5

Elementary Probability, Permutations, and Combinations 5.1 Definition of Probability 5.2 Expectation 5.3 Three Elementary Probability Laws 5.4 Con itional Probability 5.5 Combinations an Perm!tations 5." #epeate Trials

EXERCISES Express all answers representin$ probabilities as fractions in lowest terms. 1. %n a sin$le throw of two 'a( a total of )* 'b( a total of at most )* 'c( a total of at least ) + 2. %n a sin$le throw of three 'a( a total of 5* 'b( a total of at most 5* 'c( a total of at least 5+ 3. , car is rawn at ran om from a probability that it is 'a( an ace or a 1/* 'b( a face car * 'c( an ace or a spa e+ 4. %f a ie is rolle & what is the probability that the roll yiel s a 3 or 4+ ec- of 52 playin$ car s. .hat is the ice& what is the probability of $ettin$ ice& what is the probability of $ettin$

5. %f a ie is rolle twice& what is the probability that the first roll yiel s a 4& a 5 or a "& an the secon anythin$ b!t 3+ ". %n a sin$le throw of two ice& what is the probability that a the same n!mber( or a " will appear+ 0. %n a sin$le throw of two nor a 0 will appear+ ). %n a sin$le throw of two nor an ) will appear+ o!blet 'two of o!blet o!blet

ice& what is the probability that neither a ice& what is the probability that neither a

1. 2ol3e Example 543 for the case in which 4 men $o to the theater. 1/. Ten balls& n!mbere 1 to 1/& are place replace & an then a secon ball is rawn. 'a( the balls n!mbere 3 an 0 are rawn* 'b( neither of these two balls is rawn+ 11. ,n !rn contains 4/ balls n!mbere 1 thro!$h 4/. 2!ppose that n!mbers 1 thro!$h 1/ are consi ere 6l!c-y.6 Two balls are rawn from the !rn witho!t replacement. 7in the probability that 'a( both balls rawn are 6l!c-y6* 'b( neither ball rawn is 6l!c-y6* in a ba$. 5ne ball is rawn an .hat is the probability that not

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'c( at least one of the balls rawn is 6l!c-y6* ' ( exactly one of the balls rawn is 6l!c-y.6 12. %n a ba$ there are 5 white an 4 blac- balls. %f they are rawn o!t one by one witho!t replacement& what is the chance that the first will be white& the secon blac-& an so on alternately+ 13. , ba$ contains 4 re & 3 $reen& an 5 blac- balls. .e s!ccession& replacin$ each ball before the next is rawn. that we raw 2 re an 3 $reen balls. raw 5 balls in 7in the probability

14. 5n a slot machine there are three reels with the 1/ i$its /& 1& 2& 3& 4& 5& "& 0& )& 1& pl!s a star on each reel. .hen a coin is inserte an the han le is p!lle & the three reels re3ol3e in epen ently se3eral times an come to rest. .hat is the probability of $ettin$ 'a( 'b( 'c( ' ( 3 stars* 1 on the first reel& 2 on the secon reel& an 1& 2& an 3 in any or er on the reels* the same n!mber on each reel + 3 on the thir reel*

15. 5ne man raws three car s from a well4sh!ffle ec- witho!t replacement& an at the same time another man tosses two ice. .hat is the probability of obtainin$ 'a( three car s of the same s!it an 'b( three aces an a o!blet+ a total of " on the ice*

1". 7o!r men in t!rn each raw a car from a ec- of 52 car s witho!t replacin$ the car rawn. .hat is the probability that the first man raws the ace of spa es& the secon the -in$ of iamon s& the thir a -in$& an the fo!rth an ace+ 10. , man owns a ho!se in town an a cabin in the mo!ntains. %n any one year the probability of the ho!se bein$ b!r$lari8e is /./1& an the probability of the cabin bein$ b!r$lari8e is /./5. 7or any one year what is the probability that 'a( both will be b!r$lari8e * 'b( one or the other 'b!t not both( will be b!r$lari8e * 'c( neither will be b!r$lari8e + 1). 7rom a box containin$ " white balls an 4 blac- balls& 3 balls are ran om. 7in the probability that 2 are white an 1 is blac'a( if each ball is ret!rne before the next is rawn* 'b( if the 3 balls are rawn s!ccessi3ely witho!t replacement. 11. , person raws 3 balls in s!ccession witho!t replacement from a box Containin$ ) blac-& ) white& an ) re balls. %f he is to recei3e 95 if he not raw a blac- ball& what is his expectation+ 2/. Three people wor- in epen ently at ecipherin$ a messa$e in co e. The respecti3e probabilities that they will ecipher it are 1:5& 1:4& an 1:3. is the probability that the messa$e will be eciphere + ocs rawn at

.hat

21. ,fter a battle& three sol iers a$ree to meet an celebrate the e3ent 2/ years later if at least two of them are still ali3e. .hat is the probability that they can carry o!t their a$reement if the probabilities of their li3in$ 2/ years are 12:13& 1:1/& an 1/:11+

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22. Coins , an ;are wei$hte so that comes !p hea s 3:4 of the time. Coin tosse twice* if it comes !p tails& ; that a total of exactly 2 tails comes

, comes !p hea s 2:3 of the time an ; , is tosse * if it comes !p hea s& ; is is tosse once. .hat is the probability !p+

23. The probability that a certain oor is loc-e is 1:2. The -ey to the oor is one of 12 -eys in a cabinet. %f a person selects two -eys at ran om from the cabinet an ta-es them to the oor with him& what is the probability that he can open the oor witho!t ret!rnin$ for another -ey+ 24. , father an son practice shootin$ at a tar$et. %f& on the a3era$e& the father hits the tar$et 3 times o!t of 4& an the son hits it 4 times o!t of 0& what is the probability& when both shoot sim!ltaneo!sly& that the tar$et is hit at least once+ 25. , pair of ice is tosse twice. a 12 appears on the first throw& an the secon throw+ .hat is the probability that either a 0 or that neither a o!blet nor an ) appears on

2". Two phenotypically similar b!t $enotypically ifferent flower see s are plante & one in each of two pots n!mbere 1 an 2. The ifferent $enotypes lea !s to expect 3 re 4flowere plants to 1 white4flowere plant from one of the see s& an 1 re 4flowere plant to 1 white4flowere plant from the other. 7in the probability that 'a( pot n!mber 1 contains a white flower* 'b( both pots contain re flowers* 'c( pot n!mber 1 contains a re flower an 20. %f 3 'a( 'b( 'c( ' ( 'e( ice are thrown& fin

pot n!mber 2 a white flower.

the probability that

all 3 will show fo!rs* all 3 will be ali-e* 2 will show fo!rs an the thir only 2 will be ali-e* all 3 will be ifferent.

somethin$ else*

2). .hat is the probability of throwin$ at least 4 se3ens in 5 throws of a pair of ice+ 21. , ba$ contains 5/ en3elopes of which 1/ contain 95 each& 1/ contain 91 each& an the others are empty. .hat is o!r expectation in rawin$ a sin$le en3elope+ 3/. ,& ;& an C in the or er name are allowe one throw each with three ice. The first one& if any& who throws an 11 $ets 95)3.2/. %f each pays an amo!nt e<!al to his expectation to participate in the $ame& how m!ch sho!l each pay+ 31. , class in mathematics is compose of 15 =!niors& 3/ seniors& an 5 $ra !ate st! ents* 3 of the =!niors& 5 of the seniors& an 2 of the $ra !ate st! ents recei3e an , $ra e in the co!rse. %f a st! ent is selecte at ran om from the class an is fo!n to ha3e recei3e an , $ra e& what is the probability that he is a =!nior+ 32. 5f 1// boxes of f!ses containin$ 5 f!ses per box& 2/ boxes contain f!ses from factory ,& 3/ boxes from factory ;& an 5/ boxes from factory C. 7!ses from factory , are& on the a3era$e& 5>? efecti3e* from factory ;& 4?* an from factory C& 2?. The f!ses an boxes all loo- ali-e an are pile witho!t re$ar to place of man!fact!re. , box is selecte at ran om& an a f!se in it is

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teste an fo!n at factory 2+

to be

efecti3e.

.hat is the probability that it was pro !ce

33. 5f the freshmen in a certain colle$e& it is -nown that 1)? atten e pri3ate secon ary schools an )2? atten e p!blic schools. The Dean>s office reports that 3/? of all st! ents who atten e pri3ate secon ary schools an 15? of those who atten e p!blic schools attaine $ra es hi$h eno!$h to be entere on the honors list. %f one st! ent is chosen at ran om from the freshman class an is fo!n to be on the honors list& what is the probability that the st! ent atten e a p!blic school+ 34. 5f those people 3otin$ in an election& 45? are re$istere #ep!blicans& 4/? Democrats& an 15? %n epen ents. There are three can i ates for office& a #ep!blican #& a Democrat D& an an %n epen ent %& an the party 3otes were istrib!te as follows@ #ep!blican Democrat %n epen ent 7or # 7or D 7or % )/? 5? 15? 1/? )5? 5? 15? 1/? 05?

'a( %f a 3oter is selecte at ran om an is fo!n to ha3e 3ote for %& what is the probability that he is a #ep!blican+ 'b( .hich can i ate recei3e the lar$est percenta$e of the 3ote+ 35. Tests employe in the etection of a partic!lar isease are 1/? effecti3e* they fail to etect it in 1/? of the cases. %n persons free of the isease& the tests in icate 1? to be affecte an 11? not to be affecte . 7rom a lar$e pop!lation& in which only /.2? ha3e the isease& one person is selecte at ran om& is $i3en the tests& an presence of the isease is in icate . .hat is the probability that the person is affecte + 3". ,n !rn contains 3 re marbles an 0 white marbles. , marble is rawn from the !rn an a marble of the other color is then p!t into the !rn. , secon marble is rawn from the !rn. %f the two marbles rawn in this process are of the same color& what is the probability that they are both white+ 30. Arn , contains 3 re an 5 white marbles* !rn ; contains 2 re an 1 white marble* !rn C contains 2 re an 3 white marbles. ,n !rn is selecte at ran om& an a marble is rawn from the !rn. %f the marble is re & what is the probability that it came from !rn ,+ 3). 2!ppose that the probability of a st! ent passin$ an examination is 4:5& that of the st! ent sittin$ to his left 3:5& an that of the st! ent sittin$ to his ri$ht 1:5. ,ss!min$ that none of these st! ents loo-s at his nei$hbor>s paper& fin the probability that& of these three st! ents& 'a( exactly two pass the examination* 'b( the st! ent sittin$ in the mi le passes the examination& $i3en that the st! ent on his ri$ht passes it. 31. 2!ppose that 5? of a st! ent bo y ri e bicycles an ha3e acci ents. %f 05? of that st! ent bo y ri e bicycles& what is the probability of a bicycle ri er from that st! ent bo y ha3in$ an acci ent+ 4/. Bow many fo!r4 i$it n!mbers can be forme from the i$its 1& 3& 5& 0& )& an 1 if none of these appears more than once in each n!mber+ 41. %n how many ways can 3 i entical =obs be fille ifferent people+ by selections from 12

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42. , $irl has in3ite 5 frien s to a inner party. ,fter locatin$ herself at the table how many ifferent seatin$ arran$ements are possible+ 43. 7rom a ba$ containin$ 0 blac- an 5 white balls& how many sets of 5 balls of which 3 are blac- an 2 are white can be rawn+ 44. 7rom 0 men an 4 women& how many committees can be selecte consistin$ of

'a( 3 men an 2 women* 'b( 5 people of which at least 3 are men+ 45. 7rom a ba$ containin$ 5 blac- an be selecte which incl! e 'a( exactly 2 blac- balls* 'b( at most 2 blac- balls+ 4". , company has 0 men <!alifie operators for each shift. to operate a machine which re<!ires 3 0 white balls& how many sets of balls can

'a( Bow many shifts are possible+ 'b( %n how many of these shifts will any one man appear+ 40. Bow many committees consistin$ of 3 representati3es an selecte from a $ro!p of 5 representati3es an ) senators+ 5 senators can be "

4). Three election =! $es are to be chosen from a $ro!p of 4 #ep!blicans an Democrats. 'a( %n how many ways can this be one+ 'b( %n how many ways if both parties m!st be represente amon$ the =! $es+

41. %n how many seatin$ arran$ements can ) men be place aro!n a table if there are 3 who insist on sittin$ to$ether+ Consi er two seatin$ arran$ements ifferent !nless each man sits in the same chair in the two arran$ements. 5/. , certain colle$e has only 34!nit co!rses in 13 of which a freshman may enroll. 7in the n!mber of 154!nit pro$rams a freshman can consi er if 'a( there are no specific re<!irements* 'b( En$lish 1 an Bistory 1 are re<!ire co!rses.

51. , ele$ation of 4 st! ents is selecte each year from a colle$e to atten the Cational 2t! ent ,ssociation ann!al meetin$. 'a( %n how many ways can the ele$ation be chosen if there are 12 eli$ible st! ents+ 'b( %n how many ways if there are 2 partic!lar st! ents amon$ these 12 who ref!se to atten the meetin$ to$ether+ 'c( %n how many ways if 2 of the eli$ible st! ents are marrie an will atten the meetin$ only if they can both $o to$ether+ 52. There are 1/ chairs in a row. 'a( %n how many ways can two people be seate + 'b( %n how many of these ways will the two people be sittin$ alon$si e one another+ 'c( %n how many ways will they ha3e at least one chair between them+

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53. , committee of 1/ is to be selecte from " lawyers& ) en$ineers& an 5 octors. %f the committee is to consist of 4 lawyers& 3 en$ineers& an 3 octors& how many s!ch committees are possible+ 54. %n how many ways can a set consistin$ of 5 ifferent boo-s on mathematics& 3 on physics& an 2 on chemistry be arran$e on a strai$ht shelf that has space for 1" boo-s if the boo-s on each s!b=ect are to be -ept to$ether+ 55. 'a( 7in the n!mber of ways in which 4 boys an 4 $irls can be seate in a row of ) seats if the boys an $irls are to ha3e alternate seats& 'b( 7in the n!mber of ways if they sit alternately an if there is a boy name Carl an a $irl name Dane amon$ this $ro!p who cannot be p!t into a =acent seats. 5". , stamp collector has ) ifferent Cana ian stamps an 1 ifferent Anite 2tates stamps& all of the same si8e. 7in the n!mber of ways in which he can select 4 Cana ian stamps an 3 Anite 2tates stamps an arran$e them in 0 n!mbere spaces in his stamp alb!m. 50. , railway coach has 12 seats facin$ bac-war an 12 facin$ forwar . %n how many ways can 1/ passen$ers be seate if 2 of these people are -nown to ref!se to ri e facin$ forwar an 4 ref!se to ri e facin$ bac-war + 5). , coin is tosse 'a( exactly 4 hea s* 'b( at most 4 hea s. 51. 2e3en $ettin$ ice are rolle . Callin$ a 5 or " a s!ccess& fin the probability of " times. 7in the probability of $ettin$

'a( exactly 4 s!ccesses* 'b( at most 4 s!ccesses. "/. %n the man!fact!re of a certain article it is -nown that 1 o!t of 1/ of the articles is efecti3e. .hat is the probability that a ran om sample of 4 of the articles will contain 'a( no efects* 'c( exactly 2 efects* 'b( exactly 1 efect* ' ( not more than 2 efects+

"1. %f a man ha3in$ a battin$ a3era$e of /.4/ comes to bat 5 times in a $ame& what is the probability that he will $et 'a( exactly 2 hits* 'b( less than 2 hits+ "2. %n tossin$ ) coins& what is the probability of obtainin$ less than " hea s+ "3. ,ccor in$ to recor s in the re$istrar>s office& 5? of the st! ents in a certain co!rse fail. .hat is the probability that o!t of " ran omly selecte st! ents who ha3e ta-en the co!rse less than 3 faile + "4. #ecor s show that 3 o!t of 1/ people reco3er from a certain people ha3in$ the isease& what is the probability that 'a( 'b( 'c( ' ( exactly 3 the first the first more than will reco3er* 3 treate will reco3er an 3 will reco3er* 3 will reco3er+ the next two will not* isease. 5f 5

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"5. , st! ent can sol3e on the a3era$e half the problems $i3en him. %n or er to pass he is re<!ire to sol3e 0 o!t of 1/ problems on an examination. .hat is the probability that he will pass+ "". %n tar$et practice a man is able& on the a3era$e& to hit a tar$et 1 times o!t of 1/. 7in the probability that he 'a( hits exactly 4 times in 1/ shots* 'b( hits the first 4 shots an misses all the rest. 'c( %f 1/&/// men& of s-ill e<!al to that of the man in parts 'a( an 'b(& each ha3e 4 shots& how many of them wo!l yo! expect to ma-e at least 3 hits+ "0. 7in the probability of obtainin$ the most probable n!mber of hea s& if a coin is tosse " times. "). 7in the probability of obtainin$ the most probable n!mber of sixes& if a ie is rolle 5 times. "1. 5ne ba$ contains " oran$es an 5 $rapefr!it& an a secon ba$ contains ) $rapefr!it an " oran$es. %f a ba$ is selecte at ran om an then one fr!it is chosen at ran om& fin the probability that an oran$e will be selecte . 0/. , an ; play a $ame in which the probability that , wins is 3:) an the probability that ; wins is 5:). , an ; play a series of $ames& an the winner is to be the one who first wins 4 $ames. %f , an ; ha3e each won twice& fin the probability that , wins the series. 01. %n the .orl 2eries& teams , an ; play !ntil one team has won 4 $ames. %f team , has probability 2:3 of winnin$ a$ainst team ; in a sin$le $ame& what is the probability that the 2eries will en only after 0 $ames are playe + 02. , plays in a series of $ames a$ainst ; s!ch that the first to win 4 $ames wins the series. %f ,>s chance of winnin$ a $ame a$ainst ; is 2:3& an if ; has alrea y won 2 $ames& fin the probability that , will win the series. 03. %f the o s on e3ery $ame between two players are two to one in fa3or of the winner of the prece in$ $ame& what is the probability that the person who wins the first $ame shall win at least two o!t of the next three+ 04. 5ne ba$ contains " white balls an 3 blac- balls& an a secon ba$ contains 0 white balls an 4 blac- balls. Two balls are selecte at ran om& one from each of the ba$s& an are place in a thir ba$ containin$ 3 white an 3 blacballs. 5ne ball is now selecte from this thir ba$* what is the probability that it is white+ 05. Eo! are $i3en the option of rawin$ a bill from one of two boxes. %n one box are 1 one4 ollar bills& an 1 ten4 ollar bill& an in the other box are 5 one4 ollar bills& 3 ten4 ollar bills& an 0 fi3e4 ollar bills. .hat is the probability that yo! will raw a ten4 ollar bill+ 0". 7o!rteen white an 14 blac- balls are istrib!te on two trays. , blin fol e man selects a tray at ran om an pic-s a ball from the tray. An er which of the followin$ two arran$ements are his chances of obtainin$ a white ball better@ on each tray there are as many blac- as white balls& or on one tray there are 2 white balls an all other balls are on the other tray+ 00. Arn , contains 5 re balls an 5 blac- balls& !rn ; contains 4 re balls an ) blac- balls& an !rn C contains 3 re balls an " blac- balls. , ball is rawn from ,& color !n-nown& an p!t into ;. Then a ball is rawn from ;& color

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!n-nown& an p!t into C. will be re +

.hat is the probability that a ball now

rawn from C

0). 5ne !rn contains 4 re balls an 1 blac- ball. , secon !rn contains 2 white balls. Three balls are rawn at ran om from the first !rn an place in the secon & an then 4 balls are rawn at ran om from the secon !rn an place in the first. 7in the probability that the blac- ball is in the first !rn after these transfers are complete . 01. , ba$ contains 2 white balls an 3 blac- balls. , secon ba$ contains 3 white balls an 2 blac- balls. , ball is rawn at ran om from the first ba$ an place in the secon & then a ball is rawn at ran om from the secon ba$ an place in the first. This entire operation is repeate . .hat is the probability that after these two exchan$es the first ba$ will contain only blacballs+ )/. Arn % contains 3 white an 5 re balls& an !rn %% contains " white an 2 re balls. ,n !rn is selecte at ran om an a ball with rawn 'color !n-nown( an p!t in !rn %%%& which contains 3 white an 3 re balls. , ball is then with rawn from !rn %%%. .hat is the probability that it is re + )1. Arn , contains 5 re marbles an 3 white marbles. Arn ; contains 1 re marble an two white marbles. , ie is tosse . %f a 3 or " appears& a marble is rawn from ; an p!t into , an then a marble is rawn from ,* otherwise& a marble is rawn from , an p!t into ; an then a marble is rawn from ;. .hat is the probability that the two marbles& the one mo3e from one !rn to the other an the one finally rawn& are both re + )2. 2ix re po-er chips an 2 white ones& all the same si8e& are thoro!$hly mixe an place at ran om in a pile. .hat is the probability that 'a( 'b( 'c( ' ( the the the the 2 white ones are on top* white ones are thir an fo!rth from the top* white ones are to$ether* white ones are not to$ether+

)3. , man throws a ie. Be then tosses a coin as many times as the n!mber of ots showin$ on the top of the ie. .hat is the probability of $ettin$ exactly one hea + 14. , ba$ contains 4 coins& one of which has been coine with two hea s& an the others are normal coins with one hea an one tail. , coin is chosen at ran om from the ba$ an tosse 5 times in s!ccession. .hat is the probability of obtainin$ 5 hea s+ )5. , man chooses at ran om one of the inte$ers 1& 2& 3& 4 an then throws as many ice as are in icate by the n!mber chosen. .hat is the probability that he will throw a total of 5 points+ )". Ei$ht persons in a room are wearin$ ba $es mar-e 1 thro!$h ). 7o!r persons are chosen at ran om an are as-e to lea3e the room sim!ltaneo!sly. .hat is the probability that 'a( the smallest ba $e n!mber of those lea3in$ the room is 4* 'b( the lar$est ba $e n!mber of those lea3in$ is 4+ )0. 7in the probability that of the first 5 persons enco!ntere at least 3 of them were born on a 2at!r ay. on a $i3en ay

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)). The probability that each of 5 fishermen will catch limits on any partic!lar fishin$ trip is 3. .hat is the probability that 'a( at least 3 of these fishermen on any partic!lar trip will ret!rn with limits* 'b( the first 3 ret!rnin$ will each ha3e a limit& an the others will not ha3e limits+ 11. 5n a certain m!ltiple4choice examination& each <!estion has 5 liste answers& of which one an only one is correct. There are " <!estions& all of e<!al wei$ht& an a $ra e of ""b? is re<!ire for passin$. %f a st! ent selects the answer for each <!estion at ran om& what is the probability that he will pass the examination+ 1/. , coin is tosse repeate ly. appears on the ele3enth toss. 7in the probability that the fo!rth hea

11. Two ice are rolle repeate ly an a recor is -ept of the n!mber of times a 1 is obtaine . 7in the probability that the thir time a 1 is obtaine occ!rs on the se3enth roll of the two ice. 12. , ie is rolle !ntil a 1 occ!rs. .hat is the probability that

'a( the first 1 occ!rs on the fo!rth toss* 'b( more than two tosses are re<!ire . 13. , coin is tosse repeate ly. 7in the probability that !rin$ this tossin$ it so happens that the fo!rth hea appears on the ei$hth toss an the ei$hth hea on the sixteenth toss. 14. , family has " chil ren. 7in the probability that there are fewer boys than $irls. ,ss!me that the probability of the birth of either sex is F. 15. 7o!r statisticians arran$e to meet at the Gran Botel in Paris. %t happens that there are 4 hotels with that name in the city. .hat is the probability that all the statisticians will choose ifferent hotels+ 1". %f a one 4 an ie is rolle three times what is the probability of obtainin$ at least at least one 5+ %f 2 people are chosen at

10. 2ix marrie co!ples are stan in$ in a room. ran om& fin the probability that 'a( they are marrie to each other* 'b( one is male an the other is female.

1). , committee of 5 is chosen at ran om from " marrie co!ples. .hat is the probability that the committee will not incl! e 2 people who are marrie to each other+ 11. , boy stan s on a street corner an tosses a coin %f it falls hea s& he wal-s one bloc- east* if it falls tails& he wal-s one bloc- west. ,t his new position he repeats the proce !re. .hat is the probability that after ha3in$ tosse the coin " times he is 'a( at his startin$ point* 'b( 2 bloc-s from his startin$ point* 'c( 4 bloc-s from his startin$ point+

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1//. 7i3e re boo-s an 3 $reen boo-s are place at ran om on a shelf. probability that the $reen boo-s will all be to$ether. 1/1. %n a roll of 5 ali-e+

7in

the

ice& what is the probability of $ettin$ exactly 4 faces

1/2. ,t $olf& , efeats ; on the a3era$e of 2 times o!t of 5* , efeats C 5 times o!t of "* , efeats D 0 times o!t of 1/* an C efeats D 3 times o!t of ). To win a to!rnament , m!st efeat ; an the winner of a match between C an D. %f the pri8e for winnin$ the to!rnament is 91///& what is ,>s expectation+ 1/3. ,t the en of the season a n!rsery p!ts on sale 1/ peach trees from which the ta$s ha3e fallen. %t is -nown that 4 of the trees are of one 3ariety an the rest are of another 3ariety. , c!stomer p!rchases 3 of the trees. .hat is the probability that the 3 are the same 3ariety+ 1/4. %t is -nown that 4 o!t of 5 8ebra4finch e$$s hatch& " o!t of 0 fire4finch e$$s hatch& an 11 o!t of 12 mallar e$$s hatch. %f one e$$ each is inc!bate & what is the probability that somethin$ will hatch+ 1/5. Two 8ebra4finch e$$s are in one nest& an 2 fire4finch e$$s are in another nest. ,n e$$ is ta-en at ran om from each nest sim!ltaneo!sly an place in the other nest. This exchan$e is performe once more. .hat is the probability that both e$$s in the first nest hatch+ 'Ase the ata of Exercise 1/4.( 1/". , ba$ contains 5 white balls an 4 blac- balls. , an ; ta-e t!rns in rawin$ one ball at a time witho!t replacement !ntil all balls are rawn. %f , raws first& what is the probability that , will be the first to raw a blacball+ 1/0. , ba$ contains 3 white marbles an 4 blac- ones. ,& ;& an C in or er with raw a marble& witho!t replacin$ it. The first to raw a white marble wins. .hat is ,>s probability of winnin$ the $ame+ 1/). 2!ppose two ba li$ht b!lbs $et mixe !p with fi3e $oo ones an that yo! start testin$ the b!lbs& one by one& !ntil yo! ha3e fo!n both efecti3es. .hat is the probability that yo! will fin the secon efecti3e b!lb on the se3enth testin$+ 1/1. , box contains " $oo an 4 ba ra io t!bes. %f the t!bes are with rawn one by one& what is the probability that the last of the ba t!bes will be fo!n on the 5th with rawal+ 11/. 2!ppose we ha3e fo!r co!rts c1&c2&c3& an c4. ,n acc!se person m!st start in co!rt c1. %f he is con3icte in a lower co!rt& he has the possibility of bein$ hear in a hi$her co!rt in the or er c1& c2& c3& c4& b!t he cannot by4pass any co!rt. The probabilities of winnin$ a case are H& a& F& H in the co!rts c1& c2& c3& c4& respecti3ely. %f a person loses his case in a co!rt& the probabilities of a hearin$ in the next hi$her co!rt are as follows@ 1:5 in c2& H in c3& 1:) in c4. .hat is the probability that a person will be cleare of an acc!sation in these co!rts+ 111. %n Example 5411& fin the chances of each of ; an C winnin$. wins. .hat

112. ,& ;& C& an D in or er toss a coin. The first one to throw a hea .hat are their respecti3e chances of winnin$+ 113. , an ; in or er toss a pair of ice. are their respecti3e chances of winnin$+

The first to obtain a 1/ wins.

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114. ,& ;& an C in or er toss a pair of ice. .hat are their respecti3e chances of winnin$+

The first to obtain a 0 wins.

115. , professional tennis player& ,& plays for a lon$ perio of time alternately a$ainst two amate!rs& ; an C. %f he has a chance of 15:1" of winnin$ a$ainst ;& an 1:1/ a$ainst C& what is the probability that C will be the first amon$ the two amate!rs to win a$ainst ,& pro3i e that the professional starts the series by playin$ a$ainst ;+ 11". %f a ie is thrown repeate ly& what is the probability that a " is obtaine before a 1 t!rns !p+ 110. %f two ice are thrown repeate ly& fin before a " t!rns !p. the probability of obtainin$ a 1

11). The probability that a fertile e$$ hatches is 11:12. Three e$$s are ta-en for inc!bation from a box of 12 e$$s& 4 of which are fertile an ) infertile. .hat is the probability that somethin$ hatches from the 3 e$$s+ 111. The r!les of the $ame of craps are the followin$@ , player !sin$ two ice wins if he throws a 0 or 11 on the first throw. Be loses if he throws 2& 3& or 12 on the first throw. %f he throws& 4& 5& "& )& 1& 1/ on the first throw& then he wins if he repeats the res!lt of his first throw before throwin$ a 0. .hat is the probability of winnin$ in the $ame of craps+

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