OISD STANDARD-117 Amended Edition August, 2000 FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION

FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES FOR PETROLEU DEPOTS, TER INALS AND PIPELINE INSTALLATIONS

P!e"#!ed $% CO ITTEE ON FIRE PROTECTION

OIL INDUSTR& SAFET& DIRECTORATE 2ND FLOOR, 'AILAS( $UILDIN), 2*, '+)+ AR), NE, DEL(I - 110001

NOTE
OISD publications are prepared for use in the oil and gas industr under !inistr of "etroleu# $ Natural %as& These are the propert of !inistr of "etroleu# $ Natural %as and shall not be reproduced or copied and loaned or e'hibited to others (ithout (ritten consent fro# OISD& Though e)er effort has been #ade to assure the accurac and reliabilit of the data contained in these docu#ents* OISD hereb e'pressl disclai#s an liabilit or responsibilit for loss or da#age resulting fro# their use& These docu#ents are intended to supple#ent rather than replace the pre)ailing statutor re+uire#ents&

Note 2 in superscript indicates the modification/changes/addition based on the amendments approved in the 18th Safety Council meeting held in August,2000

FORE,ARD The oil industr in India is nearl ,-- ears old& As such a )ariet of practices ha)e been in )ogue because of collaboration.association (ith different foreign co#panies and go)ern#ents& Standardisation in design philosophies and operating and #aintenance practices at a national le)el (as hardl in e'istence& This* coupled (ith feed bac/ fro# so#e serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad* e#phasised the need for the industr to re)ie( the e'isting state of art in designing* operating* and #aintaining oil and gas installations& 0ith this in )ie(* Oil Industr Safet Directorate 1OISD2 (as established in ,345 staffed fro# (ithin the industr in for#ulating and i#ple#enting a series of self regulator #easures ai#ed at re#o)ing obsolescence* standardising and upgrading the e'isting standards to ensure safer operations& Accordingl OISD constituted a nu#ber of functional co##ittees co#prising e'perts no#inated fro# the industr to dra( up standards and guidelines on )arious sub6ects& The present docu#ent on fire protection facilities for petroleu# Depots* Ter#inals and "ipeline installations is the a#ended edition of the docu#ent prepared b the Functional Co##ittee on 7Fire Fighting and Safet 7 (hich (as published in 8ul * ,343& This docu#ent is prepared based on the accu#ulated /no(ledge and e'perience of industr #e#bers and the )arious national and international codes and practices& It is hoped that the pro)ision of this docu#ent (ill go a long (a to i#pro)e the safet and reduce accidents in the Oil and %as Industr & Suggestions are in)ited fro# the users for further i#pro)e#ent after it is put into practice& Suggestions for a#end#ents to this docu#ent should be addressed to9 The Coordinator Co##ittee on :Fire Fighting and Safet : Oil Industr Safet Directorate ;ND FLOOR* <AILAS= >UILDIN%* ;5* <&%&!AR%* NE0 DEL=I ? ,,---,

COMMITTEE ON FIRE PROTECTION

List of Members ___________________________________________________________ S&No& Na#e Organisation @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Leader Sh& R&"& >hatla upto A,&,;&3B Sh& !&!& <apoor (&e&f& ,&,&3C !e#bers ,& Sh& R&"& Sa'ena ;& Sh& >& >alan A& Sh& %&S& 0an/hede B& Sh& C&T& Anant/rishanan C& Sh& S&C& 8ain 5& Sh& =&<&>& Singh D& Sh& E& <oti Co?ordinator Sh& Ei6a !& Ranal/ar Upto 8ul * ,335 Oil Industr Safet Directorate Oil Natural %as Corporation =industan "etroleu# Corp& Ltd& >harat "etroleu# Corp& Ltd& Indian Oil Corp& Ltd Indian Oil Corp& Ltd I>" Co& Ltd& Indian Oil Corp& Ltd 1 "ipeline2 Engineers India Li#ited Engineers India Li#ited

Sh& <&S& %aneshan Oil Industr Safet Directorate (&e&f& August* ,335 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ In addition to the abo)e* se)eral other e'perts fro# industr contributed in the preparation* re)ie( and finalisation of this docu#ent&

FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES FOR

PETROLEU

DEPOTS, TER INALS AND PIPELINE INSTALLATIONS CONTENTS

SECTION ,&A&A&, A&; A&A B&B&, B&; B&A B&B B&C B&D C&C&, C&; 5&5&, 5&; D&4&4&, 4&; 4&A 4&B 4&C 4&5 4&D 3&B&5 ;&-

DESCRIPTION Introduction Scope Definitions "etroleu# Depots* Ter#inals $ Oil Installations Classification of "etroleu# "roducts Flash "oint Fire "rotection Facilities %eneral Consideration Design Criteria of Fire "rotection S ste# Fire 0ater S ste# Foa# S ste# =alon. Its pro)en e+ui)alent "rotection S ste# First Aid Fire Fighting E+uip#ent !obile Fire Fighting E+uip#ent Fire Alar#.Co##unication S ste# Co##unication S ste# Fire Alar# S ste# Fire Safet Organisation.Training Organistation Training Fire E#ergenc !anual Fire "rotection S ste#* Inspection and Testing Fire 0ater "u#ps Fire 0ater Ring !ain Fire 0ater Spra S ste# Fi'ed. Se#i Fi'ed Foa# S ste# =alon . Its pro)en e+ui)alent S ste# =oses Co##unication S ste# Reference

Anne'ures ,& ;& A& 4. 5. T pical E'a#ple for calculation of Fire 0ater Flo( Rate Auto#ated actuated foa# flooding s ste# for larger floating roof tan/s brief description of fire fighting foa# T pical E'a#ple of fire case in a large floating roof tan/ after sin/ing of floating roof T pical E'a#ple for (ater rate calculation for "OL tan/ (agon loading gantr protection

!"#$ %#&'$C'"&N !AC"("'"$S !&# %$'#&($)* +$%&'S, '$#*"NA(S AN+ %"%$("N$

"NS'A((A'"&NS
10 "N'#&+)C'"&N
Petroleum depots and terminals are generally located in the remote areas and near railway sidings. However, the experience shows that with the passage of time, these get surrounded by residential/industrial installations. The inventory of flammable materials stored therein necessitates inbuilt fire protection facilities. It can be impractical and prohibitively costly to design fire protection facilities to control catastrophic fires. The usual requirement of a good system is to prevent emergencies from developing into ma or threat to the oil installation and surroundings. The fire fighting facilities required for the oil storages have been described in the following chapters. However, these shall be examined with due consideration to availability of the fire fighting services from city fire brigade and nearby installations and other neighbouring industries. It is not intended that the requirement of this !tandard should be applied rigidly to existing premises which were approved by !tatutory "uthorities prior to #uly$%& 'publication of (irst )dition of *I!+, !T+,--./ where for a variety of reasons, it may not be practicable to comply with. This standard will, however, help in selective implemention of the recommendations at such locations for which a suitable structured approach should be adopted to carry out the review at site 0eeping in mind, the practicability, 2.2 acceptance of management 1 *I!+ requirement.

20
2.-

SC&%$
This standard lays down the minimum requirement of the fire protection facilities at petroleum depots, terminals, pipeline installations with or without storages, 3roup 3athering !tations '33!/, *il 4ollecting !tations '*4!/ and 4entral Tan0 (arms '4T(/. However, in case above facilities are located within the 5efineries 1 *il / 3as Processing Plants under the same management, water storage 1 pumping facilities as per *I!+, !T+,--6 may be considered to protect both. This standard does not cover the Plants handling 7iquified Petroleum 3as '7P3/ !torage, handling and bottling . The same are covered in *I!+,!T+,-88, --6 or -6& as the case may be. This standard does not cover fire protection facilities for 5efineries, 3as Processing Plants for which *I!+,!T+,--6 should be referred to.

2.9

,0
,1

+$!"N"'"&NS
%$'#&($)* '$#*"NA(S +$%&'S -

That portion of a property where combustible/flammable liquids are received by tan0er, pipelines, tan0 wagons, tan0 truc0s and are stored or blended in bul0 for the purpose of distributing such liquids by tan0ers, pipelines, tan0 wagons, tan0 truc0s,

portable tan0s or containers. ,11 %"%$("N$ "NS'A((A'"&NS. Pipeline Installations are those facilities on cross,country pipelines which have pumping and / or delivery station with or without storages. ,2 C(ASS"!"CA'"&N %$'#&($)* %#&+)C'S /eneral Classification. Petroleum products other than 7P3 which is a separate category, are classified according to their closed cup (7"!H P*I:T! as follows; 4lass $"$ 7iquids which have a flash point below 29 +egree 4. 7iquids which have a flash point at 29 +egree 4. and above but below 6= +egree 4. 7iquids which have a flash point at 6= +egree 4. and above but below &9 +egree 4. 11 111 &! ,,

those carrying lighter products. !(AS0 %&"N' The flash point of a liquid is the minimum temperature at which the liquid gives off vapour in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid within a container.

10

,21

!"#$ !AC"("'"$S

%#&'$C'"&N

/$N$#A( C&NS"+$#A'"&NS (ayout . 7ayout of a bul0 oil storage location should be done in "ccordance with *I!+,!T+,--% on ?7ayouts for *il 1 3as Installation@. " good layout provides adequate fire fighting access, means of escape in case of fire and also segregation of facilities so that the ad acent facilities are not endangered during a fire.

4lass $<$

112

!"#$ %#&'$C'"&N. The following fire protection facilities shall be provided depending upon nature of ris0 in the installation. , , , (ire Aater !ystem (oam !ystem Halon / Its proven equivalent Protection !ystem (irst "id )quipment (ire (ighting

4lass $4$

>nclassified; 7iquids which have a flash point of &9 +egree 4. and above. ,22 Classification %roducts. for 0eated

"t locations where the handling temperatures are higher than the flash point of the product in circumstances where product handled is artificially heated to above its flash point, special consideration should be given in the plant layout and product line layout for heated products laid alongside

, ,

Bobile (ire (ighting )quipment (ire !ystem alarm/4ommunication

12

+$S"/N C#"'$#"A for %#&'$C'"&N S2S'$*

!"#$

121

(acilities should be designed on the basis that city fire water supply is not available close to installation. 125 *ne single largest ris0 shall be considered for providing facilities. The installation having aggregate above ground storage capacity of more than -CCC D7 '4lass " E < E 4/ and pipeline installations other than only scrapper stations shall be fully covered by hydrant system. 4lass $"$ above ground Petroleum storages shall have fixed water spray system. However, for small installation with aggregate above ground storage capacity of 4lass $"$ and $<$ products does not exceed =CCC D7. and dia. of tan0 storing 4lass " product not exceeding & mtrs. "re exempted from fixed water spray system. 4lass $<$ above ground Petroleum storage tan0s of diameter larger than 9C mtrs shall be provided with fixed water spray system. Ahen 4lass " 1 < above ground storage tan0s are placed in a common dy0e, the fixed water spray system shall be provided on all tan0s except as mentioned for small terminals as per 8.2.8.

floating roof tan0s diameter larger than 6C meters as an alternative to Halon/ its equivalent systems. Aater and/ or (oam !pray system shall be provided on tan0 wagon loading gantries.

122

12,

1 2 10 Banifold area shall be adequately protected with hydrant and monitors. 1, !"#$ 6A'$# S2S'$* Aater is an essential and the most important medium available to man0ind for fire protection. Aater is used for fire extinguishment, fire control, cooling of equipment, exposure protection of equipment and personnel from heat radiation. (or these purposes water is used in various forms such as straight et, water fog, water curtain, water spray, deluge / sprin0ler, oscillating monitors for foam preparation etc. 1,1 Components System of !ire 6ater

The main components of the system are (ire Aater !torage, (ire Aater Pumps and +istribution Piping :etwor0. 1,2 7asis . The fire water system in an installation should be designed to meet the fire water flow required for fighting one largest ris0 at a time as per section 8.2.2. +$S"/N !(&6 #A'$. 'i/ (ire water flow rate for a tan0 farm shall be aggregate of the following; F Aater flow calculated for cooling a tan0 on fire at a rate of 9 lpm/mG of tan0

123

(ixed foam system/!emi,(ixed system with foam tender shall be provided on Petroleum tan0s '(loating roof or fixed roof/ exceeding -% mtrs. dia. storing 4lass $"$ or 4lass $<$ products. Halon / Its proven equivalent fire protection may be considered for floating roof tan0s larger than 6C mtrs. dia. "utomatic "ctuated (oam (looding !ystem may be considered for

124

128

shell area. F Aater flow calculated for exposure protection for all other tan0s falling within a radius of '5 E9C/m from centre of the tan0 on fire '5, 5adius of tan0 on fire/ and situated in the same dy0e at a rate of 9 lpm/mG of tan0 shell area. , F Aater flow calculated for exposure protection for all other tan0s falling outside a radius of '5E9C/m from centre of the tan0 on fire and situated in the same dy0e at a rate of - lpm/m2 of tan0 shell area. F (or water flow calculations, all tan0s farms having class " or < petroleum storage shall be considered irrespective of diameter of tan0s and whether fixed water spray is provided or not apn the tan0s as per design calculation vide clause 8.2. F Aater flow required for applying foam on a single largest tan0 by way of fixed foam system, where provided, or by use of water/foam monitors. '5efer section 8.8.% for foam solution application rates./ F Harious combinations shall be considered in the tan0 farm for arriving at different fire water flow rate and the largest rate to be considered for design. 'ii/ (ire water flow rate for supplementary streams shall be based on using 8 single hydrant

outlets and monitor simultaneously. 4apacity of each hydrant outlet as 96 m 9/hr and of each monitor as -88 m 9/hr minimum may be considered at a pressure of . 0g/cm 2g. 'iii/ (ire water flow rate for tan0 wagon loading guntries and other equipment area shall be calculated as under ; F Tan0 wagon loading gantries ................-C lpm/ m2 F )quipment area ; pumps of volatile product service under located under pipe rac0 in pipeline pumping station .......... 2C lpm/m 2 The design fire water rate shall be the largest of 'i/, 'ii/ or 'iii/. ' (or typical calculation please refer "nnexure,I /. 1,, 0$A+$# %#$SS)#$ The fire water pressure system shall be designed for a minimum residual pressure of . 0g/cm 2g at the hydraulically remotest point of application at the designed flow rate at that point. 1,1 S'&#A/$ Aater for the hydrant service shall be stored in any easily accessible surface or underground lined reservoir or above ground tan0s of steel concrete or masonary. The effective capacity of the reservoir / tan0 above the level of suction point shall be minimum 8 hours aggregate wor0ing capacity of pumps. Ahere ma0e up water supply source is =CI or more of design flow rate, the storage capacity may be reduced to 9 hours. (ire water supply shall be preferably

from fresh water source such as river, tubewell or la0e. Ahere fresh water source is not easily available, fire water supply may be sea water or other acceptable source li0e treated effluents water. Ahere treated effluents is used as fire water supply, it shall not have faecal waste contamination. The installation shall have facilities for receiving and diverting all the water coming to the installation to fire water storage tan0s in case of an emergency. !torage reservoir shall be in two equal interconnected compartments to facilitate cleaning and repairs. In case of steel tan0s there shall be minimum two tan0s each having =C I of required capacity. 7arge natural reservoirs having water capacity exceeding -C times the aggregate water requirement of fire pumps may be left unlined. 1,8 !"#$ 6A'$# %)*%S

engine driven type. Ahere electric supply is reliable =CI of the pumps may be electric driven. The diesel engines shall be quic0 starting type with the help of push buttons located on or near the pumps or located at a remote location. )ach engine shall have an independent fuel tan0 adequately siJed for 6 hours continuous running of the pump. v/ (ire water pumps 1 storage shall be located at 9C mtrs 'minimum/ away from equipment or where hydrocarbons are handled or stored. vi/ (ire water pumps shall be exclusively used for fire fighting purpose only. vii/The fire water networ0 shall be 0ept pressurised by a static tan0 or oc0ey pump's/. Ahere oc0ey pumps are used, the capacity of pump shall be sufficient to maintain the system pressure in the event of lea0ages from valves etc. The capacity of #oc0ey pump shall not be less than 9I 'with a minimum of -%C lpm/ and not more than -CI of the designed fire water rate at networ0 pressure not less than 9 Dg/cm 2g. 1,3 !"#$ 6A'$# +"S'#"7)'"&N N$'6&#9

i/ (ire water pumps shall be installed to meet the design fire water flow rate and head. These should have flooded suction. ii/ The pumps shall be capable of discharging -=CI of its rated discharge at a minimum of 6=I of the rated head. The !hut,off head shall not exceed -2CI of rated head for horiJontal centrifugal pumps and -8CI for vertical turbine pump. iii/ " minimum of =CI standby pump's/ 'minimum one no./ of the same type and capacity as the main pumps shall be provided. iv/ The fire water pump's/ including the standby pump's/ shall be of diesel

:i; (ooping. The fire water networ0 shall be laid in closed loops as far as possible to ensure multi, directional flow in the system. Isolation valves shall be provided in the networ0 to enable isolation of any section of the networ0 without affecting the flow in the rest. The isolation valves shall be located normally near the loop unctions. "dditional valves

shall be provided in the segments where the length of the segment exceeds 9CC mtrs. :ii; Above / Net<or= . )nderground

under the pipe. %rotection of above ground pipes. F The mains shall be supported at regular intervals not exceeding 6 mtrs. F The system for above ground portion shall be analysed for flexibility against thermal expansion and necessary expansion loops where called for shall be provided. :iv;Si>ing. (ire water distribution ring main shall be siJed for -2CI of the design water rate. +esign flow rates shall be distributed at nodal points to give the most realistic way of water requirement in an emergency. It may be necessary to assume several combinations of flow requirement for design of networ0. (or large water requirement for floating roof tan0 '"nnx.IH/ the networ0 around the tan0 farm shall be suitably designed. The analysis of networ0 shall be preferably done through a computer programme. The minimum residual pressure shall be as defined in 8.9.9. v;The fire water networ0 shall always be 0ept pressurised by any of the following arrangements; F If fire water is stored in above ground storage tan0s with water level more than = mtrs. above the highest point of fire water networ0,

The fire water networ0 piping should normally be laid above ground at a height of 9CC mm to 8CC mm above finished ground level. However, the fire water networ0 piping shall be laid below ground level at the following places ; F 5oad crossings. F Places where the above ground piping is li0ely to cause obstruction to operation, vehicle movement and places where the above ground piping is li0ely to get damaged mechanically. F Ahere frost condition warrants, the pipeline shall be laid under,ground beneath the frost layer. :iii;%rotection of pipelines. underground

F The mains shall have at least one mtr. earth cushion in open ground and -.= mtrs cushion under the roads. In case of crane movement areas, pipe may be protected with concrete/steel encasement. F The mains shall be provided with protection against soil corrosion by suitable coating/wrapping. In case of poor soil conditions it may be necessary to provide concrete/masonry supports

a direct connection with a non,return valve shall be provided to the fire water networ0 from the storage tan0. F If the fire water is stored in underground tan0s, the fire water networ0 shall be connected to an overhead water tan0 if available in the installationK otherwise a oc0ey pump shall be installed to 0eep the mains pressurised. F Ba0e up water shall be provided to account for lea0ages in the system so that fire water storage is 0ept to the desired capacity. :vi;4onnections for fixed water monitors shall be provided with independent isola tion valves. :vii;(ire water mains shall not pass through buildings or dy0ed areas. :viii; In case of underground mains the isolation valves shall be located in 544/bric0 masonary chamber. 1,4 02+#AN'S AN+ *&N"'&#S. 'i/ Hydrants shall be located bearing in mind the fire haJards at different sections of the premises to be protected and to give most effective service. "t least one hydrant post shall be provided for every 9C mtrs of external wall measurement or perimeter of battery limit in case of high haJard areas. (or non, haJardous area, they shall be spaced at 8= mtrs. intervals. The horiJontal range 1 coverage of hydrants with hose connections shall not be

considered beyond 8= mtrs. 'ii/ Hydrants shall be located at a minimum distance of -= mtrs. from the periphery of storage tan0 or equipment under protection. In case of buildings this distance shall not be less than 2 mtrs. and not more than -= mtrs. from the face of building. Provision of hydrants within the building shall be provided in accordance with I! ; 9%88. Hydrant/Bonitors shall be located along road side berms for easy accessibility. 'iii/ +ouble headed hydrants with two separate landing valves on 8L standpost shall be used. "ll hydrant outlets shall be situated -.2 mtrs. above ground level.

'iv/ Bonitors shall be located to direct water on the ob ect as well as to provide water shield to firemen approaching a fire. Bonitors shall not be installed less than -=mtrs. from haJardous equipment. The requirement of monitors shall be established based on haJards involved and layout considerations. The location of the monitors shall not exceed 8= mtrs from the haJard to be protected. 'v/ Hydrants and monitors shall not be installed inside the dy0ed areas. However, as an additional requirement, oscillating monitors may be provided in inaccessible area within dy0e with isolation valve or 5*H outside the tan0 farm. 'vi/ Tan0 wagon 7oading/unloading facility and Tan0 Truc0 gantry

area should be provided with alternate water cum foam monitors having multipurpose combination noJJles for et spray 1 fog arrangement and fire hydrants located at a spacing of 9C mtrs. on both sides of the gantry. The hydrants 1 monitors shall be located at a minimum distance of -= mtrs. from the Tan0 Aagon/Tan0 Truc0s. 'vii/ Hydrants/Bonitors shall be preferably located with branch connection. 1,8 *A'$#"A( S%$C"!"CA'"&NS "ll the materials used in fire water system shall be of approved type as indicated below. :i;%ipes . 4arbon !teel as per I!; 9=%&/ I!;-29& or its equivalent. In case of saline water service the fire water main pipes shall be cement mortar/poly glasslined internally. :ii;"solation ?alves 4ast !teel . 4ast Iron /

:iv;Bonitors

.. 4arbon !teel / 3un Betal 696;

:v;(ire Hose ..I! 'Type "/ or !ynthetic hose 'Type </

:vi;(ire Aater networ0, hydrants, monitors, hose boxes etc shall be painted $(ire 5ed$. 1,5 !"@$+ 6A'$# S%#A2 S2S'$* 'i/ (ixed spray water system is a fixed pipe system connected to a reliable source of water supply and equipped with water spray noJJles for specific water discharge and distribution over the surface of area to be protected. The piping system is connected to the hydrant system water supply through an automatically or manually actuated valve which initiates the flow of water. 'ii/ Aater supply patterns and their densities shall be selected according to need. (ire water spray system for exposure protection shall be designed to operate before the possible failures of any containers of flammable liquids or gases due to temperature rise. The system shall, therefore, be designed to discharge effective water spray within shortest possible time. 'iii/ The water application rates indicated in section =.2 may be reviewed on case to case basis and increased, if required. Ahile calculating the water rates for spray application for cases other than tan0s/vessels, the area should be divided into suitable segments so that maximum water requirement can be optimiJed. ' Please refer

>se of 4ast !teel valves is preferable which may be decided on economic considerations. Isolation valves having open/close indication shall be 3ate valves or <utterfly valves. :iii;0ydrant. !tandpost *utlet valves/ landing valves .. 4arbon !teel ..3unmetal / "luminium /!tainless !teel / "l, Mn "lloy

"nnexure,H calculations/. 11 111 !&A* S2S'$*S 'ypes of !oam

for

typical i/ ii/ iii/ (ixed !emi,(ixed Bobile

:i; !iAed !oam System (ixed foam conveying system comprises of fixed piping for water supply at adequate pressure, foam concentrate tan0, eductor, suitable proportioning equipment for drawing foam concentrate and ma0ing foam solution, fixed piping system for onward conveying to foam ma0ers for ma0ing foam, vapour seal box and foam pourer. !uitable detection system may be provided to activate the foam system. :ii; SemiB!iAed !oam System !emi,fixed foam system gets supply of foam solution through the mobile foam tender. " fixed piping system connected to foam ma0ers cum vapour seal box in caseof cone roof tan0s and foam ma0er and foam pourers in the case of floating roof tan0s conveys foam to the surface of tan0. :iii; *obile System Bobile system includes foam producing unit mounted on wheels which may be self propelled or towed by a vehicle. These units supply foam through monitors/foam towers to the burning surface. However, certain other foam systems as follow are also available ; SubBsurface foam inCection. This is a system for protection

(or detailed description of (ire (ighting (oam 4ompounds, please refer "nnexure,III. 112 (&6 $@%ANS"&N !&A* (or combating large hydrocarbon fires particularly in a contained area li0e storage tan0, foam has proved useful for its inherent blan0eting ability, heat resistance and security against burn,bac0. "queous (ilm (orming (oam '"(((/ compound is technically superior and compatible with other fire fighting agents. )fficient and effective foam delivery system is a vital tool for its usefulness in controlling the fire. The process of adding or in ecting the foam to water is called proportioning. The mixture of water and foam compound 'foam solution/ is then mixed with air in a foam ma0er for onward transmission to burning surface. 11, C&N?$2"N/ S2S'$*S The system consists of an adequate water supply, supply of foam concentrate, suitable proportioning equipment, a proper piping system, foam ma0ers and discharge devices designed to adequately distribute the foam over the haJard. 4onventional systems are of the open outlet type in which foam discharges from all outlets at the same time, covering the entire haJard within the confines of the system. There are three types of systems;

of fixed roof storage tan0s. This comprises of high bac0 pressure foam generator and connected through product lines or separate lines near the bottom of the tan0. )nder the Seal !oam application. This is a system for floating roof tan0 where the foam travels through a flexible pipe inside the tan0 upto the center of the tan0 roof and exits at the seal rim of the floating roof precisely where the fire is located thus rapidly flooding the seal rim area and quic0ly extinguishing the fire. Automatic Actuated !oam !looding system . In this system all the components and ingredients including premix solution are contained within the system. !uch systems usually have a premix solution supply tan0 pressurised by air or inert gas. The automatic sensing of fire releases this pressure and places the system into operation. '5efer "nnexure,II for details and typical s0etch/. 111 !(&A'"N/ %#&'$C'"&N #&&! 'AN9

'iii/(oam ma0ers/foam pourers shall be located not more than 28 mtrs. apart on the shell perimeter based on 6CC mm foam dam height. 'iv/" minimum of two foam pourers shall be provided. 118 !"@$+ #&&! 'AN9 %#&'$C'"&N (oam conveying system shall have same features as of floating roof tan0 excepting that a vapour seal chamber is required before the foam discharge outlet. (eatures of the foam system for fixed roof protection shall be as follows; 'i/ The vapour seal chamber shall be provided with an effective and durable seal, fragile under low pressure, to prevent entrance of vapour into the foam conveying piping system. 'ii/ Ahere two or more pourers are required these shall be equally spaced at the periphery of the tan0 and each discharge outlet shall be siJed to deliver foam at approximately the same rate. 'iii/ Tan0s should be provided with foam discharge outlets/pourers as indicated below; Tan0 +iameter number of foam in mtrs. outlet N-% upto 2C N2C upto 2= N2= upto 9C N9C upto 9= N9= upto 8C N8C upto 8= N8= upto =C Binimum discharge

(or floating roof tan0, foam shall be poured at the foam dam to blan0et the roof seal. (eatures of foam system for floating roof tan0 protection shall be as follows; 'i/!ystem be designed to create foam blan0et on the burning surface in a reasonably short period. 'ii/(oam shall be applied to the burning haJard continuously at a rate high enough to overcome the destructive effects of radiant heat.

2 9 8 = 6 % -C

The estimation of number of foam discharge outlet is based on pourer capacity of -CCC lpm at a pressure of . 0g/cm 2 g upstream of eductor. This can be suitably ad usted for different pourer capacity in accordance with section 8.8.8 'iii/. 113 !(&A'"N/ C)* !"@$+ #&&! 'AN9 %#&'$C'"&N Protection facilities shall be provided as required for fixed roof tan0. 114 %#&'$C'"&N !&# +29$ A#$A/S%"(( !"#$ Portable monitors/foam hose streams shall be considered for fighting fires in dy0ed area and spills. 118 !&A* A%%("CA'"&N #A'$ The minimum delivery rate for primary protection based on the assumption that all the foam reaches the area being protected shall be as indicated below ; (or cone roof tan0s containing liquid hydrocarbons, the foam solution delivery rate shall be at least = lpm/m 2 of liquid surface area of the tan0 to be protected. (or floating roof tan0s containing liquid hydrocarbons foam solution delivery rate shall be at least -2 lpm/m 2 of seal area with foam dam height of 6CC mm of the tan0 to be protected. In case of floating roof sin0ing, the rate considered should be %.lpm/m 2 of liquid surface areas. In determining total solution flow requirements, potential foam losses

from wind and other factors shall be considered. 1 1 5 +)#A'"&N &! !&A* +"SC0A#/$ The equipment shall be capable of providing primary protection at the specified delivery rates for the following minimum period of time. i/ Tan0s containing 4lass $"$ 1 $<$ .... 6= minutes Ahere the system$s primary purpose is for spill fire protection ... 9C minutes 1 1 10 6A'$# !&# !&A* *A9"N/ Aater quantity required for ma0ing foam solution depends upon the type of foam used. Protein foams in normal use have a 9I to 6I proportioning ratio. However, foam supplier data shall be used for determining water quantity required. 1 1 11 !&A* D)AN'"'2 #$D)"#$*$N' The aggregate quantity of foam solution should be calculated as below ; :i; (oam solution application at the rate of = lpm/m 2 for the liquid surface of the single largest cone roof tan0 or at the rate of -2 lpm/m 2 of seal area of the single largest floating roof tan0 whichever is higher. However, a foam solution application rate of %.- lpm/m 2 of the liquid surface of the largest floating roof tan0 for 6= minutes may be considered for a roof sin0ing case. '5efer "nnexure, IH for sample calculation/ :ii; Ouantity of foam solution required should be calculated

based on guidelines ;

the

following Type of foam compound used can be protein or fluroprotein or "(((. "lcohol 5esistant (oam can be used for specific application. Binimum life of foam compound shall be ta0en as per manufacturer$s data. (oam compound shall be tested periodically for ensuring its quality and the deteriorated quantity replaced. The deteriorated foam compound can be used for fire training purposes. Ouantity of foam compound equal to -CCI of requirement as calculated in 8.8.--should be stored in the Installation. Note 2 This quantity may be suitably reduced if mutual aid for foam supply is available. " sample calculation is attached as "nne, IH. 18 0A(&N / $D)"?A($N' S2S'$* /eneral Halon is a liquefied gas extraordinarily effective as fire extinguishing agent. However, due to its oJone depleting properties, its production is being phased out as per the Bontreal Protocol. Hence, Halon / its Proven )quivalent as per :(P",2CC- shall be considered for such protection system. The Protection !ystem broadly consists of container, feed lines, ring mains/laterals, spray noJJles, signaling equipment and cables, heat detection and activation devices. The Protection !ystem can detect, control 1 extinguish the fire and also simultaneously give audio visual indication on the control "'S %#&?$N %#&'$C'"&N

Aheeled Portable water/foam Bonitors F i/(or installations having aggregate capacity of -CCC D7 :il

ii/(or Installation having - :o. aggregate capacity upto of -C,CCC D7 -6CC lpm

iii/(or installations having - :o. aggregate capacity upto of 2=,CCC D7 28CC lpm iv/(or installations having 2 :os. of aggregate capacity more 28CC than 2=,CCC D7 lpm :iii; Two hose streams of foam each with a capacity of --8C lpm of foam solution. The aggregate quantity of foam solutions should be largest of 8.8.--'i/, 8.8.--'ii/ and 8.8.-'iii/ as above for a minimum period of 6= minutes. (rom this the quantity of foam based on 9I or 6I proportion should be calculated.However, for installation having aggregate storage not more than -C,CCC D7, the foam concentrate storage shall be based on 8.8.-'i/ only. 1 1 12 !&A* C&*%&)N+ S'&#A/$ (oam compound should be stored in containers of 2C,9C lts capacity or 2CC/2-C lts capacity barrels in case of protein, fluroprotein or "(((. (oam compound can also be stored in overhead storage tan0 of suitable capacity for quic0 filling of foam tender/nurser during emergency.

181

panel. 182 #ecommended )se The system may be considered for protection of floating roof tan0s, control rooms and computer rooms. 18, D)AN'"'2 AN+ S'&#A/$ )ach haJard area to be protected by the protection system shall have an independent system. The time needed to obtain the gas for replacement to restore the systems shall be considered as a governing factor in determining the reserve supply needed. -CCI standby containers shall be considered for each protected haJard. !torage containers shall be located as near as possible to haJard area but shall not be exposed to fire. !torage containers shall be carefully located so that they are not sub ected to mechanical, chemical or other damage. "ll the components of the system shall be capable of withstanding heat of fire and severe weather conditions. 181 !(&A'"N/ %#&'$C'"&N #&&! 'AN9

its in built detection, control and actuation mechanism. If a rim seal fire occurs, its heat causes one or more spray noJJles to open and the gas is applied on the surface of fire and alarm is sounded. "s an alternative to the above system, automatic actuated foam flooding system as described in section 8.8.9 may be considered. This may be in addition to water spray and foam protection system as described in section 8.8.8. (loating roof tan0s of 6C mtrs and above diameter may be considered for protection by installing such systems 188 C&N'#&( #&&* AN+ C&*%)'$# #&&* %#&'$C'"&N 4ontrol room and computer room may be protected by Halon / Its its proven equivalent system. It is considered good practice to avoid unnecessary exposure to Halon /Its proven equivalent. In order to minimise the exposure, persons should be evacuated from the areas after the system comes into operation.

(loating roof tan0 may be protected by Halon / Its proven equivalent for

13 131

!"#S' A"+ !"#$ !"/0'"N/ $D)"%*$N' %ortable !ire $Atinguishers Portable extinguishers shall be located at convenient locations and shall at all times be readily accessible and clearly visible. The maximum running distance to locate an extinguisher shall not exceed -= mtrs. The extinguishers should be provided at various locations as below. The portable extinguisher should be installed in such a way that the top of extinguisher is not more than -.= mtrs. above the floor level. The quantities mentioned below are minimum.

%etroleum +epots - 'erminals . 'ype of Area 'i/7ube godown 'ii/7ube filling shed 'iii/!torage of class,"/< products in pac0ed containers and stored in open/closed area. %ortable $Atinguishers - no. -C Dg +4P for 2CC m 2 floor area. - no. -C Dg +4P for 2CC B 2 - no. -C Dg +4P for -CCB2

'iv/Pump House upto =C HP ; '4lass " 1 </ - no. -C Dg +4P for 2 pumps "bove =C,-CC HP ; - no. -C Dg +4P for each pump. <eyond -CC HP ; 2nos of -C 0g or - no. of 2= 0g +4P for each pump. Pump House upto =C HP ; '4lass 4/ - no. -CDg +4P for every 8 pumps >pto =C HP ; "bove =C HP ; 2 nos. -C Dg +4P or -x2= 0g +4P for 8 pumps. 'v/Tan0 Truc0 loading - no. -C Dg +4P for and unloading for every 2 <ays. and P*7/speciality products - no. .= Dg +4P mobile unit for each gantry. 'vi/Tan0 Aagon loading - no. -C Dg +4P for and unloading every =C mtrs. length gantry 'siding/ and - no. .= Dg +4P mobile unit in each siding. 'vii/"bove 3round Tan0 >/3 Tan0 farms 'viii/(ire pump house; Binimum 2 nos. -C 0g. +4P or -x2= 0g. +4P per tan0 and 8 x .= Dg or 6 P =C Dg +4P mobile unit per installation 2 nos. -C Dg +4P or -x2= 0g +4P - no. -C Dg +4P for every 2 pumps

'ix/"dmin. building/ '!tore House/ 'x/3enerator room upto 2=C DH" ; "bove 2=C DH" ; 'xi/Bain switch room 'xii/4omputer 5oom/ cabin 'xiii/!ecurity 4abin 'xiv/4anteen 'xv/7aboratory 'xvi/)ffluent Treatment Plant 'xvii/Aor0shop 'xviii/Transformer 'xix/>P! / 4harger 5oom

- no. -C Dg +4P for 2CC B 2 'minimum -x-C Dg +4P on each floor/

- no. of -C Dg +4P and - no. 8.= D3 4* 2 for every generator. 2 nos of 8.= 0g 1 - no of -C Dg +4P - no. 8.= Dg 4*2 for every 2= B2 Halon/Its Proven equivalent, 2 nos. C.6/- Dg for =C B2 or - :o per cabin whichever is higher - no. -C Dg +4P - no. -C Dg +4P for -CC B 2 -x-C Dg +4P 1 -x8.= Dg 4* 2. - nos. .= Dg. 1 2 nos. -C Dg. +4P )xtinguisher. - no. -C Dg. +4P 1 - no. 2 Dg. 4* 2 )xtinguisher. - no. 6.% Dg. 4*2 )xtinguisher. - no. 2 Dg. 4*2 )xtinguisher.

N&'$. A(( !"#$ $@'"N/)"S0$#S S0A(( 7$A# "S" *A#9 %"%$("N$ "NS'A((A'"&N . (or pipeline installations, the portable extinguisher shall be provided as per the above list '8.6.-/ suitably amended along with following additions ; 'xx/Bain line pump shed ')ngine +riven/ 'xxi/Bain 7ine Pump !hed 'Botor +riven/ - no. each .= Dg +4P, -C Dg +4P 1 6.% Dg 4* 2 extinguishers per two pumps upto a maximum of 8 nos. - no each -C Dg +4P 1 6.% Dg 4* 2 extinguishers per two pumps upto a maximum of 8 nos. and - no .= Dg +4P per 8 pumps - no -C Dg +4P per two pumps upto a maximum of 9. - no 6.% Dg 4* 2 extinguisher - no -C Dg extinguisher +4P

'xxii/<ooster Pump

'xxiii/!ump Pump Transmix Pump 1 *il Aater !eparator Pump 'xxiv/!crapper <arrel

- no -C Dg +4P )xtinguisher

'xxv/4ontrol 5oom 4*2 'xxvi/>H( / 5adio 5oom

2nos 2.= Dg Halon/Its proven equivalent and 8.= Dg extinguisher 2nos 2.= Dg.Halon/Its proven equivalent and 8.= Dg 4* 2 extinguisher. - no -C Dg +4P extinguisher - no -C Dg +4P 1 - no 2 Dg 4* 2 extinguisher. 8 nos -C Dg +4P 1 2 nos 2 Dg 4*2 extinguisher - no of 2 Dg 4* 2 type - no. = Dg +4P (ire extinguisher

'xxvii/Betre Prover, !eparator (ilter 'xxviii/5epeator !tation 'xxix/Bainline )mergency )quipment 4entre 'xxx/"ir 4ompressor 132

60$$($+ !"#$ !"/0'"N/ $D)"%*$N' 'i/(or Installations having tan0s of dia large than & mtrs, following. (ire (ighting equipments shall be provided; (or installation having aggr, egate capacity of -CCC D7 (or installation having aggr, egate capacity upto -C,CCC D7 (or installation having aggr, egate capacity upto 2=,CCC D7 (or installation having aggr, egate capacity more than 2=,CCC D7 :il

- :o. of -6CC 7PB - :o. of 28CC 7PB 2 :o. of 28CC 7PB

'ii/(oam compound trolley 2CC/2-C litres ; - :o. upto 28 mtrs dia tan0s, 2 :os. for 28 to 9C mtrs dia and 9 :os. for 9C to 8C mtrs or above dia tan0s.

13,

0&S$S, N&EE($S, AN+ ACC$SS&#"$S 'i/ (ire hoses conforming to I! 696 Type " or !ynthetic Hose of Type < shall be stored in a central hose station in the oil installation. The hoses shall be of -=mtrs. standard length and shall be provided with gun metal/"luminium alloy male and female couplings of instantaneous pattern. The number of hoses stored in an oil installation shall be 9CI of the number of hydrant outlets. The minimum :o. of hoses stored, however, shall not be less than -C. The hose station shall be located at convenient and easily accessible location in the oil installation. :ii;No>>les (ollowing minimum quantities of fire fighting noJJles shall also be stored in the central hose stations. F #et noJJles with branch pipe 'I!;&C9/8 :os. F (og noJJles 'I!; &=2/ 8 :os. F >niversal noJJles 'I!; 2-.-/

(ollowing minimum quantities of accessories shall be provided ; "'$*S D)AN'"'2 !and !coops 8 :os. !afety helmets % :os. Aater curtain noJJles 2 :os. !tretcher - :o. (irst "id <ox with "nti sna0e serum - :o. 5ubber hand gloves for electrical obs 9 :os. )xplosimeter - :o. (ire Proximity suit - :o. 5escuscitator 2 :os. )lectrical siren '9 Dm range/ - :o. Hand operated siren - :o. Aater el blan0et - :o. 5ed/3reen flag for fire drill - :o. each Positive Pressure type self contained breathing apparatus with spare cylinder '9C minutes/ - :o. 14 *&7"($ !"#$ $D)"%*$N' !"/0'"N/

8 :os.

F (oam <ranch Pipes 'I!; 2C&./ 8 :os. In addition, H"M4H)B noJJle and high flow long range multi purpose noJJles may also be considered.

:iii;Accessories

Bobile fire fighting equipment include foam tenders, water tenders, +4P tender a eep with traileretc. In view of comprehensive fixed and (irst "id (ire protection equipment recommended in the !tandard, provision of Bobile fire fighting equipments in installation is not considered necessary.

However, the requirement of such equipment may be reviewed 0eeping in mind, the siJe, nature and location of the installation.

31

&#/AN"SA'"&N 'i/ *verall responsibility for fire safety in the oil installation shall be of the 7ocation,in,charge. He shall draw the necessary emergency plan. !ince separate fire fighting set up is not usually envisaged, one of the officers shall be designated and responsible for maintenance and inspection of all fire fighting equipment. He shall also coordinate the activities during fire fighting. 'ii/ Hot wor0 permit shall be issued by the +epot Banager Incharge in case of +epots and by Terminal Banager or in his absence, the shift incharge in case of terminal.

80

!"#$ A(A#*/C&**)N"CA'"&N S2S'$*

!"#$ A(A#* S2S'$* )lectrical/hand operated fire siren shall be installed at suitable location in installation. The operating switch buttons shall be located near the 5is0 "rea at a safe, identifiable and accessible location. The fire alarm shall be different from shift sirens. (ire siren code should be as follows; -. !B"77 (I5); :o siren 2. B"#*5 (I5); " wailing siren for two minutes. !irens will be unded three times for thirty seconds with an interval of fifteen second in between. 9. +I!"!T)5; !ame type of siren as in case of Ba or (ire but the same will be sounded for three times at the interval of two minutes. 8. "77 47)"5 '(or fire/; !traight run siren for two minutes. =. T)!T; !traight run siren for two minutes. 32

81

'#A"N"N/ 'i/ The fire fighting training shall be compulsory to all officers, operators, truc0 drivers and other employees who are li0ely to be present in the installation. There shall be regular moc0 fire drills, once a month. The record of such drills shall be maintained. 'ii/ )very employee or authorised persons wor0ing in the oil installation should be familiarised with the fire alarm signal and should 0now the location of the fire alarm point nearest to his place of wor0. Instructions on the action to be ta0en in the event of fire should be posted at each alarm point and familiarity with these instructions should be ensured and recorded. 'iii/ *I!+,!T+,-=8 , !afety "spects in (unctional Training shall be

82

C&**)N"CA'"&N S2S'$* "dequate communication system li0e telephone/Public "ddress !ystem/Paging !ystem/ intrinstically safe Aal0ie,tal0ie system should be considered.

30

!"#$ SA!$'2 &#/AN"SA'"&N/ '#A"N"N/

adhered to in this regard. 82 !"#$ 6A'$# #"N/ *A"NS The ring mains should be chec0ed for lea0s etc. once a year by operating one or more pumps with the hydrant points 0ept closed as required to get the maximum operating pressure. The ring mains, hydrants, valves should be visually inspected for any pilferage, efects and damage every month. "ll fire mains valves should be chec0ed for operation and lubricated once a month. 8, !"#$ 6A'$# S%#A2 S2S'$* (ixed water cooling spray systems on storage tan0s should be tested at least once a month. 81 !"@$+/S$*" S2S'$* !"@$+ !&A*

40

!"#$ $*$#/$NC2 *AN)A(

)ach installation shall prepare a detailed fire emergency manual containing all the actions to be ta0en in the event of fire emergency. The 0ey points of this manual shall be displayed at strategic locations in the installation to ensure prompt action.

80

!"#$ %#&'$C'"&N S2S'$*, "NS%$C'"&N AN+ '$S'"N/

The fire protection equipment should be 0ept in good operating conditions at all the time and the fire fighting system should be periodically tested for proper functioning and logged for record and corrective actions. Inspection of fire fighting equipment should be done in accordance with *I!+, standard,-82 on $Inspection of (ire (ighting )quipment and !ystem$. In addition to routine daily chec0s/maintenance, the following periodic inspection/testing shall be ensured.

(ixed/!emi fixed foam system on storage tan0s should be tested once in 6 months. This shall include the testing of foam ma0er/chamber. The foam chamber should be designed suitably to facilitate of foam discharge outside the cone roof tan0. "fter testing foam system, piping should be flushed with water. 88 0A(&N/"'S $D)"?A($N' S2S'$* %#&?$N

81 %.-.-

!"#$ 6A'$# %)*%S )very pump should be tested for at least half an hour twice a wee0. )very pump should be chec0ed and tested and the shut off pressure observed and logged once a month. )very pump should be chec0ed for performance once in a six month. This may be done by opening required number of hydrants/monitors depending on the capacity of the pump and by verifying that the discharge pressure and the motor load are in conformity with the design parameters.

%.-.2

%.-.9

Halon / Its proven equivalent system should be chec0ed once in 9 months. 83 0&S$S (ire hoses shall be tested once in 6 months to a minimum water pressure of . 0g/cm 2 g.

84

C&**)N"CA'"&N S2S'$* (ire sirens should be tested once a wee0.

") NFPA - 2%%1 Standard on ' ean Agent Fire (xtinguishing system. )) API 2%%1 - Fire Prote'tion in *efineries +) No.+2-2,- - Fren'h *egu ation for .ydro'ar/on 0epots ,) Fire Prote'tion manua 1Part-II) of 2A& -) 2A& /ui ding *egu ations. 1%) 2A& *egu ations for e e'tri'a e3uipment of /ui dings. 11) Mode 'ode of safe pra'ti'es 2he Institute of Petro eum 14.5.) 12) Internationa safe pra'ti'es of oi industry.

50

#$!$#$NC$S
1) NFPA 11A -Standard for Midium and high expansion foam systems. 2) NFPA 13 - Standard for the Insta ation of sprin! er systems. 3) NFPA 1" - Standard Insta ation of #ater systems. for spray

$) NFPA 2% - Standard Insta a tion of &entrifuga pumps

for fire

ANN$@)#$B"
'2%"CA( $@A*%($ !&# CA(C)(A'"&N &! !"#$ 6A'$# !(&6 #A'$ 1 +$S"/N 7AS"S The fire water system in an installation shall be designed to meet the fire water flow requirement of fighting one ma or fire. 2 !"#$ 6A'$# +$*AN+ !&# *AF&# !"#$S 4onsider various areas under fire and calculate fire water demand for each area based on design basis. 21 !(&A'"N/ #&&! 'AN9 %#&'$C'"&N +ata Total storage capacity in one dy0e area :o. of tan0s 4apacity of each tan0 +iameter of each tan0 Height of tan0 a/ 4ooling water requirement 4ooling water rate 4ooling water required

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

92,CCCm9 2 -6,CCCm9 8Cm. -8.8m 9 lpm/m 2 of tan0 area for tan0 on fire. p x 8C x -8.8 x 9 =826 lpm 926 mR/hr.

"ssuming that second tan0 is located within the tan0 dy0e at a distance more than 9Cm from the tan0s shell. Therefore, in such case cooling required at the rate of -/min/m 2 of tan0 shell area. 4ooling water required Q Q Q p x 8C x -8.8 x -%C& lpm -C& mR/hr

b/ (oam water requirement, water flow required for applying foam on a largest tan0 burning surface area. (or floating roof tan0 of 8Cm diameter !eal area (oam solution rate S -2 lpm/m 2 Aater required for foam solution application

Q Q Q Q

p x 8C x C.% Q -C- mG -C x -2 xC.&. --.6 lpm .- B9/hr

c/ Total water required for Tan0 cooling Q 926 E -C& Q 89=mR/hr

(oam solution "pplication Total

Q Q

.- mR/hr =C6 mR/Hr. !ay Q =-C mR/hr

22

C&N$ #&&! 'AN9S %#&'$C'"&N +ata Total storage capacity no. of tan0s +iameter of each tan0 Height of each tan0 a/ 4ooling water requirement 4ooling water rate fire. 4ooling water required

Q Q Q Q

=C,CCC mR 8 with -2=CC mR 9..=B -2B

capacity each

9 lpm /mG of tan0 shell area for tan0 on

Q Q Q

p x 9..= x 9 x -2 828- lpm 2=8 m9/hr.

4ooling water required for other tan0s at the rate of 9 lpm/m9 for tan0s falling within '5 E 9CB/ from centre of tan0 on fire. Q Q 9 x 2=8 Q .62 m9/hr. 2=8 E .62 Q -C-6 m9/hr.

Total cooling water b/ (oam water requirement 5ate of foam solution Aater required for (oam !ol.

'(or - tan0 only/ Q = lpm/mG area Q p x '9..=/G x = x C.&. Q =9=8 lpm Q 92- mR/hr.

c/ Total water required for Tan0 cooling m9/hr (oam solution application Total Q Q -C-6 92- m9/hr

-99. m9/hr

say -9=C m9 Hr. 2, %ol 'an= 6agon (oading gantry . '5ef "nn,H/ ; Total water requirement !"#$ 6A'$# !&# S)%%($*$N'A#2 0&S$ S'#$A*S Aater for 8 hydrant streams Q 8 x 96 Q -88 m9/hr

Q &-% m9/hr

21

Aater for - monitor stream Q

-88 m9/hr 2%% m9 / hr

,0

'&'A( +$S"/N !"#$ 6A'$# #A'$

Total design fire water rate is the largest of water rates calculated as per 2.-, 2.2, 2.9 and 2.8 above. +esign fire water rate Q -9=C m9/hr.

ANN$@)#$B ""
A)'&*A'"C AC')A'$+ !&A* !(&&+"N/ S2S'$* !&# (A#/$# !(&A'"N/ #&&! 'AN9S The automatic actuated foam flooding system is a system designed to automatically detect and extinguish the floating roof tan0 rimseal fire at its incipient stage. The system is mounted on the roof of the tan0. The system consists of a long foam line 'typically available in 8C Bts. length/ laid along the tan0 perimeter. The foam aspirating noJJles are mounted on the line at an interval of 2.= mts. The premix foam is contained in a vessel which is 0ept charged with nitrogen through a nitrogen cylinder. The !ystem is designed for minimum foam application rate of -% lpm/m2 of rimseal area. (or effective control, foam is applied for a period of 8C seconds. (ilm (orming (luro Protein (oam '(((P/ type concentrate is normally used in the system. The system consists of a detector networ0 normally thermoplastic tubing type, which is 0ept charged with nitrogen. In case of fire, tube ruptures and the pressure drop triggers the foam discharge. The provision of audio,visual alarms for different operating parameters can also be coupled with the system. "n example of design calculation of the system for a (loating roof tan0 of .& mts. dia is given below; +$S"/N C#"'$#"A . 5imseal area of Tan0 ; T P .& P C.9 '4onsidering a flexible seal area of typically 9CC mm/ 5ate of (oam application S -% 7PB/B2 Total (oam soln. required in 8C secs. Total nos. of Bodular unit required for the tan0 'considering a foam vessel of -=C lts.capacity containing -9= lts. of (oam/ Q .8.= B2

Q Q %&8 lts. Q .

-98- 7PB

ANN$@)#$B"""
7#"$! +$SC#"%'"&N &! !"#$ !"/0'"N/ !&A*

10

!"#$ !"/0'"N/ !&A*.

(ire fighting foam is a homogeneous mass of tiny airor gas filled bubble of low specific gravity, which when applied in correct manner and in sufficient quantity, forms a compact fluid and stable blan0et which is capable of floating on the surface of flammable liquids and preventing atmospheric air from reaching the liquid.

20

'2%$S &! !&A* C&*%&)N+

Two Types of foams are used for fighting liquid fires;

21

C0$*"CA( !&A* . Ahen two or more chemicals are added the foam generates due to chemical reaction. The most common ingredients used for chemical foam are sodium bicarbonate and aluminimum sulphate with stabiliJer. The chemical foam is generally used in (ire extinguishers. *$C0AN"CA( !&A* . It is produced by mechanically mixing a gas or air to a solution of foam compound 'concentrate/ in water. Harious types of foam concentrates are used for generating foam, depending on the requirement and suitability. )ach concentrate has its own advantage and limitations. The brief description of foam concentrates is given below.

22

,0

*$C0AN"CA( !&A* C&*%&)N+ .

Bechanical foam compound may be classified in to 9 categories based on it$s expansion ratio. (&6 $@%ANS"&N !&A* . (oam expansion ratio may be upto =C to -, but usually between =;- to -=;- as typically produced by self aspirating foam branch pipes. The low expansion foam contains more water and has better resistant to fire. It is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires and is widely used in oil refinery, oil platforms, petrochemical and other chemical industries. *$+")* $@%ANS"&N !&A* . (oam expansion ratio vary from =-;- to =CC;- as typically produced by self aspirating foam branch pipes with nets. This foam has limited use in controlling hydrocarbon liquid fire because of it$s limitations w.r.t. poor cooling, poor resistant to hot surface/radiant heat etc.

,1

0"/0 $@%ANS"&N !&A* . (oam expansion ratio vary from =C-;- to -=CC;-, usually between .=C;- to -CCC;- as typically produced by foam generators with air fans. This foam has also very limited use

in controlling hydrocarbon liquid fire because of its limitations w.r.t. poor cooling, poor resistant to hot surface/radiant heat etc. It is used for protection of hydrocarbon gases stored under cryogenic conditions and for warehouse protection.

10
11

'2%$S &! (&6 $@%ANS"&N !&A* .

%#&'$"N 7AS$ !&A*. The foam concentrate is prepared from hydrolyJed protein either from animals or vegetable source. The suitable stabiliJer and preservatives are also added. The concentrate forms a thic0 foam blan0et and is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires, but not on water miscible liquids. The effectiveness of foam is not very good on deep pools or low flash point fuels which have had lengthy preburn time unless applied very gently to the surface. The concentrate is available for induction rate of 9 to 6I. The shelf life of concentrate is 2 years.

12

!()&#& %#&'$"N !&A*. This is similar to protein base foam with fluro,chemical which ma0es it more effective than protein base foam. The concentrate forms a thic0 foam blan0et and is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires, but not on water miscible liquids. The foam is very effective on deep pools of low flash point fuels which have had lengthy pre burn time. The concentrate is available for induction rate of 9 to 6I and the shelf life is similar to that of protein base foam.

1,

AD)$&)S !"(* !&#*"N/ !&A* :A!!!;. The foam concentrate mainly consists of fluoro carbon surfactants, foaming agent and stabiliJer. This can be used with fresh water as well as with sea water. It produces very fluid foam, which flows freely on liquid surface. The aqueous film produced suppresses the liquid vapour quic0ly. The foam has quic0 fire 0noc0 down property and is suitable for liquid hydrocarbon fires. "s the foam has poor drainage rate, the effectiveness is limited on deep pool fires of low flash point fuels which have lengthy pre burn time. The concentrate is available for induction rate of 9 to 6I and the shelf life is more than -C years. This can also be used with non aspirating type noJJles.

11

*)('"%)#%&S$ A!!!. Bultipurpose "((( concentrate is synthetic, foaming liquid designed specially for fire protection of water soluble solvents and water insoluble hydrocarbon liquids. This can be used either with fresh water of sea water.

Ahen applied it forms foam with a cohesive polymeric layer on liquid surface, which suppresses the vapour and extinguishes the fire. The foam is also suitable for deep pool fires because of superior drainage rate and more resistive to hot fuels/radiant heat. The 9I induction rate is suitable for liquid hydrocarbon fires and =I for water miscible solvents. The shelf life of concentrate is not less than -C years. This can also be used with non aspirating type noJJles. 18 !"(* !&#*"N/ !(&)#& %#&'$"N :!!!%;G (((P combines the rapid fire 0noc0 down quality of conventional film forming "((( with the high level of post fire security and burn bac0 resistance of flouro protein foam. The concentrate can either be used with fresh water or sea water. The foam is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires including deep pool fires of low flash point fuels which have had lengthy pre burn time. The concentrate is available for induction rate of 9 to 6I and the shelf life is not less than = years. This can also be used with non aspirating type noJJles.

80

'2%$S &! *$+")* AN+ 0"/0 $@%ANS"&N !&A*.

!ynthetic foam concentrate is used with suitable devices to produce medium and high expansion foams. This can be used on hydrocarbon fuels with low boiling point. The foam is very light in weight and gives poor cooling effect in comparison to low expansion foams. The foam is susceptible to easy brea0 down by hot fuel layers and radiant heat. The induction rate in water may vary from -.= to 9I. Bany of the low expansion foam concentrate can also be used with suitable devices to produce medium / high expansion foam.

ANN$@)#$ "?
'2%"CA( $@A*%($ &! !"#$ CAS$ "N A (A#/$ !(&A'"N/ #&&! 'AN9 A!'$# S"N9"N/ &! !(&A'"N/ #&&! . )xample for calculation of (oam 5equirement for (loating tan0 with Portable Bonitors; +A'A -. +iameter of Tan0 2. Type of 5oof 9. (oam "pplication 5ate (oam !olution 5equirement ; ; ; Q Q Q !ay Q 8C m (loating 5oof %.- lpm ' as per :)P",--/ II x 8C x 8C x %.-/8 -C-.9.6 lpm 6-C.8 m 9/hr 6-C m9 /hr.

This much quantities has to be thrown over to sun0en roof area with the help of external long range high volume monitors from the road side periphery of the tan0 farm. The same may be achieved by 2 nos. of -CCC gpm such monitors. In design rate calculation in "nn.-, sin0ing of floating roof has not been considered, however, installation may consider siJing the water networ0 around tan0 farms to ta0e up such load so than long range monitors can be fed from this networ0 by diverting other water available in installation to tan0 farms in such emergencyUU (oam 4ompound 5equirement Q Q !ay Q (oam 4ompound 5equirement for 6= minutes with 9I concentration -C-.9.6 x 9/-CC 9C=.2 lpm 9C= lpm

Q Q !ay Q

9C= x 6= -&%2= litres. 2C,CCC litres.

UU If two ma or fire occurs in an installation with roof sin0ing case as one of them.

ANN$@)#$ ?
'2%"CA( $@A*%($ !&# 6A'$# #A'$ CA(C)(A'"&N !&# %&( 'AN9 6A/&N (&A+"N/ /AN'#2 %#&'$C'"&N a/ +ata; Total :o. of loading points 4onsider 2C loading points on each side 7ength of 5ail 3antry Aidth of tan0 wagon gantry 4ooling two spur other distance b/ 4ooling water requirement ; +ivide it$s the whole area decides to into 28 segments 'each segment Q 2&.2 mtrs. P -2 mtrs./ and consider 9 segments operating at any time. Aater rate required Q Q Q 9 x 2&.2 x -2 x -C 69C cum/hr. 69C cum/hr E 2%% cum Q Q Q Q .2 4onventional or 8% <TP: .CC Btrs. "pproximately -2 mtrs.

Total water requirement 'including hydrant/monitors/

&-% cum/hr.