BLU-RAY DISC

VUPPADA ASHOK (3/4 E.C.E), RAJU G L A V S (3/4 E.C.E),

([email protected]), ([email protected]),
S.R.K.R ENGINEERING COLLEGE, S.R.K.R ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE,
BHIMAVARAM. BHIMAVARAM.

ABSTRACT:
Although the CD was a very useful medium for
Optical disks share a major part among the the recording and distribution of audio and some
secondary storage devices.Blu-ray Disc is a modest data-applications, demand for a new
nextgeneration optical disc format. The medium offering higher storage capacities rose
technology utilizes a blue laser diode operating in the 90s. These demands lead to the evolution
at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write of the DVD specification and a five to ten fold
data. Because it uses a blue laser it can store increase in capacity. This enabled high quality,
enormous more amounts of data on it than was standard definition video distribution
ever possible. Data is stored on Blu-Ray disks andrecording. Further more, the increased
in the form of tiny ridges on the surface of an capacity accommodated more demanding data
opaque 1.1-millimetre-thick substrate. This lies applications.
beneath a transparent 0.1mm protective layer.
With the help of Blu-ray recording devices it is 1.3 Third Generation:
possible to record up to 2.5 hours of very high
quality audio and video on a single BD. Blu-ray Now High Definition video is demanding
also promises some added security, making a new solution. History proved that a significant
ways for copyright protections. Blu-ray discs five to ten time increase in storage capacity and
can have a unique ID written on them to have the ability to play previous generation formats
copyright protection inside the recorded are key elements for a new format to succeed.
streams. Blu-ray disc takes the DVD technology This new format has arrived with the advent of
one step further, just by using a laser with a Blu-ray Disc, the only format that offers a
nice color. considerable increase in storage capacity with its
25 to 50 GB data capacity. This allows for the
next big application of optical media: the
1.History of Blu-ray Disc: distribution and recording of High Definition
video in the highest possible quality. In fact, no
1.1 First Generation: other proposed format can offer the data capacity
of Bluray Disc, and no other format will allow
When the CD was introduced in the early 80s, for the same high video quality and interactive
it meant an enormous leap from traditional features to create the ultimate user experience.
media. Not only did it offer a significant As with DVD, the Bluray Disc format is based
improvement in audio quality, its primary on the same, bare disc physical form factor,
application, but its 650 MB storage capacity also allowing for compatibility with CD and DVD.
meant a giant leap in data storage and retrieval. The Blu-ray Disc specification was officially
For the first time, there was a universal standard announced in February 2002. Blu-ray Disc
for pre-recorded, recordable and rewritable recorders were first launched in Japan in 2003.
media, offering the best quality and features
consumers could wish for themselves, at very
low costs. 1) 1982 -First working CD player developed
by Philips. Philips and Sony developed CD
1.2 Second Generation: standard – 12cm disk, 74 minutes on a
single spiral 2.4 Numerical Aperture and Resolution:
2) 1983 -First CD players sold
3) 1985-CD-ROM introduced – not popular at The numerical aperture of a microscope
first. More powerful PCs lead to demand objective is a measure of its ability to gather
for multimedia, image processing and light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed
larger applications. Growth in sales brings object distance. Image-forming light waves pass
prices down. through the specimen and enter the objective in
4) 1990’s-CD-R and CD-RW introduced – big an inverted cone as illustrated in Figure 1. A
success. longitudinal slice of this cones of light shows the
5) 1996 -DVD introduced angular aperture, a value that is determined by
6) 1999 -DVD becomes mainstream the focal length of the objective. The angle μ is
7) 2003 -BD introduced one-half the angular aperture (A) and is related
to the numerical aperture through the following
equation:

Numerical Aperture (NA) = n (sin μ)

2. Glossary of Terms:

2.1 HDTV (High Definition Video):

This high resolution 16:9 ratio, progressive scan

format can now be recorded to standard miniDV
cassettes Consumer high definition cameras are
becoming available but this is currently an
expensive, niche market. It is also possible to
capture video using inexpensive webcams. These
normally connect to a computer via USB. While
they are much cheaper than DV cameras,
webcams offer lower quality and less flexibility
for editing purposes, as they do not capture video
in DV format. Digital video is available on many Where n is the refractive index of the imaging
portable devices from digital stills cameras to medium between the front lens of the objective
mobile phones. and the specimen cover glass, a value that ranges
from 1.00 for air to 1.51 for specialized
2.2 Layer: immersion oils. Many authors substitute the
variable μ for μ in the numerical aperture
In Blu-ray Disc, data is recorded on a single side equation. From this equation it is obvious that
of the disc. However, a disc can store two data when the imaging medium is air (with a
layers, both at the same side. The read-out or refractive index, n = 1.0), then the numerical
recording laser of the Blu-ray Disc device will aperture is dependent only upon the angle μ
first read from or record to one layer, and then whose maximum value is 90°. The sin of
refocuses on the second layer. All this is done the angle μ, therefore, has a maximum value of
automatically without any user interference. A 1.0 (sin90° = 1), which is the theoretical
double layer Blu-ray Disc can store up to 50 GB maximum numerical aperture of a lens operating
of data. with air as the imaging medium (using "dry"
microscope objectives).
2.3 SDTV:
2.5 THE BLUE LASER:
Standard Definition Television. Generic term
used for conventional television sets, based on The laser used with the Blu-ray disc has a
the NTSC or PAL standards. SD television wavelength of 405nm.Though the red and the
consists of 480 to 570 visible lines. green lasers were discovered much earlier, it was
only in 1996 that the blue laser was discovered.
Actually, the wavelength 405nm would heat sink, dissipating the excess heat during the
correspond to the blueviolet part of the visible write process. A spacer layer made of ZnS-SiO2
light, in the spectrum. This achievement is comes next. Then, the recording layer made of
attributed to the efforts of Shuji Nakamura of AgInSbTeGe comes. Grooves are formed on this
Nichia Corporation, Japan. The device utilizes a layer for recording.A reflective layer of Ag alloy
GaN diode as its laser source. The operating falls beneath and finally a plastic substrate
current is kept between 60mA and 70Ma for comes. The key features of the technology are
optimum performance. For writing into the disc, introduced as follows
the power of the laser used is about 6mW. For
reading from the disc, much lesser power is 1).Highly flat and smooth cover layer:
required, only about 0.7mW.The GaN source can
give a power of about 65mW. So, it is an ideal At the high speed recording rate involved, the
choice for the laser source to be used with the linear velocity of the disc reaches 20m/s or more
Bluray disc. Due to the much lower wavelength and as a result accurate focus control becomes
involved, the amorphous mark size (bit size) is difficult. Various experiments showed that
small, leading to higher storage capacity on disc flatness and smoothness of the transparent cover
of the same size, about five to six times the layer have a marked influence on the focus
capacity of a DVD. control capability. This end is achieved by using
the spin coating method for obtaining the
3. Different Formats of Blu-ray Disc: transparent cover layer. Thus stable record
ability at high speed recording is secured.
BD-ROM: a read only format developed for
prerecorded content 2).Phase change film for high speed
BD-R : a write once format developed for PC recording:
storage
BD-RW : a rewritable format developed for PC The phase change film should have high
Storage recrystallisation speed to enable direct
BD-RE : a rewritable format developed recording at the high linear velocities
for HDTV recording. involved. A recording layer made of
AgInSbTeGe meets this purpose.

3).Super advanced rapid cooling

structure:
4. Blu-ray Disc Structure:
The excess heat from the LASER irradiation
The structure of the BD is as shown. The 0.1mm causes distortion of the recorded mark edge. So,
transparent cover layer is made of a spin-coated to diffuse the remaining excess heat, a
UVresin. It is formed by sandwiching a transparent dielectric film of high thermal
transparent layer between a protective coating conductivity, for example, AlN is used.
and a bonding layer.
5. Basic Blu-ray Disc Characteristics:

5.1 Large Recording Capacity:

The Blu-ray disc enables the recording, rewriting

and playback of HD video unto 27 GB of data on
a single sided single layer. It is enough to put 2.5
hours of HDTV recording on it. It also can
record over 13 hours of standard TV broad
casting using the VHS/ standard definition
picture quality.

5.2 High Speed:

This layer offers excellent birefringence.
Beneath, there is a layer of Antis layer acts as a
It has a data transfer rate of 36 Mbps. Because of DVD. It would mean about 2.5 hours of HDTV
this high speed transfer rates it can also record video and about 13 hours of SDTV video.
the data in very little time. In a perfect
environment it would take about 2.5 hours to fill High data transfer rate:
the entire BD with 27 GB of data. More than The basic data
enough transfer capacity for real time recording transfer rate in Blu-ray disc is about 36Mbps
and playback. which is about three times that of a DVD and
thirty times that of a CD.
5.3 Resistant to Scratches and
Fingerprints: Available in different versions like ROM,
R and RE:
The protective layer is hard enough to prevent
accidental abrasions and allows fingerprints to be The BD is available in different versions like the
removed by wiping the disc with a tissue. ROM (write once), R (read only), RE
(rewritable).

6. COMPARISONS:
Compatible with analog and digital
transmission:

The BD fares well with analog as well as digital

transmission. It offers the only means to the
recording and reproducing of digital HDTV
video. Format for encoding analog signals also,
called SESF (Self Encoded Stream Format) is
also incorporated into the BD.

Higher disc life:

In the case of ordinary discs, the disc life is less

fir the rewritable versions, as rewriting is done
repeatedly to one area of the disc most probably,
the inner perimeter. This limits the disc life. But,
the BDFS(Blu-ray Disc File Structure is
designed so as to avoid this problem, by using a
system that uses free disc spaces with equal
frequency

8. REQUIREMENTS:

1) Blue laser
2) Detector
7. ADVANTAGES:
3) Advanced objective lens
4) New disk and cartridge manufacturing
The main advantages of the Bluray disc are
technologies
More storage capacity on a disc of the
9. CHALLENGES:
same size:
The data storage capacity on a Blu-ray disc is High cost:
27GB on a single layer and 54GBon dual layer,
which is about five to six times the capacity of a
The technology is not that popular and hence, the recording and reproducing would essentially
price of the BD recorders and players available require the large storage capacity and data
in the market is very high. transfer rates, as offered by the Blu-ray disc. The
Blu-ray disc has a wide variety of applications
HD-DVD: and is the ultimate storage device that would
lead to digital convergence, ultimately leading to
The HD-DVD (High Definition DVD) based on the convergence of the PC and CE technologies.
the Advanced Optical System championed by In the opinion of many researchers (including
Toshiba and NEC is the primary rival to BD in those at the BDF group themselves), BD
the market. Though its data storage density is possibly represents the last of the plasticbased,
lower, it has lower manufacturing costs also, visible laser optical disc systems. Shorter violet
which may prove challenging to the Blu-ray and ultraviolet wavelengths are absorbed
disc. strongly by the plastic used in disc
manufacturing, and it's difficult to cheaply
10. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS: manufacture a much higher-quality lens. The
light absorbed by the disk would not make it
Efforts are progressing on many fronts to make back out to be read by the drive. In addition,
the Blu-ray discs, players and recorders cheaper. most plastics decay when exposed to ultraviolet
On 15 April 2004 for instance, Sony and Toppan light, changing color and becoming brittle. An
Printing announced the successful development ultraviolet system would destroy plastic media
of a Blu-ray Disc that is 51% (by mass) used with it. Future technologies would likely
composed of paper, which could reduce involve glass platters (which don't absorb
production costs and improve its environmental longwave ultraviolet nearly as much as plastic),
friendliness.The cost would come down as BD ultraviolet readout lasers, and/or multilayer
becomes more and more popular. fluorescent media. An emergence of the
magneto-optical system for secondary storage is
TDK has been researching the hard coat also a big possibility
technology that will provide protection against
fingerprints and scratches. Colloidable silica
dispersed UV-curable resin is being used for the 12. REFERENCES:
researches and results are encouraging.
[1] Digital Digest Magazine Published by Digital
Tech Consulting L.L.C, September 2003,
“Blu-Ray Format Positioning As Next
Generation DVD.”

[2] Optical Recording: A Technical Overview,

Addison- Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts,pp321-323(1990)

[3] www.bluray.com

[4] www.google.com
Figure shows the cross section of the disc being
developed. [5] www.opticaldisc_system.com

11. CONCLUSION:

The BD represents a major advancement in

capacity as well as data transfer rate. It would be
an ideal choice for the secondary storage
purposes. The semiconductor storage for
secondary memory is large, consumes more
power and is more expensive. HDTV video