Physics I: PH1010

Mahaveer K. Jain Physics Department R.No. HSB213A EPABX: 4880 Email: [email protected]

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 Welcome to IIT Madras and welcome to PH 1010 Course A bit of Introduction about the Course A few Dos and Donts in this Course

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PleaserememberthatALLofyouequallycompetent Soyou areallhere YouallhavedoneenoughofPhysicsandSolvedverymany problems AllofyouhavetoiledfortheJEEandotherExaminations Ifyouarenotintelligent,youwillnotbehere Youareherewithagreatambitionoflearning Youareallherewithaspecificpurpose:ofgettingagood BTechDegreeofworldstandard WewanttoseeyouasGOODTECHNOCRATS ThefoundationofGoodTechnologyisclearbasicPhysics ThisPhysicswelearninthiscoursePH1010.
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OurClassTimeTable: ClassRoom:CRC102 Monday:Lecture/TUTORIAL Tuesday:Lecture Wednesday:Lecture

:6th Hour:2 2:50PM :8th Hour:3:504:40PM :8th Hour:3:504:40PM

Weproposetoconduct:MIDSEMESTERexam(exactdatewill beannouncedshortly) EndSemesterexam: NOVEMBER25(THURSDAY)

Tutorialisproblemsolvingclass YouwillbegiventheTutorialsheetsONEWEEKinadvance Youhavetocomepreparedtotheclassandmaybeoneofyou willbeaskedtosolvetheproblems

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Incaseofanyneedandnecessity,wemayaskyoutocomeforan extraclass OnTHURSDAY7th Hour(D2Slot):2:553:45Hrs Twoclassrepresentative

AllCourserelatedmaterial: Syllabus Lecturepresentations Problemsheets Solutions willbepostedat: http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/index_files/courses/PH1010.html

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Syllabus
Velocity, Momentum, Force, Torque, Field [Electric, Magnetic, Gravitational,.], etc. Polar coordinates Symmetry [cylindrical, spherical] Unit vectors in Cartesian and polar coordinates. Conservative vector fields and their potential functions: examples (gravitational and electrostatic) Gradient of a scalar field Equipotentials States of Equilibrium Work and Energy, Conservation of energy Motion in a central force and conservation of angular momentum
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Syllabus
Continuity equations and conservation principles for matter, energy and electrical charge. Flux: divergence of a vector; Applications: Fluid Dynamics Gauss theorem Physical applications in gravitation, Fluid Dynamics and electrostatics Irrotational versus rotational vector fields Physical significance of circulation, CURL of a vector field Stokes theorem, Applications: Magnetostatics, Electrostatics and Fluid Dynamics

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syllabus
Oscillatory motion Wave motion in one dimension Wave equation and travelling wave solutions Wave velocity, group velocity and dispersion Shallow water waves Wave equation in three dimensions, spherical waves

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ATTENDANCE
We teach concepts There is no single Text book This is the reason why YOU SHOULD ATTEND ALL THE CLASSES 100% attendance is an ABSOLUTE requirement

***If you pass an examination in the second

attempt (because of either U or W grade in the first attempt), it WILL be recorded so in your grade sheets***
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References

1. Kittel C, Knight W.O and Ruderman M.A, Mechanics Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.1, Tata McGraw-Hill 2. Purcell E.M, Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.2, Tata McGraw-Hill 3. Crawford F.S, Waves and Oscillations, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.3, Tata McGraw-Hill 4. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1 and Vol.2 5. Davis D., -Classical Mechanics 6. Kleppner and Kolenkow- An Introduction to Mechanics 7. Schaums outline series- Theory and problems of vector analysis

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Asyouallknow: ThereareonlyFOURforcesinNature: Gravitational Electromagnetic StrongNuclearforce WeakNuclearforce Ifyouknowhowmanyforcesareactingonabody,youcancalculate themotionofthebodyatanygiventime. But,weencounterforceswhichwedonotknow:Frictionalforce

Frictionisimportantformotion(withoutfriction,thebodyslipsorskids) FrictionisaNONCONSERVATIVEforce.
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WhatisConservativeforce? WhatisaNONCONSERVATIVEForce? Howdoyoudefineit? ForcemethodsofsolvingproblemsinPhysicsisratherlimited. So,whatisthenextalternative?

Energymethods: Howmanyenergiesarethere?PotentialandKinetic Whatisconservationofenergy? Whatistherelationbetweenenergyandforce?

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Ifaforceisappliedtomovethistable: Iamapplyingtheforce,butthetableisnotmovingatall Tellme,howmuchworkisdone? Theearthismovingroundthesun:howmuchworkisdone? Whatistheforceinvolved? Whenanelectronismovingroundthenucleus,howmuchworkisdone? Whatistheenergyinvolved?Whereitcomesfrom? IfImoveanobjectinanyarbitrarydirectionandifIcometothesamepoint asIstarted,howmuchworkisdone? Howmuchenergyisspent?

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Imagineabodyismovingundertheinfluenceofaforce: Say,anelectronismovingundertheinfluenceof electricand magnetic forces Describethemotion. HowareyouapplyingtheElectricfield+and ve plates Howareyouapplyingthemagneticfield? N SorS Nw.r.t towhat

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DirectionMUSTbespecifiedtostateyourproblem. Thebodycanmovewithuniformvelocityorwith uniformacceleration Howdoyoudescribethemotion? Directionshouldbespecifiedtodescribethemotion? Howdoyouexpressthedirection?

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Ifthebodyismovingwithconstantaccelerationandiftheframeof referencealsomoveswithsameacceleration,howdoyou describethemotion? WhatisanINERTIALFrame? WhatisNewtonianspace? Howmanycoordinatesyourequiretospecifyabody? Whatisageneralizedcoordinate?

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Types of Energy
Example: Falling Body KineticEnergy EK = mv2/2 PotentialEnergy EP = mgh RestEnergy ER = mc2

v h

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Classical Physics
Picture prior to 20th Century: Energy andmatter wereseparateanddistinct substances. Althoughappearingcontinuoustothenaked eye,matterwascomposedofdiscrete,localized atoms. Light wasaformofelectromagneticwave, the vibrationofacontinuouscosmicfield,the aether, andregardedasaformof"pureenergy." Gravity wasacontinuousactionatadistance field.
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Modern Physics
Current picture: Energyandmatterarethesamestuff: E=mc2 Thediscrete natureofmatterisconfirmed.Energyisalso discrete. Thereisnoevidence foranaether oranyothercontinuous mediuminuniverse.Lightiscomposedofparticulatematter: photons. Fieldsarecomposedofdiscreteparticles("quanta"). Generalrelativityexplainsgravity intermsofthecurvatureof space ratherthanasaforcefield.

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Matter Molecules

Atoms

Nuclei and Electrons

Protons and Neutrons

Quarks
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Let us come back to the problem of Forces :

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The Standard Model of Forces

Forces result from the exchange of particles: Electromagnetism photon Strongnuclear gluons(8) Weaknuclearweakbosons(4) (Noquantumtheoryofgravityasyet) Whiletheseforceparticlesaredescribedby quantumfieldsinthetheory,nocontinuous medium, liketheaether,isinvolved.

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The Cosmos
Mass Budget

Radiation

0.005 %

Ordinary visible matter

0.5 %

Nature of dark matter and dark energy

still unknown.

Ordinary nonluminous matter

3.5 %

But not immaterial since carry mass.

Exotic dark matter

26 %

Even more exotic dark energy

70 %
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So, it is all the same whether we talk of - Forces - Matter - Energy It is only the language of Physics. The Conservation of Energy, Conservation of Matter and Conservation of Charge are of fundamental importance These are the basic laws of Nature These basic laws of Nature can also be Derived from Symmetry .
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TransformationsandInvariance Transformations Changesfromone referenceframe to another.

y

Invariance A physics equation is invariant if it does not change under a transformation.

Covarient : The formula looks the same but meaning of each term is different

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