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    Engineering Mathematics Topic 2

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    cyclopsoctopus
    1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation. 2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n. 3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.

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    Engineering Mathematics Topic 2

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    cyclopsoctopus
    136 views8 pages
    1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation. 2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n. 3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.

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    FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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    1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation. 2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n. 3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    136 views8 pages

    Engineering Mathematics Topic 2

    Uploaded by

    cyclopsoctopus
    1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation. 2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n. 3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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    The key takeaways are the different methods to solve first order ordinary differential equations which include separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation.

    The different methods to solve first order ordinary differential equations are separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation. Specific substitution methods are also discussed.

    The process of solving first order differential equations using the integrating factor method involves writing the equation in standard form, finding the integrating factor, multiplying both sides by the integrating factor, and then integrating to solve for y.

    2 - FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS a) Separation of Variables a!"!a!

    Separable) 1st Order DE can be reduced to the form g ( y )y = f ( x ) by algebraic manipulations. Variables x and y can be separated so that x appears only on RHS and y appears only on the HS. !o sol"e this e#n$ integrate both sides %.r.t. x&
    dy

    g ( y ) dx dx = f ( x )dx +C
    E'ample 1& Sol"e * yy + ) x = ( Solution& +y separating "ariables$ * ydy = ) xdx +y integrating both sides$ therefore the #eneral sol$tion%
    * , y = , x , + C ,

    E'ample ,& Sol"e y = Solution& +y separating "ariables$ ydy = xdx .ntegrate both sides$ the general solution %ill be&
    1 , 1 , y = x +C , ,
    x $ y (1) = y

    /pply initial condition$

    1 , 1 , - = 1 + C $ C = ) , ,

    !herefore parti&$lar sol$tion$ y , x , = 0

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    b) 'o(o#eneo$s E)$ation S$bstit$tion *et+o,) 4hen the gi"en e#uation cannot be separated$ an appropriate substitution is used. E'ample 1& Sol"e
    y dy y , y = , + + 1 by mean of substitution z = . x dx x x

    Solution& 2rom gi"en substitution y = zx $ then using product rule (by implicit differentiation).
    dy dz =z+x dx dx

    !hen e#uate %ith gi"en e#uation&


    z+x dz = z, + z + 1 dx

    that is&
    x dz = z, + 1 dx

    5se separable method&

    dz = +1

    dx x

    so that tan 1 z = ln x + C !hen let C = ln D $


    tan 1 z = ln x + ln D = ln Dx

    therefore
    z = tan(ln Dx )

    and
    y = xz = x tan(ln Dx )

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    E'ample ,& Sol"e ( x , + xy ) Solution& !hat is&


    dy xy y , = , dx x + xy

    dy = xy y , dx

    et y = vx $ differentiate implicitly&
    xy y , x , + xy = vx , v , x , x , + vx , =

    dy dv dy =v+x and substitute y = vx into dx dx dx


    v v, 1+ v

    E#uate

    dy then& dx v+x x dv v v , = dx 1+ v

    dv v v , v v , v v , ,v , = v = = dx 1+ v 1+ v 1+ v

    Separate the "ariables

    et
    v

    1+ v dv = v,
    +

    , dx x

    1 , dx dv = v x

    ln v

    1 = , ln x + C v

    et C = ln A 7
    ln v + , ln x = ln A + 1 v

    x y ln x , = ln A + y x
    xy = Ae
    x y

    &) E-a&t E)$ation

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    x y x ln x 2 = ln A + y xy = Ae x y

    /n e'act e#uation is al%ays in the form of

    dy + y = f ( x ) %here dx dy . dx

    is function of x.

    !he coefficient of y is the deri"ati"e of the coefficient of 4hen this is the case HS can be %ritten
    d ( y ) . dx

    E'ample 1& Sol"e this e'act e#uation x Solution& !he e#uation can be %ritten as .ntegrating both sides
    x - y = e , x dx = d x - y = e ,x dx dy + -x , y = e ,x . dx

    e ,x +C ,

    y =

    e ,x C + ,x x

    E'ample ,& Sol"e cos x Solution& !he e#uation can be %ritten as .ntegrating both sides&
    (cos x )y = x + C

    d (sin x )y = 1 dx d ((cos x )y ) = 1 dx

    So that y =

    x C + cos x cos x

    ,) Inte#ratin# Fa&tor

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    Steps of sol"ing 2irst order DE& 1) 4rite the e#uation in the standard form
    dy + P ( x ) y = Q( x ) dx

    ,) 2ind the integrating factor$ ( x )


    ( x ) = e'p P ( x ) dx

    -) 9ultiply the e#uation in standard form by ( x ) and recalling that the left1
    hand side is :ust
    d [ ( x ) y ] $ obtain dx dy + P ( x ) ( x ) y = ( x )Q ( x ) dx

    ( x )

    d [ ( x ) y ] = ( x )Q ( x ) dx

    )) .ntegrate the last e#uation and sol"e for y E'ample 1& Sol"e
    dy y + =1 dx x

    Solution& ;omparing to standard 1st order linear e#uation&


    P(x ) = 1 and Q( x ) =1 x
    1

    !hen ( x ) = e x dx = e ln x = x !herefore xy = xdx = 2inally y =


    x C + , x x, +C ,

    E'ample&

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    Sol"e ( x ,) Solution ,&

    dy y = ( x ,) - $ y ( ) ) = 1( dx

    dy 1 y = ( x ,) , dx x , IF = e ln( x , ) = e ln( x , ) y y
    1

    1 x ,

    1 1 = ( x ,) , dx x , x ,

    1 = ( x ,)dx x ,

    1 ( x ,) , = +C x, , ( x ,) + C( x ,) is the #eneral sol$tion ,

    !herefore y =

    /pply initial condition$ y ( ) ) = 1(


    1( = 0 + C ( ,) $ C = ,

    !herefore the parti&$lar sol$tion y = ( x ,) - + 6( x ,)

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    1(

    e) .erno$lli/s E)$ation !he e#uation is in the form


    dy + Py = Qy n dx

    %here P and Q are function of x. !o sol"e this e#uation$ di"ide both sides by y n gi"es&
    y n dy + Py 1n = Q dx dz dy = (1 n )y n dx dx dz & dx
    e#uation 1

    et z = y 1n $ then

    9ultiply e#uation (1) by (1 n) to con"ert the first term into


    (1 n )y n dy + (1 n )Py 1n = (1 n ) Q dx

    <o% the e#uation can be %ritten in the form


    dy + P1y = Q1 dx

    %here z = y 1n $ are function of x. E'ample 1& Sol"e


    dy 1 + y = xy , . dx x

    dz dy = (1 n )y n $ Q1 = (1 n )Q and P1 = (1 n )P dx dx

    Solution& Di"ide by y , gi"ing&


    y , dy 1 1 + y =x dx x

    et z = y 1n
    z = y 1, = y 1

    Differentiate z %.r.t. x&


    dz dy = y , dx dx

    9ultiply the e#uation by (11) to ma=e HS first term as

    dz dx

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    11

    y ,

    dy 1 1 y = x dx x dz + Pz = Q that can be sol"ed by dx

    so that normal

    dz 1 z = x dx x

    %hich is of the form

    integrating factor (.2).


    dz 1 z = x dx x 1

    .2 e Pdx $

    Pdx = x dx = ln x
    1

    IF = e ln x = e ln( x

    = x 1 =

    1 x

    z IF = Q IFdx

    $ z

    1 1 = x dx x x

    z = 1dx = x + C x

    z = Cx x ,

    but z = y 1 $

    1 = Cx x , y

    !herefore y = (Cx x , ) 1 .

    , 1 2irst Order ODE

    1,

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