B31.3 Process Piping Course - 15 Nonmetallic Piping

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 15.
Nonmetallic Piping
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Nonmetallic Piping - 1
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE
Don Frikken, PE
Instructors
1. Establish applicable system standard(s)
2. Establish design conditions
3. Make overall piping material decisions
Pressure Class
Reliability
Materials of construction
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
Materials
Determine wall thicknesses
Valves
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support
configuration
6. Perform flexibility analysis
7. Finalize layout and bill of materials
8. Fabricate and install
9. Examine and test
Piping Development Process
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 15. Nonmetallic Piping
15. Nonmetallic Piping
General
Design, Fabrication, and Installation for
Thermoplastics
Reinforced thermosetting resins
Reinforced concrete
Vitrified clay
Borosilicate glass
Piping lined with nonmetals
Limitations
The Material in This Section is
Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter VII - Nonmetallic Piping and Piping
Lined with Nonmetals
Appendix B - Stress Tables and Allowable
Pressure Tables for
Nonmetals
General
Chapter VII has requirements for
Thermoplastics
Reinforced thermosetting resins
Reinforced concrete
Vitrified clay
Borosilicate glass
Piping lined with nonmetals
General
Trend toward the use of nonmetals is
increasing
Nonmetals are used when the metallic
alternative is judged to be too expensive
Allowances for variations of pressure and
temperature described in Chapter II are
not permitted for nonmetallic piping
Increased allowable stresses for
occasional loads described in Chapter II
are not permitted
Thermoplastics
(Charlotte Pipe)
(Durapipe)
(Durapipe)
Materials that can be repeatedly
softened by heating and hardened
by cooling
Pipe is extruded
Fittings are usually injection
molded, but sometimes fabricated
Valve parts are usually injection
molded
Thermoplastics
Commonly used thermoplastics
ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
FEP Perfluoro ethylene propylene
(HD)PE (High density) polyethylene
PFA Polyperfluoroalkoxy Alkane
PP Polypropylene
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
Thermoplastics
135 -18 275 0 PVDF
66 -18 150 0 PVC
99 -1 210 30 PP
250 -40 450 -40 PFA
82 -34 180 -30 PE
204 -198 400 -325 FEP
99 -18 210 0 CPVC
80 -40 176 -40 ABS
Max (C) Min (C) Max (F) Min (F) Material
B31.3 recommended temperature limits:
Thermoplastics
Characteristics
High coefficient of thermal expansion
4in 100 (3 mm/m) of expansion for 50F (25C)
temperature change [HDPE]
More in some thermoplastics, less in others
Creep at room temperature
Low elastic modulus
Longitudinal strain due to internal pressure can
be significant
Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress
Hydrostatic design stress (HDS) is the hoop
stress that when applied continuously, will cause
failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours multiplied by
a suitable design factor (usually 0.5)
13.8 51.9 2.00 7.53 PVC
5.5 20.4 0.80 2.96 PE
13.8 51.9 2.00 7.53 CPVC
HDS*
(MPa)
Short-term
(MPa)
HDS*
(ksi)
Short-term
(ksi) Material
* HDS at 23C (73F)
Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress US Customary Units
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-50 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (F)
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
p
s
i
)
CPVC
PE
Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress Metric Units
0
5
10
15
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Temperature (C)
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
CPVC
PE
Thermoplastics
Pressure Design Straight Pipe
t = PD / [2 (S + P)]
Where:
t = pressure design thickness
P = design pressure
D = outside diameter of pipe
S = HDS value for material from Appendix B
No specific rules for external pressure design
Thermoplastics
Support
Because of the low modulus and low allowable
stress, thermoplastics require more support than
similar sized metallic pipe. For 68F (20C):
9.1 30 2.1 7.0 6
7.9 26 1.8 6.0 4
6.1 20 1.4 4.5 2
4.3 14 1.1 3.5 1
m ft m ft
Typical Metallic PP (Asahi)
NPS
Thermoplastics
(Asahi)
Fabrication Butt fusion fittings
are joined to the pipe using a
butt fusion welding process.
(PE, PP, PVDF, others)
(Asahi)
Thermoplastics
(Spears) (Asahi)
Fabrication Socket fittings can
be joined to the pipe using a
socket fusion welding process.
(PE, PP, PVDF, others)
Thermoplastics
Fabrication Socket fittings can be joined to the pipe
using a solvent cementing process. (ABS, PVC, CPVC)
Thermoplastics
Fabrication Piping can also be
joined using a hot gas welding
process. (PE, PP, PVDF, others)
Thermoplastics
Bonders are required to use a qualified bonding
procedure specification. The BPS shall specify
Procedure for making the bonds
Materials, including storage requirements
Tools, including proper care and handling
Environmental requirements (clean, dry, warm)
J oint preparation
Dimensional requirements, including tolerances
Cure time
Protection of work
Acceptance criteria
[A328.2].
Fabrication
A warm, dry and clean
environment is required for
fabrication
A leak at an elbow requires
1. Cutting out the elbow and
adjacent pipe
2. Fabricating a piece with an
elbow and two couplings
3. And installing it, hoping none of
the six new joints leak
Thermoplastics
Reinforced Thermosetting Resins
Materials that harden
when heated and
cannot be re-melted
Pipe is filament wound,
contact molded, or
centrifugally cast
Fittings are molded,
filament wound or
fabricated
Few RTR valves are available
(Smith Fibercast)
Commonly used resins
Polyester
Vinylester
Epoxy
Furan
Commonly used reinforcements
Glass fiber
Carbon fiber
Filament wound
(Smith Fibercast)
Contact Molded
Centrifugally
Cast
Reinforced plastic mortar pipe
Has aggregate (usually sand) in
addition to fiber reinforcement to
stiffen the wall of the pipe
Is used mostly underground
Usually has bell and spigot joints, but
may have socket joints like other RTR
piping
Vendor recommended temperature limits
Range from 180 to 275F (82 to 135C)
Are somewhat dependent on the resin
But are more dependent on the construction of
the pipe and fittingsamount of reinforcement
in the liner and structural layers
Can be significantly lowered depending on the
chemical being handled
Characteristics
Higher coefficient of thermal expansionabout
twice that of steel, but 1/5 of thermoplastics
Creep at room temperature
Low elastic modulus (3 to 10% of steel), but 3
to 10 times thermoplastics
Allowable Stress Filament Wound and
Centrifugally Cast
Hydrostatic design stress (HDS) is the hoop
stress that when applied continuously, will cause
failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours multiplied by
a design factor. The design factor is:
Not more than 1.0 if stress is determined using the
pressure cycling method
Not more than 0.5 if stress is determined using the
static pressure method
Typical HDS values are 8,000 to 13,000 psi (55
to 90 MPa)
Allowable Stress Contact Molded
Design stress (DS) is 1/10 of the minimum tensile
strength
Pressure Design Same as for
thermoplastic pipe
Support
Because of the lower modulus and lower allowable stress,
RTR pipe requires more support than similar sized metallic
pipe. For 75F (24C):
9.1 30 6.2 20.5 6
7.9 26 5.2 17 4
6.1 20 4.3 14.1 2
4.3 14 3.3 10.9 1
m ft m ft
Typical Metallic
Green Thread
(Smith Fibercast)
NPS
Support Support elements must be designed to
provide low concentrated stresses and protect the
piping from abrasion.
(Typical guide and anchor Conley)
Fabrication - Butt fittings are joined to the pipe
using a butt wrapping process.
(Smith Fibercast)
Fabrication Doing it in a warm, clean, dry
environment is sometimes a challenge.
Socket fittings are joined to the pipe using an
adhesive.
(Conley)
Fabrication
A leak at an elbow requires
1.Cutting out the elbow and
adjacent pipe
2.Fabricating a piece with an
elbow and two couplings
3.And installing it, hoping none
of the six new joints leak
BPS and Bonder Qualification Tests are
required as for thermoplastic piping, except
test pressure is 3 times manufacturers
rating
Reinforced Concrete
Typically 15 to 250 psi (1 to 17 bar) ambient
temperature water service
Made to ASTM and AWWA standards with
specific B31.3 pressure ratings
Vitrified clay
Manufactured from clay fired in furnaces
J oined with
Rubber seals
Caulking
Mortar
B31.3 mentions, but has
no specific requirements
Borosilicate Glass
Manufactured from molten
glass
J oined with clamps,
rubber seals
(H.S. Martin)
Piping Lined with Nonmetals
Common liners include
Fluoropolymer
Polypropylene
PVDF
Glass
Polypropylene
Lined
(Resistoflex)
Glass
Lined
(Estrella)
Thermoplastic liners can be locked-inor
loose
PTFE and FEP lined systems require vent
holes
Thermoplastic lined pipe and fittings are
usually ductile iron and steel
Glass lined pipe and fittings are steel
Systems usually have many flanged joints
Typical Fittings
Untypical Fittings
Common Thermoplastic Liners
Fluoropolymer
FEP Perfluoro ethylene propylene
PTFE Polytetrafluorethylene
PFA Polyperfluoroalkoxy Alkane
Polypropylene
PVDF
135 -18 275 0 PVDF
260 -198 500 -325 PFA
260 -198 500 -325 PTFE
Limited by the metal. Glass
107 -18 225 0 PP
204 -198 400 -325 FEP
Max (C) Min (C) Max (F) Min (F) Material
B31.3 recommended temperature limits for liners:
The metallic portions of piping lined with
nonmetals for
Design
Fabrication
Examination, and
Testing
shall conform to the rules of Chapters I
through VI
Liners must be qualified for external
pressure in order to prevent liner collapse
Failures frequently occur at the flange joints.
Following the ASME PCC-1 bolt-up procedure
greatly improves the chances of success
Snug up bolting
Tighten to 20% of target torque using cross pattern
Tighten to 50 to 70% of target torque using cross
pattern
Tighten to 100% of target torque using cross pattern
Continue tightening to 100% target torque using
rotational pattern until no movement
Wait 4 hours or longer and repeat rotational pattern to
100% target torque until no movement
Limitations
Thermoplastic Piping
may not be used in above ground flammable
fluid service unless
NPS 1 and smaller
Owner approves
The piping is safeguarded, and
The following are considered
The possibility of exposure of piping to fire
The susceptibility to brittle failure or failure due to thermal
shock when exposed to fire
The ability of thermal insulation to protect the piping when
exposed to fire
shall be safeguarded when used in other than
Category D fluid service
Limitations
PVC and CPVC may not be used in
compressed gas service
RPM Piping shall be safeguarded when used in
other than Category D fluid service
RTR Piping shall be safeguarded when used in
toxic or flammable fluid services
Borosilicate Glass Piping
Shall be safeguarded when used in toxic or
flammable fluid services
Shall be safeguarded against large, rapid
temperature changes

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