Statistical Practice Population Statistical Inference Probability Theory Statistical Theory
Statistical Practice Population Statistical Inference Probability Theory Statistical Theory
Sampling methods
Cost/operational concerns
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Disadvantages
Poststratification
Oversampling
Cluster sampling
Quota sampling
Mechanical sampling
Convenience sampling
Line-intercept sampling
Panel sampling
Answer 2
Answer 3
Subjective Methods
Customer Surveys
Delphi Method
Methods for time series analyses are often divided into two
classes: frequency-domain methods and time-domain methods.
The former centre around spectral analysis and recently
wavelet analysis, and can be regarded as model-free analyses
well-suited to exploratory investigations. Time-domain
methods have a model-free subset consisting of the
examination of auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis,
but it is here that partly and fully-specified time series models
make their appearance.
WMA weights n = 15
computed as
The graph at the right shows how the weights decrease, from
highest weight for the most recent data points, down to zero.
It can be compared to the weights in the exponential moving
average which follows.
Parameters:
Which is
I.e. a fraction
k = 3.45(N + 1)
Definition
Answer 4
Characteristics of Statistics
Limitations of statistics
First of all, there's the sample size. If you don't have a big
enough sample, you can't give a very reliable answer. Of
course, with limited resources it might not be possible to
collect a large sample. There's a tradeoff between sample size
and reliability.
Answer 5
1. Background
launched in 42 districts.
agencies.
infrastructure.
5. Objectives
6. Strategies
planning system.
developed.
structure.
engendered.
8. Programs
System Development
out.
Institutional Strengthening
• Institutional, legal and work procedural restructuring of NPC
after a
Provisions
institutional strengthening.
activities.
If there are many samples, the samples will likely be very close
to what they are in the real population. If there are very few
samples, however, they might be very different from what they
are in the real population. This error is called a chance error.
Errors
Descriptive statistics
Name | A B C D E F G H I J
---------------------------------------------
score| 23 26 49 49 57 64 66 78 82 92
Mean
This means that you add up all the values, and then divide by
the number of values.
In our example
Median
The median is the middle item of the data. To find the median
we sort the data from the smallest number to the largest
number and then choose the number in the middle. If there are
an even number of data, there won't be a number right in the
middle, so we choose the two middle ones and calculate their
mean. In our example there are 10 items of data, the two
middle ones are "E" and "F", so the median is (57+64)/2 =
60.5.
Mode
The mode is the most frequent item of data. For example the
most common letter in English is the letter "e". We would say
that "e" is the mode of the distribution of the letters.
The mode is the only form of average that can be used for
numbers that can't be put in order.
Another thing we can say about a set of data is how spread out
it is. A common way to describe the spread of a set of data is
the standard deviation. If the standard deviation of a set of
data is small, then most of the data is very close to the
average. If the standard deviation is large, though, then a lot
of the data is very different from the average.