Operations Management

The Basics Of Operations Management

Operations Management

Suatu proses mengelola sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa suatu organisasi. Manajer operasi fokus kepada pengelolaan the five Ps of the firms operations:

People, plants, parts, processes, and planning and control systems.

The Production System

Input

Sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa. Suatu sistem produksi yang merubah input (material and human resources) menjadi outputs (products or services). Outocme langusng (actual product or service) atau outcome tidak langsung (taxes, wages, salaries) dari suatu sistem produksi.
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Conversion System

Output

The Basic Production System

FIGURE 151
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Production System Components

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Basic Types of Production Processes

Intermittent Production System

Production is performed on a start-andstop basis, such as for the manufacture of made-to-order products.

2.

Mass Production

A special type of intermittent production process using standardized methods and single-use machines to produce long runs of standardized items.
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Basic Types of Production Processes (contd)

Mass Customization
Designing, producing, and delivering customized products to customers for at or near the cost and convenience of mass-produced items. Mass customization combines high production volume with high product variety. Elements of mass customization:

Modular product design Modular process design Agile supply networks

Basic Types of Production Processes (contd)

A production process, such as those used by chemical plants or refineries, that runs for very long periods without the start-and-stop behavior associated with intermittent production. Enormous capital investments are required for highly automated facilities that use specialpurpose equipment designed for high volumes of production and little or no variation in the type of outputs.
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The Facility Location Decision

Decision Factors:

Customer convenience Transportation costs Labor costs and availability Sources of supplies and raw materials Owner preferences for specific locations Government policies, rules, regulations and incentives Site cost and availability

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Facility and Production Layout

The configuration of all the machines, employee workstations, storage areas, internal walls, and so forth that constitute the facility used to create a firms product or service.

2. Product Layout

A production system design in which every item to be produced follows the same sequence of operations from beginning to end, such as an assembly line.

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Product Layout for Carwash

Source: Everett Adam Jr. and Ronald Ebert, Production and Operations Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 254.

FIGURE 152
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Facility and Production Layout (contd)

A production system design in which similar machines or functions are grouped together. A production system arrangement in which the product being built or produced stays at one location and the machines, workers, and tools required to build the product are brought to that location as needed, as for the building of ships or other bulky products.
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4. Fixed-Position Layout

Process Layout

Source: Everett Adam Jr. and Ronald Ebert, Production and Operations Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 254.

FIGURE 153
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Facility and Production Layout (contd)

A combination of process and product layouts, in which machines and personnel are grouped into cells containing all the tools and operations required to produce a particular product or family of products.
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Improving Layouts by Moving to the Cellular Manufacturing Concept

Source: Source: Barry Render and Jay Heizer, Principles of Operations Management, 2nd ed., 1997. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

FIGURE 154
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Operations Planning And Control Techniques

Operations or Production Planning

The process of deciding what products to produce and where, when, and how to produce them.
The process of ensuring that the specified production plans and schedules are being adhered to.
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Operations or Production Control

A Gantt Chart

Gantt chart: a production scheduling chart (named after management pioneer Henry Gantt) that plots time on a horizontal scale and generally shows, for each product or project, the start-and-stop times of each operation.

FIGURE 155
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Network Planning and Control Methods

Network Planning and Control methods

Ways of planning and controlling projects by graphically representing the projects steps and the timing and links between these steps. PERT (program evaluation review technique) CPM (critical path method)
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Components of PERT Networks

Events The specific accomplishments in a project, represented by circles in a PERT chart. Activities The time-consuming aspects of a project, represented by arrows in a PERT chart. Critical Path The sequence of events in a project that, in total, requires the most time to complete.
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PERT Chart for Building a House

FIGURE 156
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Example of a Computerized Network Planning Report

FIGURE 157
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Inventory

Types of Inventory Items

Raw materials and purchased parts from outside suppliers. Components: subassemblies that are awaiting final assembly. Work in process: all materials or components on the production floor in various stages of production. Finished goods: final products waiting for purchase or to be sent to customers. Supplies: all items needed but that are not part of the finished product, such as paper clips, duplicating machine toner, and tools.

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The Role of Inventory Management

Inventory Management

The process of ensuring that the firm has adequate inventories of all parts and supplies needed, within the constraint of minimizing total inventory costs.

Inventory Costs

Ordering (setup) costs Acquisition costs Holding (carrying) costs Stockout costs
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Inventory Costs

Ordering (Setup) Costs

Inventory-Holding (Carrying) Costs

The costs, usually fixed, of placing an order or setting up machines for a production run.

All the costs associated with carrying parts or materials in inventory. The costs associated with running out of raw materials, parts, or finished-goods inventory.

Acquisition Costs

Stockout Costs

The total costs of all units bought to fill an order, usually varying with the size of the order.

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Basic Inventory Management Systems

ABC Inventory Management Inventory is divided into three dollar-volume categoriesA, B, and Cwith the A parts being the most active (largest dollar volume).

Inventory surveillance concentrates most on checking the A parts to guard against costly stockouts. The idea is to focus most on the high-annualdollar-volume A inventory items, to a lesser extent on the B items, and even less on the C items.

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Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

An inventory management system based on a simple formula that is used to determine the most economical quantity to order so that the total of inventory and setup costs is minimized. Assumptions:

Constant per unit holding and ordering costs Constant withdrawals from inventory No discounts for large quantity orders Constant lead time for receipt of orders

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The Economic Order Quantity Model

FIGURE 158
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Controlling For Quality And Productivity

Quality

The extent to which a product or service is able to meet customer needs and expectations.

Customers needs are the basic standard for measuring quality High quality does not have to mean high price.

ISO 9000

The quality standards of the International Standards Organization.

Controlling For Quality And Productivity

Total Quality Management (TQM)

A specific organization-wide program that integrates all the functions and related processes of a business such that they are all aimed at maximizing customer satisfaction through ongoing improvements. Also called: Continuous improvement, Zero defects, Six-Sigma, and Kaizen (Japan) A prize created in 1987 by the U.S. Department of Commerce to recognize outstanding achievement in quality control management.

Malcolm Baldridge Award

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Checklist 15.1 How to Win a Baldridge Award

Is the company exhibiting senior executive leadership? Is the company obtaining quality information and analysis? Is the company engaging in strategic quality planning? Is the company developing its human resources? Is the company managing the entire quality process? How does the company measure operational results? Does the company exhibit a customer focus?

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Quality Control Methods

Acceptance Sampling

a method of monitoring product quality that requires the inspection of only a small portion of the produced items.

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Example of a Quality Control Chart

FIGURE 159
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Commonly Used Tools for Problem Solving and Continuous Improvement

Source: Adapted from Richard Chase and Nicholas Aquilero, Production and Operations Management, 6th ed. (Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1992), p. 197.

FIGURE 1510
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Fishbone Chart (or Cause-and-Effect Diagram) for Problems with Airline Customer Service

FIGURE 1511
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Pareto Analysis Chart

Source: Jay Heizer and Barry Render, Operations Management, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), p. 182. Example 1.

FIGURE 1512
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Design for Manufacturability

Designing for Manufacturability (DFM)

Designing products with ease of manufacturing and quality in mind. DFM Goals:

Exhibit the desired level of quality and reliability. Be designed in the least time with the least development cost. Make the quickest and smoothest transition into production. Be produced and tested with the minimum cost in the minimum amount of time. Satisfy customers needs and compete in the marketplace.

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Design for Manufacturability (contd)

Concurrent Engineering

Designing products in multidisciplinary teams so that all departments involved in the products success contribute to its design.

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Rapid Plant Assessment Rating Sheet

Source: R. Eugene Goodson, Reading A PlantFast, Harvard Business Review, May 2002, pp. 1089.

FIGURE 1513
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World-Class Operations Management Methods

Total Quality Management (TQM) Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADCAM) Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Supply-Chain Management Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
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Just-In-Time (JIT)

Just-In-Time (JIT)

A production control method used to attain minimum inventory levels by ensuring delivery of materials and assemblies just when they are to be used. A philosophy of lean or value-added manufacturing manufacturing that aims to optimize production processes by continuously reducing waste. A management philosophy that assumes that any manufacturing process that does not add value to the product for the customer is wasteful.

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Just-In-Time (JIT) (contd)

Seven Wastes and Their Solutions

Overproduction: reduce by producing only what is needed as it is needed. Waiting: synchronize the workflow. Transportation: minimize transport with better layouts. Processing: Why do we need this process at all? Stock: reduce inventories. Motion: reduce wasted employee motions. Defective products: improve quality to reduce rework.

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Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

A computerized process for designing new products, modifying existing ones, or simulating conditions that may affect the designs. A computerized process for planning and programming production processes and equipment.
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Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

The organization of groups of production machines that are connected by automated materials-handling and transfer machines, and integrated into a computer system for the purpose of combining the benefits of made-to-order flexibility and mass-production efficiency. The automatic operation of a system, process, or machine.

Automation

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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

The total integration of all productionrelated business activities through the use of computer systems. Automation, JIT, flexible manufacturing, and CAD/CAM are integrated into one self-regulating production system.
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The Elements of CIM

Source: Barry Render and Jay Heizer, Principles of Operations Management, 2nd ed. 1997. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

FIGURE 1514
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Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management

The integration of the activities that procure materials, transform them into intermediate goods and final product, and deliver them to customers.

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Trends in Supply Chain Management

Supplier Partnering

Choosing to do business with a limited number of suppliers, with the aim of building relationships that improve quality and reliability rather than just improve costs. Organizing the product assembly process so that the company doesnt send finished products to its distribution channel partners, but instead sends the partners components and modules. Partners become an extension of the firms product assembly process.
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Channel assembly

Trends in Supply Chain Management (contd)

Channel Assembly

Organizing the product assembly process so that a company sends its distribution channel partners components and modules rather than finished products. The partners then become an extension of the firms product assembly process. Vendors interact with other firms via the Internet to accept, place and acknowledge orders via the Web.

Internet Purchasing (e-Procurement)

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The Supply Chain

Source: Adapted from Jay Heizer and Barry Render, Operations Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), p. 434.

FIGURE 1515
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Managing Services

Service Management

A total organization-wide approach that makes quality of service the businesss number one driving force.

Why Service Management Is Important

Service is a competitive advantage. Bad service leads to lost customers. Customer defections drain profits.
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Managing Services (contd)

Moment of Truth

The instant when the customer comes into contact with any aspect of a business and, based on that contact, forms an opinion about the quality of the service or product. Includes all of the moments of truth experienced by a typical customer, from first to last.

Cycle of Service

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The Service Triangle (Karl Albrecht)

CustomerOriented Front-line People

Customer-Friendly Systems

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How to Implement a Service Management Program

Step 2: Strategy Development

Step 3: Education

Step 4: Implementation

Step 5: Maintenance Making the Change Permanent