LABORATORY FOR PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

SOP 6 CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALLIPER GAUGES

Issue date Issue !o. #$$roved by

11.7.200 E"1 %o&an #'(o, )h.*.

Changes made
#ME!*ME!+ !o. *ate ,EM-.E* Section )age Issue !o. #**E* Section )age Issue !o. dated Se$tember 1001

)resent issue E"1 is e/ual to the issue !o.

CONTENTS
1 11 & ( 4 ) 6 61 6& 6( 1 2 3 14 14 1 14 & 14 ( 14 4 11 1& INTRODUCTION Gene!a" as#e$%s MEASURING E'UIPMENT RECEIPT CLEANING T*ERMAL STABILISATION CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n F,n$%+-na" $he$. Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS DOCUMENTATION PROTECTION 4 4 4 4 4 4 ) ) ) ) 1 1 1

UNCERTAINTY 1 Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen% 1 S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen% 2 Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6 14 E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6 11 TRACEABILITY LITERATURE 1& 1&

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INTRODUCTION
+his $rocedure describes the ste$s ta(en 3hen calibrating vernier calli$er gauges of any dimension using the *I! 142 standard.

11

Gene!a" as#e$%s
.ernier calli$er gauges are used to measure distances of either inside or outside measures or de$ths. 5auge bloc(s are used to calibrate the vernier calli$er gauge.

&

MEASURING E'UIPMENT
5auge bloc(s 7oordinate measuring machine 5auge ring 90 mm " 6EISS, 10 bloc(s " 6EISS 8M7 190 " MI+8+-:-

RECEIPT
+he vernier calli$er gauge is received from the customer and is visually chec(ed for any obvious defects. *efects 3hich are chec(ed are corrosion; missing or 3orn $arts of the scale <on classical scales=; missing $arts such as scre3s; and significant scratches or other defects 3hich 3ould im$ede use. +he customer name, and ty$e and serial number of the vernier calli$er is also noted and is tagged on to the vernier calli$er using a yello3 identification stic(er. +he $rocedure for attaching this stic(er is described in the $aragra$h 12.10.2. of the >uality manual. +he number of gauges is chec(ed and com$ared 3ith the accom$anying documentation.

CLEANING
+he measuring surfaces of the gauge bloc(s and the gauge measuring surfaces are cleaned using $etroleum ether. #ny grit or other $articles are also cleaned from the scale. +he surfaces are 3i$ed after3ards using the tougher side of a chamois leather <or s$ecial synthetic cloth=. Minor damages on guides or measuring surfaces are re$aired using s$ecial fine grindstone.

T*ERMAL STABILISATION
+he tem$erature of the gauge is stabilised at 20 7 1 7 for 9 hours.
o o

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CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n Measuring surfaces are chec(ed to see if there are any scratches 3hich may im$ede
calibration.

Scale is chec(ed?
7lassical scale is chec(ed for any mar(ing $oints or numbers on the scale 3hich may be missing or 3orn. *ial scale is chec(ed for the straightness of the $ointer and its distance from the scale. +he $ointer must be of the same 3idth as the lines on the scale. @ines of the scale must be oriented to3ards the centre of the dial scale. ,esolution must be 3ritten on the scale <e. g. 0,01 mm= *igital scale is chec(ed for numerical legibility and for any scratches on the dis$lay. If the numbers are of $oor resolution <chec(ed at dis$lay value 11.11= the battery is changed and resolution is chec(ed again. +he numbers must be clearly visible in each measuring $osition.

6&

F,n$%+-na" $he$.
+he gauge is tested for the full and smooth running of its s$ecified distance. +he air in guides is chec(ed. +he sho3n value should not change if the gauge is fiAed used fiAing scre3.

6&1

Pa!a""e"+sm -/ Meas,!+ng S,!/a$es +he $arallelism is chec(ed by observing the air slot 3hen measuring surfaces are in contact. It should not change if the gauge is fiAed used fiAing scre3. 6ero $osition of the de$th measuring bar is also chec(ed. -bserved deviations are recorded in calibration re$ort.

6(

Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns
*eviations of gauges 3ith measuring range 0 " 190 mm are chec(ed using gauge bloc(s of the dimensions stated in the +able 1. *eviation of inside measure is chec(ed at the value 90 mm using gauge ring <for all measuring ranges=. *eviations of gauges greater than 190 mm are chec(ed using coordinate measuring machine according to the follo3ing $rocedure <for one measuring $osition= ?

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SOP 6 8 CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALLIPER GAUGES

$

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A 0

" $robing $oints

yB

Figure 1? Measurement of deviations on the 7MM first measurement deviation is chec(ed by gauge bloc( 20 mm using actual measurement force, five $oints are $robed on the fiA measuring surface and 7 a7es is defined through these $oints <Fig. 1=, one $oint is $robed on the rule surface and 7 $--!d+na%e is set to 0 " y aAes is defined <Fig. 1=, y aAes is moved for the half length of the measurement surface <yB in Fig. 1=, Cero $oint of the coordinate system is defined as intersection of A and yB, the other four deviations <for measurement $ositions see +able 1= are measured by the 7MM in the follo3ing 3ay? " moving $art of the gauge is moved into the measuremet $osition, " five $oints are $robed on the moving measuring surface and the straight line # is calculated through these $oints <Fig. 1=, " intersection of the line $ 3ith the yB aAes is calculated <$oint + in Fig. 1=, " distance of the $oint + from the Cero $oint is calculated and com$ared 3ith the set value on the gauge <measurement $osition=; the deviation is calculated and recorded. +able 1? Measurement $ositions for different measuring ranges Measuring range <mm= 0 " 190 0 " 200 <290= 0 " 00 <200= 0 " 900 0 " 790 0 " 1000 0 20 20 20 20 20 Measuremement $ositions <mm= 20 21, 21, 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 70 100 1 1,2 211,2 211,2 211,1 100 1 1,2 200 10,9 211,1 700 129 110 211,2 211,1 700 000

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EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS

+he results of the readings ta(en for each gauge bloc( <or measured by the 7MM= are noted on a record sheet. Example: 5auge bloc( <mm= *eviation <m= 0 D20 20 "20 70 0 100 "20 129 "20

DOCUMENTATION
+he results from the calibrations are recorded according to instructions from >uality Manual.

PROTECTION
+he measuring surfaces are oiled by s$ecial oil for instruments.

14 14 1

UNCERTAINTY Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen%

+he deviation e <result of calibration= is given by the eA$ression? e E li<1Dmm= " le<1Dee= D dF 3here? e li m m le e e dF deviation <result of calibration= at 207 indicated value on the calli$er gauge <reading= thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the calli$er gauge deviation of the tem$erature of the calli$er gauge calibrated length of the gauge bloc( at 207 or the value sho3n by the 7MM thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the gauge bloc( <or the measuring system of the 7MM= " deviation of the tem$erature of the gauge bloc( <or the measuring system of the 7MM= " difference of the deformations caused by measuring force in measurement and in calibration <assumed to be 0= " " " " " " <1=

If ne3 /uantities are defined as? E m " e E m " e then e/uation <1= gets the follo3ing form?

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SOP 6 8 CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALLIPER GAUGES

e E li<1DmeDm= " le<1Dme"e= D dF

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14 &

S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen%
E/uation <10= in [2] gets in our case the follo3ing form?
2 2 2 2 uc2<e=Ecli2u2<li=Dcm2 u2 <m=Dce2 u2 <e=Dc2 u2 <=Dc le2 u2 <le=Dc u <=DcdF u <dF=

< =

3here ci are $artial derivatives of the function <2=? cli E fFli cm E fFm ce E fFe c c le c cdF E fF E fFle E fF E fFdF E 1DmeDm 1; if emaAE1 7 E e<li" le= 100 m7 if emaAE17 and <li" le=maA E 100 m " "1 "4 "1 E m<li" le= 1,110 m7 if m E 1110 7 E mli E "<1DmeD e= 1; if emaAE1 7 E "lee "lie E1

7alculation <estimation= of standard uncertainties of influence values is given in +able 1 for the e/ui$ment, methods and conditions used in our laboratory. +able 1; 8ncertainty budget SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY 1. Uncertainty of the reading of the result u(li) maAimum errors are 9 Gm, at nonius 0,02 mm is H1 Gm <eA$eriment=, at nonius 0,09 is H14 Gm <eA$eriment=, and at nonius 0,1 mm is H29 Gm <estimated=. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? u<l i = = <9m= F for digital scale 2,0 Gm u<l i = = <1 m= F for nonius 0,02 mm 7,9 Gm u<l i = = <14m= F for nonius 0,09 mm
standard uncertainty u<Ai= ci dfFdAi

u<l i = = <29m= F

for nonius 0,1 mm

0,9 Gm 12,2 Gm 1

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2. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient u(m) +he bounds of 110 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? "4 "1 0,9110 7 u< m = = <1 104 71 = F 3. Uncertainty of the gauge block (or C ) temperature u(e) +he greatest tem$erature deviations in the room are 17. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<e= E 1F27 !. Uncertainty of temperature difference u() +he greatest tem$erature difference is su$$osed to be 17. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<m= E J 7 ". Uncertainty of the calibration of the standard u(le) or uncertainty of the C result ".1 #ernier calliper gauges $ % 1"$ mm only one standard is used? the calibration certificate gives the eA$anded uncertainty? "4 8<le=E0.1 mD110 l ; (E2 standard uncertainty is therefore? u1<le=E8<le=F2 ".& #ernier calliper gauges greater than 1"$ mm (C is used)
"4 0.09 mD0.910 l 1 "4 "1

100 m7

0,97

1,110 "1 m7

"

0,9 7

"lim

For the measuring $osition in y aAes <A"y $lane on the table level at the left side of the table= uncertainty 3as evaluated eA$erimentally using combination of gauge bloc(s Estimated standard uncertainty is? u2<le= E 1 Gm D 1,910 l
"4 "4 1 GmD1,910 l

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".3

'nside measure "$ mm uncertainty of calibration of gauge ring is? "4 8<le=E0.9 GmD110 l ; (E2 standard uncertainty is therefore? u1<le=E8<le=F2
"4 0.29 mD0,910 l 1

4. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient difference u() "4 "1 +he bounds of 210 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore?

u< = = <2 10 7

=F

1,210 7 7. Uncertainty of assumed difference bet(een deformations caused by measurement force u(d)) #ssumed difference of deformations is 0. In fact, different forces are a$$lied in calibration and in measurement. +he deviation caused by different forces is assumed to be maAimum m. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? u<d
F

"4

"1

lie

= = m F

1,7 Gm

14 (
14 ( 1

Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6

Ve!n+e! $a""+#e!s 4 8 1)4 mm 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 2,0 D 0,09 D 1,7 u( E ,2 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== consists of contributions !o. 2, 9, and 4 <+able 1= and is calculated from the e/uation < =. Indicated value is assumed to be a$$roAimately the same as the length of the gauge bloc( <measured length=, eA$ansion "4 "1 coefficient is assumed to be 1210 7 room=. <steel= and the tem$erature deviation is assumed to be 17 <the greatest deviation in the ul E 9,010 l For the greatest measurement range 190 mm this value is? ul E 0,0 Gm 7ombined uncertainty for the length 190 mm is then? u c = u ( 2 + u l 2 E ,9 Gm #fter lineariCation 3e get?
"4 2 2 2 2E

11,2 Gm

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uc E ,2 Gm D 0,410 l 14 ( & Ve!n+e! $a""+#e!s g!ea%e! %han 1)4 mm 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 2,0 D 1 D 1,7 u( E ,9 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== is? "4 ul E 4,110 l For the greatest measurement range 1000 mm this value is? ul E 4,1 Gm 7ombined uncertainty for the length 1000 mm is then? u c = u ( 2 + u l 2 E 7 Gm #fter lineariCation 3e get? " uc E ,9 Gm D ,910 4 l 14 ( ( Ins+de d+mens+-n 7ombined standard uncertainty is the same as the uncertainty in 10. .1.
2 2 2 2E

12,2 Gm

14 4

E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6
#ccording to E#@ coverage factor (E2 is used for the calculation of the eA$anded uncertainty. +he greatest calculated standard uncertainty is ta(en for all cases. +he eA$anded uncertainty for all cases is? 8 E 7 Gm D 710 l
"4

EA$anded uncertainty for vernier cali$ers 3ith nonius 0,02 mm is?

8 E 19,9 Gm D 710 l EA$anded uncertainty for vernier cali$ers 3ith nonius 0,09 mm is? 8 E 20 Gm D 710 l
"4

"4

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EA$anded uncertainty for vernier cali$ers 3ith nonius 0,1 mm is? 8 E 20 Gm D 710 l
"4

11

TRACEABILITY
Measuring e/ui$ment used for calibration? gauge bloc(s 6EISS <0,9 " 100 mm= " calibrated by com$arison using our reference set F,#!K that is calibrated by $rimary standard gauge ring MI+8+-:- " calibrated in @+M using 6EISS 8@M and laser interferometer <calibrated in an accredited Euro$ean laboratory= 7MM 6EISS 8M7 190 " calibrated for length measurements using long gauge bloc(s <K-%# and +ES# and simulating actual measurement $rocedure described in 4. .

1&

LITERATURE
[1] [2] *I! 142, MeLschieber, -ct. 101 IS- 5uide to the EA$ression of 8ncertainty in Measurement, S3itCerland 1009

LABORATORY FOR PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

SOP ) CALIBRATION OF MICROMETERS

Issue date Issue !o. #$$roved by

11.7.200 E"1 %o&an #'(o, )h.*.

Changes made
#ME!*ME!+ !o. *ate ,EM-.E* Section )age Issue !o. #**E* Section )age Issue !o. dated Se$tember 1001

)resent issue E"1 is e/ual to the issue !o.

CONTENTS
1 11 & ( 4 ) 6 61 6& 6( 1 2 3 14 14 1 14 & 14 ( 14 4 11 1& INTRODUCTION Gene!a" as#e$%s MEASURING E'UIPMENT RECEIPT CLEANING T*ERMAL STABILISATION CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n F,n$%+-na" $he$. Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS DOCUMENTATION PROTECTION 4 4 4 4 4 4 ) ) ) 6 2 2 2

UNCERTAINTY 2 Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen% 2 S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen% 3 Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6 11 E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6 1& TRACEABILITY LITERATURE 1( 1(

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INTRODUCTION
+his $rocedure describes the ste$s ta(en 3hen calibrating micrometers of any dimension using the *I! 14 standard.

11

Gene!a" as#e$%s
Micrometers are used to measure distances of either inside or outside measures, 3here attachments to the micrometer or s$ecial ty$es of micrometer are used to measure inside dimensions. 7eramic gauge bloc(s and coordinate measuring machine are used to calibrate the micrometer.

&

MEASURING E'UIPMENT
7eramic gauge bloc(s 2,9 " 29 Steel gauge bloc(s 0,9 " 100 mm Steel gauge bloc(s 129 " 900 mm Steel gauge bloc(s 900 " 1000 mm -$tical Flat 5auge rings 2 " 279 mm " MI+8+-:-, 10 bloc(s " K-%#, 122 bloc(s " K-%#, 1 bloc(s " F,#!K, 9 bloc(s " +ES# " MI+8+-:-

RECEIPT
+he micrometer is received from the customer and is visually chec(ed for any obvious defects. *efects 3hich are chec(ed are corrosion, missing or 3orn $arts of the scale <on classical scales=; missing $arts such as scre3s, and significant scratches or other defects 3hich 3ould im$ede use. +he customer name, and ty$e and serial number of the micrometer is also noted and is tagged on to the micrometer using a yello3 identification stic(er. +he $rocedure for attaching this stic(er is described in the $aragra$h 12.10.2. of the >uality manual. +he number of gauges is chec(ed and com$ared 3ith the accom$anying documentation.

CLEANING
+he measuring surfaces of the gauge bloc(s and the micrometer anvils are cleaned using $etroleum ether. #ny grit or other $articles are also cleaned from the scale. +he surfaces are 3i$ed after3ards using the tougher side of a chamois leather <or s$ecial synthetic cloth=.

T*ERMAL STABILISATION
+he tem$erature of the micrometer is stabilised at 20 7 H 1 7 for 9 hours.
o o

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6 61

CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n Measuring surfaces are chec(ed to see if there are any scratches, 3hich may im$ede
calibration.

Scale is chec(ed?
7lassical scale is chec(ed for any mar(ing lines or numbers on the scale, 3hich may be missing or 3orn. +he mar(ing lines should be of the same 3idth and have shar$ edges. *igital scale is chec(ed for numerical legibility and for any scratches on the dis$lay. If the numbers are of $oor resolution <chec(ed at dis$lay value 11.11= the battery is changed and resolution is chec(ed again. +he numbers must be clearly visible in each measuring $osition.

6&

F,n$%+-na" $he$.
+he micrometer is tested for the full and smooth running of its s$ecified distance. +he loc( nut is tested to see that is holds the micrometer s$indle firmly at various $ositions.

6&1

Pa!a""e"+sm -/ Meas,!+ng S,!/a$es +he o$tical flat is $laced bet3een the t3o anvils, 3ith the micrometer tightened in the normal 3ay using the ratchet. +he flat is given a small t3ist to chec( the gri$ of the anvils, and to remove any dust that may have settled on the surfaces. +he number of interference lines or circles are counted on both measuring faces. +he interference linesFcircles that a$$ear any3here in the region less than 0.2 mm from the edge of the flat are ignored in the count. +he numbers are added together and if the total is less than or e/ual to the values listed in the table belo3, the $arallelism of measuring surfaces is in tolerance? Measuring ,ange <mm= 00 to 29 29 to 90 90 to 79 79 to 100 !umber of allo3able interference lines or circles for $arallelism according to *I! 14 4 2 Gm 4 2 Gm 10 Gm 10 Gm

In the case 3hen $arallelism is out of tolerances, the remar( is 3ritten in the calibration re$ort.

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6&&

F"a%ness -/ Meas,!+ng S,!/a$es +he flatness of the micrometer anvils is ins$ected by means of the o$tical flat. +he o$tical flat is $laced bet3een the t3o anvils follo3ing the $rocedure described in the $revious section 4.2.2. If any interference lines are observed, the t3o outer lines are ignored and the other lines are counted. +he table belo3 sho3s the e/uivalent flatness corres$onding to the number of lines counted?

!umber of interference lines or circles according to *I! 2 0.4 Gm

6(
6(1

Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns
M+$!-me%e!s /-! meas,!+ng -,%s+de d+mens+-ns

*.3.1.1 +tarting ,oint +he s$ecified starting distance is chec(ed? for the Cero value <for micrometers of 0 " 29 mm= by tightening the micrometer <using the ratchet= until it tightens no further and then reading off the value, or; for values other than Cero in the same 3ay but 3ith the use of a gauge bloc( of a$$ro$riate dimension <e. g. for micrometer 90 " 79 mm starting $oint is chec(ed using a gauge bloc( 90 mm=. +he deviation is stated in the calibration re$ort. *.3.1.& -e.iations in measuring positions For micrometers of measuring range 0 " 29 mm the follo3ing gauge bloc( dimensions are used? 2.9, 9.1, 7.7, 10. , 12.0, 19.0, 17.4, 20.2, 22.1, 29 mm. For micrometers of other measuring ranges the same gauge bloc(s are used, but each attached to a gauge bloc( of a dimension that is e/ual to the lo3er measuring range limit. +he gauge bloc( <or a combination of gauge bloc(s= is $laced bet3een the t3o anvils, 3ith the micrometer tightened in the normal 3ay using the ratchet so that the bloc( is held firmly. +he bloc( is given a small t3ist to chec( the gri$ of the anvils, and to remove any dust that may have settled on the surfaces. +he bloc( is also $laced in a $osition such that the anvils touch the centre of the gauge measuring faces. If more than one gauge bloc( is used, additional value of 0,2 Gm is added to the sum of the gauge bloc( lengths for each &oint <eA$erimentally evaluated=.

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6(&

M+$!-me%e!s /-! meas,!+ng +ns+de d+mens+-ns

*.3.&.1 +tarting ,oint +he deviation in the starting $oint is chec(ed using a gauge bloc( of the dimension that is e/ual to the lo3er measuring range limit. +he gauge bloc( is $ut into s$ecial gauge bloc( holder for chec(ing inside dimensions <Fig. 1 = measured distance

gauge bloc(

Figure 1? 5auge bloc( holder for chec(ing inside dimensions +he deviation is stated in the calibration re$ort. If more than one gauge bloc( is used, additional value of 0,2 Gm is added to the sum of the gauge bloc( lengths for each &oint <eA$erimentally evaluated=. *.3.&.& -e.iations in measuring positions +he same gauge bloc(s are used as in 4. .1.2, but they are $ut in the holder <Fig. 1=. +he micrometer is gently rotated in order to find the minimum distance. 6(( Ca"+5!a%+-n -/ s%anda!d 5a!s /-! m+$!-me%e!s Standard bars for micrometers are calibrated in the same 3ay and 3ith the same device as long gauge bloc(s. +he $rocedure and uncertainty is described in S-) 14. 6(4 Th!ee #-+n% m+$!-me%e!s /-! meas,!+ng +ns+de d+ame%e!s

*.3.!.1 +tarting ,oint +he deviation in the starting $oint is chec(ed using a gauge ring of the dimension that is e/ual to the lo3er measuring range limit. +he deviation is stated in the calibration re$ort. *.3.!.& -e.iations in measuring positions +3o gauge rings are used for chec(ing deviations. -ne diameter is a$$roAimately at the middle of the measuring range and the other is a$$roAimately at the u$$er limit of the measuring range. Measurement is re$eated in three different $ositions <the gauge ring is rotated t3ice for 120= and the mean value is stated in the calibration re$ort.

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EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS

+he results of the readings ta(en for each gauge bloc( <gauge ring= are noted on a record sheet. If the micrometer reading for a given distance is different to the value indicated on the gauge bloc( this difference is recorded. Example:

5auge bloc( <mm= *eviation <Gm=

2.9 D1

9.1 "1

7.7 0

10. "1

12.0 D2

19.0 0

17.4 D2

20.2 "1

22.1 D1

29 "1

DOCUMENTATION
+he results from the calibrations are recorded according to instructions from >uality Manual.

PROTECTION
+he micrometer is oiled by s$ecial oil for instruments.

14 14 1

UNCERTAINTY Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen%

+he deviation e <result of calibration= is given by the eA$ression? e E li<1Dmm= " le<1Dee= D dF 3here? e li m m le e e dF " " " " " deviation <result of calibration= at 20 M7 indicated value on the micrometer <reading= thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the micrometer deviation of the tem$erature of the micrometer calibrated length of the gauge bloc( <or gauge bloc( combination= or gauge ring at 20 M7 " thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the gauge bloc(<s= <or ring= " deviation of the tem$erature of the gauge bloc( " difference of the deformations caused by measuring force in measurement and in calibration <assumed to be 0= <1=

If ne3 /uantities are defined as? E m " e E m " e

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then e/uation <1= gets the follo3ing form? e E li<1DmeDm= " le<1Dme"e= D dF <2=

14 &

S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen%
E/uation <10= in [2] gets in our case the follo3ing form?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 uc2<e=Ec li2 u2 <li=Dcm2 u2 <m=Dce u <e=Dc2 u2 <=Dc le u <le=Dc u <=DcdF u <dF=

< =

3here ci are $artial derivatives of the function <2=? cli E fFli cm E fFm ce E fFe c cle c cdF E fF E fFle E fF E fFdF E 1DmeDm 1; if emaAEH1 7 E e<li" le=Dli "2 "1 "4 "1 E m<li" le= 2,210 Gm7 if m E 1110 7 E mli E "<1DmeDe= 1; if emaAEH1 7 E "lee "lie E1

7alculation <estimation= of standard uncertainties of influence values is given in +able 1 for the e/ui$ment, methods and conditions used in our laboratory. +able 1? 8ncertainty budget SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY 1. Uncertainty of the reading of the result u(li) maAimum error for digital scale is H1 Gm and for classical scale H2 Gm. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore?
standard uncertainty u<Ai= ci E dfFdAi

u<l i = = <1m= F
u<l i = = <2m= F

; for digital scale ; for classical scale

0,97 Gm 1,19 Gm

1 1

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2. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient u(m) +he bounds of H110 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? "4 "1 0,9110 7 4 1 u< m = = <1 10 7 = F 3. Uncertainty of the gauge block temperature u(e) +he greatest tem$erature deviations in the room are H1M7. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<e= !. E 1F27 Uncertainty of temperature difference u() +he greatest tem$erature difference is su$$osed to be H0,27. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<= E 0,2F27 ". Uncertainty of the calibration of the standard u(le) ".1 /utside micrometers $%&" mm only one standard is used? the calibration certificate gives the eA$anded uncertainty? "4 8<le=E0.1 GmD110 l ; (E2 standard uncertainty is therefore? u1<le=E8<le=F2 ".& /utside micrometers (ith starting point 0 $ t3o or three standards are used the uncertainty for t3o standards is? 3here? u<le1=, u<le2= " uncertainties of standards u<con= " uncertainty of the connection "4 u<le1=Eu<le2=E0,09 GmD0,910 l ; u<con=E0,1 Gm standard uncertainty for t3o gauge bloc(s is? "4 u2<le=E 0.12 GmD0,7110 l standard uncertainty for three gauge bloc(s is? u <le=E 0.17 GmD0,1710 l 0,70 GmD0,1710 4 l
" "4 "4 1 0,12 GmD0,7110 l "4 "1

20 Gm7Dli

0,9 7

2,210 Gm7

"2

"1

0,1 7

lim

0,09GmD0.910 l 1

"4

u(l

= u( l e1 ) + u( l

e2

+ u(con)

2 e

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".3

'nside micrometers (using & gauge blocks) the uncertainty for t3o standards is? 3here? u<le1=, u<le2= " uncertainties of standards u<con= " uncertainty of the connection "4 u<le1=Eu<le2=E0.09 GmD0,910 l ; u<con=E0,1 Gm standard uncertainty for t3o gauge bloc(s is? "4 u2<le=E 0.10 GmD0,7110 l 0,17 GmD0,7110 1 4 l
"

u( l e ) = u( l e1 ) + u( l

e2

u( con)

".!

1hree point inside micrometers uncertainty of calibration of gauge ring is? "4 8<le=E0,9 GmD110 l ; (E2 standard uncertainty is therefore? u1<le=E8<le=F2

"4 0,29 GmD0,910 l 1

4. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient difference u() "4 "1 +he bounds of H210 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? 4 1 u< = = <2 10 7 = F 1,210 7 7. Uncertainty of assumed difference bet(een deformations caused by measurement force u(d)) #ssumed difference of deformations is 0. In fact, different forces are a$$lied in calibration and in measurement. +he deviation caused by different forces is assumed to be maAimum 0,9 Gm. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore?
"4 "1

"lie

u<d

= = 0,9m F

0, Gm

14 (
14 ( 1

Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6

O,%s+de m+$!-me%e!s 4 8 &) mm :d+g+%a" s$a"e; 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 0,97 D 0,09 D 0, u( E 0,49 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== consists of contributions !o. 2, 9, 4 <+able 1= and is calculated from the e/uation <2=. Indicated value is assumed to be
2 2 2 2E

0,22 Gm

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a$$roAimately the same as the length of the gauge bloc( <measured length=, eA$ansion "4 "1 coefficient is assumed be 1210 7 room=. <steel= and the tem$erature deviation is assumed to be 1 7 <the greatest to deviation in the "4 ul E 1,1410 l uc E 0,49 Gm D 1,1410 l 14 ( & Ca"+5!a%+-ns ,s+ng & -! ( ga,ge 5"-$.s :d+g+%a" s$a"e; Since calibration uncertainty of gauge bloc(s is much smaller than other com$onents, no rd significant differences in combined uncertainty a$$ear <on the decimal $lace=. +herefore, it is assumed that the combined uncertainty is e/ual for all cases 14 ( ( Ins+de %h!ee #-+n% m+$!-me%e!s :d+g+%a" s$a"e; 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 0,97 D 0,9 D 0, u( E 0,7 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== is? "4 ul E 1,1410 l uc E 0,7 Gm D 1,1410 l 14 ( 4 M+$!-me%e!s <+%h $"ass+$a" s$a"e 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 1,19 D 0,09 D 0, u( E 1,10 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== is? "4 ul E 1,1410 l uc E 0,49 Gm D 1,1410 l
"4 2 2 2 2E "4 2 2 2 2E "4

0,21 Gm

1,21 Gm

14 4

E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6
#ccording to E#@ coverage factor (E2 is used for the calculation of the eA$anded uncertainty. +he greatest calculated standard uncertainty is ta(en for all cases <digital scale=. +he eA$anded uncertainty for all cases is? 8 E 1,9 Gm D 210 l
"4

EA$anded uncertainty for classical scale is for all cases? 8 E 2,2 Gm D 210 l
"4

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11

TRACEABILITY
Measuring e/ui$ment used for calibration?

ceramic gauge bloc(s MI+8+-:- " calibrated by com$arison using our reference set

F,#!K that is calibrated by $rimary standard, gauge bloc(s K-%# <0,9 " 100 mm= " calibrated by com$arison using our reference set F,#!K that is calibrated by $rimary standard, long gauge bloc(s K-%# <129 " 900 mm= and +ES# <400 " 1000 mm= " calibrated by com$arison in *K* or other accredited or national Euro$ean laboratory gauge rings MI+8+-:- " calibrated in @+M using 6EISS 8@M and laser interferometer <calibrated in an accredited Euro$ean laboratory=

o$tical flat +ES# " calibrated in an accredited Euro$ean laboratory 1&

[1] [2]

LITERATURE
*I! 14 , MeLschrauben, -ct. 101 IS- 5uide to the EA$ression of 8ncertainty in Measurement, S3itCerland 1009

LABORATORY FOR PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

SOP 2 CALIBRATION OF DIAL GAUGES

Issue date Issue !o. #$$roved by

11.7.200 E"1 %o&an #'(o, )h.*.

Changes made
#ME!*ME!+ !o. *ate ,EM-.E* Section )age Issue !o. #**E* Section )age Issue !o. dated Se$tember 1001.

)resent issue E"1 is e/ual to the issue !o.

CONTENTS
1 11 & ( 4 ) 6 61 6& 6( 64 6) 66 1 11 1& 2 3 14 14 1 14 & 14 ( 14 4 11 1& INTRODUCTION Gene!a" as#e$%s MEASURING E'UIPMENT RECEIPT CLEANING T*ERMAL STABILISATION CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n F,n$%+-na" $he$. F+7+ng %he ga,ge +n%- %he $a"+5!a%+-n de0+$e Ad=,s%men% -/ >e!- #-s+%+-n Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns Meas,!emen% -/ !e#ea%a5+"+%6 EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns Re#ea%a5+"+%6 DOCUMENTATION PROTECTION 4 4 4 4 4 4 ) ) ) ) ) ) 6 6 6 1 1 1

UNCERTAINTY 1 Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen% 1 S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen% 2 Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6 14 E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6 11 TRACEABILITY LITERATURE 11 1&

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INTRODUCTION
+his $rocedure describes the ste$s ta(en 3hen calibrating dial gauges 3ith measuring range u$ to 90 mm using the *I! 171 standard.

11

Gene!a" as#e$%s
*ial gauges are calibrated on a s$ecial device for calibration of dial gauges. +he resolution of the device is 0,001 mm. *ial gauges 3ith measuring range greater than 10 mm are calibrated using gauge bloc(s in addition to the device.

&

MEASURING E'UIPMENT
*evice for calibration of dial gauges " M#N, 149 E <MI@I+,-! dis$lay= 5auge bloc(s " K-%#, 122 bloc(s

RECEIPT
+he dial gauge is received from the customer and is visually chec(ed for any obvious defects. *efects, 3hich are chec(ed are corrosion; missing or 3orn $arts of the scale <on classical scales=; missing $arts such as scre3s; and significant scratches or other defects 3hich 3ould im$ede use. +he customer name, and ty$e and serial number of the dial gauge is also noted and is tagged on to the dial gauge using a yello3 identification stic(er. +he $rocedure for attaching this stic(er is described in the $aragra$h 12.10.2. of the >uality manual. +he number of gauges is chec(ed and com$ared 3ith the accom$anying documentation.

CLEANING
+he measuring surfaces of the calibration device, gauge bloc(s and the gauge measuring surfaces are cleaned using $etroleum ether. #ny grit or other $articles are also cleaned from the scale. +he surfaces are 3i$ed after3ards using the tougher side of a chamois leather <or s$ecial synthetic cloth=. +he moving shaft is also cleaned if necessary.

T*ERMAL STABILISATION
+he tem$erature of the gauge is stabilised at 20 7 1 7 for 9 hours.
o o

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6 61

CALIBRATION V+s,a" +ns#e$%+-n Measuring surfaces are chec(ed to see if there are any scratches 3hich may im$ede
calibration.

Scale is chec(ed?
*ial scale is chec(ed for the straightness of the $ointer and its distance from the scale. +he $ointer must be of the same 3idth as the lines on the scale. @ines of the scale must be oriented to3ards the centre of the dial scale. ,esolution must be 3ritten on the scale <e. g. 0,01 mm= *igital scale is chec(ed for numerical legibility and for any scratches on the dis$lay. If the numbers are of $oor resolution <chec(ed at dis$lay value 11.11= the battery is changed and resolution is chec(ed again. +he numbers must be clearly visible in each measuring $osition.

6&

F,n$%+-na" $he$.
+he gauge is tested for the full and smooth running of its s$ecified distance.

6(

F+7+ng %he ga,ge +n%- %he $a"+5!a%+-n de0+$e

+he moving $art of the calibration device <$robe= should be in the lo3er $osition. +he gauge is fiAed in such a 3ay that the $ointer is belo3 Cero $osition.

64

Ad=,s%men% -/ >e!- #-s+%+-n the $robe of the calibration device <3hich is in contact 3ith the $robe of the gauge= is
lifted to the $osition 3here the $ointer of the gauge is eAactly in the Cero $osition <the line indicating Cero $osition is covered by the $ointer, or a digital dis$lay sho3s 0,00<0= mm=.

dis$lay of the calibration device is reset <set to 0,000 mm=. 6) Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns the measuring range is divided into ten <10= e/ual increments " ten measuring
$ositions are defined in addition to Cero $oint. the $robe of the calibration device is lifted to the first measuring $osition <$ositive direction of a$$roaching measuring $osition=; the eAact value <e.g. 1,000 mm= should be sho3n on the dis$lay of the device. +he deviation from the eAact value is read from the dial gauge and is recorded.

the same $rocedure is used for other 0 measuring $ositions.

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If the measuring range is greater than 10 mm, gauge bloc(s of different dimensions <de$end on measuring range= are $ut bet3een the $robe of the device and the $robe of the dial gauge.
Example: 2 dial gauge (ith the measuring range 3$ mm is calibrated easuring positions: $3 33 *3 43 1&3 1"3 153 &13 &!3 &63 3$ mm easurement of de.iations: 1st position (3 mm) % probe of the de.ice is lifted to 33$$$ mm &nd position (* mm) % probe of the de.ice is lifted to *3$$$ mm 3rd position (4 mm) % probe of the de.ice is lifted to 43$$$ mm !th position (1& mm) % probe of the de.ice is in position 43$$$ mm and 3 mm gauge block is put bet(een the probes "th position (1" mm) % probe of the de.ice is in position 43$$$ mm and * mm gauge block is put bet(een the probes *th position (15 mm) % probe of the de.ice is in position 43$$$ mm and 4 mm gauge block is put bet(een the probes etc...

# value 0,1 Gm <eA$erimentally evaluated contact error bet3een the $robe and the gauge bloc(= is added to the length of the gauge bloc(. after the last deviation is recorded, the $robe of the device is lifted for a$$roAimately ten scale divisions above the maAimum value on the scale and then moved do3n to the last measuring $osition <negative direction of a$$roaching measuring $osition=. +he deviation of the value indicated by the gauge is recorded again. the $robe is moved do3n to other 10 measuring $ositions <negative direction= and the deviations are recorded.

the measurement is finished 3hen the last deviation <in Cero $osition= is recorded. 66 Meas,!emen% -/ !e#ea%a5+"+%6
+he $robe of the device is $ositioned five times in a measuring $osition <does not matter in 3hich one= in such a 3ay that the dis$lay of the device al3ays sho3s the same value. .alues sho3n by the dial gauge are recorded.

1 11

EVALUATION OF MEASURING RESULTS Meas,!emen% -/ de0+a%+-ns

+he gra$h is dra3n for $ositive and for negative direction of measurement as it is sho3n in Figure 1.

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[Gm] 2 2 1 0 "1 "2 " "2 $ositive direction negative direction 1 2 2 9 4 7 1 0 10 [mm] eob ee es(

Figure 1? *eviation gra$h of a dial gauge 0 " 10 mm 3ith characteristic deviations +he follo3ing values <Figure 1= are calculated in addition to deviations in each measuring $osition? es( " overall deviation <the difference bet3een the t3o eAtreme deviations <for both directions together= ee " the greatest difference bet3een t3o eAtreme deviations for one direction <$ositive or negative; de$ends on 3hich one is bigger=

eob " the greatest difference bet3een the deviation in $ositive direction and in negative direction in one measuring $osition

1&

Re#ea%a5+"+%6
,e$eatability is the difference bet3een the greatest and the smallest indicated value of the measurement described in 4.4. It is also stated in the calibration certificate.

DOCUMENTATION
+he results from the calibrations are recorded according to instructions from >uality Manual.

PROTECTION
+he measuring surface is oiled by s$ecial oil for instruments.

14 14 1

UNCERTAINTY Ma%hema%+$a" m-de" -/ %he meas,!emen%

+he deviation e <result of calibration= is given by the eA$ression?

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e E li<1Dmm= " le<1Dee=

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3here? e li m m le e e deviation <result of calibration= at 207 indicated value on the dial gauge <reading= thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the dial gauge mechanism deviation of the tem$erature of the dial gauge indicated value on the calibration device <$lus length of a gauge bloc( 3here a$$licable= " thermal eA$ansion coefficient of the measurement system of the calibration device " deviation of the tem$erature of the measurement system of the calibration device " " " " "

If ne3 /uantities are defined as? E m " e E m " e then e/uation <1= gets the follo3ing form? e E li<1DmeDm= " le<1Dme"e= <2=

14 &

S%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%+es -/ %he es%+ma%+-ns -/ %he +n#,% 0a",es and $-m5+ned s%anda!d ,n$e!%a+n%6 -/ meas,!emen%
E/uation <10= in [ ] gets in our case the follo3ing form?
2 2 2 2 2 2 uc2<e=Ec li2 u2 <li=Dcm2 u2 <m=Dce u <e=Dc2 u2 <=Dc le u <le=Dc u <=

< =

3here ci are $artial derivatives of the function <2=? c li E fFli cm E fFm ce E fFe c E fF c le E fF le c E fF E 1DmeDm 1; if emaAE1 7 E e<li" le= 90 m7 if emaAE17 and <li" le=maA E 90 m "2 "1 "4 "1 E m<li" le= 9,910 m7 if m E 1110 7 E mli E "<1DmeD e= 1; if emaAE1 7 E "lee "lie

7alculation <estimation= of standard uncertainties of influence values is given in +able 1 for the e/ui$ment, methods and conditions used in our laboratory.

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+able 1? 8ncertainty budget SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY 1. Uncertainty of the reading of the result u(li) 1.1 Mechanical indication 3ith $ointer <resol. 0,01 mm= maAimum errors are 2 Gm. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore?
standard uncertainty u<Ai= ci dfFdAi

u<l i = = <2m= F
1.2 *igital indication 3ith t3o decimal $laces maAimum errors are 9 Gm. +herefore?

1,19 Gm

u<l i = = <9m= F
1. *igital indication 3ith three decimal $laces maAimum errors are 0,9 Gm. +herefore? 2,0 Gm 1

u<l i = = <0,9m= F
0,20 Gm 2. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient u(m) +he bounds of 110 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? "4 "1 u< m = = <1 104 71 = F 0,9110 7 3. Uncertainty of the temperature de.iation u(e) +he greatest tem$erature deviations in the room are 17. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<e= E 1F27 !. Uncertainty of temperature difference u() +he greatest tem$erature difference is su$$osed to be H0,27. Ie assume normal distribution and level of confidence at ( E 2. +herefore? u<= E 0,2F27 ". Uncertainty of indication of the de.ice u(le) ".1 -ial gauges $ % 1$ mm (no gauge block used) only uncertainty of calibration influences the result; the calibration certificate gives the eA$anded uncertainty? "4 8<le=E0.4 mD2,910 l ; (E2 standard uncertainty is therefore? u1<le=E8<le=F2
0. mD1,2910 l 1
"4

"4

"1

90 Gm7

0,97

9,910 "1 Gm7

"2

0,1 7

lim

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".&

-ial gauges (ith measuring range greater than 1$ mm 5auge bloc(s are used in addition to the device. +he uncertainty is influenced by the device <9.1=, the uncertainty of calibration of gauge bloc(s and the uncertainty of calculated contact error bet3een the $robe and the gauge bloc(. Standard uncertainty of calibration of the gauge bloc(s is? "4 u<gb=E0.029 mD0,2910 l Standard uncertainty of calculated contact error is? u<a=E0,0 Gm

u 2 <l e = = u1 <l e = 2 + u<gb= 2 + u<a= 2

4. Uncertainty of the thermal expansion coefficient difference u() "4 "1 +he bounds of H210 7 are defined on eA$erience basis. +he uncertainty is assumed to be re$resented by a rectangular distribution. +herefore? 4 1 u< = = <2 10 7 = F

0, GmD1,2710 l 1

"4

1,210 7

"4

"1

"lie

14 (
14 ( 1

Ca"$,"a%+-n -/ %he $-m5+ned ,n$e!%a+n%6

D+a" ga,ges <+%h me$han+$a" +nd+$a%+-n :#-+n%e!; and !es-",%+-n 4?41 mm 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 1,19 D 0, u( E 1,11 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== consists of contributions !o. 2, , and 2 <+able 1= and is calculated from the e/uation <2=. Indicated value is assumed to be a$$roAimately the same as the measured length, eA$ansion coefficient is assumed to be "4 "1 1210 7 <steel= and the tem$erature deviation is assumed to be 1 7 <the greatest deviation in the room=. "4 ul E 2,110 l uc E 1,11 Gm D 2,110 l
"4 2 2 2

E 1,21 Gm

14 ( &

D+a" ga,ges <+%h d+g+%a" +nd+$a%+-n and !es-",%+-n 4?41 mm 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 2,0 D 0, u( E 2,0 Gm
2 2 2E

1,9 Gm

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+he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== is? "4 ul E 2,110 l uc E 2,0 Gm D 2,110 l 14 ( ( D+a" ga,ges <+%h d+g+%a" +nd+$a%+-n and !es-",%+-n 4?441 mm 7onstant $art <inde$endent from measured length=? u( E 0,20 D 0, u( E 0,22 Gm +he $art that de$ends on measured length <u<l== is? "4 ul E 2,110 l uc E 0,22 Gm D 2,110 l
"4 2 2 2E "4

0,17 Gm

14 4

E7#anded ,n$e!%a+n%6
#ccording to E#@ coverage factor (E2 is used for the calculation of the eA$anded uncertainty. +he eA$anded uncertainty for dial gauges 3ith mechanical indication <$ointer= and resolution 0,01 mm is? 8 E 2,9 Gm D 2,910 l +he eA$anded uncertainty for dial gauges 3ith digital indication and resolution 0,01 mm is? 8 E 4 Gm D 2,910 l +he best eA$anded uncertainty for dial gauges 3ith resolution 0,001 mm is? 8 E 0,0 Gm D 2,910 l
"4 "4 "4

11

TRACEABILITY
Measuring e/ui$ment used for calibration? gauge bloc(s K-%# <0,9 " 100 mm= " calibrated by com$arison using our reference set F,#!K that is calibrated by $rimary standard calibration device M#N, 194E " calibrated by gauge bloc(s K-%# <0,9 " 100 mm= and inductive $robe M#N,, that is also calibrated using gauge bloc(s K-%#

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1&
[1] [2] [ ]

LITERATURE
*I! 171, MeLuhren, -ct. 101 *I! 170, FeinCeiger, -ct. 101 IS- 5uide to the EA$ression of 8ncertainty in Measurement, S3itCerland 1009