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    Dem PDF

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    Digital Elevation Model (DEM) FILES

    DEFINITION -- A digital file in raster format consisting of terrain elevations for ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. These digital cartographic/geographic data files are produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Mapping Program.

    March 15, 2002

    FEATURES
    The topographic features (e.g., contours, drain lines, ridge lines, lakes, and spot elevations) are first digitized and then processed into the required matrix form and interval spacing. Elevation is sampled every 30 meters in the 1:24000 scale maps and at 3 arc second intervals for 1:250,000 scale maps. (An arc second is 1/3600th of a degree (1 second) of latitude or longitude). There are some DEMs which have been sampled at 10 meter spacing. For DEM availability in Ohio refer to: http:// mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/status/mac/oh/.

    USES
    The DEM files may be used in terrain analysis, with the generation of graphics displaying slope, direction of slope (aspect), and terrain profiles between designated points. They may also be combined with other data types, such as TIGER/ Line or Digital Line Graph (DLG) data. For example, DEM data can be combined with stream location data and weather data to assist in forest fire control or combined with remote sensing data to aid in the classification of vegetation. Applications include: (1) modeling terrain gravity data for use in locating energy resources, (2) determining the volume of proposed reservoirs, (3) calculating the amount of material removed during strip mining, (4) determining landslide probability, and (5) developing parameters for hydrologic models.

    DEM of Walnut Run Creek in Madison County, Ohio

    MAP SCALES
    Large Scale The DEM data for a 7.5- by 7.5-minute block provides the same coverage as the standard USGS 7.5-minute map series, corresponding to the USGS 1:24,000 and

    Ohio State University Extension2002

    1:25,000 scale topographic quadrangle map series for all of the United States and its territories. Each 7.5-minute DEM utilizes the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system with the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). Elevation units are in meters or feet relative to National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) in the continental U.S. (see glossary at http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/glossary/ index for an explanation of the datum concepts and terms).

    dissimilar computer systems with the potential for no information loss. The large scale DEM files are SDTS format. This is a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) standard for the nonproprietary, vendor-neutral distribution and archive of geo-spatial data and for the exchange of geo-spatial data between dissimilar digital geographic information systems. Files in SDTS format can be unzipped with WinZip or similar decompression programs. The resulting files have filenames such as 7050catd.ddf. There is several processes involved to create the format and is fairly detailed to mention in this publication. More information about SDTS format is available at: http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/sdts/

    Small Scale
    The 1-degree DEM provides coverage in 1- by 1-degree blocks for all of the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and most of Alaska.. The 1-degree DEMs are also referred to as 3-arc-second or 1:250,000 scale DEM data. The 1-degree DEM consists of a regular array of elevations referenced horizontally on the geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinate system of the WGS 72, converted to WGS 84. The information content is approximately equivalent to that which can be derived from contour information represented on 1:250,000 scale maps. Elevations are in meters relative to NGVD 29 in the continental U.S.

    FINDING THE FILES YOU NEED


    The OGRIP/GIS Data Support Center supports free availability of 1:24,000 (7.5 minute) DEMs in native format at ftp.geodata.gis.state.oh.us/ geodata/dem/. The 7.5 minute tiled data is also available as SDTS free of charge at the GeoComm International Corporation at http:// gisdatadepot.com/dem, from MapMart.com at http://www.mapmart.com, and ATDI at http:// 64.42.116.14. The 1:250,000 scale DEM is available free at: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/guide/ 1_dgr_demfig/index1m.html The availability of USGS SDTS formatted DEM in 7.5, 15 and 30 minute maps can also be obtained by CD, 8mm tape and FTP for a fee at: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov. The National Elevation Dataset (NED) is the result of the maturation of the USGS effort to provide 1:24,000-scale DEM data for the conterminous U.S. and 1:63,360-scale DEM data for Alaska in a seamless form. Available data formats include ArcGrid, Floating Point, and BILS. For more information visit the Seamless Data Distribution System at http://gisdata.usgs.gov/ned

    CURRENT FORMATS
    USGS provides DEM in an ASCII and Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS). The ASCII format is organized is a series of three records A, B, and C.The A record is the general characterisitics including its name, boundaries, units of measurement, minimum and maximum elevations, and number of B records, and projection parameters. The B record is the elevation profile with associated header information. The C record is the statistics on the accuracy of the data. Each file contains a single A and C record with a separate B record for each elevation profile. The data is also available in a SDTS format (*.DDF). This is a new format being implemented transferring earth-referenced spatial data between

    SOFTWARE AND USE IN GIS


    ArcViews SDTS Grid Import Extension allows you to utilize the ddf files. This extension is provided in Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst. Choose import data source in the pulldown File menu, and choose USGS SDTS DEM. ( Note that Digital Line Graph files in SDTS format also carry the ddf extension, but because dlg files are vector not raster files, dlg files with the ddf extension cannot be imported using this extension.) Surfer uses both *.dem and *.ddf. DEM files containing arc-second XY coordinates are automatically converted to latitude/longitude decimal degrees. Surfer can also import TGA format files. Dem2tga is a public domain program that will convert 1:250,000 scale (DEM) data and create a TGA (Targa Image) file from it. It is available from http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ ndcdb/public.html. Small scale DEMs download as ASCII files, which can be given the extension .dem. Import these files into ArcView as USGS DEM files. These can also be viewed as USGS DEM files using DLGV32. This is available free for Windows from: http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/sdts/ public_domain.html. DEM3D Viewer is a free software provided by the
    USGS that allows you to view and move dem files through a 3-dimensional perspective.

    REFERENCES
    Many helpful user guides and definitions are found at the following sites. http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0799/ webdata6.html http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/dtarb/ SDTSext.html

    http://gisdata.usgs.gov/ned http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/glis/hyper/glossary/
    http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/Webglis/glisbin/guide.pl/ glis/hyper/guide/usgs_dem http://ask.usgs.gov/digidata.html http://everest.hunter.cuny.edu/~chuck/gt380/ lab04.html http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/products/elevation/ dem.html

    http://craterlake.wr.usgs.gov/dem3d.html MICRODEM is another program which can read the 1:250,000 DEMS. It is available through the mcmcweb site and also at http://www.usna.edu/ Users/oceano/pguth/website/microdem.htm. Microdem also accepts data in the following formats: DTED, USGS ASCII for 1:24K and 1:250K DEMs, and SDTS for 1:24K DEMs. MICRODEM has capabilities to merge imagery and vector data sets (TIGER or DLG formats) with the DEMs.
    This publication was developed by Nathan Watermeier, Program Leader Technology, Agriculture and Natural Resources. The author would like to acknowledge Lane Wood, OGRIP/GIS Support Center for providing references and reviewing this publication. Example products have been mentioned for example only, the author or Ohio State University Extension provides no endorsement to the products mentioned in this publication. For more information about this publication and others please contact Nathan Watermeier, [email protected].
    All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Keith L. Smith, Director, Ohio State University Extension. TDD # 1 (800) 589-8292 (Ohio only) or (614) 292-1868

    There are various utitlity programs and software for working with DEM and SDTS formats at: http://data.geocomm.com/. 3

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