Mathematical Tools: Determinants and Matrices: Eaching Uggestions M5-7

285
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
Teaching Suggestion M5.1: Why Discuss Matrices
and Determinants?
These mathematical tools are needed in Markov analysis to com-
pute absorbing states. In a more advanced treatment of linear pro-
gramming, matrix manipulation skills are also desired.
Teaching Suggestion M5.2: Matrices Can Be Used to Display
Data in Tabular Form.
As seen in Section M5-3 in this module, a matrix is also a useful
tool for presenting data.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
M5-1. Matrices are used in Markov analysis and game theory.
They may also be used to represent a system of equations in linear
programming.
M5-2. One way to calculate the determinant of a matrix is to
draw the primary and secondary diagonals. The numbers in each
diagonal are multiplied. Each of the products found on a pri-
mary diagonal are added, and each of the products found on a
secondary diagonal are subtracted. The resulting number is the
determinant.
M5-3. Determinants are used in solving a system of equations
and in nding the inverse of a matrix.
M5-4. A matrix of cofactors is developed as follows:
1. Select an element in the original matrix.
2. Draw a line through the row and column of the element
selected. The numbers uncovered represent the cofactor for
that element.
3. Calculate the value of the determinant of the cofactor.
4. Add together the location numbers of the row and col-
umn crossed out in step 2. If the sum is even, the sign of the
determinants value from step 3 does not change. If the sum
is an odd number, change the sign of the determinants value.
5. The number just computed becomes an entry in the ma-
trix of cofactors; it is located in the same position as the ele-
ment selected in step 1.
6. Return to step 1 and continue until all elements in the
original matrix have been replaced by their cofactor values.
M5-5. The adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix of
cofactors.
M5-6. The inverse of a matrix may be found by dividing each
term in the adjoint by the determinant of the original matrix.
M5-7. a. Value (6)(2) (5)(3) 27
b. Value (3)(1)(2) (7)(2)(4)
(6)(1) (3) (4)(1)(6)
(3)(2)(3) (2)(1)(7)
6 56 18 24 18 14 16
M5-8.
To verify, we check to be sure that 5X 2Y 3Z 4; namely,
5( ) 2( ) 3( ) 4.
M5-9.
5 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 2
4
2
3
,
,
,
,
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,
,
]
]
]
]
]
,
,
,
]
]
X
Y
Z
]]
]
]
8
2
7
2
1
2
3
2
7
2
Z
+
5
2
3
2
3
1
4
2
3
5
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
5 3 3 2 2 ( )( )( ) ( )( )(( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
3 4 2 1
3 3 4 1 2 5
+
( )( )( ) 3 2 2
2
1
2
Y
+
5
2
3
4
2
3
3
1
2
5
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
5 2 2 4 1 ( )( )( ) ( )( )(( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
3 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 1 5
+
( )( )( ) 2 2 4
2
3
2
X
+
4
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
5
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
4 3 2 2 1 ( )( )( ) ( )( )(( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
3 3 2 1
3 3 3 1 1 4
+
( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )(
+ +
2 2 2
5 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 1
3 3 3 1 1 5 2 2 2
)( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ))
5
M O D U L E
Mathematical Tools: Determinants and Matrices
Z05_REND6289_10_IM_MOD5.QXD 5/15/08 10:56 AM Page 285
REVISED
286 MODULE 5 MATHEMATI CAL TOOLS: DETERMI NANTS AND MATRI CES
M5-10. a. Matrix A matrix B
b. Matrix B matrix
c. Matrix C matrix D
d. Matrix C matrix A: cannot be added; matrix A is (2
3) and matrix C is (3 3). Only matrices of the same
dimension can be added or subtracted.
M5-11. a. B C is 2 3
b. C B is not possible.
c. A B is not possible.
d. C D is 3 3.
e. D C is 3 3.
M5-12. a. Matrix A Matrix B Matrix C
b. Matrix E Matrix F Matrix G
c. Matrix R Matrix S Matrix F
d. Matrix W
M5-13. Job matrix Cost matrix
50 100 10 20
70 80 20 30
20 50 30 10
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
$
$
$
$
1
2
3
5
j
(
,
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
(
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
13 27 45 28
4 11 16 7
12 28 44 24
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
3 10 12 15 15 30 3 25
2 2 8 3 10 6 2 5
4 8 16 12 220 24 4 20 + +
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
3 5
2 1
4 4
1 4 5 1
2 3 6 5
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
j
(
,
\
,
(
2 3
1 4
1 0
0 1
2 0
1 0
0 3
0 4
2 j
(
,
\
,
(

j
(
,
\
,
(

+
+
j
(
,
+
+
\
,
(

33
1 4
j
(
,
\
,
(
5 2 6 1
4
3
2
0
20 6 12 0 38 ( )
j
(
,
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
(
+ + + ( ) ( )
2
1
3 4 5
6 8 10
3 4 5
j
(
,
\
,
(
( )
j
(
,
\
,
(
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
+
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
3 6 9
7 8 1
9 2 4
5 1 6
4 0 6
3 1 5
8 77 15
11 8 7
12 3 9
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(

j
(
,
\
,
(
5 2 4
3 7 5
A
j
(
,
\
,
(

j
(
,
\
,
(
7 6 5
0 1 2
2 4 1
3 8 7
j
(
,
\
,
(
+
j
(
,
\
,
(

j
(
,
\
,
(
2 4 1
3 8 7
7 6 5
0 1 2
9 10 6
3 9 9
Cost of dormitory job is $380, of ofce building job is $440, and
of apartment complex job is $260.
M5-14.
Transpose of matrix
Transpose of matrix
M5-15.
Element Determinant Value of
Removed of Cofactors Cofactor
Row 1, column 1 48
Row 1, column 2 6
Row 1, column 3 12
Row 2, column 1 6
Row 2, column 2 12
Row 2, column 3 6
Row 3, column 1 32
Row 3, column 2 6
Row 3, column 3 8
Matrix of cofactors
Adjoint of matrix
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
48 6 32
6 12 6
12 6 8
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
48 6 12
6 12 6
32 6 8
1 4
2 0
8
1 7
2 8
6
4 7
0 8
32
1 4
3 6
6
1 7
3 9
12
4 7
6 9
6
2 0
3 6
12
2 8
3 9
6
0 8
6 9
48
S
j
(
,
\
,
(
3 2 5
1 2 4
R
,
,
,
,
,
,
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
6 1 6 3
8 0 4 1
2 5 3 2
2 7 1 7
+ + +
+ + +
$
$
$
50 200 30 100
70 160 60 150
20
$
$
$ + + +
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
j
100 90 50
380
440
260 ((
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
REVISED
MODULE 5 MATHEMATI CAL TOOLS: DETERMI NANTS AND MATRI CES 287
To verify, we multiply the original matrix by its inverse. An iden-
tity matrix indeed results.
M5-17. 5X
1
X
2
240
4X
1
2X
2
320
M5-18. 0X
1
4X
2
3X
3
28
1X
1
2X
2
2X
3
16
M5-16.
Original matrix
0 96 84 0 48 72
60
48 60 6 60 32 60
6 60 12 60 6 60
12 6
/ / /
/ / /
/ 00 6 60 8 60 / /
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
48 6 32
6 12 6
12 6 8
j
(
,
,
,
\
,
(
(
(
1 4 7
2 0 8
3 6 9
Value of
determinant
Adjoint calculation
in Problem M57
REVISED

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