Antarctica

Suite for guitar and orchestra

By Nigel Westlake

LECTURE 12/02/01

If you havent listened to much contemporary (especially Australian contemporary) music, or if you think that modern classical music is all dissonant and unpleasant, then Nigel Westlakes score of Antarctica may prove to be as pleasant surprise! This is very accessible music, yet, in terms of compositional craft, it is exceedingly well written. It is powerful and dramatic, and in its quieter moments beautiful and uplifting. It evokes the imagery of the film very effectively, yet it stands perfectly well on its own as a concert piece because the musical vocabulary expresses the full gamut of human emotion.

Source material:

Score available for the Australian Music Centre: Westlake, N Antarctica: Suite for guitar and orchestra 1-The Last Place on Earth, 2-Wooden Ships, 3-Penguin Ballet, 4-The Ice Core
Recordings: Tall Poppies (Antarctica - the film music) Sony Classical (John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Paul Daniel) ABC Classics (Timothy Kain and the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Porcelijn)

Further resources:
Music Resource Kit Out of the Blue(by Kim Waldock) (Australian Music Centre): The Antarctica kit is designed for both teachers and students. The kit contains the score and the Timothy Kain (TSO) recording of Antarctica as well as information about the composer, the genre, the guitar, film music and the development of an Australian film music tradition. There is an analysis of the suite and suggestions for a variety of classroom activities. The Oxford Companion to Australian Music: the entries under Westlake and Composition in Australia. Biographical information and press clippings in the Westlake file at the Australian Music Centre library. Brenton Broadstocks Sound ideas, Australian Music Centre, 1995: There is a chapter on Westlake. I also recommend the chapter on The Rites of Passage 1972-1992: The Changing Face of Australian Composition. This sets the scene in terms of the socio-political climate. Also Linda Kouvarischapter A Plurality of Voices which discusses the divergent styles of contemporary Australian composers. Westlakes website: www.rimshot.com.au. The Antarctica video is available from the California Science Centre. Enquiries to Kent Jones at: [email protected]

Background - the work and the composer:

Antarctica The score of Antarctica was originally composed for the 1991 Imax movie Antarctica, directed by John Weiley. Since then it is estimated to have been viewed by over 4 million people annually in the US, Europe and Asia. 20,000 km of the Antarctic were covered during the shooting of the film, over three year period. In 1992, as part of the ABCs 60th birthday celebrations, Westalke was commissioned to write a guitar concerto for John Williams and the TSO. To complete the commission, Westlake returned to the first sketches he made for the film Antarctica, which had been originally intended for solo guitar and orchestra. (Weiley did not consider the guitar powerful enough to evoke the imagery so Westlake used cello instead in the film score). In the suite for guitar and orchestra, Westalke reworked some of the original score for guitar as well
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as incorporating new material. The themes of the film focus on the desolation and grandeur of the pole, the life it sustains, and the impact that we humans are having on this planet. These are reflected very strongly in Westlakes music. Weiley describes Antarctica as a noisy place - he talks about the sound of generators and motors, but when the noise stops, he says ... there is a kind of epiphany. You are here. Thats when the music starts. Nigel Westlake Westlake was born in Perth in 1958. He studied clarinet with his father who was clarinettist with the SSO. He attended the NSW Conservatorium High School, leaving school at age 16 to work as a freelance musician with prominent orchestras and ensembles, both in Australia and overseas. In particular The Magic Puddin Band (which he formed in 1980 bringing together musicians from jazz, rock and classical backgrounds), Synergy Percussion, the Australia Ensemble, Flederman, the SSO and John Williams ensemble Attacca. Westlake studied film music at the Australian Film and Television School (1982) and in Holland in 1983 he studied the bass clarinet with Harry Sparnaay and composition with Theo Loevendie. In 1987 he was composer-in-residence for ABC radio, composing many signature tunes (especially for Radio National). In 1993 he studied composition with Richard Meale and composition and conducting with Richard Mills. Apart from this, he is largely self taught as a composer. His works have been performed throughout the world and he has won numerous awards including 1st Prize of the Jazz Action Society Composition Competition (1985) the Gold Medal for Best Original Music at the New York Radio Festival (1988), an APRA Music Award for Contemporary Classical Composition for the Year (1992), the Australian Guild of Screen Composers Award (A.G.S.C.) for Best Music for a Documentary for Celluloid Heroes (1995), an APRA Music Award for best film score for Babe (1996) an A.G.S.C. Film Award for Best Original music for the film A Little Bit of Soul (1998). Antarctica was nominated for an ARIA award for Best Film Soundtrack in 1993. Westlakes compositions cover a wide range of genre including orchestra and various ensembles, theatre and film, television and radio. His extensive list of commissions includes works for the ABC, the Flying Fruit Fly Circus, Synergy, the Australia Ensemble, Tall Poppies Records, SBS television, Film Australia, the Royal Australian Navy Band, Guitar Trek, the Bell-Shakespeare Co., the Seymour Group, Elektra String Quartet, the Aboriginal and Islander Dance Theatre, Australian Chamber Orchestra, Musica Viva, Wild World Films (Canada) and guitarist John Williams. Film music include scores for Babe (1995 this brought him international fame), Celluloid Heroes, The Edge, Roads to Xanadu, Children of the Revolution, Imagine, Antarctica (IMAX) and Breaking Through (3D IMAX). His recordings have been released on Tall Poppies, ABC Records, ABC Classics, Vox Australis, Entracte and Great Island labels. Style and influences Some insight into the man and his music can be gained through the many reviews and interviews in the press. In an interview for APRA magazine (August 1990) Belinda Webster describes Westlake as ..an unassuming and gentle man who is profoundly dedicated to his art. She describes his music as ... a very distinctive compositional style characterised by exuberant rhythms, chuckling melodies, unorthodox harmonies and a huge sense of fun. It is relatively uncomplicated music, once described by Peter Sculthorpe as the essence of Pacific minimalism. His music expresses a sense of wonder at the world without melancholy or introverted self-analysis. This makes audiences feel good and is a reflection of Nigels own personality both on and off stage. His music has been variously described as: at the cutting edge of post-minimalism This is music that exposes the nonsense of pigeon-holing into categories... it is simply good and, above all, intelligent music program music of a high order; so much force, so much descriptive delicacy brilliantly conceived and delivered the effect was mesmerising (Source: Westlakes biographical file, AMC library the authors of these quotes are not given). Of Antarctica in particular, The Hollywood Reporter said: Westlakes starkly tempestuous musical score swells and ebbs with the harsh grandeur of its subject matter big effects movie producers take note.
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Roger Covell describes Westlakes style in a nutshell: His allegiance to the rhythmic liveliness and strength of the Stravinsky tradition is obvious; and it is also fair to say that he has drawn usefully from the richer developments that have followed minimalism, a composing texture characterised in the late 1960s and early 1970s by its then unusual readiness to establish and maintain a tonal centre and its interest in musical change as a gradual process rather than as a series of rapidly achieved extremes. (CD cover: Synergy with Samuels TP 030, 1994). Bill Mackay interviewed Westlake for Sounds Australian (Spring 1989). He asked Westlake about minimalism and influences generally. In reference to Westlakes Magic Puddin Band, Mackay comments on the distinctly minimalist context of his music for band, to which Westlake replies Yes, but at the time Id never heard any minimalist works at all. I didnt even know who Steve Reich was. Mackay then asks about the source of his music. A: Well, rock music is basically minimalist and thats where Magic Puddin had its roots, really. Furthermore, rock and minimalism have the same roots in African music. Q: What influence have Steve Reich or Phillip Glass had on you? A: None really I cant stand Phillip Glass. I find his work incredibly cold and mechanical. You would never know that there were live performers, it just sounds like sequenced lines. I dont like a lot of Steve Reichs music either, although some of its very warm and communicates something to me. Im not actively seeking to associate myself with the minimalist school. As a composer, Im totally untrained working on intuition I instinctively go to the piano and play repetitive patterns. Q: So theres no formal intellectual link with minimalism? A: None at all. Q: But rock music has been influential? A: Certainly, Ive always enjoyed good rock music. I like some songs by the Eurythmics, Aretha Franklin and even Prince... I dont regard myself as a serious composer. Im a performer/composer in that all my ideas are taken from my experience as a performer and the reason I write music is to perform it. I do feel an affinity with Peter Sculthorpe who to me seems to have little regard or inclination towards the intellectual pursuits of many composers. His work is melody based and very simple. Later in the interview Westlake comments: ... I recognise that my music is not overly concerned with content. It basically draws upon unadventurous harmonic and melodic principles and tries to be interesting rhythmically. Westlakes comments here are of particular interest because they indicate that one of the main characteristics that commentators have associated with his music ie. minimalism, is not the result of hearing minimalist music and being directly influenced by the experience. Rather, these traits in his music have been arrived at quite independently and are not something he himself associates with the minimalist school of composition. Westlakes attitude towards the audience and the question of the accessibility of his musical style is made clear in Belinda Websters interview for APRA magazine (August 1990) where she quotes Westlake as follows: I dont see the point in writing music that doesnt address the audience, but at the same time the criteria for addressing the audience can only be guided by my own aesthetic values. I can only write music that speaks to me. I cant write music that I think other people will like. It must be something that I feel committed to. I couldnt fit into the pop music scene, where music is written for a specific audience, on a very commercial basis. I dont want to be compromised in my endeavours to reach people... I rely totally on what my instincts tell me to be good and what else can you go on? I cant imagine that musical formulae and academic structures could ever work for me. Sure, there have been great master works written from all the composition schools, but it seems to me that it tends to become an academic pursuit and not much else. The music seems to die a bit. Most important of all Westlake says that: All thats important to me is that the music speaks. I feel that if it speaks to me it will speak to the audience. Its important that music addresses the heart, that its honest music. Its an intuitive process... (2MBS-FM Programme Guide September 1989) The above comments provide some insight as to where Westlake is coming from as a composer. However, more specific influences can also be identified: Jazz is one such important and acknowledged influence. Harry Sparnaay, his teacher in Holland, was a jazz musician. The Magic Puddin Band included musicians from many different backgrounds including jazz. Westlake won the Jazz Action Society Composition Prize in 1985. In an interview in the Herald (3rd March, 1997) he says that American jazz clarinettists Eric Dolphy
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and Chico Freeman have been an important influence. Works such as Hinchinbrook Riffs for jazz rock ensemble (1978), Stone the Crows (1981) and Trellis Music (1997) are directly jazz influenced. Westlake mentions the influence of Indian music in another interview (4MBS Brisbane Programme Guide, May 1997). He also specifies John Williams Changes album in the same interview, emphasising its unique fusion of classical/pop/rock. He says that the colour and lyricism of John Williams playing has been an important inspiration for him throughout his career. Electronic media have been another source of inspiration. eg.. the use of digital delay in Onomatopoeia. His describes his first band Eggs Benedict as a first venture into electronic-based sounds. It was essentially an adventurous rock band. (Interview in Sounds Australian, Spring, 1989). Westlakes experience as a performer has also been vitally important. He comments: I think its something I relate back to all the time. The most important thing is that often the best music is that which is best written for the instruments. Take Mozart the instruments speak clearly and naturally. Thats what I aim for. Its a long learning process. The sheer facts of daily immersion in sound in a variety of music, and working with other instrumentalists, are always instructive. (Belinda Webster APRA magazine, August 1990). He mentions the fact that Stravinskys The Rite of Spring (SSO) was the first professional record he played on and that the performance had a profound effect on him. (Interview, 4MBS, May 1997). His early experiences, including listening and learning from his father, are also very important to him as a composer: These experiences in all my formative years all play a role in my musical identity and in some ways I believe my ambition to compose is an attempt to recapture the magic of those very first encounters in music. (Interview, 4MBS, May 1997). And of course the most obvious inspiration in the case of Antarctica is the extra-musical element: the stunning images of Antarctica that Westlake set to music for the film.

Analysis and Listening Guide

A table summarising each movement of Antarctica is given below, indicating bar numbers, the section, the key area and chord progressions and important characteristics. The key is often ambiguous due to missing or de-emphasised third of chord which is why the term key area has been employed. The relevant chord names are then given. Most chords are extended with 9ths, 11ths and 13ths. All 7ths are presumed minor (as in a dominant 7th chord), in accordance with the conventions of jazz notation. The major 7th is indicated as D7. ALT refers to an altered chord eg. C ALT = C7 with altered chord tones eg. b5, #5, b9,#9. Also, at this point I should mention that an analysis such as this involves some degree of interpretation meaning that the answers are not always cut and dry, especially when you are dealing with chords which are extended and altered within what is basically a jazz-based context. Chords with #9, 9, #11, b13, without a root or third etc.... can be analysed and named in a variety of ways. The language is flexible and ambiguous, which is one of its great strengths and beauties. As I proceed through the analysis you may see other solutions or alternatives to the naming and interpretation of chords and this is fine. Feel free to send me an email if you would like to discuss any aspects of the analysis further. I. The Last Place on Earth In the film this music accompanies the awesome sight of an aerial shot of the polar ice cap in the light of the midnight sun. Instrumentation: 2 flutes/ piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in Bb, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets in Bb, 2 trombones, 1 bass trombone, percussion (timpani, tam tam, wind gong, bass drum, bongos, cymbal, marimba) harp, guitar, strings. NB Make sure you understand the concept of transposing instruments otherwise the score is meaningless! eg. clarinet in Bb sounds a tone lower so it is written a tone higher. For more information on the orchestral instruments technical aspects, range, transpositions etc. please refer to a good orchestration book such as:
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Instrumentation and Orchestration by Alfred Blatter, 2nd ed. Schirmer, 1997, or Instrumental Arranging by Gary White, McGraw-Hill, 1985 Guitar scordatura: the two lowest strings are tuned down to C and G. Basic tonality is C, with emphasis on the perfect fifth C-G as chord basis. The main reason for the scordatura is the that Westlake wanted to preserve some of the material (and in particular the range going down to low C) of the cello that he used in the film score. This necessitated the altered tuning for the guitar in the suite. TABLE 1:
BAR SEC

I. The Last Place on Earth

KEY AREA (in bold) AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

117

Intro

C Major d min b13 (B.1-14) C ALT (B.15-17) (chord built on stacked 4ths+5ths and tone+stone clusters polychord). chromatic harmony: (complete chromatic scale). Harmony derived from the C ALT Antarctica chord, but now the Eb suggests c min (see trbs, b.trb, timp + d.bss: all C to Eb). (EX.4)

1823 2439

Link A

4055 5686

Cdza

B = derived from A

G D7, ( #5, 11) This chord is related to previous c min chord: creates ambiguity. (EX.6) Gtr figuration continues over C pedal in d.bss. B.60: c min b13 . Built on tone+stone clusters like Antarctica chord). (EX.7) Perfect cadence (B.68- 69) Antarctica chord. (B.69-76). Chord sequence built on F Maj/min (EX.8) C# (ADD 11) (B.77-79), then chord sequence over descending bass line (B.81-86). (EX.9) C b13 (becomes c min at B.92) chromatic harmony (complete chromatic scale). Chromatic line continues in gtr: from Gb to F resolving down to Eb at B.102 c min b13.

Long held notes in strgs (senza vib to con vib) and hrp ostinato: evocative + mysterious. Ascending melodic line in gtr (scordatura). Dynamics begin mp, sudden cresc (B.14). (EX.1) Tutti Antarctica chord (B.15-17): powerful + rhythmically incisive, with gtr molto tremolo, ff - immensity +grandeur. Doubling: high strgs+high w/w; low strgs+low w/w. (EX.2) 2 piccs (short melodic motives) + hrp using disjunct movt. Against this: vn glissandi (B.19-23). Guitar pizz (B.21-23). 2 elements: fast repeated figures in bongo, gtr and va. Slower melodic lines in vn, vc, cls + bssns. Polyrhythmic effect (2:3) and textural layers evident. Heavy momentum, f , with accented stacccato. Static melodic lines: much conjunct movt: (EX.3) Brass punctuate the texture periodically. Doubling: piccs+vn1 (octave); cls +vn2 (unison); bssns+vc (unison); guit+viola (octave). Freely: Gtr cadenza, concluding with hrp (from B.18-19). (EX.5) A Tempo. Gtr links this section to cadenza. Ominous beat in bass drum. Return of repetitive patterns and assertive rhythms (A). B.60: Vc (from B.24). Strgs divisi. Doubling: vn1 divisi +fl/ob (octave) (B.65-68).

From B.69: Tutti. Gtr into triplet pattern.

87101

Trans -ition

strgs + gtr only (B.77-79) then full Tutti (B.81-86): Gtr pattern alters to fast strumming and hrn motive is extended. Dynamics ff from B.81 with sudden cresc to climax (w.gong + timp). Guit rasg. and strg pizz (B.87-92). B.93-96: melodic fragments in piccs (recalls B.18-19) with marimba, and gtr, then hrp at B.95-96 (recalls B.18-19). B.97-99:Bartok pizz then sporadic pizz in strgs decorate gtr. B.100-101: graphic notation in gtr, gradually slowing. Related to opening here down a tone (over a C pedal). Con sord, non vib eerie effect is even more pronounced here. Final gtr chord: quartal voicing.

102 120

Coda

EXAMPLE 1: Gradual build up of d min b 13 (B.1-14). EXAMPLE 2: Chord structure of Antarctica chord (B.15-17). The chord is built on tonal/semi-tonal clusters, stacked a 4th +5th apart. It could be described (enharmonically) as an altered C chord = C ALT = C 7 (#5, #9, b9). The effect is almost like a polychord 2 chords combined: a chord built on C and a chord built on C#. Note the wide, gapped spacing.
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EXAMPLE 3: Harmonic 2nds in the Antarctica chord become melodic: horizontal realisation of the vertical (P.3-4). EXAMPLE 4: Chord derived from C ALT but addition of Eb in trbs, b.trb, timp + d.bss: all C to Eb: suggests c minor (P.3-4). EXAMPLE 5: Compare P.2 and P.7. (the same pitch pattern in hrp). EXAMPLE 6: Guitar cadenza built over G D7. Compare to the C min ALT chord. EXAMPLE 7: Harmonic construction of B.60-68. Compare with Antarctica chord. Similarly this is built around pitch clusters and can be analysed as a polychord. (Chord built on C and a chord built on F. The F chord makes a smooth transition to the following bars which are all based on Fmaj/min. EXAMPLE 8: Chord structure of B.69-74. The orchestration of these tutti chords fits naturally with the harmonic series. This results in chords that are well balanced and blended. The progression here also demonstrates some basic principles of orchestration in the way instruments are placed within the chord: juxtaposition, interlocking and overlap. They also connect very neatly with each other, making for fluent progressions. Similarly the progressions in EX.9: EXAMPLE 9: Chord structure of B. 77-86. Note chord tones moving down a step or remaining: very smooth, logical progressions.

FORM: Intro (17) Link (6) A (16) Cadenza B Transition (reld to A) (16) (31) (15) (* climax B.87) Coda (19) = 120 Bars

NB The overall structure relates to a palindrome with the cadenza at the centre. However the climax is at the 3/4 mark (golden mean - one of the most common organisational structures in music and nature). Note how powerfully Westlake has evoked the vision of the ice cap: the opening with its surreal, otherworldly effect of static strings, non vib, the crashing climaxes and pounding rhythms suggesting the immensity of the ice formations and the awesome, irrevocable power of nature. The fragmented motives and eerie sparse textures remind us of the isolation and desolation. Note (in the analysis) the harmonies based on extended chords and the orchestration of individual chords such as the Antarctica chord. Live Demonstration: tremolo (followed by the instruction to dampen) (B.15-17), scordatura, pizz (B.21) non pizz (but staccato) (B.24), ossia sections (B.69), rasgueado (B.87) Terminology: scordatura, div, senza vib, con vib, gradual gliss, rasgueado, con sord, Bartok pizz, ostinato, graphic notation, tutti, polyrhythm, polychord, quartal voicing

II. Wooden Ships This movement is a tribute to the first explorers, whose fragile wooden ships were always at risk of being smashed to smithereens by the ice. This introduces the human element into the landscape - sailing ships on calm seas human emotions, a sense of nostalgia and quiet reflection. It is not so much the majestic, rugged beauty but rather an appreciation for the delicacy and serenity of the surroundings. For this reason perhaps, the music is lyrical and nostalgic; a reflection of the frailty of humankind in this environment. Instrumentation: flute1, flute 2/alto, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet 1 in A/Bb, clarinet 2 in A/Bb/bass, 2 bassoons, horn, marimba, harp, guitar, strings. (trumpet, trombone and timpani: all tacet)

TABLE 2:
BAR SEC

II. Wooden Ships

KEY AREA (in bold) AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

120

2137

E Major E 11 (omit 3rd+7th): Maj/min ambiguity. A 9 (B.13), B 11 (B.15) E 9 (B.17) Plagal cadence suggested (B.20-21) B 11 (3rd weak or omitted).

3846 4780

Link C

Perfect cadence suggested (B.28-29) E 11 (from B.29) Surprising harmonic colour at B.36-37: E #11 (in hrp+gtr). descending scalic progression B to C# (EX.14) C# Major C# 11 Maj/min (3rd omitted) (B.47-54) chord sequence(3rd weak or omitted): C# #11, C# b13 , C# 11 (B.55-62) C# #11 (B.63-64) chord sequence(3rd weak or omitted): G# 9, G# 13, G#11 (B.65-72) Perfect cadence suggested (B.72-73). B.73 to end: C# Maj 11

Ostinati in hrp and strgs. B.5-17: Melody (Theme 1a) in gtr. (EX.12) B.13: counter melody in alto fl underpinned by cl+vn B.17: counter melody in bssn +vn2 (unison) doubling cl (octave). Ostinati continue in hrp and strgs. B.21-31: Melody (Theme 1b) in gtr (EX.13). Imitative links between cl+bssns, gtr, ob (B.21-25) B. 29-32: Harp arpeggios doubled by b.cl and Melody in gtr doubled in 3rds by fl.

Guitar solo/cadenza contrasts with previous mood. Continuous harp ostinati. Guitar colour effects (harmonics, sul pont, trill) against Theme Ia in alto fl (B.49-55). B.57 elaborate counter melody in gtr while b.cl plays 2nd part of Theme 1a. Accompanying pizz in d.bass. B.63: colourful and surprising combination of marimba + gtr (doubled at the 4th) and vn clusters pizz. B.65: theme in gtr, countermelody in cl supported by pizz strgs + hrp ostinato (polyrhythm: 2:3). B.69: horn doubles cl (unison) whilst gtr moves into accompaniment figuration. B.72: a scalic run in guitar leads back into theme at B.73-75 (2nd sec of Theme 1b up a 6th). It is sparsely orchestrated against bssns, hrp + strgs.

EXAMPLE 12: Theme 1a in gtr (in 2 sections). Note the beautiful lyricism, the nostalgic and reflective mood of the theme. A free, improvised quality. (P.17-18). EXAMPLE 13: Theme 1b (2 sections). (P.19-20) EXAMPLE 14: Guitar solo/cadenza constructed around descending scale. (P.21-22).

FORM: A T1a (20) B T1b (17) Link/cadenza (9) C T1a, T1a, T1b (34) = 80 bars

This movement is constructed around repeated patterns (ostinati) which occur in the harp (throughout the entire movement except for the guitar cadenza) and the strings set against more rhapsodic, lyrical lines. The distinctive mood is set by: The delicate effect of the ostinato patterns in harp and strings. A sense of threat beneath the surface is cleverly painted by Westlake there are ominous moments created by unexpected harmonies. eg.B. 35-37 and the ensuing guitar cadenza. Also B.55 and B.63 all suggest something foreign in the landscape. Chords where the third is missing or very weak harmony which disguises the function of the chord: makes it ambiguous (eg. B.47-54 and opening bars the G# of the E chord does not appear until B.7 only briefly as triplet semiquaver). This creates a prevalence of bare fifths. In some places (B.21) the writing resembles quartal harmony (stacking of fourths), but generally, fifths seem to be more prevalent both melodically and harmonically). Melodies tend to be constructed from steps and thirds lyrical, smooth flowing lines, in an improvised style.
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Live demonstration: harmonics (B.50), sul pont (B.52) Terminology: pizz, senza sord, harmonics, sul pont, Tacet

III. Penguin Ballet This music accompanies a scene in the film where a diver descends through the ice to observe the penguins at play below the ice cap an underwater ballet. Leopard seals are always a threat, and the only escape for the penguins is to exit speedily through a hole in the ice. Instrumentation: flute1/picc, flute 2, oboe1, oboe2/cor anglais, clarinet 1 in Bb, clarinet 2 in Bb/bass, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, bass trombone, percussion (timpani, glockenspiel, cymbal, snare, bass drum, marimba), harp, guitar, strings (trumpet and trombone: Tacet) TABLE 3:
BAR SEC

Penguin Ballet
KEY AREA (in bold) AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS IMPORTATANT CHARACTERISTICS

17 817

Intro A1

D Major: D7 (omit 3rd) e min 13

1828

B1

2938 3949 5057 5862

A2 B2

C D

6365 6671 7279 8084 8588

A3 B3 Coda

A 9 (B.17). Perfect cadence (B.17- 18). Implied chord sequence (B.18-22): [D, a min 7] X 2, [B, f#min 7] X 2, G , A 9. Plagal cadence (B.22-23). B.23-28: Theme 3 (the leopard seals) in va. (EX.17) e min 11 (B.23-28): Theme 3 comprising chromatic Accompaniment in vc+db doubled in longer note values in gtr. passing harmonies. Hrp ostinato. Ends with gtr scalic run. Almost exactly as A1: Theme (grp) 1 (B.29-36) plus bridge passage (B.37-38): elaboration of w/w motives. Ends with hrp scalic run. As B1: Theme 2 (B. 39-43) however w/w is filled out considerably and vc pizz added. Doubling: db+bssn (octave); vn1+cl (octave). Theme 3 (B.44-49) doubled in va+bssn+cor (unison) with added w/w. Bb Major: Theme (grp) 4: another pas de deux in gtr+hrp. (EX. 18) c min 13 Tonic and dominant sustained pedals in vn1 (harmonics) and vc. D Major: Tutti. Short w/w motives which first appeared in B.14 now A 13 developed into thick texture + extended lines Doubling: fl+picc+ob1+vn1+guitar(unison)+cl1(8ve). Repeated quaver pulse underneath. D Maj, E maj, d# min 7 Motives passed between: gtr to bssn1 to ob1 to fl/picc to gtr to cl2 to marimba. Chord changes continue every bar, Repetitive pattern in gtr offset by dotted quaver pulse from d# min 7 ending on a min 11. (descending scale) in marimba and syncopated rhythms in fls, Plagal cadence (B.71-72). obs and cls. Ends with hrp scalic run. As A1 however Theme (grp) 1 in gtr up 8ve and elaborated from B.77. Fl and picc double hrp (adds extra colour). As B2 however Theme 2 in vn 1 doubled by cl (octave). Sustained notes in va added. e min 11 (omit 3rd ) Ostinati in harp and guitar, accompanied by ob1, bssns and upper strings (sustained notes and crotchet pulse).

Harp solo: cascade. Static support in strings. Dominant pedal in vc+va. Ends with hrp scalic run. Theme (grp) 1: Pas de deux between gtr and hrp (the dancing penguins) underpinned by pizz bass (B.8-15) (EX.15). Short w/w motives interject -penguins jumping through holes in the ice (B.14-15). Bridge passage (B.16-17) ending in hrp scalic run. B.18-22: Theme 2 (a ritornello) in vn1.Gtr (accompaniment) doubled by vc on the beat (EX.16).

EXAMPLE 15: Theme (grp) 1: Pas de deux. This theme is really a group of themes. It has 3 components: a primary and secondary melody and accompanying ostinato (P.30). EXAMPLE 16: Theme 2 in vn 1 (P.32). EXAMPLE 17: Theme 3 in va (P.33). EXAMPLE 18: Theme (grp) 4: Pas de deux. Main melody in the gtr: accompaniment figuration in harp (P.38).

FORM: Intro A1 T1 (7) (10) B1 A2 T2+3 T1 (11) (10) B2 C T2+3 T4 (11) (8) D E (w/w motives developed) (5) (9) A3 T1 (8) B3 T2 (5) Coda

(4)

= 88 bars

This is closely aligned to a modified rondo form (ie. sonata-rondo; A-B-A-Devel-A-B-Coda). Note: Highly effective instrumental colours and combinations: eg. doubling of va, bssn+cor anglais (B.44-49); snare+bass drm (B.58); hrp+fl+pic (B.72-79). Distinctive, colourful orchestral effects which help to define structure eg. Bookend effect: refers to the ascending and descending runs (of 1 bar length) to start and conclude a section. These fast flourishes aid the delineation of and connection between sections. Also, the use of percussion to colour beginnings and ends of sections eg. glock, marimba, cymbal (B.50, 65-66, 72). Note the changing metre from 21/16 to 6/8, 9/8, 3/8, 5/8 and 7/8. Think about this from the point of view of the performers and also the interest it creates musically. Motives/themes used to represent screen personalities (penguins and leopard seals). Terminology: solo, arco, pas de deux, ritornello

IV. The Ice Core Scientists extract ice cores to learn about changes in the earths atmosphere. This was how the hole in the ozone layer was first discovered. In the film, this music accompanies images of divers swimming through caverns of ice and water inside a glacier. Instrumentation: flute1, flute 2/piccolo, bass clarinet, bassoon, marimba, harp, guitar, strings (oboe, horn, trumpet, trombone, bass trombone and timpani: all tacet)

TABLE 4:
BAR SEC

IV. The Ice Core

KEY AREA (in bold) AND CHORD PROGRESSIONS IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

119

C Major C Maj/min #11 (ambiguous)

2039

C b13 (b5) over Gb pedal

A 13 (from B.28)

4050

G 11 From B.48 to end: c min All harmony derived from c min 13 (rootless voicing) (EX.20)

Close spacing in strgs; dissonant clusters. Vn1 divisi (a tone apart). Quartal harmony in opening gtr chord. Pitch bends in gtr create an eerie effect. Vn 2 represents the earths breathing. Ascending chromatic line in gtr from B.8. Hrp ostinato (aug 4th) continuous throughout. B.16-19 vc doubles gtr. Theme 1: solo vn doubled in picc. (EX.19) Gtr, hrp and marimba ostinati polyrhythms. Dynamic swells in vns. Vn1 still divisi a tone apart. Sustained pedal in vc + d.bass. B.28: Theme 1 up a min 3rd + rhythm altered: doubled by fl (octave) + answered by triplet motives in bssn (B.30-31) and bs.cl (B.34-35). B.35-38: link to next section; brief countermelody in fls. Theme 1 in va, divisi, close spacing, doubled by bssn. Melodic answer in the gtr: scalic, lyrical patterns become disjunct leaps at B.48: Strg chords gradually descend. Harp ostinato throughout. Sustained strg chords and ascending solo guitar. The strgs form a tonal cluster. Note the quartal voicing of gtr chord (B.51-52). (EX.20)

5154

Coda

EXAMPLE 19: OVERHEAD: Theme 1 in vn (P.48). EXAMPLE 20: Final string cluster and guitar chord. Note the c min 13 rootless voicing (c min with 5, b5, 7, D7, b9, 11, 13) The sparsely scored passages with solos or duets in the foreground in this movement are examples of what Westlake describes as his bare bones scoring technique.

Live demo: feathered beaming to show accel and rit (B.3-7), pitch bends (B.3-7), Let it vibrate (B.52) Terminology: pitch bends, sul tasto, div soli, Tutti unis, quartal voicing

Summary of compositional characteristics:

Colourful chord progressions, (not complex), jazz influenced, extended chords using 9ths, 11ths, 13ths; third often omitted or weak creating tonal ambiguity. Vertical and horizontal realisation of chords (eg. IV B.28-38); slow rate of harmonic change one chord maintained for whole sections, often 10 bars or more. Although individual chords are usually sustained over long sections, one or more chord tones are often varied (eg. b9, #11) creating interesting harmonic colours. Important compositional devices: repetitive rhythms and melodic patterns (ostinati) and pedals Often the structure does not revolve around a single climax point a more even, continuous texture and course of development is typical. Melody often emerges as long improvised threads that gradually evolve. Idiomatic use of instruments, not too technically demanding. Note however the difficulty of writing for a solo instrument like the guitar when pitted against full forces of symphony orchestra eg. 1st Movt tutti sections especially B.24 onwards difficult to maintain the balance and audibility of the solo guitar. Solo instruments used expressively Very accessible style, melodic, tonal, strong sense of rhythm.

Westlake uses all the musical parameters at his disposal harmony, melody, rhythm, dynamics, texture etc. to evoke the powerful visual images of the Antarctic.

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Interpretation/Style and critical response:

The interpretations of the Williams and Kain on the two recommended recordings are quite different in places. eg. the triplet rhythm in opening and closing of I. Williams plays in octaves B.46-48 and in II, B.5355 he plays harmonics. Compare the interpretation of the cadenzas eg II: Kain uses a particularly expressive rubato and beautiful phrasing. The guitar sound could be described as generally more forward, more twangy in the LSO recording. Conversely, to my ear, it is warmer in the TSO recording. Williams is beautifully precise and clear in articulation and placement eg. II opening 16 bars (listen for the exact, graceful placement of the grace notes in Williams interpretation). In II Bar 7, Kain misses a note in the triplet semiquavers converting it into a duplet. Yet in this movement the orchestral backing sounds somehow heavier in the LSO recording compared to the TSO. Also B.29-32 of II the bass clarinet doubling cannot be heard in the TSO recording it is much clearer in the LSO recording. Overall the balance appears to be better in the LSO recording refer to the tutti sections in I. The guitar is non-audible in spots in the TSO recording. Listen to the recordings and try to articulate your own, personal response to the work: what you like (or dislike) about it and why. Antarctica is a wonderful work (in my opinion) by one of Australias most renown composers. There is so much beauty and humanity in the score, so much to discover and rediscover on repeated listenings. Listen to it carefully with the score, but also more casually for enjoyment: I have found it to be the sort of work that grows on you. I hope you have the same experience, and that your studies bring you a greater appreciation for this beautifully crafted and inspired work and for contemporary Australian music generally.

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