Bandpass Modulation Schemes Bandpass Modulation Schemes For Wireless Systems

1
Bandpass Modulation Schemes

Carrier based signaling
Bandpass Modulation Schemes
for Wireless Systems
Transmission bandwidth
BPSK, QPSK, FSK
Tx/Rx structures for bandpass modulation
Bandpass Modulation
A sinusoidal carrier signal is used to encode
the digital information to be transmitted.
Li d d t t f th t Line codes are used to transform the stream
of bits into an analog baseband signals
This is followed by continuous waveform
modulation that shift analog baseband signal
to desired transmission (pass)band.
The carrier frequency is usually much higher
than the max. frequency of the modulating
(baseband) signal.
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Modulated Carrier Architecture
Line-code
encoding
digital
data
analog
modulation
analog
baseband
signal
101101001
radio transmitter
radio
carrier
Matched filter +
Threshold decision
digital
data
analog
demodulation
radio
carrier
analog
baseband
signal
101101001
radio receiver
The line-code encoding determines variation
in the Amplitude, Phase, or Frequency of the
carrier in accordance with the information
bits to be transmitted.
Transmission Bandwidth
Depends on the line-code pulse g(t)
For rectangular pulse infinite bandwidth
) ( sinc ) ( f T T f G
s s
=
) ( log 20 ) (
10
dB
f G f G =
3
Nyquist Pulse
Corresponds to a sinc function in time
s s
= =
2
1
2
1
, 1
) ( ) / ( sinc ) (
T
f
T
f G T t t g
It has ideal spectrum corresponding to a
strictly bandlimited signal).
Difficult to implement in practical systems
= =
otherwise , 0
2 2
) ( ) / ( sinc ) (
s s
s
T T
f G T t t g
Alternative pulses may be used in practice
for line codes provided we are able to
recover elements of the data sequence
upon sampling of the line-coded signal.
Nyquist Equivalent Spectrum
Line code analog signal:
( are the information bits)
=
=
t
S k
kT t g a t s ) ( ) (
,... 1 , 0 , 1 ..., , = k a
k
To be able to recover values of when line
code signal is sampled
Line-code pulse must satisfy:
true when Nyquist equivalent spectrumis
k a kT s
k S
= , ) (
k
a
=
=
=
S
kT t
t
t g
, 0
0 , 1
) (
true when Nyquist equivalent spectrum is
s s
ft j
k
S S eq
T
f
T
dt e kT t kT g f G
2
1
2
1
, 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
s s =
(
=
}

t
o
4
Examples
is not suitable
for a line code pulse.
) (
1
f G
corresponds to
the Nyquist pulse.
implies a family
f l th t
) (
3
f G
) (
2
f G
o
of pulses that are
suitable for line codes.
Any pulse with spectrum symmetrical about 1/2Ts
can be used in conjunction with line codes.
Raised Cosine Pulse
Time-domain:
(
=
2 2
) / ( 4 1
) / cos(
) / ( sinc ) (
s
s
s
T t
T t
T t t g
o
to
Fourier transform:

+
< s
|
|
.
|
\
|

< s
=
2
1
| |
2
1
,
2
1
sin 1
2
2
1
| | 0 ,
) (
T
f
T T
f
T T
T
F T
f G
S S S
s S
S
S
o o
o
t
o
Absolute bandwidth:
s
+
| |
2
1
, 0 f
T
S
o
s
T
B
2
1 o +
=
5
Raised Cosine Pulse Spectrum
Parameter allows control of the bandwidth.
raised cosine pulse is essentially a
Nyquist pulse with (double-side) bandwidth equal
to 1/Ts .
o
0 = o
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Use alternative sine wave phase to encode
bits (phases are separated by 180 degrees).
V b d i l i lli Very robust, used extensively in satellite
communication.
Simple implementation but inefficient use of
bandwidth.
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( "1"
1
t = t f t Ag t s
c
) 2 cos( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( "0"
2
t t t + = = t f A t f t Ag t s
c c
0
1
Q
I
6
BPSK Example
Data
1 1 0 1 0 1
Carrier
Carrier+t
BPSK waveform
BPSK Transmitter
Line encoder followed by mixer to shift
spectrum to desired frequency band.
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BPSK Receiver
Mixer to shift spectrum to baseband followed by
line-code receiver (matched filter+comparator).
Differential BPSK (DPSK)
Encoding scheme with memory
1 = same phase as last signal element
0 = 180 shift from last signal element
11
00 11 00
8
DPSK Transmitter/ Receiver
The preprocessor circuit is placed ahead of
the line-code encoder in the transmitter.
Simple DPSK demodulator replaces the
oscillator block in the receiver.
BPSK/ DPSK Probability of Error
BPSK is essentially the same as polar NRZ
modulation
|
|
|
|
=
2E
Q P
b
modulation
For DPSK (higher probability of
error than BPSK since both mixer inputs are
|
|
.
\
=
0
N
Q P
e
0
2
1
N
E
e
b
e P
=
noisy)
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Constellation Diagrams
Represent I- and Q- components
of the modulated signals as points in
plane.
These points are assigned groups
of binary digits using the Gray coding
method.
8-PSK
Gray Coding
Adjacent points in the signal constellation
are assigned combinations of binary digits g y g
that differ in at most one bit.
This is because most likely demodulation
errors involve the erroneous selection of an
adjacent point in signal space instead of the
correct one correct one.
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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QPSK
Multilevel Modulation 2 bits/symbol. / y
More spectrally efficient than BPSK.
More complex receiver.
Q
Symbol 1: 11
Symbol 2: 01

|
.
|
\
|
+
4
2 cos
t
t t f A
c 11 y
Symbol 3: 00
Symbol 4: 10
Symbol 2: 01
Phase of Carrier: t/4, 3t/4, 5t/4, 7t/4
I ( )
= t x
. \ 4
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
3
2 cos
t
t t f A
c
|
.
|
\
|

4
3
2 cos
t
t t f A
c
|
.
|
\
|

4
2 cos
t
t t f A
c
01
00
10
QPSK waveforms
0 5
1
1.5
0 5
1
1.5
11
01
cos+sin
-cos+sin
1.5
-1
0.5
0
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1.5
-1
0.5
0
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
1.5
1
1.5
01
00
10
1.5
-1
0.5
0
0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1.5
-1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
00
10
cos-sin -cos-sin
11
QPSK Transmitter
Two BPSK transmitters running in parallel
with carriers differing in phase by 90 deg.
QPSK Receiver
Two BPSK receivers operating in parallel
with carriers differing in phase by 90 deg.
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QPSK Probability of Error
Prob[correct decision, QPSK] =
=(1-Prob[I, error])(1-Prob[Q, error])
Prob[error, QPSK] ~
~ Prob[I, error] + Prob[Q, error] =
Note that this expression is for probability
of error for a symbol made up of 2 bits
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
2
N
E
Q
b
probability of bit error must divide by 2
same as for BPSK.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2
N
E
Q P
b
e
Offset OQPSK
QPSK can have 180 degree jump in signal phase
amplitude fluctuation.
By offsetting the timing of the odd and even bits by one bit- By offsetting the timing of the odd and even bits by one bit
period (half a symbol-period) the I- and Q-components will
never change at the same time 90 deg. phase jump.
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Offset QPSK Line-Code Signals
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
The frequency of the carrier is changed
according to the incoming symbols
0) (bit T t 0
1) (bit T t 0
b
b
= s s A =
= s s A + =
t f f A t s
t f f A t s
c
c
) 2 2 cos( ) (
) 2 2 cos( ) (
2
1
t t
t t
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Continuous Phase FSK
Use a line code to encode symbols
obtain a continuous incoming signal m(t) .
The integral of m(t) is now continuous
smooth phase variation of the FSK signal.
(
+ = + =
}

t
f c c
dx x m k t f A t s t t f A t s ) ( 2 2 cos ) ( )]; ( 2 cos[ ) ( t t u t
FSK Receiver
Two bandpass filters tuned to the possible
frequencies on any given transmission
one will produce a large output signal one will produce a large output signal.
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Multiple FSK (MFSK)
More than two frequencies are used to
transmit more binary symbols at a time
( ) t f A t 2 cos M i s s 1
f
i
=f
c
+(2i 1 M)f
d
f
c
=the carrier frequency
f
d
=the difference frequency
M =number of different signal elements =2
L
( ) t f A t s
i i
t 2 cos = M i s s 1
g
L =number of bits per signal element

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Bandpass Modulation Schemes

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