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MSC in Tropical Livestock Systems, 2008-20010 Research Plan

This research plan involves two experiments to study carbohydrate utilization for local growing chickens in Cambodia and Laos. Experiment 1 will evaluate chicken preferences for different forage and carbohydrate feeds using a cafeteria study approach. Experiment 2 will compare chicken growth performance when fed various sources of fresh carbohydrates (cassava roots, sweet potato, banana) and protein (dried fish, green forage). The plan describes the objectives, hypotheses, experimental design, housing, feeding, data collection and statistical analysis for each experiment. It also includes a budget justification outlining the expected expenditures.

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110 views7 pages

MSC in Tropical Livestock Systems, 2008-20010 Research Plan

This research plan involves two experiments to study carbohydrate utilization for local growing chickens in Cambodia and Laos. Experiment 1 will evaluate chicken preferences for different forage and carbohydrate feeds using a cafeteria study approach. Experiment 2 will compare chicken growth performance when fed various sources of fresh carbohydrates (cassava roots, sweet potato, banana) and protein (dried fish, green forage). The plan describes the objectives, hypotheses, experimental design, housing, feeding, data collection and statistical analysis for each experiment. It also includes a budget justification outlining the expected expenditures.

Uploaded by

chem_dream10
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MSc in Tropical Livestock Systems, 2008-20010 Research Plan

Carbohy rate !tili"ation #or local $ro%in$ chicken

St! ent&
S!pervisors&

Kong Saroeun Dr. Preston, TOSOLY, Colombia Fr. Brian Ogle, Department of animal nutrition and management Dr. Khieu Borin, Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment

1' (ntro !ction


Poultr$ produ!tion of smallholders in most de eloping !ountries is based mainl$ on s!a enging birds reared under ba!"$ard s$stems. Birds need feeds that gi e the ne!essar$ elements for bod$ fun!tions, in!luding gro%th, egg and meat produ!tion. This is a re&uirement that the free'range produ!tion s$stem does not meet ade&uatel$. To attain a balan!ed diet, it is re!ommended that in addition to s!a enging, a farmer should in!lude protein supplements from one of the re!ommended !heap but &ualit$ sour!es su!h as du!"%eed, %ater spina!h, taro leaf, !assa a leaf and so on. #nimals also need !arboh$drates for suppl$ of energ$ and heat for s!a enging (Ond%as$ et al )**+,. Some "inds of energ$ feed !an be a ailable in the illage and farmers !an supplement their !hi!"en to impro e the performan!e. The positi e effe!ts of supplementing s!a enging !hi!"ens ha e been reported b$ se eral authors in!luding Tadele (-..+,, /odrigue0 and Preston -..1, Smith -..*, Kingori )**2, O"itoi et al )**+. 3enu" and Dingle )**) in a re ie% of diet sele!tion b$ poultr$ reported strong e iden!e that indi!ated that %hen domesti! birds %ere offered different feedstuffs the$ had the abilit$ to !hoose a diet that pro ided them %ith nutrients ne!essar$ for maintenan!e, gro%th and produ!tion. 4n upland and some lo%land areas of Cambodia and Laos, man$ t$pes of !ash !rop are gro%n b$ smallholders su!h as !assa a, s%eet potato and banana (Photos -, ) -nd 5,. The !rop is a part of their in!ome. The$ are also sour!es of lo% !ost !arboh$drates for humans and animals. The pri!e at har esting time is often er$ !heap. 4n this !ase, the farmers !an de!ide to use some for feeding their s!a enging !hi!"en Feeding !arboh$drates to the s!a enging !hi!"en in the fresh form is the easiest method but some anti'nutritional fa!tors are present in the fresh form. Cassa a roots, s%eet potato tubers and banana fruit all !ontain anti'nutritional fa!tors (eg6 tr$psin inhibitor in s%eet potato tubers, 3C7 in !assa a roots and tannins in banana fruit, %hi!h ma$ affe!t the inta"e and digestibilit$.

Photo 1& S%eet potato in Cambodia

Photo 2& Cassa a in Cambodia

Photo )& Banana gro%n on upland of Laos

*ypotheses
The !hi!"ens %ill prefer !assa a roots !ompared %ith s%eet potato tubers as it is postulated that the$ ha e a greater potential to deto8if$ 3C7 (in !assa a, !ompared %ith anti'tr$psin fa!tors (s%eet potato tubers, and tannins, ph$tate !ompounds and o8alate (in green bananas, Feed inta"e and gro%th rate %ill be higher %hen !hi!"ens are offered !assa a roots !ompared %ith s%eet potato roots or green bananas

Feed inta"e and gro%th rate %ill be higher %hen !hi!"ens are offered dried fish as protein sour!e !ompared %ith green lea es but the use of green lea es %ill be more e!onomi!al.

+b,ectives
To !ompare the feed inta"e and gro%th performan!e of !hi!"ens fed on different sour!es of !arboh$drate and green lea es as a sour!e of protein To e aluate the !apa!it$ of lo!al !hi!"en to resist anti'nutritional fa!tors !ontained in fresh !arboh$drates

2' -ork plan


The stud$ !onsists ) parts and %ill be started in 9ul$ )**.. :8periment -6 (Cafeteria stud$, Preferen!e of lo!al !hi!"en for different green forages and fresh !arboh$drate feeds :8periment )6 (;ro%th stud$, Comparison of different sour!es of fresh !arboh$drate %ith dried fish or green forage as the protein sour!e.

2'2 ./periment 1& Pre#erence o# local chicken #or i##erent $reen #ora$es an carbohy rate #ee s 2'2'1 0!ration an location

#resh

The e8periment %ill be !ondu!ted for four %ee"s in the agro'e!ologi!al farm of the Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment (Cel#grid, %hi!h is about -. "m south of Phnom Penh !it$.

2'2'2 Material an metho s


1irst perio 2* lo!al gro%ing !hi!"ens at the age of ) months %ill be used in the e8periment. The$ %ill be allo!ated at -* birds per pen. Three t$pes of green forage (taro leaf, du!"%eed or %ater spina!h, and one energ$ feed (bro"en ri!e, %ill be offered separatel$ in ea!h pen. #ll green feeds %ill be offered in the same amount of D< during the first = da$s. Subse&uentl$, the amounts %ill be !hanged a!!ording to the preferen!e of the !hi!"ens. The o erall e8perimental period is ) %ee"s. The !hi!"ens %ill be gi en fresh feeds 5 times per da$ at *>6** h, --6** h and -26** h. Secon perio The same 2* lo!al !hi!"ens from the first period %ill be used. The$ %ill be di ided -* per pen. Three t$pes of !arboh$drate feeds (!assa a root, s%eet potato tuber and green banana fruit %ill be offered separatel$ in ea!h pen. One "ind of green forage (sele!ted a!!ording to results in the first period, if offered #ll !arboh$drate feeds %ill be offered in the same amount of D< in the first = da$s and then in

amounts a!!ording to the obser ed inta"es The !hi!"ens %ill be gi en fresh feeds 5 times per da$ at *>6** h, --6** h and -26** h.

2'2') 0ata collection


Feeds offered and refused %ill be %eighed to estimate the inta"e. Samples of feeds are ta"en for anal$sis. The !hi!"ens are %eighed at the beginning, after one %ee" and at the end of ea!h period.

2'2'2'2 Statistical analysis


Data for feed inta"e and !hanges in li e %eight are anal$sed using the ;L< option of the #7O?# program in <initab -2 ()**2, soft%are. Sour!es of ariation are6 feeds and error. .

./periment 2 2') Comparison o# #resh carbohy rate #or local $ro%in$ chicken 2')'1 Materials an metho s 2')'1'1 Location an !ration

The e8periment %ill be !ondu!ted for +* da$s in the agro'e!ologi!al farm of Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment (Cel#grid,.

2')'1'2 Materials
The !hi!"s %ill be hat!hed b$ in!ubator in Cel#grid and raised until the$ are +* da$s old. The feeds (!assa a roots, s%eet potato tubers, banana fruit, bro"en ri!e and dr$ fish %ill be bought from the lo!al mar"et. The best green forage from e8periment - %ill be sele!ted to use as a protein sour!e.

2')'1') ./perimental esi$n


The e8periment %ill be designed as 2@) fa!torial arrangement in a !ompletel$ randomi0ed design (C/D, %ith 5 repli!ations. There are -* !hi!"ens per repli!ation (pen, (= males and = females per pen,. The fa!tors are6 Carboh$drate feed Bro"en ri!e (B/, Cassa a root (C/, S%eet potato tuber (SPT, ;reen banana fruit (BF, Protein feed Dr$ fish (F,

;reen forage (;F,


Table 1& 4ndi idual treatments from t%o fa!tors 3r Ca Sp 3a 1 BrF CaF SpF BaF 41 Br;f Ca;f Sp;f Ba;f

4ndi idual treatments are6 BrF6 Bro"en ri!e A Dr$ fish (!ontrol treatment, CaF6 Cassa a root A Dr$ fish SpF6 S%eet potato tuber A Dr$ fish BaF6 ;reen banana fruit A Dr$ fish Br4#6 Bro"en ri!e A ;reen feed Ca4#6 Cassa a root A ;reen feed Sp4#6 S%eet potato tuber A ;reen feed Ba4#6 ;reen banana fruit A ;reen feed
Table 2& :8perimental la$out BaF Ba;f Sp;f Br;f Ba;f SpF BaF Sp;f BrGf SpF Sp;f BrF CaF CaF CaGf CaGf BrF CaF BrF CaGf BaF SpF BrGf Ba;f

2')'1'2 *o!sin$ system


# house %ill be built on the high land %ith bio'se!urit$ fen!e and %ill be separated into )2 pens measuring -.= 8 -.= m using %ooden frames and metal %ire mesh. T%o feeders (one for energ$ feed and one for protein feed, and one %ater trough %ill be put in ea!h pen.

2')'1'5 ./perimental #ee s an #ee in$


Chi!"ens %ill ha e free a!!ess to !arboh$drate and protein feed. For !assa a roots, the peel %ill be remo ed before feeding to !hi!"en.

2')'1'6 7nimals an mana$ement


)2* lo!al !hi!"ens at the age of +* da$s %ill be used in the e8periment. The$ %ill be "ept -* per pen (= males and = females, %here the$ %ill ha e free a!!ess to the feed and %ater. Before starting the e8periment, the !hi!"ens %ill be a!!inated against 7e%!astle and fo%l !holera diseases. Chi!"ens %ill be offered feed ) times per da$ in the morning (*1.**, and afternoon (-+.**,.

2')'1'8 0ata collection


Chi!"ens %ill be adapted to e8perimental feeds for -* da$s before starting to !olle!t data. Feed offered and refused %ill be %eighed and re!orded dail$ before and after ea!h of the meals. The %eight of !hi!"ens %ill be measured e er$ 1 da$s. : er$ 1 da$s, samples of feed %ill be ta"en for anal$sis.

2')'1'8 Chemical analysis


The feeds offered and refused %ill be anal$0ed to determine D< using mi!ro%a e radiation (Bndersander et al -..5, and 7 and ash follo%ing the methods of #O#C (-..*,.

2')'1'9 Statistical 7nalysis


D< feed inta"e, !rude protein inta"e, li e %eight gain and feed !on ersion ratio %ill be anal$0ed b$ using the ;eneral Linear <odel (;L<, option of the #7O?# soft%are of <initab -2 ()**2,. The sour!es of ariation are6 !arboh$drate feeds, protein feeds, intera!tion of !arboh$drate feeds@protein feeds and error. )' 3! $et :;S0<
(tems /epairing small !hi!"en house Chi!"ens Carboh$drate feeds Feed (bro"en ri!e, ;asoline to !olle!t green feed S!ales for %eighing !hi!"en Feed anal$sis Other Total 4ro%th per#ormance st! y Building ne% !hi!"en house Chi!"en egg for hat!hing 4n!ubator from ?7 Cassa a S%eet potato Banana Bro"en ri!e Dr$ fish <edi!ine and a!!ine Laborator$ anal$sis LiteratureCoffi!e supplies Lo!al tra el :8tra labor Other Total Total all e8penditure 5** -=* "g -=* "g -=* "g 2** "g 2** "g ' D<, CP, 7, 3C7, #sh Paper, in", photo !op$, telephone, internet <otor !$!le fuel, oil, repairs Pa$ment for ) assistants for = months -=** -)* =** 1* 1* 1* -+* )** -** 5** )=* 5** =** -** Total 2220 2880 ./pen it!re Ca#eteria research st! y >* 5** "g 5** "g 5* l 5 + samples ' -** )** 1* 1* 5* )* =* -** 620 ;S0

=!sti#ication o# b! $et
' :8perimental !hi!"en house %ill be built on the farm of Cel#grid ' Chi!"en %ill be hat!hed in the farm of Cel#grid ' One in!ubator needs be bought to hat!h the !hi!"en eggs ' :8perimental feed and other materials relate to e8periment need be bought from mar"et ' 4nternet at the pri ate shop %ill be needed to sear!h for literature relating to the resear!h. ' The ser i!e for tra el to lo!al mar"et to bu$ material supplies is needed. ' :8tra labor is needed to assist in feed preparation, animal %eighing, data re!ording and !leaning during the e8periment !arried out

2' -orkin$ plan


7ctivities Organi0e the farm trial Sur e$ resear!h Start e8periment /eport and paper preparation =!n =!l 7!$ Sep +ct >ov 0ec =an 1eb ?????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? Marc

Lit!rat!re Re#erences
7+7C 1990 Offi!ial <ethod of #nal$sis. #sso!iation of Offi!ial #nal$ti!al Chemists. -=th edition (K 3elri!" editor,. #rlington pp -)5* *en!k @ L an 0in$le = 4 2002 Pra!ti!al and e!onomi! ad antages of !hoi!e feeding s$stems for la$ing poultr$. Dorld poultr$ s!ien!e Eournal, ?ol. =>, 9une )**) Ain$ori 4 2002 The protein and energ$ re&uirements of indigenous !hi!"en of Ken$a. PhD thesis , :gerton Bni ersit$, Ken$a tp +kitoi L+, * M = ; o, M!kisira . 7, R 0e =on$ an A%akkel R P 2006 : aluation of lo% ' 4nput 4nter entions for 4mpro ed Produ!ti it$ of indigenous Chi!"ens in Destern Ken$a. #gri!utura Tropi!a et Subtropi!a, 5.'5 p -1>'->+n %asy *, -eson$a * an +kitoi L 2006& 4ndigenous !hi!"en produ!tion manual. Ken$a #gri!ultural /esear!h 4nstitute Te!hni!al 7ote Series K#/4 Te!hni!al 7ote 7o. ->, Februar$ )**+. Ro ri$!e" L an Preston T R 1998 Lo!al feed resour!es and indigenous breeds6 fundamental issues in integrated farming s$stems. Livestock Research for Rural Development 9 (2), http6CC%%%.lrrd.orgClrrd.C)Cl$lian.).htm Smith 7nthony = 1990 . The Tropi!al #gri!ulturalist, Poultr$. CT# <a!<illan Ta elle 0 1996 Studies on illage poultr$ produ!tion s$stems in the !entral highlands of :thiopia. <s!.Thesis, S%edish Bni ersit$ of #gri!ultural S!ien!es, Bppsala. ;n ersan er 0, Mertens 0 R an Thei/ > 199) Forage anal$sis pro!edures. 7ational Forage Testing #sso!iation. Omaha pp -=2

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