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CE5509 CE5509
Advanced Structural Steel Design Advanced Structural Steel Design
http://www.ivle.nus.edu.sg/default.asp
J Y Richard Liew
Professor
PhD, PE, MIStructE, CEng
National University of Singapore
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Blk E1A, #05-13
1 Engineering Drive 2
Singapore 117576
TEL: 65-6516 2154
FAX: 65-6779 1635
E-MAIL: [email protected]
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The module introduces students the advanced principles and
concepts of structural steel design. The course enables students
to acquire the knowledge and practical skills through the
design projects, homework and problem-solving sessions.
They should develop the capability of applying the knowledge
to produce acceptable technical designs of steel and composite
structures and their components for multi-storey
construction. It also requires students to learn how to use
d i id f bl l i design aids for problem solving
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INTENDED OUTCOME
After the completion of the module students should
have learned the principles of limit states design in
relation to composite steel and concrete construction
and to apply them to real world steel building
j t projects.
know and be aware of the requirements of modern
design codes for members (slabs, beams, columns
and joints) and systems (frames and building) under
serviceability and ultimate limit states
have the ability to design steel structural components
using basic engineering tools and design aids.
be able to produce acceptable technical design of be able to produce acceptable technical design of
steel and composite structures for the construction of
multi-storey buildings.
be aware of the contemporary issues of
implementation structural building projects,
particularly from the point of safety and cost
effectiveness
MODE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
Lectures: Key information inclusive of theories and
methods made available in PowerPoint slides. A
copy of all the slides can be downloaded from IVLE.
R di C h i l t t h b Readings: Comprehensive lecture notes have been
developed and made available. Reference list is also
given for deeper reading and research.
Design Projects: Using analysis software and design
tables for designing a multi-storey building. Each
student will be two to four weeks to prepare structural
scheme, propose options and design structural
components and frames Homework assignments components and frames. Homework assignments
will be designated to form part of the project.
Professional level and report submission is expected.
Homeworks: assignment of readings, 8 homeworks
and project works.
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ASSESSMENT
Nature of CA and final assessment
CA consists of project assignments, homework
assignments and quizzes
Quizzes and examinations
2 quizzes and one final examination
Break up of CA and final assessment
Main exam =60%
quiz and assignments =40%
Schedule assignments/quizzes/projects/papers
Every three-hour lecture will be followed with a
homework assignment. For assignment, letter grades homework assignment. For assignment, letter grades
will be assigned based on performance relative to
classmates and performance in comparison to
lecturer' expectation.
References References
Compulsory reading
British Standard Institute, BS 5950-1:2000: Structural Use of Steelwork in Building Part 1
Code of Practice for Design Rolled and Welded Sections, British Standard Institute,
2000.
British Standard Institute, BS 5950:1989: Structural Use of Steelwork in Building Part 3.1
Composite Beams, 1989.
BCS and SCI, Handbook of structural steelwork, 3rd Edition, jointly published by The
British Constructional Steelwork Association and The Steel Construction Institute, UK,
2002.
8 Chapters course notes by Prof. J Y Richard Liew.
Supplementary Readings
J ohnson, R.P., "Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete", Vol 1, Beams, Slabs,
Column and Frames for Buildings, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 2nd ed., 1994.
Steelwork Design Guide to BS5950Part 1: 2000 Vol 1 Section Properties The Steel Steelwork Design Guide to BS5950 Part 1: 2000. Vol. 1. Section Properties, The Steel
Construction Institute, 2001.
J ohnson R P and Anderson D, Designers guide to EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of
composite steel and concrete structures, Part1.1: General rules and rules for buildings,
Thomas Telford, 2004.
Nethercot, D A (Editor), Composite Construction, Spon Press, 2003.
Steel Construction Institute, Commentary on BS5950:Part 3: Section 3,1, Composite
Structures, The Steel Construction Institute, UK, 1990
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Contents
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Limit States Design
Chapter 2: Member Design
Ch t 3 M lti St F D i Chapter 3: Multi-Storey Frame Design
Chapter 4: Simply Supported Composite Beams
Chapter 5: Continuous Composite Beams
Chapter 6: Composite slab Systems
Chapter 7: Composite Columns
Chapter 8: Steel-ConcreteCompositeSystemsfor Chapter 8: Steel Concrete Composite Systems for
Multistorey Building Construction
Schedule 2010 Schedule 2010
Date Activity
10/08/2010 Lecture 1
17/08/2010 L t 2
Date Activity
12/10/2010 Lecture 9
17/08/2010 Lecture 2
24/08/2010 Lecture 3
31/08/2010 QUIZ
07/09/2010 Lecture 4
14/09/2010 Lecture 5
21/09/2010 Lecture 6
19/10/2010 Quiz
26/10/2010 Lecture 10
02/11/2010 Lecture 11
23/11/2010 Final Exam
(Recess week, but
lecture is ON!)
28/09/2010 Lecture 7
05/10/2010 Lecture 8
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Lecture 1
Introduction to Steel Design Introduction to Steel Design
BS5950 BS5950 -- Part 1 : 2000 Part 1 : 2000
St t l f t l k i Structural use of steelwork in
building
Part 1: Code of practice for design: Part 1: Code of practice for design:
rolled and welded sections
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Scope Scope
To be used for hot rolled sections, flats
plates, hot finished and cold rolled
structural hollow sections
Primarily for building structures and
other structures not specifically covered other structures not specifically covered
by other standards
Contents of BS5950:Part1 Contents of BS5950:Part1
1. General
2 Li it St t D i 2. Limit States Design
3. Materials and Section Properties
4. Design of Structural Members
5. Continuous structures
6 Connections 6. Connections
7. Loading tests
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Aims of Structural Design Aims of Structural Design
Economy, safety, fitness for purpose
Ease of transport, handling and erection
Future maintenance
End of life options
Limit States Concept Limit States Concept
Consider the limit states beyond which
the structure would become unfit for its
intended use
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
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Design Strength of Steel Design Strength of Steel
Number of results
275
2
300 350 N/
Mean
95%
Confidence limit
Strength of material
275
2
300 350 N/mm
Specifying Steel Grade Specifying Steel Grade
BS EN 10025 - S 275
Replace BS4360
A steel to
the standard
Minimum yield of
275N/mm
2
S for structural
275 N/mm
275
355
460
E for engineering
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Standardised steel grade Standardised steel grade
system system
European standard number
For hot finished hollowsection H=hollowsection
EN 10210 S 355 J2H
For hot-finished hollow section
S =Structural steel
Suffix for test
Temperature
H=hollow section
Grade designation
based on yield
Strength t<16mm
For Impact
test
J R
J 0
J 2
K2
Room
zero
-20
0
C
-30
0
C
s s
Y U
1.0 1.2
s
p
y
=
Steel grade Thickness less than or equal to (mm) Yield strength
Y
s
(N/mm
2
)
Design Strength of Steel Design Strength of Steel
S235 16 235
40 235
63 215
80 215
100 215
150 205
S275 16 275
40 265
63 255 63 255
80 245
100 235
150 225
S355 16 355
40 345
63 335
80 325
100 315
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Other properties
For analysis the following properties of steel y gp p
may be used:
Modulus of elasticityE =205,000N/mm2
Shear modulus G=E/[2(1+v)]
Poissonsratio v =03 Poissons ratio v =0.3
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
o =12 x 10-6/C
Partial Safety Factors Partial Safety Factors
Used to provide adequate reliability
Cover variability of:
material strength -
m
loading -
l
structural performance -
p

l

p =

f
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Limit States Design Limit States Design

f
Fs R /
f
Fs R /
m
F is the service load

f
is the load factor > 1
R is the resistance R is the resistance

m
is the resistance factor > 1
- Yield strength Y
s
for steels supplied in accordance with
Chinese standard GB50017 plates, hot rolled sections, hollow
sections
Steel grade
Thickness less than
or equal to (mm)
Yield strength
Y
s
(N/mm
2
)
Q235 16 215
40 205 40 205
60 200
100 190
Q345 16 310
35 295
50 265
100 250
Q390 16 350
With
material
factor 1.1
Guarantee
yield
35 335
50 315
100 295
Q420 16 380
35 360
50 340
100 325
strength from
manufacturer
is higher
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Ultimate Limit States Ultimate Limit States
Strength
Stability
Fatigue
Brittle Fracture
Structural Integrity g y
Limit State of Strength Limit State of Strength
Load combination 1:
1.4 x Dead load and 1.6 x imposed load
Load combination 2:
1.4 x Dead load and 1.4 x wind load
Load combination 3:
1.2 x Dead load, 1.2 x imposed load and
1.2 x wind load
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Limit State of Strength Limit State of Strength
Dead load, except as below
f
=1.4
Dead with wind and imposed loads
f
=1.2 p
f
Dead load counteracting other loads
f
=1.0
Dead load restraining sliding, uplift etc.
f
=1.0
Imposed load
f
=1.6
Imposed load with wind load
f
=1.2
Wind load
f
=1.4
Wind load with imposed load =1 2 Wind load with imposed load
f
=1.2
Earth Pressure (BS8002)
f
=1.2
Common Load Combinations Common Load Combinations
1. 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Imposed Load
+ NHL (0.5% total factored gravity load)
2. 1.4 Dead Load + 1.4 Wind Load*
3. 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Imposed Load
+1.2 Wind Load*
*Minimum wind load is 1% factored gravity load
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Example 1 Simply Supported Beam Example 1 Simply Supported Beam
Dead load = 20kN/m
Imposed load =25kN/m
The maximum reaction will be
Dead load = 20kN/m
5m
= (25 x 1.6 + 20 x 1.4) x 5 /2= 170kN
Dead load = 20kN/m
Imposed load =25kN/m
4m
1m
A
B
100kN
Imposed
Example 2
Consider (Deadload+imposedload)
Takingmomentsabout B
ThemaximumreactionatA =(25x5x2.5x1.6+20x5x2.5x1.4+100x5x1.6)/4
=412.5kNm
Thecorrespondingreactionat B =(25x5x1.6+20x5x1.4+100x1.6) - 412.5
=87.5kN 87.5kN
Max RB is found by takingmoments about A and usingthedead loadonly to restraintheuplift
withareducedloadfactor of 1.0onthespanAB.
25x1x0.5x1.6+20x1x0.5x1.4+100x1x1.6-20x4x2x1.0+4xR
B
=0
R
B
=-8.5kN
1.4DL +1.6IL
1.0DL
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Example 3 Gantry Structure Example 3 Gantry Structure
L d
4m
Loads
Dead =3kN
Imposed (people) =3.5kN
S/w of each leg =2kN
Wind (with people) =5kN
Wind
7m
Wind (no people) =4kN
A B
Gantry Structure Gantry Structure
4m
7m
Load combination 1
1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Imposed Load
1.4(3+2+2) +1.6(3.5) =15.4kN
A B
Reaction at A (R
A
)=15.4/2=7.7kN
Reaction at B (R
B
)=15.4/2= 7.7kN
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Gantry Structure Gantry Structure
Load combination 2
(1 0 or 1 4) Dead Load +1 4Wind load
Wind
4m
7m
(1.0 or 1.4) Dead Load +1.4Wind load
Take moments about B:
Dead load restraining uplift
DL
=1.0
R
A
x4- (1.0x2x4) (1.0x3x2)+1.4x4x7=0
ThusR
A
=-6.3kN (uplift)
A B
Take moments about A:
Dead load not restraining uplift
DL
=1.4
(1.4x2x4) +(1.4x3.5x2) +(1.4x4x7) R
B
x4=0
ThusR
B
=15.05kN
Gantry Structure Gantry Structure
Load combination 3
Wind
4m
7m
A B

Dl
Dead Load +1.2Imposed Load +1.2Wind load
Take moments about B:
Dead load restraining uplift
DL
=1.0
R
A
x4 - (1.0x2x4) - (1.0x3x2) - (1.2x3.5x2) +
(1.2x5x7) =0 ThusR
A
=-4.9kN(uplift)
T k t b t A Take moments about A:
Dead load not restraining uplift
DL
=1.2
(1.2x2x4) +(1.2x3x2) +(1.2x3.5x2) +
(1.2x5x7) R
B
x 4 =0 Thus R
B
=16.8kN
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Summary Summary
R
A
(kN) R
B
(kN)
Load Comb. 1 7.7 7.7
Load Comb. 2 -6.3 15.1
Load Comb. 3 -4.9 16.8
D i i f 16 8 kN Design compression force = 16.8 kN
Design tension force = -6.3 kN
Serviceability Limit States Serviceability Limit States
o Deflection
o Vibration and oscillation
o Durability
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Serviceability Limit States Serviceability Limit States
Deflection Limit
Internal beam <Span/200 to Span /360 or 40mm
Edge beam <Span/300 to Span / 500 or 20mm
D ift R i t Drift Requirements
Interstory and overall deflection for wind with 50 years
return period or notional loads <H/300 to H/600
Comfort Criteria
Top floor acceleration <1.5%g with 10 year return period
of service wind
Floor vibration >4 cycles/second
(including interaction between primary and secondary
beams)
See Table 8 of BS5950:Part 1
Load Test Load Test
Purpose of testing
a) the design or construction is not entirely in
accordance with BS 5950;
b) the capacity of an existing structure or component
is in doubt;
c) appropriate analytical or design procedures are not
available for designing the particular component or
structure by calculation alone;
d) th d i l d i it f t d) the design load carrying capacity of a component or
structure is to be established from a knowledge of its
ultimate capacity;
e) it is intended to construct a number of similar
structures on the basis of prototype testing.
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STEEL COST
Cementitious fire spray =$200 - $280 /ton
Sand blasting & Priming =$120/ton
2 coat paint =$150 /ton ($75/ton per coat)
Material: I or H section =$1000-1200/ton
SHS =$1500-2000/ton
Fabrication: I or H section =$580 $750/ton Fabrication: I or H section =$580-$750/ton
SHS =$600-$1000/ton
Erection & Installation = $300-$600/ton
Fabrication
I ll i
Material
STEEL COST (2007)
T t l St l C t I H S ti $4000 $5000
Fabrication
(3o%)
Installation
(20%)
Material
(30% - 50%)
Total Steel Cost: I or H Section = $4000 - $5000
SHS = $5000 - $6000
Per ton
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How to Reduce Cost?
1 Fabrication & Installation
Simple connection
Quality welding should be done at the
factory & bolting is preferred at the site
Avoid excessive weld - fillet weld is
cheaper than butt weld and easier to
inspect inspect
Consider installation sequence in design
Design for Simple construction rather
than continuous construction
How to Reduce Cost?
2 Material Economy
Use material sparingly and only when
necessary
High strength & lightweight steel?
Cost per ton for SHS is two times of I- or
H-Section
y
H Section
Be reasonable in design!
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Consider an integrated system i e
3 Buildability
How to Reduce Cost?
Consider an integrated system, i.e.,
mechanical services, superstructure and
foundation
Use high strength lightweight design to
reduce load on foundation
Use fast track constructionfor early Use fast track construction for early
return of investment
Use composite design to enhance
strength and stiffness as well as for fire
protection.
Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre
5 Levels
173mx 144m 173m x 144m
3,400 tons roof
J ack up using 10
towers
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Keppel Distripark Keppel Distripark
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26
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Conclusion
Steel is buildable compared to precast
construction construction
Cost effective and material can be
recycled.
Environmental Friendly
Light, Dry and Fast Construction
Aesthetic Aesthetic
R&D and new design codes to enhance
capability and buildability
Questions Questions
What are ultimate limit states (ULS)? What will
happen when they are violated?
ULS =strength, stability, overturning, fatigue, fracture. ULS strength, stability, overturning, fatigue, fracture.
The structure may collapse.
What are serviceability limit states (SLS)? What will
happen when they are exceeded?
SLS =deflection, vibration, durability etc.
Cause discomfort and minor cracks
How does factor of safety used in ULS design and
SLS design? SLS design?
Apply factor of safety to ULS design
Use service loads for SLS design
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Reading Reading
assignments assignments assignments assignments
BS 5950:Part 1 Code:
Clauses 2.1, 2.4 & 2.5
Reference : Chapter 1