Devanagari

1
Devanagari
Devangar

Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century)

Child systems
Gujarati
Mo
Ranjana
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
[1]
Sister systems Sharada
ISO 15924 Deva, 315
Direction Left-to-right
Unicode alias Devanagari
Unicode range
U+0900U+097F
[2]
Devanagari,
U+A8E0U+A8FF
[3]
DevanagariExtended,
U+1CD0U+1CFF
[4]
VedicExtensions
Brhm
The Brahmic script and its
descendants
Devanagari
2
Devanagari used in Melbourne Australia to
communicate in an advertisement
Devanagari used in Public Transport Tickets at
Mumbai
Devanagari (/devnri/; Hindustani:[denari];
devangar a compound of "deva" [] and "ngar" []), also
called Nagari (Ngar, , the name of its parent writing system), is
an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right,
does not have distinct letter cases, and is recognisable (along with most
other North Indic scripts, with few exceptions like Gujarati and Oriya)
by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters. Since the 19th
century, it has been the most commonly used script for Sanskrit.
Devanagari is used to write Standard Hindi, Marathi, Nepali along with
Awadhi, Bodo, Bhojpuri, Gujari, Pahari, (Garhwali and Kumaoni),
Konkani, Magahi, Maithili, Marwari, Bhili, Newar, Santhali, Tharu,
and sometimes Sindhi, Dogri, Sherpa, Kashmiri and Punjabi. It was
formerly used to write Gujarati. Because it is the standardised script for
the Hindi language, Devanagari is one of the most used and adopted
writing systems in the world.
Origins
Devanagari is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of India, Nepal,
Tibet, and South-East Asia. It is a descendant of the Gupta script, along
with Siddham and Sharada. Eastern variants of Gupta called ngar are
first attested from the 8th century CE; from c. 1200 CE these gradually
replaced Siddham, which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhism
in East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in parallel use in Kashmir.
An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription of
Bareilly dated to Vikram Samvat 1049 (i.e. 992 CE), which
demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters
belonging to a word.
Sanskrit ngar is the feminine of ngara "relating or belonging to a town or city". It is feminine from its original
phrasing with lipi ("script") as ngar lipi "script relating to a city", that is, probably from its having originated in
some city.
[5]
The use of the name devangar is relatively recent, and the older term ngar is still common. The rapid spread of
the term devangar may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish Sanskrit texts in print since
the 1870s.
Devanagari text from Vayu Puran
Principle
As a Brahmic abugida, the fundamental principle of Devanagari is that
each letter represents a consonant, which carries an inherent schwa
vowel. This is usually written in Latin as a, though it is represented as
[] in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The letter is read ka, the
two letters are kana, the three are kanaya, etc. Other vowels, or
the absence of vowels, require modification of these consonants or
their own letters:
Devanagari
3
Devanagari in Dictionary
A final consonant is marked with the diacritic , called the virma in
Sanskrit, halant in Hindi, and occasionally a "killer stroke" in
English. This cancels the inherent vowel, so that from knaya is
derived knay. The halant is often used for consonant clusters
when typesetting conjunct ligatures is not feasible.
Consonant clusters are written with ligatures (sayuktkara
"conjuncts"). For example, the three consonants , , and , (k , n,
y), when written consecutively without virma form , as shown
above. Alternatively, they may be joined as clusters to form
knaya, kanya, or knya. This system was originally created
for use with the Middle Indic languages, which have a very limited number of clusters (the only clusters allowed
are geminate consonants and clusters involving homorganic nasal stops). When applied to Sanskrit, however, it
added a great deal of complexity to the script, due to the large variety of clusters in this language (up to five
consonants, e.g. rtsny). Much of this complexity is required at least on occasion in the modern Indo-Aryan
languages, due to the large number of clusters allowed and especially due to borrowings from Sanskrit.
Vowels other than the inherent a are written with diacritics (termed matras). For example, using ka, the
following forms can be derived: ke, ku, k, k, etc.
For vowels as an independent syllable (in writing, unattached to a preceding consonant), either at the beginning of
a word or (in Hindi) after another vowel, there are full-letter forms. For example, while the vowel is written
with the diacritic in k, it has its own letter in ka and (in Hindi but not Sanskrit) ka.
Such a letter or ligature, with its diacritics, is called an akara "syllable". For example, kanaya is written with
what are counted as three akshara, whereas knya and ku are each written with one.
As far as handwriting is concerned, letters are usually written without the distinctive horizontal bar, which is added
only once the word is completed.
Letters
The letter order of Devanagari, like nearly all Brahmic scripts, is based on phonetic principles that consider both the
manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to
as the varaml "garland of letters". The format of Devanagari for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its
application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.
Vowels
The vowels and their arrangement are:
Independent form Romanised As diacritic with Independent form Romanised As diacritic with
kahya
(Guttural)

a

tlavya
(Palatal)

i

ohya
(Labial)

u

Devanagari
4
mrhanya
(Retroflex)

dantya
(Dental)

kahatlavya
(Palato-Guttural)

e

ai

kahohya
(Labio-Guttural)
~
o
| ~
au
|
Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasal anusvra and the final fricative visarga
. (called a and . a). notes of the anusvra in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it
represents a homorganic nasal stop [...], a nasalised vowel, a nasalised semivowel, or all these according to
context". The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h], in Sanskrit an allophone of s, or less
commonly r, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the
breath: . [ihi]. Masica (1991:146) considers the visarga along with letters : a and a for the "largely
predictable" velar and palatal nasals to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".
Another diacritic is the candrabindu/anunsika . describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the anusvra,
"sometimes [...] used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the
distinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation while the anusvr indicates a homorganic
nasal preceding another consonant: e.g. = [si] "laughter", [] "the Ganges". When an akshara has
a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which is
dispensed with in favour of the lone dot: [] "am", but [] "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense
with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.
The avagraha (usually transliterated with an apostrophe) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a
vowel in sandhi: |+ ekoyam (< ekas + ayam) "this one". An original long vowel lost to coalescence is
sometimes marked with a double avagraha: =-+ sadtm (< sad + tm) "always, the self". In Hindi,
Snell (2000:77) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": !
!. In Madhyadeshi Languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal
forms [that] end in that inherent vowel", the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a,
which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: - baiha "sit" versus *- baih
The syllabic consonants , , and are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varaml of other languages.
The sound represented by has also been lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from
[] (Hindi) to [u] (Marathi).
is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to
maintain the symmetry of shortlong pairs of letters.
There are non-regular formations of ru and r.
Consonants
The table below shows the consonant letters (incombination with inherent vowel a) and their arrangement. To the
right of the Devanagari letter it shows the scientific transcription (IAST), the phonetic value (IPA) and the
corresponding Urdu letter.
Devanagari
5
spara
(Plosive)
anunsika
(Nasal)
antastha
(Approximant)
ma/saghashr
(Fricative)
Voicing aghoa ghoa aghoa ghoa
Aspiration alpapra mahpra alpapra mahpra alpapra mahpra
kahya
(Guttural)

ka
/k/

kha
/k/

ga
//

gha
//

:
a
//

ha
//

tlavya
(Palatal)
-
ca
/c,
t/

cha
/c,
t/

ja
/,
d/

:
jha
/,
d/

a
//

ya
/j/

-
a
/, /

mrdhanya
(Retroflex)

a
//

-
ha
//

a
//

ha
//

a
//

ra
/r/

+
a
//
dantya
(Dental)
-
ta
/t/


tha
/t/

da
/d/

+
dha
/d/

na
/n/

n
la
/l/

=
sa
/s/

ohya
(Labial)

pa
/p/

+
pha
/p/

ba
/b/

-
bha
/b/

+
ma
/m/

va
/w, /

Rounding this out where applicable is a //, which represented the intervocalic lateral flap
[citation needed]
allophone of the voiced retroflex stop in Vedic Sanskrit, which is a phoneme in languages such as Marathi,
Konkani, and Rajasthani.
Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. Masica (1991:146) offers the following, "In
any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as
Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive other
sounds, unknown to the phoneticians of Sanskrit". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did
inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing, or dealt through
means such as diacritics and ligatures (ignored in recitation).
The most prolific diacritic has been the subscript dot (nuqt) . Hindi uses it for the Persian, Arabic and/or
English sounds qa /q/, a /x/, a //, za /z/, : zha //, and + fa /f/, and for the allophonic
developments a // and ha //. (Although ha // could also exist but there is no use of it in Hindi.)
Sindhi's implosives are accommodated with underlining : U [], U [], U [], U [].
Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ha: + mha, nha, ha, vha,
n lha, ha, rha.
Masica (1991:147) notes Marwari as using a special symbol for a [] (while = []).
When writing Urdu, with vowel marking is used for the Perso-Arabic consonant ayin, which is silent in
Urdu.
[6]
For a list of the 297 (339) possible Sanskrit consonant-(short) vowel phonemes, see ryabhaa numeration.
Schwa syncope in Hindi consonants
Although the Devanagari script is used as a standard to write modern Hindi, the schwa ('') implicit in each
consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts, unlike in Sanskrit.
This phenomenon has been termed the "schwa syncope rule" or the "schwa deletion rule" of Hindi. One
formalisation of this rule has been summarised as -> | VC_CV. In other words, when a schwa-succeeded
consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.
However, this formalisation is inexact and incomplete (it sometimes deletes a schwa when it should not and, at other
Devanagari
6
times, it fails to delete it when it should) and can cause errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because
it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi.
As a result of schwa syncope, the Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal
Sanskrit-style rendering of Devanagari. For instance, + is Rm (not Rma), - is Rachn (not Rachan), is Vd
(not Vda) and + is Namkeen (not Namakeen). The name of the script itself is pronounced devngr (not
devangar).
Correct schwa deletion is also critical because, in some cases, the same Devanagari letter sequence is pronounced
two different ways in Hindi depending on context, and failure to delete the appropriate schwas can change the sense
of the word. For instance, the letter sequence '' is pronounced differently in - (har.kat, meaning movement or
activity) and = (sarak.na, meaning to slide). Similarly, the sequence + in n + n (the heart started
beating) and in n + (beats of the heart) is identical prior to the nasalisation in the second usage. Yet, it is
pronounced dhadak.ne in the first and dhad.kane in the second. While native speakers correctly pronounce the
sequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound
very unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning.
Allophony of 'v' and 'w' in Hindi
[v] (the voiced labiodental fricative) and [w] (the voiced labio-velar approximant) are both allophones of the single
letter '' in Hindi Devanagari. More specifically, they are conditional allophones, i.e. rules apply on whether '' is
pronounced as [v] or [w] depending on context. Native Hindi speakers pronounce '' as [v] in vrat ('-', fast) and [w]
in pakwan ('', food dish), perceiving them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophone
distinctions they are systematically making. However, this specific allophony can become obvious when speakers
switch languages. Non-native speakers of Hindi might pronounce '' in '-' as [w], i.e. as wrat instead of the more
correct vrat. This results in a minor intelligibility problem because wrat can easily be confused for aurat,
[citation
needed]
which means woman, instead of the intended fast (abstaining from food), in Hindi.
Conjuncts
The ddhrya-ligature (+) of JanaSanskritSans.
You will be able to see the ligatures only if your system has a
Unicode font installed that includes the required ligature glyphs
(such as one of the TDIL fonts, see "external links" below).
As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them
may physically join together as a conjunct or ligature. The government
of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with
special exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, there
are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this
page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules:
24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (, ,
etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. - + = -, + = , = +
= =. In Unicode, these consonants without their vertical stems are called half forms. - (a) appears as a
different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding va, na, - ca, n la, and ra, causing these second
members to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus - va, - na, -- ca -n la, and - ra.
r(a) as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its -diacritic. e.g.
rva, rv, = rspa, = rsp. As a final member with - : it is two lines below the character,
pointed downwards and apart. Thus - : . Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke
extending leftwards and down. e.g. -. - ta is shifted up to make - tra.
As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as d(a) and h(a) may have their second
member, reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. k(a), ch(a), and + ph(a)
Devanagari
7
shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member.
The conjuncts for k and j are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct for
k is + ( + +)and for j it is ( + ). In addition, the conjunct for dya, , is not clearly derived either
from and .
The table below shows all the 1296 viable symbols for the biconsonantal clusters formed by collating the 36
fundamental symbols of Sanskrit as listed in Masica (1991:161162). Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to reveal
their romanizations (in ISO 15919
[7]
) and IPA transcriptions.
Biconsonantal conjuncts
: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
:
: : : : :: :- : : :: : : :- : : : :- : : :+ : : :+ : :- :+ : : :n : :- :+ := : : :+ :
-
- - - - -: -- - - -: - - -- - - - -- - - -+ - - -+ - -- -+ - - -n - -- -+ -= - - -+ -

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
:
: : : : :: :- : : :: : : :- : : : :- : : :+ : : :+ : :- :+ : : :n : :- :+ := : : :+ :

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
-
- - - - -: -- - - -: - - -- - - - -- - - -+ - - -+ - -- -+ - - -n - -- -+ -= - - -+ -

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
-
- - - - -: -- - - -: - - -- - - - -- - - -+ - - -+ - -- -+ - - -n - -- -+ -= - - -+ -

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
+
+ + + + +: +- + + +: + + +- + + + +- + + ++ + + ++ + +- ++ + + +n + +- ++ += + + ++ +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
+
+ + + + +: +- + + +: + + +- + + + +- + + ++ + + ++ + +- ++ + + +n + +- ++ += + + ++ +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
Devanagari
8
-
- - - - -: -- - - -: - - -- - - - -- - - -+ - - -+ - -- -+ - - -n - -- -+ -= - - -+ -
+
+ + + + +: +- + + +: + + +- + + + +- + + ++ + + ++ + +- ++ + + +n + +- ++ += + + ++ +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
n
n n n n n: n- n n n: n n n- n n n n- n n n+ n n n+ n n- n+ n n nn n n- n+ n= n n n+ n

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
-
- - - - -: -- - - -: - - -- - - - -- - - -+ - - -+ - -- -+ - - -n - -- -+ -= - - -+ -
+
+ + + + +: +- + + +: + + +- + + + +- + + ++ + + ++ + +- ++ + + +n + +- ++ += + + ++ +
=
= = = = =: =- = = =: = = =- = = = =- = = =+ = = =+ = =- =+ = = =n = =- =+ == = = =+ =

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +

: - : - - + + - + n - + = +
Accent marks
The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha. In the Rigveda, anudtta is
written with a bar below the line (), svarita with a stroke above the line () while udtta is unmarked.
Punctuation
The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with a dot known as a pra virm or a vertical line danda: .
The end of a full verse may be marked with two vertical lines: . A comma, or alpa virm, is used to denote a natural
pause in speech. Nowadays though, with expansion of English speakers in India, the full stop is also sometimes used.
Old forms
The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts.
Letter variants
Standard form
Variant form
Devanagari
9
Numerals
- -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|+ Devanagari digits
Transliteration
There are several methods of Romanisation or transliteration from Devanagari to the Roman script.
Hunterian system
The Hunterian system is the "national system of romanisation in India" and the one officially adopted by the
Government of India.
ISO 15919
A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map the
much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. See also: Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO
15919. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, IAST.
IAST
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is the academic standard for the romanisation of
Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wider
availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. It is based on a standard established by
the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912.
The National Library at Kolkata romanisation, intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts, is an extension of
IAST.
Harvard-Kyoto
Compared to IAST, Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST
contains. This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters that can be
difficult to read in the middle of words.
ITRANS
ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet. It is an
extension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. In ITRANS, the word devangar is written "devanaagarii" or
"devanAgarI". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts.
The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor displays the Roman letters into Devanagari (or other
Indic languages). The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July, 2001.
Devanagari
10
ALA-LC Romanisation
ALA-LC romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library
Association, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a
table for Hindi, one for Sanskrit and Prakrit, etc.
Encodings
ISCII
ISCII is a fixed-length 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII, the upper 128 codepoints are
ISCII-specific.
It has been designed for representing not only Devanagari but also various other Indic scripts as well as a
Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts.
ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its
Indic language blocks.
Devanagari in Unicode
The Unicode Standard defines three blocks for Devanagari : Devanagari (U+0900U+097F), Devanagari Extended
(U+1CD0U+1CFF), and Vedic Extensions (U+A8E0U+A8FF). Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
Devanagari
[1]
Unicode.org chart
[2]
(PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+090x
U . U ] !
U+091x
~ ~ ~ ~ : - :
U+092x
- - + + + - +
U+093x
: n - + = U U
U+094x
| | | | U U
U+095x
U U U + n : : +
U+096x
- -
U+097x
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3
Devanagari
11
Devanagari Extended
[1]
Unicode.org chart
[3]
(PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+A8Ex

U+A8Fx
-
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3
Vedic Extensions
[1]
Unicode.org chart
[4]
(PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1CDx

U+1CEx

U+1CFx

Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3
Devanagari keyboard layouts
InScript is the standard keyboard layout for Devanagari. It is inbuilt in all modern major operating systems.
Microsoft Windows supports the InScript layout (using the Mangal font), which can be used to input unicode
Devanagari characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones.
InScript layout
A Devanagari INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard.
Devanagari
12
Typewriter
This layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backward
compatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout.
Phonetic
Such tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in roman and the IME automatically converts it into
Devanagari. Some popular phonetic typing tools are BarahaIME and Google IME.
Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux/GNOME
The Mac OS X operating system includes two different keyboard layouts for Devanagari: one is much like
INSCRIPT/KDE Linux, the other is a phonetic layout called "Devanagari QWERTY".
References
[1] [1] Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
[2] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0900. pdf
[3] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ UA8E0. pdf
[4] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U1CD0. pdf
[5] [5] Monier Williams Online Dictionary
[6] Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006. "Voices people write: Examining Urdu in devanagari" (http:/ / www. ling. ohio-state. edu/ NWAV/ Abstracts/
Papr172. pdf)
[7] The romanization shown is identical to IAST, except that (which is not used in Sanskrit) has the ISO romanization , which in IAST is the
dental vowel l.
Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&
printsec=frontcover& dq=indo-aryan+ languages), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.
Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN978-0-07-141984-0.
Salomon, Richard (2003), "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh,
The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp.67103, ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.
Devanagari
13
Verma, Sheela (2003), "Magahi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge,
pp.498514, ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.
Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory (http:/ / sanskritdocuments. org/
learning_tutorial_wikner/ index. html).
External links
Unicode Chart for Devanagari (http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0900. pdf)
Hindi/Devanagari Script Tutor (http:/ / www. avashy. com/ hindiscripttutor. htm)
For a list of Devanagari input tools and fonts, please see Help:Multilingual support (Indic).
Article Sources and Contributors
14
Article Sources and Contributors
Devanagari Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579072489 Contributors: 100110100, 195.186.255.xxx, 200.191.188.xxx, 4pq1injbok, 8ung3st, Aarp65, Abecedare,
AbigailAbernathy, Achernar, Aeusoes1, Aftermath, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, AjitDongre, AjitPD, Ajvanari, Akosiyavre, Akut, Alcarinqu, AlimanRuna, AlistairMcMillan, Alpertron,
Alpha Quadrant, Alteaven, Alton, Ambarish, Amilah, Amire80, Amitmankikar, Amitpagarwal, AmritTuladhar, Anarkisto, Andres, Angr, Anthony Appleyard, Anupam, Arjun G. Menon, Arjuna,
Arthena, Arvindn, Ashesdhakal, AxelBoldt, BD2412, Basawala, Bazonka, Benwing, BernardM, Bharatveer, Bill william compton, Bobblehead, Bonadea, Boud, Buddhipriya, CFynn,
CKSemmens, Cacophony, Carlossuarez46, CesarB, Chhora, ChrisGualtieri, Christian75, Chtito, Cinabrium, Cjcollier, Cmdrjameson, Cmichael, Cminard, Colonies Chris, Conversion script,
Coolgama, Coolpokhrel, Crazycomputers, Crculver, Curb Chain, D6, DBaba, DaGizza, Damezi, DanIssa, Dangerous-Boy, Das appu, DavidConrad, Dbachmann, DePiep, Deepak D'Souza,
Deeptrivia, Deflective, Den fjttrade ankan, DerBorg, DerekWinters, Desiphral, Diderot, Dmpendse, DocWatson42, Don4of4, DopefishJustin, Dreamingclouds, Drmccreedy, Dwo, E557,
Echalon, Eequor, Electronz, Encephalon, Esteban.barahona, Estlandia, Ettrig, Eukesh, Evertype, Everyking, Fibonacci, FilipeS, FlareNUKE, Florian Blaschke, FlyHigh, Friendlyliz, GKarunakar,
GSMR, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo, GatesPlusPlus, Gatewaycat, Gd, Geke, Geneb1955, Ghousebarq, Gmalivuk, Goldfishbutt, Graham87, Grammatical error, Grey Shadow, Gronky, Grover
cleveland, Hairy Dude, Hannes Hirzel, Hariva, Harryy, Harsimaja, Hede2000, Hendrick 99, Hephaestos, Hijiri88, Hippietrail, Hirzel, Historylover4, Homohabilis, Hosur1, Hu, Hunnjazal,
Hvn0413, Ignacioerrico, Imc, Imz, Indexheavy, Indra Manvantara, Iranway, JFHJr, JIP, JPG-GR, Jazzmand, Jiang, Jn0101, Joao Xavier, Jojit fb, JonathanDailey, Jonkerz, Jonsafari, Joost, Jossi,
Jpgordon, JzG, Kartheeque, Kashmiri, Kathmandu2007, Katyare, Kelisi, Kess, Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, Kotakkasut, Kricxjo, KrozanDarshan, Kukkurovaca, Kurros, Kurykh, Kwamikagami, La
goutte de pluie, LanguageExpert, Largoplazo, Le Anh-Huy, Leaflord, Leewonbum, Lentower, Lethe, Liberatus, Linda Martens, Lipikaar, LittleDan, LjL, MacedonianBoy, Maduixa,
Magicalsaumy, Mahmudmasri, Mallerd, Manishearth, MantisEars, Mantri7, Maquahuitl, Marcika, Mark Arsten, Marnen, Marosszk, Marquishdoranga, MarsRover, Mastmastkalandar, MegA,
Mehul.hmv, Melesse, Menchi, Meursault2004, Mhss, Mike Rosoft, Miljoshi, Mishrasaurabhk, Mkweise, Mlpkr, Monedula, Monni95, Morganiq, Morwen, Mravinszky, Muslimnity, N-true,
NTox, Nagaraja2012, Nagarjuna198, Nanib, Nate Silva, Netsnipe, New!!!!!oneone, Nijgoykar, Ninly, Nirendram, Node ue, Nohat, Norm mit, Northumbrian, Nothingofwater, Ntsimp,
Octahedron80, Oghmoir, Orphan Wiki, Osprey39, Ottocs, PEHook, Paddu, Parmaatma, Pasquale, Pathare Prabhu, Patrourke, Paul Drye, Pavel Vozenilek, Pcyrus, Pediddle, Petropoxy (Lithoderm
Proxy), Piccadilly Sirkus, Pichpich, PierreAbbat, Pjacobi, Pksharmakolkata, Pne, Poccil, Prabeshdhaubaji, Pratyeka, PuzzletChung, QuartierLatin1968, Rabinssharma, RajeshPandey, Rajsamb,
Rakeshshrestha, Rao Ravindra, Ravidreams, Rboatright, RedSirus, Redtigerxyz, Reedy, Richmond62, Richmondmathewson, Rjwilmsi, Roberts7, Robertvan1, Rocketrod1960, Roozbeh, Ross
Burgess, RoySmith, Russthehead, Rjagha, ST47, Salih, Sarayuparin, Sardanaphalus, Sarkar2000, Sassisch, Savitr108, Sburke, Semper15, Shibo77, Shinmawa, Shree, Shreevatsa, Shrish,
Sidhekin, Sijisunny, SilverFox183, Silverxxx, Sintaku, Skal, Skoosh, Slazenger, Slowlikemolasses, Smaines, Snoyes, Soam Vasani, SoniaSingh04, Soporaeternus, Spacebirdy, SpacemanSpiff,
Spundun, Squids and Chips, Sreekanthv, Stateofart, Ste4k, Stevan White, Stevertigo, Storkk, Sudar, Sudipta.kamila, Sukh, Sureshkrshukla, Suruena, Svenlafe, Syed Wamiq Ahmed Hashmi,
TShilo12, Tachitsuteto, Tahmasp, Tarquin, Tbone, Technoguff, Tejas81, Tekacs, The Man in Question, The Nut, The Raven's Apprentice, TheFeds, Theunixgeek, Tibetologist, Tinkuxlnc,
Titodutta, Tobias Conradi, Toktok, Tovk909, Tranter, Trinathkar, Triwikanto, Tslocum, Tuncrypt, Typhlosion, Uanfala, Ugog Nizdast, Unyoyega, Urhixidur, User6854, UsmanKhanDiri,
UsmanKhanShah, UsmanullahPK, Utcursch, VASANTH S.N., Vamooom, Vanisaac, Vedantm, Vijayl, Vinay.iyer1, VishalB, Vishvas vasuki, Wakantanka, Wakari07, Wareh, Wavelength,
Westonmr, Wik, WikiMarshall, Wikibout, Will Beback Auto, WolfgangRieger, Woohookitty, Xiaopo, Yann, Yom, Zappaz, Zeman, Zerokitsune, Zoomzoom316, ZxxZxxZ, .,
, , 410 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abhishekjoshi, BernardM, David.Monniaux,
Imz, Ranveig
File:Devnagari used in Melbourne Australia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devnagari_used_in_Melbourne_Australia.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Katyare
File:PublicTransportinMumbaiTicketUsingDevnagari.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PublicTransportinMumbaiTicketUsingDevnagari.jpg License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Katyare
File:A page from Dictionary using Devnagari.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_page_from_Dictionary_using_Devnagari.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Katyare
File:Use of Devnagari in Dictionary.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Use_of_Devnagari_in_Dictionary.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:Katyare
Image:JanaSanskritSans ddhrya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was
Dbachmann at en.wikipedia. Converted to SVG by Renata3.
File:Devanagari new a.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_a.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari old a.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_a.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:BernardM
File:Devanagari new aa.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_aa.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari old aa.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_aa.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari new o.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_o.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari old o.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_o.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:BernardM
File:Devanagari new au.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_au.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari old au.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_au.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari new jh.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_jh.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari old jh.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_jh.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari new n.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_n.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:BernardM
File:Devanagari retroflex na alternate.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_retroflex_na_alternate.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Alexbcd
Image:Devanagari INSCRIPT Keyboard.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: =- + -n Suresh Kumar Shukla
Image:Hindi typewriter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hindi_typewriter.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Immanuel Giel
Image:Bolnagri map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bolnagri_map.png License: GNU General Public License Contributors: IndLinux team.
License
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