PHP Tutorial

PHP Tutorial
Compiled by: Halil zmen (parts were written by Stig Sther Bakken //www.zend.com/zend/art/intro.php)

CONTENTS
What is PHP?......................................................................................................................................................1
Language Syntax................................................................................................................................................2
Embedding PHP Code......................................................................................................................................2
Dynamic vs. Static Web pages..........................................................................................................................2
Variables...........................................................................................................................................................2
Strings...............................................................................................................................................................3
Arrays................................................................................................................................................................3
Conditionals and Looping Constructs................................................................................................................4
Array Traverse Constructs:...............................................................................................................................4
Operators..........................................................................................................................................................4
Functions...........................................................................................................................................................5
File System Functions:.......................................................................................................................................6
Web Application Features..................................................................................................................................6
Working With Cookies.......................................................................................................................................6
Built-in Variables...............................................................................................................................................7
PHP internal variables...................................................................................................................................7
CGI / Web server provided variables.............................................................................................................7
HTTP Request Variables...............................................................................................................................7
Regular Expressions..........................................................................................................................................8
Regular Expression Functions in PHP..............................................................................................................8
Database Handling..............................................................................................................................................9
Communication with MySQL.............................................................................................................................9
MySQL Example...............................................................................................................................................9
Communication with Other Databases............................................................................................................10

What is PHP?
PHP (recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor") is a widely-used Open Source general-purpose
scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML.

How PHP came into being

PHP started as a quick Perl hack written by Rasmus Lerdorf in late 1994. Over the next two to three years, it
evolved into what we today know as PHP/FI 2.0. PHP/FI started to get a lot of users, but things didn't start
flying until Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans suddenly came along with a new parser in the summer of 1997,
leading to PHP 3.0. PHP 3.0 defined the syntax and semantics used in both versions 3 and 4.

Why yet another language?

People often ask "why invent yet another language; don't we have enough of them out there"? It is simply a
matter of "the right tool for the right job". Many Web developers found that existing tools and languages were
not ideal for the specific task of embedding code in markup. Those developers collaborated to develop a
server-side scripting language which they felt would be ideal for developing dynamic Web-based sites and
applications.
PHP was created with these particular needs in mind. Moreover, PHP code was developed for embedment
within HTML. In doing so, it was hoped that benefits such as quicker response time, improved security, and
transparency to the end user would be achieved. PHP has evolved into a language, or maybe even an
environment, that has a very specific range of tasks in mind. For this, PHP is, in Stig's humble opinion, pretty
close to the ideal tool.

For More Information

The following resources will further your knowledge of PHP:
The PHP Manual:
http://www.php.net/manual/en/
The PHP FAQ:
http://tr2.php.net/faq
PHP Notes

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Language Syntax
Most of PHP's syntax is borrowed from C, although there are elements borrowed from Perl, C++ and Java as
well. This article assumes that you are familiar with C's syntax. However, don't panic if you're not.

Embedding PHP Code

To give you an idea of what embedding PHP would entail, consider the following three "hello world" examples,
all of which will give the exact same output:
Example 1: HTML alone
Hello, World!
Example 2: PHP code alone
<?php print "Hello, World!"; ?>
Example 3: PHP embedded within HTML
<?php print "Hello,"; ?> World!
Web servers supporting PHP will, by default, scan a file in HTML mode. HTML code will be passed over to the
browser as usual, up until the server happens upon a PHP line of code. In examples 2 and 3 above, the "<?
php" tag informs the server that PHP code is to follow. The server then switches over to PHP mode in
anticipation of a PHP command. The "?>" tag closes out the PHP mode with the server resuming its scanning
in HTML mode once more.
Embedding code in this manner is, conceptually, a more fluid approach to designing a Web page because you
are working within the output setting, namely an HTML page. Traditionally, you had to fragment the output (i.e.
the header, body, footer etc..) and then put it into the code. Now we are inserting the code directly into the
output.
"So, what's the difference?" or "Why add extra code when HTML alone would do the trick?".

Dynamic vs. Static Web pages

The "Hello, World" example we chose would certainly not require you to use PHP. That's because it is static,
meaning its display will always remain the same. But what if you wanted to greet the world in any number of
ways? Say, for example, "Bonjour, World!", or "Yo, World!" and so on.
Since HTML tags are purely descriptive they cannot function as a variable. Nor can they convey even the
simplest of uncertainty such as a "Bonjour" or a "Yo". You need a command language to handle variability in a
Web page. Based on either a conditional statement or direct user input, a command language can generate the
"static" HTML necessary to correctly display a Web page's content.
Let us reconsider example #3. This time we want to let the user decide how to greet the world:
Example 4: PHP embedded within HTML revisited!
<?php print $greeting, ", "; ?> World!
From the above example, $greeting is assigned a value, and together with the comma and the word "World!",
this value is sent to the browser.
Dynamic Web page design, however, is more than just about inserting variables. What if you wanted not only to
greet the world in French, but also to present the page using the colors of the French flag?
Both a Web page's structure as well as its content can be customized. This means dynamic Web page
programming can also entail on-demand Web page building. No static, here!

Variables
In PHP, a variable does not require formal declaration. It will automatically be declared when a value is
assigned to it. Variables are prefixed by a dollar sign: ($VariableName).
Variables do not have declared types. A variable's type does not have to be fixed, meaning it can be changed
over the variable's lifetime. The table below list's PHP's variable types:
Type
Description
Integer
integer number
Double
floating point number
bool1
Boolean (true or false), available from PHP 4.0
Array
hybrid of ordered array and associative array
object2
an object with properties and methods (not discussed in this article)
PHP Notes

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In the following example, four variables are automatically declared by assigning a value to them:
<?php
$number = 5;
$string1 = "this is a string\n";
$string2 = 'this is another "string"';
$real = 37.2;
?>

Strings
The string constants may be enclosed between double-quotes ( " ) or single-quotes ( ' ).
In a double-quote enclosed string, the variable conversion is done automatically.
$city = "Ankara";
print "I live in $city.";
$height = 182;
print "I am $height cm tall.";
String operators:
Concatenation: .
Concatenation to the end:
$str1 = $lastname . ", " . $firstname;
$str2 .= $str3;

.=

Arrays
PHP supports two type of arrays:
Numerically indexed arrays
Associative arrays.

Numerically indexed arrays:

The indices in numerically indexed arrays starts from 0 by default, although this can be altered.
The elements of an array can be of various data types. Integers, doubles and strings can be used in the
same array.
There is no declaration of size. All arrays are dynamic in PHP.
Creation of arrays:
$ar1 = array ();
// here an empty array is created.
$ar2 = array (7, 12, 20, 32);
// an array with indices 0 to 3
$ar3 = array (12, "January", 2008, 16.40); // array with various data types
$ar4 = array(5 => "five", "six", "seven"); // an array with indices 5 to 7
Accessing array contents:
print $ar2[2]; // 20 is output
$ar3[2] = 2009;
// value of the element with index 2 is changed
$ar1[0] = "Adana"; // an element is added to $ar1
$ar3[4] = "East";
// an element is added to $ar3
printf("7: %d, 1: %d, 'six': %s\n", $array1[3], $array2["one"], $array3[6]);
foreach ($ar3 as $v)
{ print "$v<br />"; }
// all values of the array are output

Associative Arrays
Associative arrays has two part: keys and values. The keys are indices of the array.
Both the keys and values can be of any data type in the same array.
=> operator is used to combine the key and the value of an element of an associative array.
Creation of associative arrays:
keys
values
$as1 = array(24 => "Ali", "Ankara" => 844, "Pi" => 3.14159);
24
"Ali"
$as2 = array(20458444 => "Ali Ak", 20487542 => "Ayse Bal");
"Ankara"
844
Accessing array contents:
"Pi"
3.14159
print $as1["Ankara"]; // outputs: 844
$as1[24] = "Ayse";
// value of element with key=24 is changed.
$as2[20608888] = "Fatma Girik"; // a new element is added to array.
foreach ($as2 as $id => $name)
{ print "<b>$id</b>: $name<br />"; }
// all keys and values are used
foreach ($as4 as $k => $v)
{ $as4[$k] = $v + 7; }
// all values of array $as4 are increased by 7
PHP Notes

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Conditionals and Looping Constructs

PHP includes if and elseif conditionals, as well as while and for loops, all with syntax similar to C. The example
below introduces these four constructs:
// Conditionals
if ($a)
{
print "a is true<br />\n";
}
else if ($b)
{
print "b is true<br />\n";
}
else
{
print "neither a or b is true<br />\n";
}
// Loops
for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++)
{
print "j = $j<br />\n";
}
while ($d)
{
print "ok<br />\n";
$d = test_something();
}
do
{

$c = test_something();
} while ($c);

Array Traverse Constructs:

foreach ($array as $value) {...}
{ .... }

// To traverse elements (values) in an array.

foreach ($array as $key => $value) {...}

{ .... }

// To traverse elements (key + value) in an associative array.

Operators
Assignment operators:

+=

-=

*=

/=

.= (string concatenation)

Arithmetic Operators
Example
$a + $b
$a - $b
$a * $b
$a / $b
$a % $b

Name
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Modulus

Result
Sum of $a and $b.
Difference of $a and $b.
Product of $a and $b.
Quotient of $a and $b.
Remainder of $a divided by $b.

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
Example
++$a
$a++
--$a
$a-PHP Notes

Name
Pre-increment
Post-increment
Pre-decrement
Post-decrement

Effect
Increments $a by one, then returns $a.
Returns $a, then increments $a by one.
Decrements $a by one, then returns $a.
Returns $a, then decrements $a by one.
4

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Comparison Operators
Example
$a == $b
$a != $b
$a <> $b
$a < $b
$a <= $b
$a > $b
$a >= $b
$a === $b

Name
Equal
Not equal
Not equal
Less than
Less than or equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Identical

$a !== $b

Not identical

Result
TRUE if $a is equal to $b.
TRUE if $a is not equal to $b.
TRUE if $a is not equal to $b.
TRUE if $a is strictly less than $b.
TRUE if $a is less than or equal to $b.
TRUE if $a is strictly greater than $b.
TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b.
TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type. (PHP 4 only)
TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, or they are not of the same type. (PHP 4
only)

Logical Operators
Example

Name

Result

$a && $b

And

TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.

$a and $b

And

TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.

$a || $b

Or

TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.

$a or $b

Or

TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.

! $a

Not

TRUE if $a is not TRUE.

$a xor $b

Xor

TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE, but not both.

String operators:
Concatenation: .
Concatenation to the end:
$str1 = $lastname . ", " . $firstname;
$str2 .= $str3;

.=

Functions
Function declaration:
function my_func ()
{
print "Hello Ankara!";
} // end function my_func

Calling the function:

my_func();

Function parameters and returning values:

function count_a ($str)
{
$n = substr_count($str, "a");;
return ($n);
} // end function count_a

Calling the function:

$x = count_a ($name);

Function parameters - passing parameters by reference and by value:

function salary_increase (&$value, $inc_rate)
{
Calling the function:
$value *= (1 + $inc_rate);
salary_increase ($salary, 0.1);
} // end function salary_increase
Returning arrays:
function get_values ($a, $b)
{
$vals = array();
// ...
// statements to put values into the array $vals
// ...
return ($vals);
Calling the function:
} // end function get_values
$xarr = get_values ($k, $m);
// Here, $xarr becomes an array

PHP Notes

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File System Functions:

Open File

$fp = fopen(filename, mode);

Close File

fclose ($fp);

Read a line from file

$line = fgets($fp, 4096);

Write a string to a file

fwrite ($fp, $string);

Read all the lines of a

file

$line = fgets($fp, 4096);

while(!feof($fp))
{ print "$line<br />\n";
$line = fgets($fp, 4096);
}

Reads line by line while NOT end-offile.

Read all the lines of a

file

$lines = file ('filename');

foreach ($lines as $line) { print $line; }

Reads all the lines of the file in an

array; then print the lines.

Delete a file
unlink ('filename');
See http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.filesystem.php

Open a file, where mode is either r,

w or a

for more information.

Web Application Features

One of PHP's oldest features is the ability to make HTML form and cookie data available directly to the
programmer. By default, any form entry creates a global PHP variable of the same name.
In the following example, a user name is retrieved and assigned to a variable. The name is then printed by the
sub-routine "submit.php":
<FORM ACTION="submit.php" METHOD="post">
What's your name? <INPUT NAME="myname" SIZE=3>
<br /> <input type="submit" value=" SUBMIT " name="btn_submit">
</FORM>

submit.php
<?php
print "Hello, $myname!";
?>

Working With Cookies

HTTP cookies (or just cookies) are parcels of text sent by a server to a Web client (usually a browser) and then
sent back unchanged by the client each time it accesses that server.
Each cookie has a name and value. It may also have an expiration time.
Cookies are sent by web server inside the HTTP response before any html content.
Cookies are stored in the client computer.
In PHP, to create cookie, the function setcookie is used. Example:
setcookie ("ck_cnt", $count, time()+3600*24*365); // expires in a year
In PHP, the cookies can be accessed using the super global variable $_COOKIE.
The PHP statement:
extract ($_COOKIE);
creates variables with the names of cookies containing their respective values.
HTTP cookies are used for authenticating, session tracking (state maintenance), and maintaining specific
information about users, such as site preferences or the contents of their electronic shopping carts.
The PHP function setcookie() adds headers to the HTTP response. Since headers must be inserted before the
body, all setcookie() calls must be performed before any body output (usually HTML) is printed.
The following example uses a cookie to store a form value until your browser is terminated.
<?php
if (isset($myname))
{
setcookie("myname", $myname);
}
print <<<_A_
PHP Notes

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<html>
....
_A_;
....
?>
The following example displays all the cookies releated with the visited site:
<?php
if (!$_COOKIE) { $_COOKIE = $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS; }
foreach ($_COOKIE as $ck => $val)
{ print "<dd>Cookie name: $ck; value: $val<br />\n";
?>

Examples:
Webmail: store and use username.
Weather Site: store the selected city in a cookie, and next time the site is visited, the weather of the
stored city is automatically displayed.

Built-in Variables
PHP has a number of built-in variables that give you access to your Web server's CGI environment,
form/cookie data and PHP internals. Here are some of the most useful variables:

PHP internal variables

The $GLOBALS and $PHP_SELF variables shown in the table below are specific to PHP:
Variable
Description
Name
$GLOBALS
An associative array of all global variables. This is the only variable in PHP that is available
regardless of scope. You can access it anywhere without declaring it as a global first.
$PHP_SELF This is the current script, for example /~ssb/phpinfo.php3.
$_POST
An associative array of POST variables.
$_GET
An associative array of GET variables.
$_COOKIE
An associative array of COOKIE variables.
$_SERVER
An associative array of SERVER variables.

CGI / Web server provided variables

The variables listed below are derived from CGI protocols.
Variable Name
Description
$DOCUMENT_ROOT
Your Web server's base directory with user-visible files.
$REQUEST_METHOD
The HTTP method used to access this page, for example GET or POST.
$REQUEST_URI
Full local part of the request URL, including parameters.
$SCRIPT_FILENAME
File name of the top-level page being executed.
$SCRIPT_NAME
Local URI part of the page being executed.
$SERVER_NAME
Domain name for the server.
$SERVER_PORT
TCP port number the server runs on.

HTTP Request Variables

HTTP Request Variables are derived from their corresponding HTTP headers.
$REMOTE_ADDR
$HTTP_HOST
$HTTP_USER_AGENT
$HTTP_REFERER

PHP Notes

IP address of the client (browser) machine

Host name in the browser's "location" field.
User agent (browser) being used.
URL of the referring page.

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Regular Expressions
Regular expressions, a powerful tool for manipulating text and data, are found in scripting languages, editors,
programming environments, and specialized tools.
Special characters:

"/"

Equivalent
/abc/
/[akt]/
/[^akt]/
/[0-4]/
/.../i
*
+
\d
\D
\w
\W
\s
\S
\b
\r
\f
\n
\t
/^.../
/...$/
/\d{4}/
/\d{2,4}/
(...)

/[01234]/

[0-9]
[0-9A-Za-z_]
[ \r\t\n\f]

"-"

"^"

"."

"\"

"^"

"$"

"*"

"+"

Description or Meaning
search for substring "abc"
search for one of "a", "k" or "t".
true if string do not have any one of "a", "k" or "t".
search for one of "0", "1", "2", "3" or "4"
Case insensitive
Zero or more
One or more
Any decimal digit
[0123456789]
Any character that is not a decimal digit
Alphanumerics and underscore
Any "non-word" character
Any Whitespace character
Any character that is not a whitespace character
At word boundary (at the beginning or end)
Return (CR)
Linefeed (LF)
New line (CRLF)
Tab
Starts with
Ends with
4 digits
/\d\d\d\d/
2 to 4 digits
Grouping

"("

")"

Examples

/abck*pqr/
/abck+pqr/

/\babc/ or /abc\b/ or /\babc\b/

/^klm/
/ali$/
/^good$/i
/[A-Z]{3}\d{3}/
/\d{2} [A-Z]{1,3} \d{2,4}/

Regular Expression Functions in PHP

preg_match:

Perform a regular expression match

Examples:
// The "i" after the pattern delimiter indicates a case-insensitive search
if (preg_match ("/php/i", "PHP is the web scripting language of choice."))
{ print "A match was found."; }
else
{ print "A match was not found."; }
// The \b in the pattern indicates a word boundary, so only the distinct
// word "web" is matched, and not a word partial like "webbing" or "cobweb"
if (preg_match ("/\bweb\b/i", "PHP is the web scripting language of choice."))
{ print "A match was found."; }
else
{ print "A match was not found."; }
if (preg_match ("/\bweb\b/i", "PHP is the website scripting language of
choice."))
{ print "A match was found."; }
else
{ print "A match was not found."; }

preg_replace:

Perform a regular expression search and replace

Examples:
$string = 'April 15, 2003';
$pattern = '/(\w+) (\d+), (\d+)/i';
$replacement = '${1}1,$3';
print preg_replace($pattern, $replacement, $string);

PHP Notes

// April1,2003

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Database Handling
Communication with MySQL
PHP and MySQL are often referred to as the "dynamic duo" of dynamic Web scripting. PHP and MySQL work
very well together, in addition to the speed and features of each individual tool.

The steps in using MySQL databases in PHP are as follows:

1. Connect to MySQL Server and select database (usually placed in main of the PHP scripts):
$dblink = mysql_connect("localhost", "db_user", "my_password")
or die("Could not connect");
mysql_select_db("my_db") or die("Can not select database");
2. Prepare and submit a query:
$query = "select * from person where p_city = '$city'
order by p_lname";
$qno = mysql_query($query)
or die("Query error: <b>$query</b><hr />" . mysql_error());
3. Get number of records selected / affected:
$n = mysql_num_rows ($qno);
// Get number of records affected.
4. Fetch data from database server:
while ($record = mysql_fetch_assoc($qno))
{
extract($record);
// Create variables by table column names
........
// Use these created variables
}
5. Free the query resources:
mysql_free_result ($qno);
// Free query result set.
6. Close connection to database server:
mysql_close($dblink);
// Close connection.

MySQL Example
The following is a simple example of how to dump the contents of a MySQL table using PHP. The example
assumes you have a MySQL user called "db_user" who can connect with password "my_password" from
localhost. In the example below, PHP implements the following procedure:
<?php
// Connect and select database:
$dblink = mysql_connect("localhost", "db_user", "my_password")
or die("Could not connect");
mysql_select_db("my_db") or die("Can not select database");
// Perform SQL query:
$query = "select * from user";
$qno = mysql_query($query)
or die("Query failed: $query<hr />" . mysql_error();
$n = mysql_num_rows ($qno);

// Get number of records selected/affected.

// Output results in HTML:

print "<table border='1'>\n";
while ($user = mysql_fetch_assoc($qno))
{
// Print column headings if first row
if (!$header_printed)
{
print "\t<tr>\n";
$fields = array_keys ($user);
PHP Notes

// While a record is retrieved...

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reset($user);
// Rewind for the next foreach
foreach ($fields as $field)
{ print " <th>$field</th>\n"; }
print " </tr>\n";
$header_printed = true;
} // end of print header.
// Output data in the record retrieved.
print "\t<tr>\n";
foreach ($user as $col_value)
{
print "\t\t<td>$col_value</td>\n";
}
print "\t</tr>\n";
}
print "</table>\n";
mysql_free_result($qno);
mysql_close($dblink);

?>

// Free resultset.
// Close connection.

Communication with Other Databases

Unlike other scripting languages for Web page development, PHP is open-source, cross-platform, and offers
excellent connectivity to most of today's common databases including Oracle, Sybase, MySQL, ODBC (and
others). PHP also offers integration with various external libraries which enable the developer to do anything
from generating PDF documents to parsing XML.

PHP Notes

10

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