1

INTRODUCTION

What is computer History of computer Classification of computer Function of computer (Input , output , storage , Processing) Branches of computer (I/O de ice , storage de ice , ) !um"er system #eneration of computer Operating system $irus Computer language Point of %ale terminal Computer !et&or' (mail )opology )erminology Internet *istri"uted system *O% ( *is' Operating %ystem) Flo& chart

CO+P,)(Computer is an electronic device in which data/information can be inputted for processing to desired output. It is come from ree! word to "compute# means calculation.

$istor% of computer
Two T%pes of computer &' (echanical computer. )lectronic computer. (echanical computer *ascline& ' Ist Mechanical computer maked by blas pascal in 1642 . his machine is
cappble performing addition and substraction automatically .
Difference engine& ' Charls babage discovered by a difference engine development to a

mechanical computing machine name as difference engine is performing multitop calculation .

+nal%tical engine& ' in 1!"# analytical engine upgrade by Charles $abbage. It

as cappble

as more po erful mechanical computer. %his machine is design for any type of mathematical calculation. %his machine is similar to modern computer. &e many respects as it has input uinit' processing unit' and output unit. It is also contains memory for stored 1###no. each no. (# digits.

)lectronic computer&'
+,C -+tanasoff ,arr% computer.&' %his electronic machine
as developed by dr. )ohn attanasoff to solve certain mathematical e*uations . it as called the atanasof berry computer or +$C . its used 4( vaccume tubes and punched cards and also used as input output device.

)NI+C -)lectronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator.&' %he first electronic machine
as made 1!46 by ,- .ckert and ,/ mauchly it contained 10### vacuume tubes ' 1#### register 1#### capiciters and 6#### s itches occupaid a true car garrige . it consume 1(# k of po er and had to be ater cooled it ated 21 tuns the .2I+C cast rate (# lakh to be made. )D/+C -)lectronic Discreet /ariable +utomatic computer.& ' it is use to binary no. system and a much larger memory them that of .2I+C computer.

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Invention of transistor& ' +%s $ell labs. %ransistor is a tiny electrical operatic s itch. %hat
can alternate bet een 3on4 and 3off4 many reasons of time5second transistor is a occupine less space. Consumed less energy need to alk time and les eight compare to vacuums tubs.

+bacus - chainee0 people. '

6evelopment abacus ' abacus is noon as first manual calculating machine this device permit the user to represent number by the position of beads on a rack abacus as invented around 6## $Cs simply addition substraction can be carried out repitly and efficiently still be used in chaina rasia and India .

C./%%IFIC/)IO! OF CO+P,)(CO(*UT)R
+nalog computer
(icro computer (ini computer

Digital computer
(ainframe Computer

$%brid
1uper Computer

2.

(icro computer& ' %hey are desktop or portable computer that can run simple programs
such as ord processing or spread sheet.
a. *ersonal computer& ' it is available in several si7es such as laptop' pocket computer'

notebook computer.
b. 3or! stations&' + type of computer use for engineering application' desktop

publishing' soft are development and other type of application. %hat re*uired a moderate amount of computing po er. +nd high *uality graphics capability. /orkstation is desktop computer but more po erful than -.C.
4.

(ini computer& ' Mini computer is also kno n as midrange computer. Its cost and
computing po er lies in the middle of micro computer and mainframe computer. Mini computer are used for multi user in universities' research' organi7ation' bank and industries.

5.

(ainframe computer& ' Mainframe computers are more po erful and faster than mini
computers. %hey are general purpose computer ith a large area of application. 8uch machines are typically operated by professional' programmer and technicians also the maintenance of this computer is more e9pensive.

6.

1uper computer& ' 8uper computer are high capacity machine that re*uire special air
condition rooms. %hey are fastest computing device Man has ever created. 8uper computer contains a number of C-:s hich operate in parallel to make it faster.

%hey are use for eather forecasting' eapons research and development' rocketing' and nuclear research. -+;+M is the first super computer made in India.

7unction of computer&'
Data / Instruction Input storing *r ocessing Output

IN*UT < 6ata and instruction entered in to a computer for processing purpose.

1torage = 8aving data and instruction to make them readily available for intial or additional
processing as and hen re*uired. *rocessing < -erforming airthmatic operations or logical operation on data to convert them into usefull information. Output' %he process of producing usefull information or result for the user such as a printed report or visual display.

,ranches of computer -components of computer.

2. &ard are 4. 8oft are 5. >irm are 6. ?ive are

$ardware
%he -hysical components of a Computer system hom Moniter ' keyboard ' etc. T%pes of hardware@ = there are four t%pes of hardware. Input device Online Input device Affline Input device 1torage device Temporar% *ermanent *rocessor Register +8U C: Output device 1oftcop% $ardcop% e can touch and see are hard are. 8uch as <

Input device
+ device :sed to B by hich system Is called Input device. eC entering data and instructions into the computer
.9.@= Deyboard' Mouse 8canner' ,oystick' %rack ball' ?ight pen' digiti7er' Eame pad

T%pes of Input device &'

Online Input device < 3 + device or system directly connected to the C-:.4
Anline input device are used for a system of real time application. %he data entered could be processed immediately and the output is sho n to user. &o ever only one user could operate on them at a time. 1ome online devices are@ = 2. Dumb terminal& = %hese consist of a keyboard and a display unit. %hey can not stored any information. %hese terminal are connected to a main computer' generally called as a sever hatever information is re*uired these terminals fetch it from the server sho the output to the user. 4. /oice recognition device& = :se for recognition the human speech it consists of a microphone or telephone that converts the human speech into the electrical signals. 8uch signals patterns are transmitted to the computer here it is match ith already stored pattern to identity that input. %hese prestored patterns are called the vocabulary of the system. 5. Touch tone terminals -TTT.@= %hrough %%% the user interacted ith the system by touching the screen or monitor it self. %he screen displays the various options for the user and he select the re*uired options by touching those options. .9. Af such terminals can be seen in +%M centers. 6. (ouse& = Mouse is a pointing device hich can be used very effectively on graphical user interface BE:IC like indo s. %he mouse can perform operation like locating' copying or moving files. +nd any more things. Mouse may have a single button or double button or even three buttons. %hese buttons are used to select the re*uired item on the screen by clicking it. + mouse consists of the follo ing components@= 1. + roller ball that translate movement to the system.FF 2. % o or three button for making selections. ". + housing hich contained the above the and its moved around on the mouse pad. 4. + cable and connecter for connecting the mouser to the system.

Off line Input device < 3 + device or system not directly connected to the C-:.4 In offline
input device data can be recorded by using punch machine and them fade into the system to read as in case of punch card. %hese certainly save computer time and even provide facilities for more than one person to enter data simultaneously. *unch card@ = 6ata is punched on cards of predetermine si7e of using keys punch machine. + typical punch card has 12 ro s and 0# columns. 12 and 11 ro s are referred to as 7one ro s. Ane character is representing in each column and a 0# column card can hold 0# character. + collection of cards kno n as deck is pleased on the card reader. -osition of had is sensed by photo electric cells and the signals are deciphered by the computer.

1torage device
%he device in hich e can saving data and information is called 8torage device. .9.@= &66' ;+M' ;AM' >loppy 6isk' C6;AM 6rive' Memory.

(emor%
Memory is an essential component of digital computer. It function is to store information. It stores data' program' features or any other kind of information. 1TOR+ ) D)/IC) %emporary storage Ar -rimary storage Ar Main memory Ar 8emi=conductor memory .9ample= ;+M' ;AM' -;AM' ..-;AM. *ermanent storage Magnetic tapes .9. 6+% B6igital +udio %apeC. Cassettes Magnetic 6isk >loppy disk &ard disk /inchester disk Aptical 6isk C6=;AM' 6G6;AM. -ermanent 8torage Ar 8econdary 8torage Ar +u9iliary Memory Ar Magnetic chore Memory

R+(& ' %his is a ;andom +ccess Memory and also kno n as internal or main memory. It is a read and riter memory of computer. %he user can rites information into ;+M and read information from it. ;+M is volatile BerasableC memory. %hat means the information is stored in it is erased as soon as po er is turn off. RO(& = %his is non volatile memory. Its contains are retained it the po er supply goes of. It is also called read only memory. ;AM is used for permanent storage of information. %he stored information can only be read from ;AM at the time of operations. *RO(& = %his is programmable read only memory user can program it according to their needs. %he disk advantage of -;AM is that is can be program only oneHs thus user can not change it contains after edit program once. )*RO( B.rasable -rogrammable ;ead Anly MemoryC@ = +n .-;AM is .rasable -rogrammable ;ead Anly Memory. :ser can program its contents more than once. .-;AM is used to store permanent data that may need up date in after sometimes. %he contents of .-;AM can be erased by the e9posure to high intensity. ))*RO(@ = %his is a .lectrically .rasable programmable ;ead Anly Memory. It can be both program and erased ith electrical stimuli. %he complete data dang e erased in one operation if desired. ..-;AM re*uires 21 volt pulsed for riting or erasing and ( volt for read operation.

1 Cache memor%@ = the cache memory placed in bet een the main memory and C.-.:. it is much faster than main memory. %he access time of a cache memory is 1(=2( neno seconds here as that of the main memory in 0# neno seconds. %he cache memory is not accessible to users. %he capacity cache memory in such less as compare to the main memory. (agnetic tape@ = Magnetic tape is secondary storage data at the lo cast. 6ata recorded on the tape dang e erased and ne data can be stored in its place. Magnetic tape are non volatile in nature and data is store permanently. + magnetic tape is a thin plastic tape coated ith a magnetic material. 2ormally they are #.( inches ide take. + magnetic tape is divided into oriental cross called channels or tracks and vertical column called frames. 7lopp% dis!@ = + floppy disk is a removable round piece of Mylar plastic that store data and programs as magnetic spots. 6ata is stored as electromagnetic charge on a metal o9ide ill that coats the Mylar plastic track and sector are logically created areas on the disk and the process of forming tracks and sector on the disk is kno n formatting are establishing.

T%pes of flopp%@ = 1st (.2( inches and 2nd ".( inches.

B1C 9.49 inches@ = it as the common si7e of floppies for -Cs made before 1!01. a (.2( inches disk it covered in a protective cover of thin vinyl. %his type of floppy is normally capable of storing bet een 1##kb and 1.2mb data. B2C 5.9 inches@ = + ".(4 disk is also kno n as micro copy and its protective cover are hard plastic. %here storing capacity ranges from 4##kb to 1.44mb of data. %he most common si7e for -Cs is 12#kb and 1.44mb. a floppy disk may be single sided or double sided. /rite protect notch ?evel 6rive spindle hole

+lignment hole

+lignment notch 0120 inches floppy dis'

$ard dis!& = &ard disk is thin but raged metal platters covered

ith a substance that allo s data to be head in the form of magneti7ed spots. &ard disk is one or more plotters sealed together

0 ithin and enclosed. &ard disk drive located inside of the cabinet. 6ata may be recorded on both sides of the disk plotters. 3%he hard disk is aroundI metal platters in the hard derive of the computer. It stores large amount of information.4 %he hard disk has a magnetic coating it is sealed into the hard drive and often installed inside the computer here you canHt see it. &ard disk capacity is measured in bytes and speed is measured by transfer rate in the bytes5seconds. 1TOR+ ) ()+1UR()NT -2. -4. -5. -6. $it@ = 3# and 14 no. is called bit. $yte@ = + combination of 0 bits is kno n as bytes. Dilo byte@ = + D$ is abbreviated as k or D$ and is e*uivalent to 1#24 bytes. Mega byte@ = + mega byte is abbreviated as M or M$ and is e*uivalent t 1#24 D$. -9. Eiga byte@ = + giga byte is abbreviated as E or E$ and is e*uivalent to 1#24 M$. -:. %era byte@ = + tera byte is abbreviated as % or %$ is represent the capacity of 1#24 E$ B1##' !'(11'621'116 byteC.

*rocessor& ' %he device

ho perform arithmetic operation or logical operation on data in order to convert them into useful information. .9.@= ;egister' +?:' C:.

Output device
3%hat device ho gives us result after processing I kno n as output device.4 + device used in a computer system to supply information and result of computation to the out side orld .9.@= Monitor' -rinter' 8peakers' ?aser printer' -lotter.

T%pes of output device &'

1oft cop% output device @= .9.
computer output hich is displayed on the screen of a terminal and provides no permanent copy .

MonitorHs = C;% ' ?C6 ' %>% JJ.

CRT-Cathode Ra% Tube.&' + C;% displays screen is the most commonly form of the monitors. It displays the data and information received from the computer. + C;% is a vacuum bubs used as a display screen. %his technology is also used in television sets. 7*D -7lat panel Displa%.& ' C;%s provide bright and clear images but they add addition eight and consumed more po er. 6ue to this reason they are not suitable for portable computer. >-6 are much thinner and light eighted as compare to C;%s. >-6 are made up of t o plats of glass ith a substance bet een them. 8CD -8i;uid Cr%stal Displa%.&= In ?C6 the substance used bet een the plates is a ?i*uid Crystalline material. Aut of t o plates the front plates is kept transparent and back plates is reflective.

$ard Cop% output device &'

-rinted or limited output form a computer device in human readiable form. )<. -rinters ' plotters '

*rinter Impact -rinter 1erial *rinter Dot (atri< *rinter Dais%wheel *rinter 8ine *rinter 2on Impact -rinter 8aser *rinter In!=et *rinter Thermal *rinter

Chain *rinter ,and *rinter Drum *rinter

Impect *rinter @=

Non
.9@

+ printer hich prints character by causing hammers to strike against the paper on hich information is to be printed. %ypes of Impect -rinter < 1. 1erial *rinter < a. Dot (atri< *rinter = 6ot matri9 -rinter is a character printer hich print one character at a time and all kinds of image as a patterns of dots. b. Dais% 3heel *rinter 2. 8ine *rinter < a. Chain *rinter b. Drum *rinter c. ,and *rinter Impact *rinter& ' In non impact printer character and images are form ithout making direct physical contact ith paper.

2. 8aser *rinter& ' %hey are very similar to today photocopy machine. In laser printer use the principal of dot matri9 printer of creating image ith dots. &is images are created on a photo sensitive drum treated ith magnetically charged ink like toner. 4. In!=et *rinter& ' Ink)et -rinter are non impact printer . they spray small electrically charged drop less of ink form four mu77les through holes in a matri9 and high speed into printer. 5. Thermal *rinter& ' + typical thermal printer contains heating elements for each dot position on print line. %hey re*uired special heat sensitive paper hen a spot on a sensitive paper is heated him becomes dark. + printer had contains heating elements that are heated by the electrical current.

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1oftware
" + set of program procedure and associated releated to the effective operation of computer s%stem is noon as software.# + set of instruction and program is called software. software

+pplication software User radimet

1%stem software +ssembler loader compiler lin!er o/s

User +pplication software 1%stem software $ard 3are

+pplication s/w &' 8oft are hich are designed for specific purpose such as pay calculation and inventory control etc. is noon as application s5 . 1%stem s/w &' + set of one or more program designed to control the operation of computer system is called system s5 . T%pes of s/w

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+ssembler &' +ssembler is a program hich translate on assembly language program in to machine language is called assembler . ?oader < loader is a program that loads machine codes of a program in to the system mempory . Compiler > compiler is a program hich translate a high level language program in to machine language is called a compiler . + compiler is more intelligent than assembler. ?inker < + linker is a program that links smaller program to form a single program. Aperating system < +n integrated set of programs used ot manage various resourece and over all operation of a computer system is noon as operating system .

Interprater < +n interpreter is a program hich translate statement of a high level language program in to machine codes . it translate one state ment of the program at a time . + compiler is faster than interpreter ( to 2( time.

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,8OC? DI+ R+( O7 CO(*UT)R OR +IN@+TION

6ata Information

Input unit

8torage :nit

Autput :nit

+?:

C:

Dis! Operating 1%stem -DO1.

Current directory

C@

KL
Command ending position5 prompt Current drive. Command -rompt.

There are two t%pes of command& = Internal commands& = Internal commands are the commands stored in the file command.com hich is loaded into main memory at the time booting thus internal commands are also loaded in the main memory and remains in the main memory as long as computer is on. %hese commands can be e9ecuted at the any time as no e9tra file is re*uired to run them. .9. 6ir' cd' md' cls' copy' delete' rd' etc. )<ternal commands& = e9ternal commands are stored in different files. .ach e9ternal command as its o n >ile. %hus they cannot be e9ecuted if there files is not loaded in the memory. Eenerally these files are stored on the secondary storage and loaded into the main memory henever re*uested. .9. >ormat' +ttrib' tree' disk copy. >ile name should be only 11 characters' in hich 0 character for main name and " characters for e9tinction name. /e can use + to M characters and # to ! numbers and some special symbols like that N' O' P' Q'R' S. .9. +!hil.doc .9tinction name.

1" >ile name Bmain nameC M6@ = >or make directory. C6@ = >or change directory. 6el@ = >or 6elete. Copy con@ = >or make file. %ype@ = for open file. Cls@ = >or clear screen. Cd.. @ = >or come out from any dir. b @ for space. >or enter. /8

===

>ile1 2et

;am Eame

8ita B8ub directoryC

>ile2

6os

C@KLT C@KL6@ 6@KLmdb s 6@KLcdb s 6@KL sLcopycon file1 =============================================U7 6@KL sLmd sita 6@KL sLmd ram 6@KL sLcd ram 6@KL sKramLmd net 6@KL sKramLmd game 6@KL sKramLcd net 6@KL sKramKnetLmd dos 6@KL sKramKnetLcopycon file2 ======================================U7 6@KL sLramLnetLcdK 6@KL Cop% command' C@KL copy Vsource file nameL ne file nameL .9. C@KL copy ram shyam If ant to copy from C @KL to 6@KL then C@KL copy ram 6@shyam 3ild card@= It have t o special symbol 3W and X4. /hen e misspell our file name or forgot file name then use 3W4 symbol.

14 .9. = WWWn.com Barun.comC X 8ymbol sho s all file. .9. < C @KL dir X.com %his ill sho all file hich e9tinction is .com. C@KLdir b X.X %his ill sho all file ith any e9tinction. C@KL +ccountL b copy b [email protected] %hus ill come from a@ to account folder of c@. C@KL copy b [email protected] +ll document or copy of a@ ill be copy in c@ C@KLaccountLcopy a@ ram.X Copy ill be in account from a@ ram file ith any e9tinction. Rename&= C@KLren bVsource file nameLb Vne file nameL .9. < ren b rakesh b 2arendra 8horting@ = for alphabetical arrangement. .9. < C@KLdirY sortL prg If e delete any file by mistake then for finding them used undelete command. C@KLundelete )<ternal commands& = Tree&= /e kno that 6A8 stores the files and directories in a tree structure. %ree commands in used to display full tree structure of the files and sub dir ithin a directory. 8ynta9@= C@KLtree b Vdir5drive nameL .9. < C@KLtree b s b d@ Deltree commands@= %he deltree commands is used to delete an un anted directory. If delete directory ith its all subdirectory and file e used deltree command. 8ynta9@= C@KLdeltree b Vdirectory nameL e ant to

C$?D1? Bcheck diskC@= this command is used to determine the status of a hard disk and kno n as the status of the disk. C@KLC&D68D b Vpath nameL b s itch Dis! compare@= %his command is used to compare to floppies. 8ynta9@= C@KLdisk comp b Vdrive1Lb Vdrive2L b s itch C@KLdisk comp b +@ b $@ C@KLdisk comp b +@ b $@51 %his s itch B51C is used to compare only one side disk. C@KLdisk comp b +@ b $@50 %his s itch B50C is used to compare to disk track by track. Dis! cop%@= this command is used to make an ab)ect copy of floppy disk it also copies the system files and other hidden files one disk to other disk. 8ynta9@ = disk copy b Vsource driveL b Vtarget driveL ,ooting@ = %he term booting is used to describe the process of loading and operation system from the secondary memory into the computer main memory.

1( Initially the diagnostic routine test the main memory and other components of the system to insure that they are orking properly. %hen ;AM= $IA8 B$asic Input Autput 8ystemC is copies to main memory and check the input output devices. 7ile +ttributes@ = %hus to insure the security of file' four attributes are there to indicate the type of file ith to access authori7ation. %hese four attributes are as follo s@= B1C ;ead only file@ = If a file attributes of a file set as read only then it can be deleted or modified. B2C &idden file@= %his attributes is also used avoid the unauthori7ed access the file. If this attributes is set 3on4 then that file is not sho n in the common listing of all file. B"C 8ystem file@= If this attributes is set 3on4 then is ork as a combination of read only and hidden attributes. It means such a file is set as read only and is not display in file listing. B4C +rchive file@= If an archive bit is set it means that the file is modified since last time it as accessed.

!um"er system
8. no. 1 2 " 4 Name of no. s%stem $inary 6ecimal Actal &e9adecimal 6igits #'1 #=! #=1 #=1( $ase5;adi9 2 1# 0 16 .9ample #111##11 0! 116 16

6ecimal # 1 2 " 4 (

&e9adecimal # 1 2 " 4 (

$inary #### ###1 ##1# ##11 #1## #1#1

Actal 0 1 2 " 4 (

16 6 1 0 ! 1# 11 12 1" 14 1( 6 1 0 ! + $ C 6 . > #11# #111 1### 1##1 1#1# 1#11 11## 11#1 111# 1111 6 1 0

1ign bit& ' 3# means Z4 and 31 means =[. +n integer can be positive or negative. /e do not have any other symbol in the binary symbol. If sing bit is # then value ill be positive or bit is 1 then value ill be negative. # # 1 1 # 1 # 8ign bit 1igned magnitude scheme& ' (ethod& ' 1tep 2' Convert the decimal no. into its binary e*uivalent. 1tep'4&' ;epresent the converted $inary no. in the no. of bits available for representation. If n bits are available for storing a decimal no. n=1 are used for the magnitude and 1 bits for sing bit. )<. < B"1C1# \ B1##1#1C2 n=1 n===========================L 1 # 1 # # 1 # 1 \ = B"1C1# "1 2 10 ====1 2 ! ====# 2 4 ====# 2 2 ====1 2 1 ====#

OneAs compliments&=

AneHs compliments is used to represent negative integer. 8tep Ist@ convert the positive integer in the given no. of bits the sign bit ill be # no . 8tep IInd@ >lip all the bits that is convert 3#s4 into 1 and 1s into #s.

+1CII@ = %he +8CII code used 1 bits to represent any character set. .arlier every manufacturer used a different code to represent a character resulting in choose and utter confusion. >inally the

11 computer industry has accepted the +8CII code. %he full form of +8CII is +merican 8tandard code for Information Interchange. ),CDIC& = It is an 0 bit code. ?arge computer system uses this .$C6I6 code. %he full form of .$C6IC is .9tended $inary Coded 6ecimal Interchange Code. *ositive and negative integer& = the set of hole number is called set of integer. %hus the number having no fractional part and hence no decimal point are called integer. %he positive integer are ritten ithout a sign before them here as negative integer having a B=C sing before them. 7loating point number@ = In modern computer a real number is stored in he standard floating point form. + real number is set to be in standard floating point form if it is e9pressed as mXb n here b is the base of number system and n is the meatisa hich satisfy the relation. =1" .9. #.111X2 are in standard floating point form. Distributed s%stem& = + distributed system comprises of independent sub system that are connected through various communications lines. %hese system can be divided into t o types. B1C Centrali7ed distribution system B2C 6e centrali7ed distribution system. 2. Centrali0ed distribution s%stem& = In this type of system there are a central computer called as the server that controls the net ork and provide central storage space for information in addition server also takes the responsibility of assigning and resources to various computer connected to it. %hese other computers are generally called clients or orkstation. 4. De centrali0ed distribution s%stem @ = In this types of system t o or more computer are directly connected to each other and share resources. %hat is no central control over the net ork' one advantage of this kind of system over centrali7ed distribution system is that it is non dependent on any one central system. If the server in centrali7ed distributed system fails the entire net ork fails

Networ! of computer@ = + net

ork is an inter connection of t o or more computers in order to unable transfer of data or information from one place to another place by making use of net ork could even share certain resources like printer hard disk modem etc. %he net ork classified into t o types@ = B1C &omogenous B2C &eterogeneous

$omogenous networ!& = In this net ork computer

ith singular architecture or connected together e9ample of this types is ?+2. 8uch net ork may be confined a building or campus here in different department needed to communicate ith each other. %hese could be connected using point to point cables. $eterogeneous& = %o the name suggested this computer have different architecture at different set of rules to communicate among each other. +n e9. Af this type is /+2 hich a net ork of orld ide is. %hese could be connected via cables' telephone line or even satellites.

(otherboard& = %he mother board is the primary component of the entire system

ithout the support of the circuitry and function that. %his device provides even the C-:s unable to functions.

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#(!(-/)IO!

eneration of computer tal! is step in technolog% it provide a 7armwor! for the growth of computer industr%.

7irst

eneration @=

Time duration @= 1!42 to 1!(( Technolog% @= Gaccume tubes used in first generation Computer comes in first generation @= I$M=6(# ' .2I+C ' :2I+C +dvantage and Disadvantage @= 1. 8lo operating speed and restructed computing capability. 2. &igh po er consumption and short life. ". ?arge space re*uirement. 4. ?imited computing capability. (. +C re*uired. 1econd eneration @= Time duration @= 1!(( to 1!64 Technolog% @= %he transistor ere used in second generation. Computer comes in second generation @= I$M=14#1 ' &oney ell < 2## +dvantage and Disadvantage @= 1. %he transistor as smalled to Gaccume tubes. 2. /ider commercial use. ". More ;elaible. 4. Commercial production as difficult and costly. (. +C re*uired . 6. ?ess heat generated.

Third

eneration @=

Time duration @= 1!64 to 1!1( Technolog% @= %he computer that ere designed ith use of ICs. Computer comes in Third eneration &' I$M="6# ' C6C=11## ' IC?=2!#" +dvantage of disadvantage &= 2. IC as used in replace of %ransistor. 4. -ortable. 5. commercial -roduction as eaiser and cheeper. 6. +C ;e*uired in many cases. 9. 2ot orking continue in hours. :. :se of operating system . B. less heat generated.

7ourth

eneration &'

1!

Time duration @= 1!1( to1!0 Technolog% @= G?8I + fourth generation computer has vlsi chips as its brain it is the ?8I technology hich let to the development of very small but more po er full. Computer comes in fourth generation &' Intel 4##4 ' apple I II I$M +dvantage and disadvantage @= 2. %otly general purpose. 4. Gery reliable. 5. 2ot +C re*uired in most cases. 6. Much faster than previous generation. 9. data storage capacity. 7ifth generation @= %he fifth generation computer a promise but not at reality they aim to bring as machine ith genuine i* ability to reason logically it process the voice recognition and image processing )obs very fast this kind of information still under development. Time duration @= 1!04 to on orld Technolog% @= :?8I used in fifth generation. Computer comes in fifth generation@= Intel < notebook 'laptop' -entium pc sun orkstation ' param 1#### +dvantage and disadvantage @= 2. -ortable pcs are much more smaller then the pcs of 4th generation. 4. several times more po erfull then the pcs of 4th generation. 5. %hey consume much less po er 6. many of the large scale system of generation have hot pluggable features. 9. %hey have faster and large primary and secondry storage as compaired to 4th generation.

2#

Computer language

+ computer language is the means of communication used to communicates betbeen people and computer.
%he set of instruction codes hether in a binary or in decimal notation hich can be directly under stood by the computer ith out the help of a translator is called a machine language or machine code. +dvantage and disadvantage @= 2. program riteen in machine language are e9cute very fast by the computer . 4. machine dependent . 5. difficult to program . 6. error prone .5 9. difficult to modify.

(achine language @=

+ssembl% language @=
3 + program ritten in mnemonics is noon as assembly language.4 + program can be eaisly ritten in alpha numeric symbols instead of # and 1 meaning full and eaisly remembrable symbols are selected for this purpose . )<. +66 < +ddition ' 8:$ < 8ubstraction 1uch s%mbols are noon as mnemonics . +dvantage and disadvantage @= 2. +n assembly language program runs faster to produde the desired result. 4. programming is difficult time consuming. 5. one computer to can not be used any other computer.

$igh level language &'

+ programming language ho is structer is application oriented and is independent of the structure of computer. +dvantage and disadvantage @= 2. machine independent . 4. easy to learn and use. 5. fe errors . 6. lo er efficiency . 9. ?ack of fle9ibility. %here or types of high level language < $+8IC ' >A;%;+2 ' CA$A? ' pascal' +?EA?'

21

Character stic of computer

/olume &'
volume for handling large amount of data . +ccurac% &' they need for high degree of accuracy is satisfied by the computer Repetitiveness @= processing sycle that repeat them selves over and over agan ideally suited to computer . Complicit% @< to perform the most compla9 calculation 1peed < enable to respond very *uickly to given s itcation speed measured $y MI-8 . Common data @= one item of data may be involve in several procedured by a varaity of users. Cloc! speed < the fre*uiency as hich the puls are generated and process is e*uivalent to 1"".1# per second the fre*uency of puls generated is noon as clock speed .

22

Operating 1%stem
Ane of the primary )ob of operating system is to be provide and interface betbeen the user and hard are this enterface enable a user to use hard are resources ifficiently.

The operating s%stem perform following function &'

2. 4. 5. 6. 9. :. B. C. -rocesser management. memory management . Input Autput management. >ile management. scheduling time during . security management. .rror -rone.

Classification of operating s%stem &' +ll operating s%stem can be classified tn to four general catagries. -2. 1ingle User Operating 1%stem @= 8ingle user operating system hich allo s only one user to computer at a time is noon as single user operating system. .9. 6A8 ' /indo s !9 etc. ork on a

-4. (ulti User Operating s%stem &' + multi user operating system allo a number of user to ork to gether on a single computer eache user ill be provided a terminal connected to a single computer .9. ?inu9 ' :ni9 ' /indo s 2%.k -5. 1ingle Tas!ing operating s%stem &= 8ingle tasking operating system hich can e9cute only a single task at a time is noon as single tasking operating system. -6. (ultitas!ing Operating s%stem @= Multitasking operating system supports e9ecution of more than one )ob at a time on a computer . .9 < indo s ]-

2"

/irus
Girus is a program hich have no address on disk + replecting code segment that attacks it self to a program or data file virus is also noon as a illegal program .because a virus have no address in disk so virus include ith other program and disturb the path or make program useless. T%pes of virus @= ,ootsector virus @= + boot sector virus alerts on hide in the bootsector usally the first sector of a bootable disk or hard drive boot sector virus ere prevlent in the 1!0#. 7ile virus @= + file virus often ritten in the scripting language for Microsoft program such as ord'e9cel'is sraid in Microsoft office by infecting documents and spraid sheet. )mail virus @= +n email virus is a virus hich uses email message as a made of transport .these virus often copy them selvs by automatically mailing copys to hundreds of people. Name of virus < I love ^ou ' >un love ' &ello Name of +ntivirus < %hey have to protect our computer from viruses. Macro ' 2orton ' -anda '+vast'solo.

*OINT O7 1+8) T)R(IN+8 >

%he point of sale terminal process tran7ection that occur over and over again. .9 . %he deposit of peche9 or payment of monthly bills. %he point of sale terminal may be any thing from an ordery telephone to a high speed electronic cash registor many detail stores have these for pay role processing or account to reasiable. OCR < Aptical Character ;eader ith recognition reader e9aminies each character one by one hat ever be the style hand ritten of printed the pattern detected by the AC; reader is method against a set of patterns store in the computer. (ICR < Magnetic Ink Character ;ecognation MIC; character are printed ith a magnetic Ink or toner magnetic printing is used so that the character can be reliable read in to a system even hen they have been over printed ith other marks such as conciliation stamps the character are read ith a device similar in nature to the head of an audio tape recorder.and the read later forms bulsafe insure that each latter produce a uni*ue eb forms for the read head. *C < -ersnal Computer it as only 1!01 that I$M came out ith its I$M -C family of computer hich ere e9cepted by customers the I$M -C consist of a system .unit hich contains the microprocessor chip noon as intel 0#00 ;am of 2(6 kb it has one floppy drive and the orking memory .

24

*CDT=

-C]% is the personal computer ith 9tended technology this contains a floppy drive and a hard disk drive it is also based an micro processer chip intel 0#00 that ere used operating system 6A8 and indo s !(. *C +T < it is the -C ith +dvance %echnology .this has micro processer chip intel 0#206 hich is a faster chip as ell as a true 16 bit computer as compaired to -C or -C]% 1652 bit computer hich these computer calld also support :ni9 operating system. 8aptop= + small protable personal computer that runs on either battries or +C laptop have flate ?C6 or plasma screen and small key board must can run the same soft are as there desktp counter parts laptop ait as little as ( ponds . *lamtop < + protabel personal computer hose si7e enable it to be held in one hand hile it is operated ith the othe hand a ma)or difference betbeen palmtop computer and laptop computer is that plam top are usalyy po erd by of the self battries such as + cells palmtop computer do not have disk drive there program are stored in ;AM and are loaded in to ;+M . Des!top < 6esktop computer is a computer thatHs fire conventirely on the surface o buisnuess desk most personal computer as ell as sum orkstation com be conecdet disk top computer . ,ooting @= .very pc has built in ;AM or $IA8 hich contains instructions to check the status of device the process of loading opoerating system from the disk in to the main memory of the -C is called $ooting . ,ooting se;uence < &ard disk ' floppy ' C6=;AM ' JJJJ. 6A8 8ystem >iles < IA.8^8 ' CAMMA26.CAM ' M8 6A8 .8^8 are those system files are used hile booting . DO1.1E1 < 1. %o intract directly ith application program and IA.8^8 programs. 2. ;ead programs for display information storing and retirving of data printing etc. IO.1E1 < +fter booting reset the disk function and initiali7es attached device load commond .com file. CO((OND.CO( < ;ad commond from the keyboard and e9cutable file perform error check and display error messages if it find an error give the 6A8 disk prompt. 3arm ,ooting < %o skip the ;+M test ith the held of restart on C%;?Z+?%Z6.? key is noon as arm booting . Cold booting < %he process of s itching of computer of testing checking the ;+M and then booting is called cold booting . 7I8) < + file is the place ere e store data hich is processed by the computer the si7e of any file name is of 11 character in hich 0 character are primary name and three character are secondary name of e9tention. .9. +khil.6oc . doc ' .9ls ' .ppt

2(

Computer Networ!
Concept of Networ! < + group of computer and other device connected to gether is called net ork . and the concept of connected computer sharing resources is called net orking .Computer connected over fa net ork can make that information e9change eaiser and faster .%he information moves directly from computer to compiler. T%pes of Networ! = 2. 8+N < + ?ocal +rea 2et ork is an interconnection of computer system through one type of transmission media and is entirely contuened in a building it is relaitivily a small net ork typically personal to an organigation the ma9imum limit of this net ork is 1# km . 4. (+N < Metropoliten +rea 2et ork are the net ork spraid over a city and it cover an area of 1## km it links computer facilities in city through same and different transmisoon media . 5. 3+N < + /ide +rea 2et ork is a group of computer connected in a /ide spraid +red it many interconnected ?+2s spraid sheet in large distance it provides nation ide connectivity. +dvantage of net orking < 2. Resources networ!ing < %he users can shair all programs data and peripheral hich are available to any one an introconnected computer. 4. Relaibilit% < + file can have copys one t o or more different machine . 5. Cost 7actor < the net orking have better performance and pri7e other than computer.

Disadvantage of Networ! <

2. Data securit% < +s all the data resources are all pooled to gether it is possible for unothri7ed personal to access classified information if net ork security is eak poorly implemented. 4. *rivac% < a net ork may also been loss of privacy as any one specially your boos ith the right net privileges may be in position to read your private email.

TO*O8O E
%he term of topology in the contest of communication the geometric arrangement of any net ork is its topology the computer are ork station in the net ork are linked to gether according to the physical arrangement of ork station and nature of ork is called topology . >e popular topologyes are < 1. 8tar 2. ;ing ". $us

26

4. %ree (. Eraph BmassC 1tar Topolog% < .ach node is connected to single centrally located file server using its o n dedicated segement of cable this topology has the advantage of minimum data trophic along the cables . thus providing optimum performance but because a single machine must coordinate all the data communication this topology re*uired and e9tremily po erfull and e9pensive file server . hub

Ring < In the ring topology computer are arrange in a circil data trouble around the ring in one direction ith each device on the ring actingas repeator ring net ork tyipically use a token passing protocol.

,us < in bus topology all computer are connected by a single length of cabiling hich a rerminator at each in the bus topology is the simplest and idly use net ork design.

21 Tree topolog%& < %his is a net ork topology containing # or more nodes that are linked together in a herichickel fashion the top most node is called the root the root may have # or more child nodes connected by links.

&:$

raph& < in this method of connection # or more nodes are linked together in an orbiter fashion any
t o nodes in a graph may be connected by a link

$U,

20

Terminolog% @= Terminolog% used In Networ!

Nodes < %he -Cs and the server are noon as a net ork device are net ork nodes general a device or node is connected directly to the net ork cable or data path. (edia < %he media and data fbus are colectivily used to refer to the data path media can be . 1. $ounded < such as cabler ire . 2. :nbounded < >ree space . $ost < %he term host refer to the micro computer attached to a net ork device it may also refer to the native operating system on a ork station thus M8 6A8 is a host operating system . 3or! 1tation < + ork station is a computer used as a node on a net ork primary use to run application program .

)mail
3 .mail is a method of sending messages voice ' video and graphics over digital communication link such as the internet any here in the ork at very cost effective rates technically email is a type of clint server application that provides a routed stored messages service betbeen any t o email account .4 $ow )mail wor!s on the Internet < .mail is the most havilly used featursf of the internet you can use it to send messages t o any one ho is connected to the internet or connected to a computer net ork . %hat has a connection to the internet such as online services email messages are sent in the same ay as most internet data . %he %C- -rotocol break your messages in to packets the I- protocol diliver the packets to the proper location and then %Cresembles the messages on the reciving end so that it can be read . )mail protocol < ^ou ant to send a message to a user running a different messaging program some translation may be nessessary because of the complicity involve in having many different system send and recive message in many different formats email protocols have become nessesry . T%pes of )mail *rotocols < 8ome of these protocols discussed in the follo ing . 1. ].4## 2. 8M%- ". ::C4. IM+-.4 (. MIM. 1tructure fo email messaging <

2!

+n email message is made up of binary data useally in the +8CII te9t format +8CII is standerd that enable any computer reguardless of its system or hard are to read the te9t +8CII code describes the character you see on your computer screen . There are five section of email messages > B1C .mail address B2C &eader B"C $ody B4C 8ignature B(C attachment

*rotocols < by the term protocol e mean the set of rules or standerd designed to
enable computers to get conncted ith one another and than e9change information ith as little errors as possible the internet protocol are is a lo level protocol that route packets off data across spraid net ork tied to gether by routes to form the internet or intranet . data troubles in packets called I- data grams . %C-I- < %C-I- is a protocol stack designed to connect to a different net ork on hich the internet is based %C-I- can ork ith any hard are or operating system %C-I- is )ust shair hand notation for a full protocol are set of protocol that have standerd ays of intrecting ith each other. M.M$.; A> %C-I- < %C- B %ransmisson Control -rotocol C < Insure that connection are made and mentined betbeen computer . I- B Internet -rotocol C < &andle soft are computer address . +;% B +ddress ;esolution -rotocol C < ;elates to I- address address . ith hard are mac

A8-> B Apen 8hortest -ath >irst C < %hat increase its speed and reliability . ;I- B ;outing Information -rotocol C < >inds the *uickest rout betbeen t o computer. ICM- B Internet Control Message -rotocol C < Internet control message protocol handle error +nd send error message . $E-5.E- B $order Eate ay -rotocol 5.9terior Eate ay -rotocol C < &andle ho data is passed gate ay betbeen net ork . 82M- B 8imple 2et ork Management -rotocol C < 8imple net ork management protocol allo net ork administrator to connect and manage net ork device.

*** - *oint to *oint *rotocol .' --- provides for dialup net orked connection to
net ork ppp is commonly used by internet service provider to allo connect to there services . customers to

"#

1(T* - 1imple (ail Transfer *rotocol .= 8M%- ho

email si passed betbeen

server on a %C-I- net ork . -A-"5IM+-.4 B-ost Affice -rotocol "5Internet Message +ddressing -rotocol 4C < $oth setup ays for client to connect to server and collect email .

Internet la%er *rotocol < Internet layer protocol is used for routingh and providing
single net ork interface to the upper layer routing is a comla9 and important and it is the )ob of the internet layer fto carry It out the various protocols at the internet clear all . I- < +;- < ;+;- < ;esult +ddress ;esoulution -rotocol . ICM- < $oot - = $oot -rograms .

Networ! +rchitecture < net ork architecture refers to physical layout of the
computer connection and the logical method of there communication the first parts is kno n as topology or physical connection the second part is protocol these are individually discussed . The networ! architecture can be one of the following < 1. .thernet 2. >66I < ". +%M < 4. %oken ;ing =

Internet
8ome 8imply fied description of the internet are alarge computer net ork or net ork of net orks an instantenios and globle messaging system. Characterstic of Internet @= 2. + compla9 net ork 4. disorgrani7ed 5. decentrali7ed 6. composed of billians of file 9. idly used :. international in escope B. dinemic changing 3hat the internet is not &=

"1

2. 4. 5. 6. 9. :.

Argani7ed no central centrally controlled completely authentic static or predictable easy to navigate free of charge

,rowsers @= + eb bro sers is a program you use to vie pages on navigate the orld ide eb bro sers are some time reffered to us eb clint or other fancy name currently the most popular bro sers for the /// ' netscape ' navigator'Internet e9plorer . NC1+ (O1+IC < MA8+IC as the first color full graphical bro ser and is the instruction mental in marking the eb as popular as it today mosaic as development ncsa at the university of illinoise indo s mosaic are in various operating system like maintash and :2I] . 8END < ^ou are limited to using te9t only bro sers such as ?^2] it is use only UNID. (icrosoft Internet )<plorar < Microsoft Internet .9plorar called e9plorer is the largest use bro sers in the orld e9plorer runs in indo s !9 on the orld . Netscape < 2etscape navigater also kno n as netscape is available for indo s macintosh and for many different versons fo :2I] in running the 9 indo s system .and the avility to handle plugin for more ne and interesting features at to be developed. Domen name < most organi7ation use domen name that are easy to remember each domen name and ith an identify that tell you that type of ebsite it is current domen name identify . . com = commercial business . edu = educational instruction . gov = government intities 1earch engine < + search engine is a soft are that services through a data base of eb pages for specific information. Catagary of search engine < ^ahoo ' hotbot ' ebcra ler ' e9ite ' lycos ' khoge ' google ' altavesta ' 7T* < Ane of the most popular uses of the internet is to do nload files . %he is transfer file from a computer on the internet to your computer thousands of files are do nload every day on the internet most of these files are do nload usilng the intenet >-% commenly reffered to as >%- this protocol can also be used to upload files from your computer to another computer on the internet .

"2

$TT* < &yper %e9t %ransport -rotocol &%%- protocol it used to managed the links betbeen one hyper te9t document and another &%%- is the machanish that open the relected the document t hen the select the hyper the te9t no mater here that document reside on the eb. 3eb page 3eb site < + eb page is subset or a complete or a eb site eb site can congest only of all hundred of eb page eb is glover information system that ground of a internet (## milions special formatted document noon as eb page an inbisilble place analog to the eb page . 8tatus 6yanamic = status &ard copy document model. 2o instruction ith information . 2o response from document . d%anamic Information can change . +llo instruction ith information . + response instruction .

D%namic *age < 6ocument that use programming and data base to creat intrict contest is noon as dynamic page . 1tatus page < hard copy based document that provide no means of instruction betbeen information and reader is kno as statics page . D(8 < .9tensible Markup ?anguage each second eb language links most device phemano most of use get a ith picture but all fu77y ]M? is information because it is beb page made language ith emblication be on the bro ser ]M? is specific data organi7ed language. $T(8 < &yper %e9t Markup ?anguage hich runs on a computer that has as eb bro sers instaline in it has colction all style that define the bro se the component of document.

""

3ev server < + eb server servers eb pages to klindels occur the internet are internet %he eb server host the page screpec program and multifile and subs them using &%%+ protocol designed send files to eb bro sers. Clint server < %o be a through client server development both clint of server must share in the buisiness for e9ample a data bus server process re*uest from the client to look up data all up data it inks data bus in this is client server the search at its end to response to the *ure recived from a client it is not acting at the removed disk driver it is fully part sefice in the trangection to illestrued this conset .

(ail server = + mail transper a )ented all M%+ mail server all mail e9changer in the contentst of the domen name system is the computer program are soft are agent that transfer e mail massage from one computer to another computer. 7ile 1erver < 8tores 2et ork users data file. *rint 1erver < Manage the printer that are connected to the net ork and the printing of user document on the net ork -rinters . Communication server < &andles many common communication function for the net ork such as .mail fa9 or internet services . +pplication 1erver < 8hares net ork enable versons of common application soft are and eliminates the need for soft are to be installed on each ork station . Database server < Manages a common data base for the net ork handling all data storage data base manage ment and re*uest for data .

*ro<% server <

+ pro9y server that provides access to files from other servers by retriving than either from its local or the remote server pro9y refer to a person or agency ho has authority to act for another taken litrally does that mean a pro9y server acts in place of another server pro9y is a computer system or ruouter that brakes the connection betbeen sender an receiver . functioning as a relay betbeen client and server pro9y servers are used to help prevent attacket from inbading the private net ork . pro9y is are one of several tools used to build a fire ball. 7eauters of pro<% server < 2. address translation and checking application level and circuit level.

"4

4. filter re*uest. 5. improve performance. 6. load distribution. /R(8 < G;M? a protocol for produce or creating navigable hyperlinked "6 shapes on the eb in other ords image or ob)ect you can spin around or a seen you can spin around the center point of vie and some times you can 7oom in and out .G;M? produce a hyper space " dimensnal space that appears on your display screen and you can figrable move ithin this space that is as you press keys to term left right up do n.

FLOW CHART
7low chart& ' 3+ flo chart is a graphical representation of the se*uence of operation for the
solution of a problem.4 >lo chart is basically the plane to be follo at hen the program is ritten is acts like a road map for a primmer. +nd guides him ho to go from the starting point to the find point hile riting a computer program.

1%mbols of flow chart& ' Terminal& ' terminal symbol is used indicate the startingBbeginC' stoppingBendC'. It is the first
symbol and also the last symbol in the program logic.

Input F output s%mbol& ' Input' output symbol is used to indicate the operation of an
input5output device in the program. It there is program instruction to input data from disk or any other of input device. %hen that step ill be indicates in the flo chart ithin an input5output symbol. 8imilarly all output instruction hether it is output on a printer' magnetic' tape' magnetic disk' terminal screen or any output device in the flo chart ith the input5output symbols.

*rocessing& ' -rocessing symbol is used in flo chart to represent arithmetic instruction and data
movement instruction.

"(

Condition s%mbol& ' If condition is satisfied then yes path to be. Ather ise no path to be taken.

^es

+lgorithm& ' + sent of instruction hich describes the steps to be follo it to carry out an activity is
called an algorithm or procedures for solving a problem. ()+NIN O7 + 78O3C$+RT

+ flo chart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the se*uence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a problem. >lo charts are generally dra n in the early stages of formulating computer solutions. >lo charts facilitate communication bet een programmers and business people. %hese flo charts play a vital role in the programming of a problem and are *uite helpful in understanding the logic of complicated and lengthy problems. Ance the flo chart is dra n' it becomes easy to rite the program in any high level language. Aften e see ho flo charts are helpful in e9plaining the program to others. &ence' it is correct to say that a flo chart is a must for the better documentation of a comple9 program.
UID)8IN)1 7OR DR+3IN + 78O3C$+RT

>lo charts are usually dra n using some standard symbolsI ho ever' some special symbols can also be developed hen re*uired. 8ome standard symbols' hich are fre*uently re*uired for flo charting many computer programs are sho n in >ig.1

"6

"1

7U88 7OR(1

+,C > +ttanasaff ,err% Computer. +8 O8 > +8 Orithmic 8anguage. +8U > +irthmatic 8ogic Unit. +R* ' +ddress Resolution *rotocol.

+1CII > +merican 1tander Code for Information Interchange. +1* > +ctive 1erver *age. +T( > +utomatic Tailer (achine / +s%nchronos Transfer (ode. ,+1IC > ,eginners +llpurpose 1%mbolic Instruction Code. ,CC > ,lind Carbon Cop%. ,CD > ,inar% Coded Decimal. , */) * > ,order atewa% *rotocol / )<teriur atewa% *rotocol.

,1 > ,ooting 1e;uence . C+D > Computer +ided Design. C+( > Computer +ided (anufacturing. CC > Carbon Cop%. CD > Compact Dis! . C + > Cathod raphics +dapter .

CO,O8 > COmon ,uisness Oriented 8anguage. C*U > Central *rocessing Unit . CRT > Cathod Ra% Tube. CU > Control Unit. D+T > Digital +udio Tape . D,(1 > Data ,ase (anagement 1%stem. DI*1 > Data Information *rocess 1%stem . DO1 > Dis! Operating 1%stem.

"0

D*I > Dot *er Inches . D/D > Digital /ersatile Dis! . ),CDIC > )<tended ,inar% Coded Decimal Interchange Code. )D/+C > )lectronic Discreat /ariable +utomatic Compueter. ))*RO(' )lectricall% )*RO(. ) + > )nhansed raphics +dapter.

)NI+C > )lectronic Numaric Integrater +utomatic Computer. )*RO( > )rasable *RO(. 7+T > 7ile +location Table. 7DD > 7lopp% Dis! Drive . 7DDI > 7iber Distributed Data Interface. 7)* > 7ont )nd *rocesser . 7I7O > 7irst In 7irst Out. 7(1 > 7ile (anagement 1%stem. 7ORTR+N > 7ORmula TR+Nslation. 7*D > 7late *anel Displa% . 7T* > 7ile Transfer *rotocol . UI > raphical User Interface.

$DD > $ard Dis! Drive. $T(8 > $%per Te<t (ar!up 8anguage . $TT* > $%per Test Transfer *rotocol. $3 > $ard3are. IC(* > Internet Control (essage *rotocol. II1 > Internet Information 1erver. I(+* 6 > Internet (essage +dvertising *rotocol 7our. I* ' Internet *rotocol.

I1DN > Intigrated 1ervices Digital Networ!.

"!

I1* > Internet 1ervice *rovider. ?I*1 > ?nowladge Information *rocess 1%stem. 8+N > 8ocal +rea Networ! . 8CD > 8i;uied Cristal Displa%. 8I8O > 8ast In 8ast Out. 8I*1 > 8ogic Information *rocess 1%stem. (+N > (anipulating +rea Networ!. (ICR > (agnetic In! Character Recogination. (I() > (ultipurpose Internet (ail )<tension . (I*1 > (ega Instruction *er 1econd . OCR > Optical Character Reader. O(R > Optical (ar! Reader. OO* > Ob=ect Oriented *rogramming . O1*7 ' Open 1hortest *ath 7irst. *C > *ersnal Computer . *D > *lasma Displa% . *8 > *rogramming 8anguage. *O*5 ' *ost Office *rotocol. Three ***' *oint to *oint *rotocol. *RI()N)T > *RI() Computer N)Twor!. *RO( > *rogramable RO(. R+( > Random +ccess (emor% . RI* ' Routing Information *rotocol.

RO( > Read Onl% (emor% . 1(T* > 1imple (ail Transfer *rotocl. 1N(* ' 1imple Networ! (anagement *rotocol. 1G8 > 1tructerd Guer% 8anguage .

4#

1/ + > 1uper /edio 13 >1oft3are. TC* '

raphics +dapter.

Transmisson Control *rotocol.

T7T > Thin 7ilm Transistor. TTT > Touch Ton Terminal. U81I > Ultra 8arge 1cale Integration. U*C > Universal *roduct Code. U*1 > Ultra *owr 1uppl%. UUC* > Uni< to Uni< Cop%. /DU > /isual Displa% Unit. / + > /edio raphics +dapter.

/81I > /ere 8arge 1cale Integration . /8T > /edio 8oo!up Table. /R(8 > /irtual Realit% (oduling 8anguage. /TR > /edio Tape Recorder. 3+N > 3ide +rea Networ!. 333 > 3orld 3ide 3eb . D + > eDtended raphics +dapter.

D(8' Dtensible (ar!up 8anguage.