1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation.
2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n.
3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation.
2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n.
3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.
1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation.
2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n.
3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
1) The document discusses various methods for solving first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and Bernoulli's equation.
2) It provides examples of using each method to solve equations like yy' = x, y' = xy, and dy/dx + py = qy^n.
3) The key steps for solving first order linear ODEs using an integrating factor are outlined.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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2 - FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS a) Separation of Variables a!"!a!
Separable) 1st Order DE can be reduced to the form g ( y )y = f ( x ) by algebraic manipulations. Variables x and y can be separated so that x appears only on RHS and y appears only on the HS. !o sol"e this e#n$ integrate both sides %.r.t. x& dy
g ( y ) dx dx = f ( x )dx +C E'ample 1& Sol"e * yy + ) x = ( Solution& +y separating "ariables$ * ydy = ) xdx +y integrating both sides$ therefore the #eneral sol$tion% * , y = , x , + C ,
E'ample ,& Sol"e y = Solution& +y separating "ariables$ ydy = xdx .ntegrate both sides$ the general solution %ill be& 1 , 1 , y = x +C , , x $ y (1) = y
/pply initial condition$
1 , 1 , - = 1 + C $ C = ) , ,
!herefore parti&$lar sol$tion$ y , x , = 0
, 1 2irst Order ODE
b) 'o(o#eneo$s E)$ation S$bstit$tion *et+o,) 4hen the gi"en e#uation cannot be separated$ an appropriate substitution is used. E'ample 1& Sol"e y dy y , y = , + + 1 by mean of substitution z = . x dx x x
Solution& 2rom gi"en substitution y = zx $ then using product rule (by implicit differentiation). dy dz =z+x dx dx
!hen e#uate %ith gi"en e#uation&
z+x dz = z, + z + 1 dx
that is& x dz = z, + 1 dx
5se separable method&
dz = +1
dx x
so that tan 1 z = ln x + C !hen let C = ln D $
tan 1 z = ln x + ln D = ln Dx
therefore z = tan(ln Dx )
and y = xz = x tan(ln Dx )
, 1 2irst Order ODE
E'ample ,& Sol"e ( x , + xy ) Solution& !hat is&
dy xy y , = , dx x + xy
dy = xy y , dx
et y = vx $ differentiate implicitly& xy y , x , + xy = vx , v , x , x , + vx , =
dy dv dy =v+x and substitute y = vx into dx dx dx
v v, 1+ v
E#uate
dy then& dx v+x x dv v v , = dx 1+ v
dv v v , v v , v v , ,v , = v = = dx 1+ v 1+ v 1+ v
Separate the "ariables
et v
1+ v dv = v, +
, dx x
1 , dx dv = v x
ln v
1 = , ln x + C v
et C = ln A 7 ln v + , ln x = ln A + 1 v
x y ln x , = ln A + y x xy = Ae x y
&) E-a&t E)$ation
, 1 2irst Order ODE
x y x ln x 2 = ln A + y xy = Ae x y
/n e'act e#uation is al%ays in the form of
dy + y = f ( x ) %here dx dy . dx
is function of x.
!he coefficient of y is the deri"ati"e of the coefficient of 4hen this is the case HS can be %ritten d ( y ) . dx
E'ample 1& Sol"e this e'act e#uation x Solution& !he e#uation can be %ritten as .ntegrating both sides x - y = e , x dx = d x - y = e ,x dx dy + -x , y = e ,x . dx
e ,x +C ,
y =
e ,x C + ,x x
E'ample ,& Sol"e cos x Solution& !he e#uation can be %ritten as .ntegrating both sides& (cos x )y = x + C
d (sin x )y = 1 dx d ((cos x )y ) = 1 dx
So that y =
x C + cos x cos x
,) Inte#ratin# Fa&tor
, 1 2irst Order ODE
Steps of sol"ing 2irst order DE& 1) 4rite the e#uation in the standard form dy + P ( x ) y = Q( x ) dx
,) 2ind the integrating factor$ ( x )
( x ) = e'p P ( x ) dx
-) 9ultiply the e#uation in standard form by ( x ) and recalling that the left1 hand side is :ust d [ ( x ) y ] $ obtain dx dy + P ( x ) ( x ) y = ( x )Q ( x ) dx
( x )
d [ ( x ) y ] = ( x )Q ( x ) dx
)) .ntegrate the last e#uation and sol"e for y E'ample 1& Sol"e dy y + =1 dx x
Solution& ;omparing to standard 1st order linear e#uation&
P(x ) = 1 and Q( x ) =1 x 1
!hen ( x ) = e x dx = e ln x = x !herefore xy = xdx = 2inally y =
x C + , x x, +C ,
E'ample&
, 1 2irst Order ODE
Sol"e ( x ,) Solution ,&
dy y = ( x ,) - $ y ( ) ) = 1( dx
dy 1 y = ( x ,) , dx x , IF = e ln( x , ) = e ln( x , ) y y 1
1 x ,
1 1 = ( x ,) , dx x , x ,
1 = ( x ,)dx x ,
1 ( x ,) , = +C x, , ( x ,) + C( x ,) is the #eneral sol$tion ,
!herefore y =
/pply initial condition$ y ( ) ) = 1(
1( = 0 + C ( ,) $ C = ,
!herefore the parti&$lar sol$tion y = ( x ,) - + 6( x ,)
, 1 2irst Order ODE
1(
e) .erno$lli/s E)$ation !he e#uation is in the form
dy + Py = Qy n dx
%here P and Q are function of x. !o sol"e this e#uation$ di"ide both sides by y n gi"es& y n dy + Py 1n = Q dx dz dy = (1 n )y n dx dx dz & dx e#uation 1
et z = y 1n $ then
9ultiply e#uation (1) by (1 n) to con"ert the first term into
(1 n )y n dy + (1 n )Py 1n = (1 n ) Q dx
<o% the e#uation can be %ritten in the form
dy + P1y = Q1 dx
%here z = y 1n $ are function of x. E'ample 1& Sol"e
dy 1 + y = xy , . dx x
dz dy = (1 n )y n $ Q1 = (1 n )Q and P1 = (1 n )P dx dx
Solution& Di"ide by y , gi"ing&
y , dy 1 1 + y =x dx x
et z = y 1n z = y 1, = y 1
Differentiate z %.r.t. x&
dz dy = y , dx dx
9ultiply the e#uation by (11) to ma=e HS first term as
dz dx
, 1 2irst Order ODE
11
y ,
dy 1 1 y = x dx x dz + Pz = Q that can be sol"ed by dx
