c.

5000 BC Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c. 4000 BC The Sweet Track, a wooden walkway over boggy areas in the Somerset Levels is built. (!! ezt Bert 5000BChez irta mert csak az van a lapon de valojban 3807 vagy 3806 sooo) c. 3500-3000 BC First appearance of long barrows (burial places, ex. Waylands Smithy) and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as corpse exposure was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c. 2500 BC Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft). c. 2500-1500 BC Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; purpose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c. 1200-1000 BC Emergence of a warrior class who now begins to take a central role in society. c. 600 BC Iron replaces bronze, Iron Age begins. c. 500 BC Evidence of the spread of Celtic customs and artefacts across Britain; more and varied types of pottery in use, more characteristic decoration of jewelry. 55-54 BC Julius Caesars first and second invasions of Britain. 61 Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, led uprising against the Roman occupiers, but is defeated and killed by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus. (warlord?? ide volt szurva de idk??) 122 Construction of Hadrian's Wall ordered along the northern frontier, for the purpose of hindering incursions of the aggressive tribes there into Britannia, as recorded on the Vindolanda tablets. Gask Ridge already completed; Antonine Wall ordered shortly after Hadrians Wall. c.270 Beginning (highly uncertain dating) of the "Saxon Shore" fort system (litus Saxonicum), a chain of coastal forts in the south and east of Britain against Bermanic tribes, listed in Notitia Dignitatum (Lat. worthy of record). 360s Series of attacks on Britain from the north by the Picts, the Attacotti (a possibly cannibalistic, rent-paying tribe) and the Irish (Scots), requiring the intervention of Roman generals leading special legions. Roman general Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Roman Britain. 408 The Roman legions are withdrawn from Britain. The land endures devastating attacks by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons.

c.450 In the first year of Marcian and Valentinian, Hengest arrives on shores of Britain with "3 keels" (ships) of warriors, and are welcomed by Vortigern. This event is known in Latin as the "adventus Saxonum," the coming of the Saxons. 458-460 Full-scale migration of British aristocrats and city-dwellers across the English Channel to Brittany, in northwestern Gaul. British contingent led by Riothamus (perhaps a title, not a name), thought by some to be the original figure behind the legends of Arthur. (ez az utbbi rsz a lapon nem volt de Bert ide irta hogy Arthurian legend sooo gondoltam beszurom. eredetileg Gaulig tart ami a lapon van) c.496 Britons, under overall command of Ambrosius and battlefield command of the "war leader" Arthur, defeat Saxons at the Siege of Mount Badon. 563 and 597 Irish monk, St. Columba founds a monastery on island of Iona and begins conversion of the Picts to Christianity. Also, the Roman brand of Christianity is brought to Britain for the first time by St. Augustine, the missionary sent from Pope Gregory to convert the Saxons. 735 The Venerable Bede (An Ecclesiastical History of the English People) dies. 793 Vikings invade Britain for the first time in a surprise attack on the monastic community at Lindisfarne (Holy Island). 878 King Alfred decisively defeats the Danes at Edington; England is divided between Wessex in the south and the Danes in the north, the Danelaw.

Simon Schama A History of Britain: The Beginnings

1. Neolithic sites in the Orkneys (Skara Brae) Neolithic community uncovered by a sea storm 1000 years older than Rome high culture mounds, graves, standing stones not just shelter but living spaces (made from sandstone slabs) indoor toilet, drain system, beds cattle, dogs mussels and oysters abundant 2. Maes Howe chambered tombs and West Kennet Long Barrow high bolted masonry chamber cubicles where the bodies are laid out buried with eagles and dogs rune carvings in the wall, inscriptions 3. Life in Iron Age Britain c. 1914?? great amount of land farmed dynamic, expanding society hill forts metalware, ornamental shields amulets, brooches sculptures with archaic style sacrifices trading with Romans: furs and gold for olive oil and wine 4. Why was Britain alluring for the Romans? treasure

prestige to those who overcame the barbarians carrot-and-stick method: bring the sons to luxurious circumstances so that they would want to live like that Boudicca 5. Function of forts in Hadrians Wall milecastles, barracks (heavily manned) business function: with Picts observation 72 mi long spine(??) of Northern Britain 6. What are the Vindolanda Tablets? writing tablets, many letters thrown away, buried 7m deep 1300+ pieces 7. Romano-British lifestyle Bath, Dover luxurious baths hydraulic engineering 96-bedroom hotel fort in the middle (against barbarians) remains 15 ft below current street level 8. The arrival of the Saxons first only a minority, then occupying eastern part Romans left Vortigern morphing into the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms rebuilding old settlements dark ages 9. St Patrick and the arrival of Christianity to Britain

Roman aristocratic families patricius Irish captured him, escaped to Brittany returned to Ireland as a messenger of a gospel 6-8th century Venerable Bede first storyteller in English, founding father of English history Roman church, not the Celtic should stay on 10.What positive and negative effect did the Vikings have on Britain? (793-1066) + ships + poetic sagas + amber, fur + created England (alliance under Alfred) 11.What were some of King Alfreds achievements?(9th century) Roman Christian warrior philosopher, translated works in Anglo-Saxon understood the past and destiny of Britain rebuilt England defeated Vikings Danelaw declared a sovereign lord, crowned burh in Bath shadow of Rome lingering - plundering - pillaging - slavery

Simon Schama A History of Britain: Conquest

1. Who was Godwin, Earl of Wessex? Anglo-Saxon advisor of Edward and Cnut coruler never slept with his wife, no grandson (?? ez van a lapon de volt 11 gyereke s 7 unokja minimum?? kztk fiuk??) 2. William the Bastards childhood his steward was killed in front of his eyes ascended to the throne at the age of 8 his mother was the daughter of a tanner 3. What characterizes Edward the Confessors reign? grew up in Normandy had no children his cousin inherited the throne from Normandy (?? Harold a BILja volt??) 4. Why did Harold Godwinson travel to Normandy in 1064 and what happened to him there? to rescue his younger brother to confirm Edwards claim to the crown (? a lapon is van egy krdjel s n sem talltam clarificantiont soo idk) 5. Who was Tostig and how did he contribute to the events of 1066? Earl of Northumbria family hothead later on he joined the Vikings 6. On the whole, why did the English lose the battle against the Norman invaders? fight of Harold and Tostig Battle of Stamford Bridge the army was tired 7. What happened to the aristocracy of England? half of them died

replaced by Norman nights 12k 2 million 8. What did William do after the Battle of Hastings? Domesday Book was made to redistribute land raised taxes built churches famine 9. What is the significance of Orderic Vitalis? Norman monk
wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th and 12th century

10.What happened at Williams coronation? violence, burning half the crowd fled 11.How did William die? 60+ his horse was spooked by flaming timber and threw him against the pommel internal injuries

Edgar the born in Hungary as the son of Edward the Exile (and grandson of Edmund Aetheling Ironside). Aetheling means throneworthy and was the title given to the legitimate heir to the Crown. He, however, was too young in 1066, and nobody wanted an unstable regency. Edward the King of England, married to Harolds sister, Edith. He died in January 1066 Confessor without an heir. Edwin and grandsons of Leofric, Earls of Mercia and Northumbria. Previously arch Morcar enemies of the Godwinsons, they seem to have made a deal with Harold in 1065, who helped one of them into the Earldom of Northumbria in return for their support when Edward died. Harald King of Norway. Persuaded to invade Northumbria in 1066 by Tostig. Their Hardrada victory at Fulford and their defeat and death at Stamford Bridge probably ensured the success of Williams invasion at Hastings. Harold son of Godwine and Earl of Wessex. He was very powerful by 1066. He Godwinson was possibly richer than the King, and had established alliances with all the major magnates of England. He could claim only a tenuous link by marriage to the family of Cnut, but he was the brother-in-law of King Edward and despite having the weakest claim to the Crown, he was in the strongest position. William claimed that Harold had sworn an oath to deliver the Crown up to William on King Edward's death. This is probably a fiction. King Cnut King of England 1016-1035. He was the King of Denmark, who exploited / Canute the fragmented nature of England to seize the throne in 1016. He ruled with the help of the English Earls Godwine and Leofric. Stigand and archbishops of Canterbury and York. Primates of England. Ealdred Tostig brother of Harold and ex-Earl of Northumbria. Deposed by the Northumbrians in favour of Morcar, he fled to Norway, where he plotted revenge against his brother Harold. William of bastard son of Duke Richard II, Edward the Confessors father-in-law. He Normandy had a very shaky claim to the English throne, but what he did have in his favour was a dukedom full of Norman knights, all eager for a share of newly conquered land.

Many of them appear on the Bayeux tapestry (70m long). (Im not sure ez mirt van iderva? forrsknt or??)

Richard I (The Lionheart) born in 1157 as the 1st son of Henry II brothers tried to poison him without success he became the heir to the throne

great way to gain territory as the 3rd son of Henry II

he succeeded

like his brothers, he was fighting against his fathers authority

he failed, but his elder brother died for his coronation he invited the Jews in hope of some financial support first crusade 1095

he barred Jews from his coronation because he was a crusader

he also promised to punish those who were against the Jews massacre of Jews peace with Jews

rumour spread that he wanted all Jws to be killed

he starts getting money for the third crusade most money comes from France as he likes England better and does not want to burden the country goes on a crusade

most money comes from England as he is rather French at heart

captures Jerusalem from Saladin

goes to Acre, promises to leave everyone unharmed, but massacres all

captures Cyprus and establishes crusader base

Plantagenets

William I

William II Richards father. Henry A literary figure of the Antiquity. His works inspired romance writers. Ovid Louis VII of France Eleanor of Aquitane

Henry I

Adela

Henry II

Stephen

Marie of France

Henry the Young

Richard I

John Lackland

Richards great enemy, the Sultan of Egypt. Saladin The Great Charter. King John had to sign it in the 13th century. Magna Carta Muslims. Arabs The Garden of Love is modeled on this Biblical place. paradise Chanson de Roland the first romance. The Rules of Love Andreas Capellanus wrote them. (adultery, secrecy, courting) This woman was considered the ideal lady in the romance tradition. Virgin Mary There were nine of them between the 11th and 13th century. Richard I took part in the third one. crusade Chrtien de Troyes father of Arthurian romances. A knightly virtue, associated with virginity. chastity Richards base before going to the Holy Land. Cyprus

One of the chivalric virtues. piety This high-ranking cleric was murdered in the 12th century. Becket Henry III

One of the first romance writers. A poetess, Richard Is half-sister. Marie de France (NOPE!! ez kt klnbz szemly. Marie de France = poetess, Marie of France = princess, Richard Is half-sis) The name of the flower that appears in the title of a popular allegorical work written by Jean de Meun. rose (Roman de la Rose) Medieval anti-feminism can be blamed on the sin of this woman. Eve The goddess of love. Venus These people were massacred In London and York in Richards time. Jews Richards brother. John An armed warrior fighting on horseback between the 11th-14th centuries. knight Richard Is nickname. Lionheart