Philippine Revolution

Philippine Revolution
A 19th century photograph of the Revolutionary Congress in Malolos

Date
18961898
Location Philippines (Southeast Asia)

Result
Filipino victory
Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897).

Resumption of hostilities during SpanishAmerican War (1898).
Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government during SpanishAmerican War (1898).
Establishment of the First Philippine Republic (1899).
Beginning of the PhilippineAmerican War (1899), leading to dissolution of the First Philippine Republic (1901).
Belligerents
First Philippine Republic
Spain
Katipunan
Sovereign Tagalog Nation
supported by:
United States
limited aid:
Russian Empire
Empire of Japan
British Empire
Spanish Philippines
Spanish Cuba
Commanders and leaders

Andrs Bonifacio
Emilio Aguinaldo
George Dewey
Ramn Blanco
Camilo de Polavieja
Fernando Primo de Rivera
Basilio Augustn
Fermin Judenes
Strength
Zaide, Valenzuela: 30,000; Ponce: 150,000; Pardo de
Tavera: 400,000Wikipedia:Verifiability
12,700-17,700 before the Revolution, around 55,000 (30,000

Spanish; 25,000 Filipino) by 1898Wikipedia:Verifiability
Casualties and losses

Official casualties are unknown.
Official casualties are unknown.
The Philippine Revolution (called the Tagalog War by the Spanish),[citation needed] (Filipino:Himagsikang
Pilipino) was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and Spanish colonial authorities.
The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret organization
Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led by Andrs Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement and
shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed
revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary
government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated
attack on the capital Manila. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular,
rebels in Cavite led by Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to
Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government.
That year, a truce with the Spanish was reached called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong
Kong. Hostilities, though reduced, never actually ceased.
On April 21, 1898, the United States began a naval blockade of Cuba, the first military action of the
SpanishAmerican War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey decisively
defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo,
unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards.
By June, the rebels had gained control over nearly all of the Philippines with the exception of Manila. On June 12,
Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the First Philippine Republic was established.
Neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence.
Spanish rule in the islands officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which ended the SpanishAmerican
War. In it Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around
Manila with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them.
On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning
the PhilippineAmerican War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered, "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the
Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic
formally declared war against the United States.
The Philippines would not become an internationally-recognized, independent state until 1946.
Summary
The main influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the country was opened for world
trade. In 1809, first English firms were established in Manila followed by a royal decree in 1834 opening the city
officially to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from Mexico from 1565, with colonial administrative
costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon
trade to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the
Philippines directly from Madrid and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration. At this
point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which caused the rise of enlightened
Ilustrado class in the society.
The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought to an end of the autocratic rule of Queen Isabella II and was replaced by a
liberal government led by General Francisco Serrano. Serrano dispatched Carlos Mara de la Torre as the 91st
governor-general in 1869. The leadership of de la Torre brought the idea of liberalism in the Philippines.
That same year, in 1869, the Suez Canal was opened to the world after almost ten years of construction.
The election of Amadeo of Savoy to the throne of Spain led to replacement of de la Torre in gubernatorial power in
1871. In 1872 the government of the succeeding governor-general Rafael de Izquierdo experienced the uprising of
Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Felipe arsenal in Cavite el Viejo. Seven days after the mutiny, many people were
arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: Jos Burgos, Mariano Gmez and friar Jacinto Zamora who
were executed by hanging by Spanish authorities in Bagumbayan. Their execution had a profound effect on many
Filipinos; Jos Rizal, the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory.
Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish penal colonies. Some of them,
however, managed to escape to Hong Kong, Yokohama, Singapore, Paris, London, Berlin, and some parts of Spain.
These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Thrown together
by common fate, they established a common organization known as the Propaganda Movement. These migrs used
their writings mainly to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government.
Jos Rizal's novels, Noli Me Tngere (Touch Me Not, 1887) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibuster, 1891), exposed
Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous
agrarian conflict in his hometown Calamba, Laguna in 1888 when Dominican haciendas fell into trouble of
submitting government taxes. In 1892, Rizal, after his return from the Americas, established the La Liga Filipina
(The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms from the colonial government. When the
Spaniards learned that their haunted writer was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported Rizal a few days after
the Liga was established.
The deportation of the Liga marked the dissolution of the organization. It was peaceful struggle to reform ended and
was replaced by more aggressive one. On the night upon hearing the news that Rizal was deported to Dapitan, Liga
member Andrs Bonifacio and his fellows established a secret organization named Katipunan in a house in Tondo,
Manila. The Katipunan reached an overwhelming membership and attracted almost the lowly of the Filipino class. In
June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to Dapitan to reach Rizal's support, but the latter refused for an armed
revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan was discovered by a Spanish friar, which started the Philippine
Revolution.
The revolution flared up initially in the eight provinces of Central Luzon. General Emilio Aguinaldo, a member of
the Katipunan, spread armed resistance through Southern Tagalog region, where he liberated Cavite towns little by
little. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at Imus and Tejeros decided the new republic's fate. By November,
the republic was transferred in Biak-na-Bato, where a new constitution was ratified.
On May 1, 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay took place as part of the SpanishAmerican War. On May 24, Aguinaldo,
who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the
forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees
under my sole responsibility, ..." On 12 June, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence[1] On 18 June,
Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government headed by himself. On June 23, another decree
signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government.[2]
Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10, resulting in Emilio
Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress. On February 2,
1899, general hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces,[3] A session between September 15, 1898 and
November 13, 1899 adopted the Malolos Constitutioncreating the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as
President. This, on June 12, 1899, promulgated a declaration of war on the U.S., beginning the PhilippineAmerican
War. U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4,
1902, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the
Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war.
Origins
The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of
numbers of ideas and exposition to international
community that led to the opening of nationalistic
endeavors. The rise of Filipino nationalism was slow but
inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military
and the clergy prevalent during its three centuries of
occupation, and the exposition of these excesses by the
ilustrados in the late 19th century paved the way for a
united Filipino people. Unfortunately, the growth of
nationalism was slow because of the difficulty in social
and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. Thus,
according to a dated letter to Father Vicente Garca of
Ateneo Municipl de Manila written by the Filipino
writer Jos P. Rizal:
There is, then, in the Philippines,a progress or
improvement which is individual, but there is no
national progress.
January 17, 1891
The PhilippineAmerican War then ensued.
Map of the Philippines at the end of 19th century.
Opening of Manila to world trade

Before the opening of Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish
authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the
colony and engaging in business. The royal decree of February 2,
1800 prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines. as did
the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816. In 1823, Governor-General
Mariano Ricafort promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign
merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces
for purposes of trade. It was reissued by Lardizbal in 1840. A
royal decree in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the
provinces under any pretext whatsoever and as late as 1857 the
several anti-foreigner laws were renewed.
With the wide acceptance of laissez-faire doctrine in the later part
of 18th century, Spain relaxed its mercantilist policies. The British
occupation of Manila in 17621764 made Spain realize the
impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and
commerce. In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to
transport Asian goods to the port of Manila. Even before 1780s,
A sketch of a Spanish galleon during Manila-Acapulco
many
foreign ships including Yankee clippers had visited Manila
Trade.
regardless anti-foreign regulations. In 1790, Governor-General
Flix Berenguer de Marquina recommended to the Crown the opening of Manila to world commerce. Furthermore,
the bankruptcy of the Real Compaa de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines) catapulted the Spanish king to
open Manila in world trade. By the royal decree of September 6, 1834, the privileges of the Company were abolished
and the port of Manila was thrown open to trade.
Economic surveys, port openings and admission of foreign firms
Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy
in the Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By
the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manilaseven of which are British, three are American, two French,
two Swiss and one German.
In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms
were establishedthe Russell, Sturgis & Company and the Peele, Hubbell & Company. These became two of the
leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors in Manila, for they offered
good prices for Philippine exports like hemp, sugar, and tobacco.
American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost control over
Philippine business. This decline was due to lack of support from the home government, and lack of U.S. trade bases
in the Orient. In 1875, Russell, Sturgis & Company went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in
1887. Soon thereafter, British merchants, including James Adam Smith, Lawrence H. Bell and Robert P. Wood,
dominated the financial activities in Manila.
Alarmed by the domination of British and Americans in the economy of Manila, Spanish diplomat to Asia Sinibaldo
de Mas was sent by Madrid in 1842 to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations.
After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown.
The report, "Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842", published in 1843 at Madrid. Mas
recommended the following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of Chinese
immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly.
In response to Sinibaldo de Mas' recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain to world trade. The ports of
Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga were opened in 1855. Cebu was opened in 1860, Legazpi and Tacloban in
1873.
Enlightenment
Before the start of the Philippine
Revolution, the Filipino society was merely
subdivided into light social classification
that was based on economic status of the
people involved. There are two cases in this
classification: the highest being a member of
the principalia and the other is the masses.
The principalia included landlords, teachers,
local officials and ex-officials. The members
of this class constituted the social
aristocracy of a town.
The Spanish people belonged to the
principalia class and they were further
subdivided
into
two
classes:
the
peninsulares and the creoles. The
peninsulares were Spanish-born Spaniards
living in the Philippines, or they were living
in the colony but were born in Spain. The
creoles or criollo people, were Spaniards
born in the colonies. Although the
peninsulares and the creoles enjoyed the
same social power as they both belonged to
the principalia, the peninsulares considered
themselves as socially superior to the
creoles.
Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Jos Rizal,

Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce. Photo was
taken in Spain in 1890.
The lowest of the two classes was the

masses, or Indios. This included all poor
commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike
the principalia class where the members
enjoyed
high
public
offices
and
The Ilustrados photographed gathered steps of an imperious Madrid building
recommendations from the King of Spain,
(ca.1890) aptly illustrate the way the Filipinos mobilized their defense against
the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights
European racism through bourgeois satorial style.
and privileges. The highest political office
that they could possibly hold is the
gobernadorcillo, or being the town executive. The members of the secret society, Katipunan, that will trigger the
revolution, consists mainly of the masses.
Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of
well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to
buy and read books originally forfeited from the lowly Filipino class. They discussed political problems and thus
sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in
Manila and abroad, particularly, to Madrid. The material progress was due primarily to the opening of the Manila
ports to world trade.
From the enlightened middle class came the leading intellectuals of the country. They later called themselves as the
Ilustrados, meaning erudite ones, as well as the intelligentsia branch of the society. From the Ilustrados rose the
prominent members of the Propaganda Movement, who stirred the very first flames of the revolution.
Liberalism (1869-1871)
In 1868, a revolution overthrew the monarchy of Queen Isabella II of Spain and was replaced by a civil and liberal
government led by Francisco Serrano. The next year, General Serrano dispatched Carlos Mara de la Torre, a
member of the Spanish army, to become the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines. Filipino and Spanish liberals
residing in the country welcomed him with a banquet at the Malacaan Palace on June 23, 1869. On the night of July
12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacaan Palace to express
their appreciation and gratitude for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila,
including the Civil Governor of Manila Jos Cabezas de Herrera, Jos Burgos, Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato,
Joaqun Pardo de Tavera, ngl Garchitorena, Andrs Nieto and Jacbo Zbel y Zangroniz.
Rise of Filipino nationalism

In 1776, the first major challenge to monarchy in centuries occurred in the American Colonies. While the American
Revolution succeeded, it was still an event in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the French Revolution
began changing the political landscape of Europe as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from
king to people through representation in the parliament. People in other European countries began asking for the
same representation in parliament. In the Philippines, this ideal spread in the colony through the writings of criollo
writers as Luis Rodrguez Varela who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines). This was the first
instance that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the rising economic and political
stability in the Philippines, the Middle Class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized
through a process known as Secularization. In this process, the control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from
the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted
and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests commenced.
The 19th century was also a new era for Europe. Church power was at a decline and friars began pouring more to the
Philippines, ending hopes for the friars ever relinquishing their posts. With the opening of the Suez Canal, the
voyage between Spain and the Philippines was cut short. More peninsulares (Spaniards born in the Spain) began
pouring into the colony and began occupying the various government positions traditionally held by the criollo
(Spaniards born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule, the criollos have been accustomed to being
semi-autonomous with the governor-general being the only Spaniard (peninsulares) in the islands. The criollos
demanded representation in the Spanish Cortes where they could express their agrievances. This together with the
secularization issue gave rise to the Criollo Insurgencies.
Criollo insurgencies
In the late 18th century, Criollo (or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading the
ideals of the French Revolution in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of
Philippine churches and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway in the process, it was
aborted with the return of the Jesuits to the Philippines and the religious orders retaking Philippine parishes. One
instance that enraged the Insulares was the Franciscan take over of the richest parish in the islands that had been
under the Philippine-born priests, that of Antipolo. In the early 19th century, Fathers Pedro Pelez and Mariano
Gmez began organizing activities that demanded the return of control of Philippine parishes to Filipino seculars.
Father Pelez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake while Father Gmez retired to
private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father Jos Burgos who organized the student rallies in
the University of Santo Tomas. In the political front, activists like Joaqun Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The
unrest escalated into a large insurgency when Andres Novales, a creole captain, declared the independence of the
Philippines from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines in 1823. In January 1872, the conflict of
Insular uprisings came when soldiers and workers of the Cavite Arsenal of Fort San Felipe mutinied. They were led
by Sergeant Ferdinand La Madrid, a Spanish mestizo. The soldiers mistook the fireworks in Quiapo for the feast of
St. Sebastian as the signal for a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread
a reign of terror and liquidate subversive political and church figures. Among them were Priest Mariano Gmez, Jos
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora who were executed through the garrote on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in
Philippine history as Gomburza.
Organizations
La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina and the Propaganda Movement
The Terror of 1872, its deportation of Criollos and Mestizos to the Mariana Islands and Europe created a colony of
Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in Madrid. Filipinos in Europe founded La Solidaridad, a newspaper that
pressed for reforms in the Philippines through propaganda. As such, this movement is also known in history as the
Propaganda Movement. La Solidaridad included the membership of leading Spanish liberals such as Morayta.
Among the pioneering editors of the paper were Graciano Lpez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jos Rizal. The
Propaganda Movement in Europe managed to get the Spanish legislature to pass some reforms in the islands but the
colonial government did not implement them. After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad had
begun to run out of funds without accomplishing concrete changes in the Philippines. Jos Rizal decided to return to
the Philippines and founded La Liga Filipina, the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement.
Merely days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to Dapitan, and the Liga was
discontinued. Ideological differences had contributed to the dissolution of Liga. Conservative upper class members
favoring reform, under the leadership of Apolinario Mabini, set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which tried to
revive La Solidaridad in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by
Andrs Bonifacio, had already set up the Katipunan alongside the revived Liga.
The aims of the Propaganda Movement included the equality of Filipino and Spaniards before the law, restoration of
Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of
individual liberties to Filipinos such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to
petition for grievances.
Katipunan
Katipunan
Part of the Philippine

Revolution
Flag of the Katipunan, 1892
Background
Events
Various revolts and uprisings
9
Factions
Magdalo
Magdiwang
Key organizations Propaganda Movement

La Liga Filipina
Objects
Noli Me Tngere
El filibusterismo
La Solidaridad
Organization
Leaders
Andrs Bonifacio
Emilio Aguinaldo
Ladislao Diwa
Gregoria de Jess
Teodoro Plata
Deodato Arellano
Valentn Daz
Jos Dizon
Members
Melchora Aquino
Po Valenzuela
Emilio Jacinto
Antonio Luna
Josephine Bracken
Artemio Ricarte
Daniel Tirona
Jos Santiago
Manuel Tinio
Len Kilat
Arcadio Maxilom
others
Andrs Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata and Valentn Daz founded the Katipunan (in
full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan[4] "Supreme and Venerable Society of
the Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed
revolt against Spain, was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization; Bonifacio, Emilio
Aguinaldo, and other leading members were also Freemasons.
From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bicol and Mindanao. Most of the members,
called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic
structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang
Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils (Sangguniang
Bayan). These provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the
supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local councils (Panguluhang Bayan), in charge of affairs "on the
district or barrio level." By 1895 Bonifacio was the supreme leader (Supremo) or supreme president (Presidente
Supremo) of the Katipunan and headed its Supreme Council. Some estimates by historians of the membership of the
society by 1896 range from 30,000 to 400,000; other historians argue that Katipunero numbers ranged only from a
few hundred to a few thousand.
10
Start of the revolution
Bonifacio's Katipunan battle flag.
The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the

authorities through a member, Teodoro Patio, who revealed it to
a Spanish priest, Mariano Gil. Patio was engaged in a bitter
personal dispute with fellow Katipunero Apolonio de la Cruz and
exposed the Katipunan in revenge. Father Gil was led to the
printing press of the newspaper Diario de Manila, where a
lithographic stone used to print the secret society's receipts was
uncovered. A locker was seized containing a dagger and secret
documents.
As with the Terror of 1872, colonial authorities made several
arrestswhich included some of the wealthiest ilustrados,
including Jos Rizal. Despite having no involvement in the
secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don
Francisco Roxas. Bonifacio had forged their signatures into
Katipunan documents hoping that they would be forced to support
the revolution.
Cry of Pugad Lawin Monument, Quezon City.
In the last days of August, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan

members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to
start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event was
marked by a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates)
accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are
disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the
Philippine government: August 26 in Balintawak and later, August
23 in Pugad Lawin. Thus the event is called the "Cry of Pugad
Lawin" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin|Cry of Balintawak". However the
issue is further complicated by other dates such as August 24 and
25 and other locations such as Kangkong, Bahay Toro and Pasong
Tamo. Furthermore, at the time "Balintawak" referred not only to a
specific place, but also a general area that included some of these
proposed sites like Kangkong.
Upon the discovery of the Katipunan Bonifacio sent a circular to
all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to
discuss their situation. This is dated by historian Teodoro
Agoncillo to August 19 and by revolutionary leader Santiago
lvarez to August 22.
Monument for the 1896 Revolution in University of the

Philippines Diliman.
On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in

Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in the evening amidst heavy rain,
the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past
midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro or
Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing
of certificates at this point the house of Juan Ramos at Pugad
Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of Melchora
Aquino (known as Tandang Sora, and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's
house in Pasong Tamo and the meeting there on August 24. In any case, rebels continued to congregate and by
August 24, they were over a thousand strong.
Katipunan members Andrs Bonifacio (left) and Emilio Jacinto (right).

On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that a general attack on the
capital Manila was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Before
hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary government, with him as
President and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as his cabinet.
On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish civil guard unit, the rebels having greater
numbers but the Spanish being better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and casualties on both
sides.
Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating toward Balara. At noon, Bonifacio and
some of his men briefly rested in Diliman. In the afternoon, civil guards sent to Caloocan to investigate attacks on
Chinese merchants done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels came across a group of
Katipuneros and briefly engaged them. The commander of the guards, a Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to
the authorities and this report drove Governor-General Ramn Blanco to prepare for coming hostilities.
From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong. There, he held
meetings to finalize plans for the Manila attack the following day. Bonifacio issued the following general
proclamation:
This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the
nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal
punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the 29th
of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is
necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this
sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit,
in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force.
Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 - ANDRS BONIFACIO
The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not carry out the planned Katipunan attack on
Manila on the following day and instead attacked a powder magazine at San Juan del Monte. However, more recent
studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did push through; according to this view, Bonifacio's battle at
San Juan del Monte (now called the "Battle of Pinaglabanan") was only a part of a bigger whole a "battle for
11
Manila" hitherto unrecognized as such.
Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds of rebels attacked the Civil Guard garrison
in Pasig, just as hundreds of other rebels personally led by Bonifacio were massing in San Juan del Monte, which
they attacked hours later on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte powder magazine along
with a water station supplying Manila. The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until
reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties.
Elsewhere rebels attacked Mandaluyong, Sampaloc, Sta. Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina, and Caloocan, as well as
Makati and Taguig. Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to gravitate towards fighting
in San Juan del Monte and Sampaloc. South of Manila, a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil
guards. In Pandacan Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his life.
After their defeat in San Juan del Monte, Bonifacio's troops regrouped near Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban,
where they proceeded to attack these areas. They captured these areas but were driven back by Spanish
counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way, Bonifacio was nearly killed
shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet that grazed his collar. Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not
completely defeated and was still considered a threat.
North of Manila, the towns of San Francisco de Malabon, Noveleta and Kawit in Cavite rose in rebellion. In Nueva
Ecija rebels in San Isidro led by Mariano Llanera attacked the Spanish garrison on September 24; they were
repulsed.
By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General Blanco declared a "state of
war" in these provinces and placed them under martial law. These were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac,
Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija.Wikipedia:Verifiability They would later be represented in the eight rays of the
sun in the Filipino flag.
The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with bolo knives and bamboo spears. The lack of guns has
been given as a possible reason why the Manila attack allegedly never materialized. Also, the Katipunan leaders
from Cavite had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their lack of firearms and
preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to Manila but attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some
historians have argued that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the Cavite rebels' fault due to their
absence, as their presence would have proved crucial. In their memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in
Manila by claiming Bonifacio failed to execute pre-arranged signals to begin the uprising such as setting balloons
loose and extinguishing the lights at the Luneta park. However, these claims have been dismissed as "historical
mythology"; as reasoned by historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they would
have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that
such signals were never arranged. Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of his battle plans by
Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other
provinces (which proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities also pre-empted a
mass defection of 500 native troops by transferring their regiment to Marawi, Mindanao, which later rebelled there.
12
Final Statement and Execution of Jos Rizal

When the revolution broke out, Rizal
was in Cavite, awaiting the monthly
mailboat to Spain. He had volunteered,
and been accepted, for medical service
in the Cuban War of Independence.
The mailboat left on September 3 and
arrived in Barcelona, which was under
martial law, on October 3, 1896. After
a brief confinement at Montjuich
Rizal's execution in what was then Bagumbayan.
prison, Rizal was advised by
Captain-General Eulogio Despujol that
he would not be going on to Cuba, but would be sent back to the Philippines instead. Upon his return he was
imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
While incarcerated, Rizal petitioned Governor-General Ramn Blanco for permission to make a statement on the
rebellion.[5] His petition was granted, and Rizal wrote the Manifesto Algunos Filipinos, wherein he decried the use
of his name "as a war-cry among certain people who were up in arms";[6]stated that "for reforms to bear fruit, they
must come from above, since those that come from below will be irregular and uncertain shocks";[7] and affirmed
that he "condemn[s], this absurd, savage insurrection".[7]However, the text was suppressed on the recommendation
of the Judge-Advocate General.[7]
Revolution in Cavite
By December, the Spanish authorities in Manila recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Emilio
Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (now part of Rizal, under Bonifacio).
Bonifacio served as tactician for the rebel guerillas though his prestige suffered when he lost battles he personally
led.
Meanwhile in Cavite, Katipuneros under Emilio Aguinaldo, mayor of Cavite El Viejo (modern Kawit) and Mariano
lvarez, Bonifacio's uncle by marriage, won early victories. Aguinaldo commissioned Edilberto Evangelista, an
engineer, to plan the defense and logistics of the revolution in Cavite. His first victory was in the Battle of Imus on
September 1, 1896 with the aid of Jose Tagle defeating the Spanish forces under General Ernesto Aguirre. The
Cavite revolutionaries, particularly Aguinaldo, won prestige in defeating Spanish troops in "set piece" battles while
other rebels like Bonifacio and Llanera were engaged in guerrilla warfare. Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo
ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary government after his early
successes despite the existence of Bonifacio's Katipunan government.
The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two councils: the Magdiwang (led by Alvarez) and the Magdalo (led by
Baldomero Aguinaldo, Emilio's cousin). At first these two Katipunan councils cooperated with each other in the
battlefield, as in the battles of Binakayan and Dalahican, where they won their first major victory over the Spaniards.
However, rivalries between command and territory soon developed and they refused to cooperate and aid each other
in battle.
To unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the Magdiwang through Artemio Ricarte and Pio Del Pilar invited Bonifacio, who
was fighting in Morong (present-day Rizal) province to mediate between the factions. Perhaps due to his kinship ties
with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang.
It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction recognized Bonifacio as supreme
leader, being the head of the Katipunan. The Magdalo faction agitated for Emilio Aguinaldo to be the movement's
head because of his personal successes in the battlefield compared to Bonifacio's record of personal defeats.
13
14
Meanwhile the Spanish troops, now under the command of the new Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, steadily
gained ground.
Tejeros Convention
On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership status. The Magdalo insisted on the
establishment of revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle. On the other hand,
the Magdiwang favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly
dispersed without a consensus.
On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in Tejeros. It called for the election of officers for the revolutionary
government in need of a united front against a pending enemy offensive against the Magdalo faction. The
Magdiwang faction allied with Bonifacio prepared and hosted the election as most of the Magdalo faction were
occupied by battle preparations. Bonifacio chaired the election and called for the election results to be respected.
When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned over to Aguinaldo, who was away fighting in
Pasong Santol. Bonifacio eventually lost in other positions to members of his Magdiwang faction. Instead, he was
elected to Director of the Interior but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo, Daniel Tirona. Bonifacio felt
insulted and would have shot Tirona had not Artemio Ricarte intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the
Katipunan, Bonifacio declared the election null and void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office
as president the next day in Santa Cruz de Malabon (present-day Tanza) in Cavite, as did the rest of the officers,
except for Bonifacio.
Execution of Bonifacio
In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic Military Agreement, establishing a rival government to the
newly constituted government of Aguinaldo. It rejected the election at Tejeros and asserted Bonifacio as the leader
of the revolution. It ordered the forced enlistment of Filipino men to Bonifacio's army. The agreement eventually
called for a coup 'd etat against the established government. When a town in Cavite refused to supply provisions,
Bonifacio ordered it burned. When Aguinaldo learned of the document and reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of
Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge). Colonel Agapito Benzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon
and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio, and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco were
killed. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.
The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andrs and Procopio to death on May 10, 1897 for committing
sedition and treason. Aguinaldo commuted the punishment to deportation, but withdrew his decision following
pressure from Pio Del Pilar and other officers of the revolution.
On May 10, Major Lazaro Makapagal, upon orders from General Mariano Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers at
the foothills of Mount Buntis, near Maragondon. Andrs and Procopio were buried in a shallow grave marked only
with twigs.
Biak-na-Bato
Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured
several towns in Cavite. As argued by Apolinario Mabini and others, the
succession of defeats for the rebels could also be attributed to discontent that
resulted from Bonifacio's death. Mabini wrote:
The flag used by the Republic of

Biak-na-Bato.
This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary

cause, and hastened the failure of the insurrection in Cavite,
because many from Manila, Laguna and Batangas, who were
fighting for the province (of Cavite), were demoralized and quit...
In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay never subjected their military
commands to Aguinaldo's authority.
Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in
the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. Here they established what became known as the Republic of
Biak-na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho, and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban
Constitution.
With the new Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera declaring, "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army
can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion" he proffered the olive branch of peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer
named Pedro Paterno volunteered as negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he traveled between Manila
and Biak-na-Bato. His hard work finally bore fruit when, on December 14 to December 15, 1897, the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato was signed. Made up of three documents, it called for the following agenda:
The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.

Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution..
Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership.
Payment by the Spanish government of $400,000 (Mexican peso) to the revolutionaries in three installments:
$200,000 (Mexican peso) upon leaving the country, $100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at least 700
firearms, and another $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon the declaration of general amnesty.[8]
In accordance with the first clause, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the revolution were banished to
Hong Kong with $400,000 (Mexican peso) in their pockets. The rest of the men got $200,000 (Mexican peso) and
the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never declared because sporadic skirmishes
continued.
The revolution continues

Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General Francisco Macabulos, established a Central
Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts
resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the Philippines. The colonial authorities on the other hand,
continued the arrest and torture of those suspected of banditry.
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal an end to the revolution. Aguinaldo and his men were convinced that the
Spaniards would never give the rest of the money as a condition of surrender. Furthermore, they believed that Spain
reneged on her promise of amnesty. The Filipino patriots renewed their commitment for complete independence.
They purchased more arms and ammunition to ready themselves for another siege.
The Battle of Kakarong de Sili
During the Philippine Revolution, Pandi, Bulacan played a vital and historical role
in the fight for Philippine independence, Pandi is historically known for the Real de
Kakarong de Sili Shrine - Inang Filipina Shrine, the site where the bloodiest
revolution in Bulacan took place, where more than 3,000 Katipunero
revolutionaries died. Likewise, it is on this site where the 'Republic of Real de
Kakarong de Sili' of 1896, one of the first Philippine revolutionary republics was
established. It was in Kakarong de Sili, which about 6,000 Katipuneros from
Inang Filipina Shrine
various towns of Bulacan headed by Brigadaire General Eusebio Roque, better
known as "Maestrong Sebio or Dimabungo"[9] - List of Filipino Generals in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and
the
15
16
Panorama of the Park and the Shrine
Filipino-American War of 1899 that the Kakarong Republic was

organized shortly after the Cry of Pugad Lawin referred to as 'The Cry
of Balintawak' - Andrs Bonifacio a Filipino nationalist and
revolutionalist who led in 'The Cry of Balintawak'.
Kakarong Republic
History and researchers, as well as records of the National Historical

Commission, tells that the 'Kakarong Republic' was the first and truly
organized revolutionary government established in the country to
overthrow the Spaniards antedating event the famous Malolos Republic and the Biak-na-Bato Republic. In
recognition thereof, these three "Republics" established in Bulacan have been incorporated in the seal of the province
of Bulacan.
Facade
According to available records including the biography of General Gregorio del Pilar entitled "Life and Death of a
Boy General" written by Teodoro Kalaw, former director of the National Library of the Philippines, a fort was
constructed at 'Kakarong de Sili' that was like a miniature city. It had streets, an independent police force, a musical
band, a factory of falconets, bolos and repair shops for rifles and cartridges. The 'Kakarong Republic' had a complete
set of officials with Canuto Villanueva as Supreme Chief and 'Maestrong Sebio'- Eusebio Roque as Brigadaire
General of the Army. The fort was attacked and totally destroyed on January 1, 1897 by a large Spanish force headed
by General Olaguer-Feliu.[10] Gen. Gregorio del Pilar was only a lieutenant at that time and 'The Battle of Kakarong
de Sili' was his first "baptism of fire". This was where he was first wounded and escaped to nearby barangay
'Manatal'.
The Kakarong Lodge No. 168 of the 'Legionarios del Trabajo' in memory of the 1,200 Katipuneros who perished in
the battle erected a monument of the Inang Filipina Shrine - Mother Philippines Shrine in 1924 in the barrio of
Kakarong of Pandi, Bulacan. The actual site of the 'Battle of Kakarong de Sili' is now a part of the barangay of 'Real
de Kakarong'. No less than one of the greatest generals in the Philippines' history, General Emilio Aguinaldo who
became first Philippine president visited this sacred ground in the late fifties.
SpanishAmerican War
The February, 1898 explosion and sinking of a U.S. Navy warship in
Havana harbor during an ongoing revolution in Cuba led in April of
that year to a declaration of war against Spain by the United States. On
April 25, Commodore George Dewey sailed for Manila with a fleet of
seven U.S. ships. Arriving on May 1, he encountered a fleet of twelve
Spanish ships commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The resulting
Battle of Manila Bay lasted only a few hours, with all of Montojo's
fleet destroyed. Dewey called for armed reinforcements and, while
waiting, contented himself with merely acting as a blockade for Manila
Bay.[11][12]
Battle of Manila Bay.
17
Discussions between Aguinaldo and U.S. officials

Aguinaldo wrote retrospectively in September 1899 that he had met
with U.S. Consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville Wildman in
Singapore between 22, and 25 April, and that they persuaded him to
again take up the mantle of leadership in the revolution, with Pratt
communicating with Admiral Dewey by telegram, passing assurances
from Dewey to Aguinaldo that the United States would at least
recognize the Independence of the Philippines under the protection of
the United States Navy, and adding (as Aguinaldo writes) "...that there
was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because
the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact
equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and
assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed
with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man's word of honour. In
conclusion the Consul said, 'The Government of North America, is a
very honest, just, and powerful government.'"[13]
Aguinaldo writes of meeting with Dewey after arriving in Cavite, and
recalls: "I asked whether it was true that he had sent all the telegrams
Cartoon titled "The Filipino's First Bath" depicted
to the Consul at Singapore, Mr. Pratt, which that gentleman had told
on the cover of the Judge magazine, first
me he received in regard to myself. The Admiral replied in the
published on June 10, 1899. U.S. President
affirmative,
adding that the United States had come to the Philippines
William McKinley is shown taking a savage baby
with a spear into a body of water labeled
to protect the natives and free them from the yoke of Spain. He said,
"Civilization", while on shore figures of two
moreover, that America is exceedingly well off as regards territory,
youths (the one on the left labeled "Cuba", the
revenue, and resources and therefore needs no colonies, assuring me
one on the right labeled "Philippines" apparently
finally
that there was no occasion for me to entertain any doubts
a caricature of Emilio Aguinaldo?) steal
McKinley's clothing in the form of US flag
whatever about the recognition of the Independence of the Philippines
design. Under cartoon title text: McKinley: "Oh
by the United States." A U.S. Library of Congress Country Study on
you dirty boy"
the Philippines completed in 1991 reports that by late May (the exact
date is not given), the United States Department of the Navy had
ordered Dewey to distance himself from Aguinaldo lest he make untoward commitments to the Philippine forces.
Dean Conant Worcester, in his 1914 book The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), reports that on April 27,
1908, Pratt wrote the Secretary of State explaining how he had come to meet Aguinaldo, and stating just what he had
done. Pratt said:
[... some text apparently elided by Worcester ...] At this interview, after learning from General Aguinaldo the
state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement, which, though absent from
the Philippines, he was still directing, I took it upon myself, whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak
for the Government, to point out the danger of continuing independent action at this stage; and, having
convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet, then at Hongkong, and obtained the assurance
of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end, should the latter so
desire, I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows, through our consul-general at Hongkong:-Aguinaldo, insurgent leader, here. Will come Hongkong arrange with Commodore for general cooperation
insurgents Manila if desired. Telegraph.
_Pratt_.
... and that that Dewey replied to Pratt's telegram as follows:
Tell Aguinaldo come soon as possible.
_Dewey_.
Worcester points out that Pratt explained to Aguinaldo that he had no authority to speak for the government; that
there was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on
which Aguinaldo was to cooperate, and quotes a subsequent letter describing the particulars of Pratt's second and last
interview with Aguinaldo, in which Pratt reiterated that he had no authority to discuss the establishment of a
Philippine government as follows:
No. 213. _Consulate-General of the United States._
_Singapore_, April 30, 1898.
_Sir_: Referring to my dispatch No. 212, of the 28th instant, I have the honor to report that in the second and
last interview I had with Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on the eve of his departure for Hongkong, I enjoined upon
him the necessity, under Commodore Dewey's direction, of exerting absolute control over his forces in the
Philippines, as no excesses on their part would be tolerated by the American Government, the President having
declared that the present hostilities with Spain were to be carried on in strict accord with modern principles of
civilized warfare.
To this General Aguinaldo fully assented, assuring me that he intended and was perfectly able, once on the
field, to hold his followers, the insurgents, in check and lead them as our commander should direct.
The general stated that he hoped the United States would assume protection of the Philippines for at least long
enough to allow the inhabitants to establish a government of their own, in the organization of which he would
desire American advice and assistance.
These questions I told him I had no authority to discuss.
I have, etc.,
_E. Spencer Pratt_,
_United States Consul-General_.
Author Worcester goes on to analyze several other items bearing on the question of whether the U.S. made promises
to Aguinaldo regarding Philippine independence, and concludes with the following summary:
Consul-General Pratt was, or professed to be, in hearty sympathy with the ambition of the Filipino leaders to
obtain independence, and would personally have profited from such a result, but he refrained from
compromising his government and made no promises in its behalf.
Admiral Dewey never even discussed with Aguinaldo the possibility of independence.
There is no reason to believe that any subordinate of the Admiral ever discussed independence with any
Filipino, much less made any promise concerning it.
Neither Consul Wildman nor Consul Williams promised it, and both were kept in ignorance of the fact that it
was desired up to the last possible moment.
It is not claimed that either General Anderson or General Merritt made any promise concerning it.
The conclusion that no such promise was ever made by any of these men is fully justified by well-established
facts.
Maximo M. Kalaw wrote in a 1927 dissertation titled "The development of Philippine politics":
Just exactly what transpired at the meeting between Aguinaldo and Pratt has been a matter of debate.
The Englishman Bray acted as interpreter. A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear.
Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States
would extend its sovereignty over the Islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one
would step in. The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in
the retention of the Philippines by the United States.
18
Kalaw continues in a footnote as follows:
For Aguinaldo's version of this interview, see Resea Verdica Revolucion Filipna, Chapter III; It has
been claimed, probably with some truth, that Aguinaldo's Resea Verdica was not written by himself,
but by some of his cabinet members, most likely Bunecamino. The principal facts, however, must have
been furnished by Aguinaldo himself. It was written, it must be confessed, at the time (about September
1899) when the question of whether Dewey and Pratt had promised Aguinaldo independence, was being
asked in America.
A January 7, 1899 New York Times article, referring to correspondence published officially in connection with the
Treaty of Paris, reports that Wildman had been warned not to make pledges or to or discuss policy with Aguinaldo,
"...and he replied that he had made him no pledges.", and that Consul Pratt had been instructed "...that it was proper
for him to obtain the unconditional assistance of Gen. Aguinaldo, but not to make any political pledges." In a letter
of June 20, U.S. Secretary of State William Day referred at length to the report of Pratt's conference with the Filipino
leaders, saying that he feared that some of Pratt's utterances had caused apprehension "lest the Consul's action may
have laid the ground of future misunderstanding and complication." and that, in reply, Pratt repeated his assurance
that he had used due precaution in dealing with the Philippine leaders.
A February 20, 1899 New York Times article reports that a close friend of Consul Pratt had disclosed purported
"inside facts" about the conversations between Pratt and Aguinaldo, including (1) that Aguinaldo had indicated
willingness to accept the same terms for the Philippines as the U.S. intended giving to Cuba (though no agreement
on such terms had been reached at the time of the discussions), and (2) that Pratt was aware that Aguinaldo's policy
"...clearly embraced independence for the Philippines." No mention was made in the purported "inside facts" of any
agreements between Pratt and Aguinaldo regarding Philippine independence.
In relation to a book titled The Philippine Islands, the Times reported on August 6, 1899 that Pratt had obtained a
court order enjoining publication of certain statements "...which might be regarded as showing a positive
connection" between himself and Aguinaldo. The Times reported the court upholding Pratt's position that he had "no
dealings of a political character" with Aguinaldo and restraining further publication of the book.
A June 27, 1902 New York Times article reports Admiral Dewey testifying before the U.S. Congress that he had
made no promises. The Times article reports Dewey describing his telegraphic exchange with Pratt as follows: "The
day before we left Hong Kong I received a telegram from Consul General Pratt, located at Singapore, saying
Aguinaldo was at Singapore and would join me at Hong Kong. I replied, 'All right, tell him to come aboard,' but
attached so little importance to the message that I sailed without Aguinaldo and before he arrived."
Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines

On May 7, 1898, the American dispatch-boat McCulloch arrived in Hong Kong from Manila, bringing reports of
Dewey's May 1 victory in the battle of Manila Bay but with no orders regarding transportation of Aguinaldo. The
McCulloch again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15, bearing orders to transport Aguinaldo to Manila. Aguinaldo
departed Hong Kong aboard the McCulloch on May 17, arriving in off Cavite in Manila Bay on May 19.
Public jubilance marked Aguinaldo's return. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers employed by the
Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command. Soon after, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite, Paraaque and Las
Pias in Morong[14], Macabebe, and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (present-day Quezon), and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos. They
were also able to secure the port of Dalahican in Cavite.
19
German Involvement
During the war, Germany despatched a fleet to Manila Bay to strengthen German claims on the Philippines if the
United States abandons the archipelago. The German fleet of five ships and two auxiliaries, commanded by Vice
Admiral Otto von Diederichs, is ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests by cutting in front of US
ships, refusing to salute the US flag and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish, which had been cut off from
many supply sources in the country. Even before the Spanish-American war, the Germans allied themselves with
Spain when it comes to the possession of the country. Spanish authorities claimed that Jos Rizal, along with other
reformers, prefer German government to rule the country. German presence irritated the American blockade, most
especially because the German fleet clearly outnumbers the American fleet of six small warships. Dewey, however,
dealt with von Diederichs early enough to avoid any war between Germany and the United States. The German fleet
soon backed down.
Denouement
The Spanish colonial government, now under Governor-General Basilio Augustn y Dvila, established the
Volunteer Militia and Consultative Assembly to win over the Filipinos from Aguinaldo and the Americans. Both
groups were made up of Filipino recruits. However, most of them remained loyal to the revolution. The Volunteer
Militia literally joined its supposed enemy, while the Assembly, chaired by Paterno, never had the chance to
accomplish their goals.
The member or his son who, while not having the means shall show application and great capacity, shall be
sustained;
The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person;
The member who shall have suffered any loss shall be aided;
Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry or agriculture;
The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country, shall be favored; and
Shops, stores, and establishment shall be opened where the members may be accommodated more economically
than elsewhere.
Capture of Manila
The United States Navy waited for American reinforcements and, refusing to allow the Filipinos to participate in
taking Manila from Spain, captured the city on August 13, 1898 in what may have been a staged battle.
Declaration of Independence
By June 1898, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Philippine control. The
revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the archipelago
under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a Philippine government.
When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by Mariano Ponce, calling
for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, however, an
autocratic regime was established instead on May 24, with Aguinaldo as dictator.
It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's house in
Kawit, Cavite. The first Filipino flag was unfurled and the national anthem was played for the first time.
Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, was opposed to Aguinaldo's decision towards a dictatorial rule. He
instead urged for the reformation of a government that could prove its stability and competency as prerequisite.
Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was able to convince him to turn his autocratic administration into a
revolutionary one. Aguinaldo established a revolutionary government on July 23.
20
Aftermath
Upon the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, a Congreso Revolucionario
was assembled at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. All of the delegates to the congress were from the ilustrado
class. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of
his own, and this too failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer Felipe Caldern y Roca was instead laid on the table and
this became the framework upon which the assembly drafted the first constitution.
On November 29, the assembly, now popularly-called Malolos Congress, finished the draft. However, Aguinaldo,
who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice, refused to sign it when the latter objected.
On January 21, 1899, after a few modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the constitution was finally
approved by the congreso and signed by Aguinaldo. Two days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First
Republic and Malolos Republic) was inaugurated in Malolos with Aguinaldo as president.
On June 2, 1899, the Malolos Congress of the First Philippine Republic enacted and ratified a Declaration of War on
the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly, and
the PhilippineAmerican War ensued.
PhilippineAmerican War
On 4 February 1899, general hostilities between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry
patrolling near the border between the Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier, after which Filipino forces
returned fire, thus igniting a second battle for the city. Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to Ellwell Otis,
the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo,
Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." The Philippines declared war against the
United States on June 2, 1899, with Pedro Paterno, President of Congress, issuing a Proclamation of War. The
PhilippineAmerican War ensued between 1899 and 1902. The war officially ended in 1902 with the Philippine
leaders accepting, for the most part, that the Americans had won. At least 34,000 Filipino soldiers were killed with at
least 200,000 civilians dying primarily due to a cholera epidemic.[15] Higher estimates for total dead reach 1 million
primarily from disease and starvation.
Notes
[1] Appendix A
[2] Appendix C
[3] Ch.7
[4] The Project Gutenberg eBook: Kartilyang Makabayan (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 14822/ 14822-h/ 14822-h. htm)
[5] Anderson 2005, p.161.
[6] Anderson 2005, p.162.
[7] Anderson 2005, p.163.
[8] The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 U.S. cents, according to .
[9] Halili 2004, p. 145 (http:/ / books. google. com. ar/ books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC& printsec=frontcover#v=snippet& q=dimabungo& f=false).
[10] Halili 2004, p. 145-146 (http:/ / books. google. com. ar/ books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=olaguer&
f=false).
[11] Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq84-1. htm), Department of the Navy Naval Historical
Center. Retrieved on October 10, 2007
[12] The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey (http:/ / www. wtj. com/ archives/ dewey2. htm), The War Times Journal. Retrieved on
October 10, 2007
[13] Chapter III.
[14] http:/ / toolserver. org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Philippine_Revolution& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/
editintro& client=Template:Dn
[15] John M. Gates, "War-Related Deaths in the Philippines", Pacific Historical Review, v. 53, No. 3 (August, 1984), 367378. (http:/ / www3.
wooster. edu/ History/ jgates/ book-ch3. html)
21
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query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ph0023)), in Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (http://memory.loc.gov/
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Zaide, Gregorio (1954), The Philippine Revolution, Manila: The Modern Book Company.
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External links
Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. "True Version of the Philippine Revolution" (http://www.authorama.com/
true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html). Authorama Public Domain Books. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
(page 1 of 20 linked web pages)
Hisona, Harold T. "Opening of Manila to World Trade" (http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2011/08/1645/
opening-of-manila-to-world-trade.html). Philippine Almanac.
Coats, Steven D. (2006). "Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898". Combat
studies Institute Press. Part 1 (http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_1.
pdf) (Ch. I-IV), Part 2 (http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/coats/Coats_part_2.pdf)
(Ch. V-VIII).
The Philippine Revolution by [[Apolinario Mabini (http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/
history/mabini2.htm)] ]
23
Centennial Site: The Katipunan (http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/kalayaan.html)
Leon Kilat (http://web.archive.org/web/20070607092757/http://www.geocities.com/lkilat/) covers the
Revolution in Cebu (archived from the original (http://web.archive.org/web/20091026192428/http://
geocities.com/lkilat/) on 2009-10-26)
Another site on the Revolution (http://web.archive.org/web/20071013134717/http://philnewscentral.com/
cgi-bin/redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html) (archived from the original (http://www.philnewscentral.com/cgi-bin/
redirect.cgi?url=philrev.html) on 2007-10-13)
24
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors

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Alansohn, Aldis90, Alensha, AllanBz, Allstarecho, Alternativity, Altes, AnakngAraw, Andonic, Andrwsc, Another Believer, Anthony Appleyard, Apul231, Arch dude, Arius1998, ArmordHawk
001, Arvincas, AustralianRupert, Avoided, Aymatth2, Bacoleo, Bazonka, Bentong Isles, Biker Biker, Binksternet, Bluemask, BrokenSphere, Bruce Hall, CLW, CXP2, Cflm001, Charles Essie,
Charles Matthews, Choy4311, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Cryptic, Curb Chain, Daduzi, DagosNavy, Darklilac, Darry2385, Debresser, Delirium,
DerHexer, Diannaa, Download, Efe, El C, Elchori01, Emilsun, Everyking, Exec8, Fabrictramp, FayssalF, Filz Patrick Dureza, Fluffybun, Fusion7, Gaius Cornelius, Geodyde, GoingBatty, Gotipe,
Ground Zero, HPXqW, HZYrd, Harland1, Hemingway10, Hmains, Hugo999, Iandres, Iloilo Wanderer, J04n, J3ff, JL 09, Jackfork, Jim1138, Jkwchui, Joaquin008, John-1107, John254, Jon
Harald Sby, Jondel, Joseon Empire, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh Parris, Juliancolton, JustAGal, Jvmsg 19, KaElin, Karl Meier, Katipunero, KeepingEditorsHonest, Keithh, Killian441,
Kungfuadam, LightAj, LilHelpa, Lotje, Lynyrd Salapare, MER-C, MORALSHEARs, Magalhes, Malakasako6, Malcolm, Malcolma, Maralia, MartyWilliams, Maverick kim, Mdnavman,
Meishern, Mike Rosoft, Mimihitam, Mk32, Mr Stephen, Musketeer65, Niceguyedc, Nightvisiongoggles, Nimetapoeg, North Shoreman, Of, Omar4578, Paowerranger, Paracel63, Pare Mo, Pedro,
Pgan002, PhilKnight, Philipandrew, PhnomPencil, Piano non troppo, Piotrus, Plasticup, Pol098, Polylerus, Powers90, PrimroseGuy, R'n'B, RafaAzevedo, RafaelMinuesa, Ramirez72, Ramon
FVelasquez, Rbraunwa, RightCowLeftCoast, Rjwilmsi, Salamurai, Seth Nimbosa, Shattered Gnome, Siebrand, Sky Harbor, Solar-Wind, Soumyasch, Spidey104, Stephenb, Stevenphil, Sulbud,
TJive, Tedickey, That Guy, From That Show!, The Moose, TheCoffee, Thinkinggecko, Tim1357, Trappist the monk, Tribu akru, Troy567, TyA, Tygrrr, UncleDouggie, UnqstnableTruth, Uthanc,
Ventada de Manila, Whispering, WikiEditor50, WikiPuppies, Wikipelli, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Zerwell, Zzuuzz, 503 anonymous edits
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Zufs, 1 anonymous edits
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Zscout370
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Olfactory, Mifter
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Philippine Revolution

A 19th century photograph of the Revolutionary Congress in Malolos

Location Philippines (Southeast Asia)

Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897).

Commanders and leaders

12,700-17,700 before the Revolution, around 55,000 (30,000

Casualties and losses

Official casualties are unknown.

Map of the Philippines at the end of 19th century.

Opening of Manila to world trade

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Jos Rizal,

The lowest of the two classes was the

Rise of Filipino nationalism

Part of the Philippine

Flag of the Katipunan, 1892

Various revolts and uprisings

Key organizations Propaganda Movement

Start of the revolution

Bonifacio's Katipunan battle flag.

The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the

Cry of Pugad Lawin Monument, Quezon City.

In the last days of August, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan

Monument for the 1896 Revolution in University of the

On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in

Katipunan members Andrs Bonifacio (left) and Emilio Jacinto (right).

Final Statement and Execution of Jos Rizal

The flag used by the Republic of

This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary

The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.

The revolution continues

Panorama of the Park and the Shrine

Filipino-American War of 1899 that the Kakarong Republic was

History and researchers, as well as records of the National Historical

Discussions between Aguinaldo and U.S. officials

Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines

seq=17), Oriental commercial, retrieved 2008-02-07

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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