !ase. T$e Co)inder =a%r !ase'I is an ill%strarion of . T>oliti~al(.!lB=1\& I:11 ,O-.M3./ 8* 0)10 -O1 21-II ,O 99 dalit >%n?a,i literat%re $as fo!%sed on inter-!aste mar($ere t$e ,o is a dalit& interestin)l eno%)$& t$ere +3 ($at + (is$ to %nders!ore.

ades tri))erin) for!es t$at !onne!t famil & !.omm%mt & reli& f $i ti 2ar m)
KR

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