SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY
Optical Transmission System
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Objectives
Standards Frame Structure Multiplexing Regenerator Section Overhead Mutiplexing Section Overhead Path Overhead Advantages
PDH
Notation E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 2048 Kbps 8448 Kbps 34368 Kbps 139264 Kbps Notation T0/DS0 T1/DS1 T2/DS2 T3/DS3 T4/DS4 Data Rate 64 Kbps 1544 Kbps 6312 Kbps 44736 Kbps 139264 Kbps
Used in South America, Europe, India etc
Used in USA, Canada Japan, Korea, Hong Kong etc
SDH Standards
Optical Signal STM-0 STM-1 STM- 4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256 Bit Rate 51.84 Mbps 155.52 Mbps 622.080 Mbps 2488.320 Mbps 9953.280 Mbps 39813.12 Mbps Abbreviated as 51 Mbps 155 Mbps 622 Mbps 2.4 Gbps 10 Gbps 40 Gbps
Tx End
Rx End
STM-1 Frame Structure
Frame =125s Frame =125s Frame = 125s
STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)
1 2 3 Regenerator Section Overhead H1 H2 H3
Administrative Unit
Capacity of the Virtual Container + Pointers 9 Rows
Pointers 4
5 6 7 8 9
H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3H3
Multiplex Section Overhead
Overhead width = 9 columns
STM-1 frame structure
STM-1 frame structure
1-3 rows 4th row
RSOH
AU Pointer
PAY LOAD
5-9 rows
MSOH
9 Columns
261 Columns 270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Process
STM-N is got by Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of Lower Order Frame. For Example STM-4 is got by Multiplexing 4 STM-1 Frames.
SDH Multiplexing Process
SDH
M U X Line Signal
STM -4 STM-3
Tributary Signals STM-1
Mapping in SDH
Multiplexing Elements
container POH PTR virtual container tributary unit tributary unit group PTR SOH administration unit C-n VC-n TU-n TUG-2 AU-n STM-1 STM-n N=4,16 n=3,4 n=1,2,3,4 m=1,2 n=3,4 n=1,2,3,4 bitrates G.702 C1, C2 C3, C4 VC-n TU-1, -2 VC-n AU-n, n=3,4 AU-n, n=3,4 Payload
synchronous transport module synchronous transport module N Element
Abbreviation
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N signal
A corresponding arrangement is used for demultiplexing
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N
2.048 Mbps
(E1)
1 2 3
32
32 Bytes
Stuffing Bytes
C-12
1 23
32
34 Bytes
POH (Lower Order)
VC-12
1 23
32
35 Bytes
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Container C-12 (Asynchronous Mapping for 2 Mbps)
1 Byte R R R R R R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R R D D D D . . . . . . 256 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R C1 C2 O O O R R S1 S2 D D D D . . . . . 255 x D . . . . . . D D D D R R R R R R R R
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
R: D:
Fixed Stuff Bits Data-Bits (of 2Mb/s Tributary-Signal) Overhead-Bits (For future use) Justification Indication-Bits - C1 = 0 -> S1 = Data-Bit - C1 = 1 -> S1 = Stuff-Bit - C2 = 0 -> S2 = Data-Bit - C2 = 1 -> S2 = Stuff-Bit Actual Justification-Bits -Justification is indicated by C1, C2 (Majority-Vote out of 3)
Block 1
O: C1, C2:
136 Bytes (500 ms)
Block 2
S1, S2:
Block 3
Justification Capacity +/- 1 Bit every 500 ms -> +/- 2000 Bits (~+/- 1000 ppm) Speed of C-12 136 Byte x 8 Bit / 500 ms = 2.176 MBit/s
Block 4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
SDH Multiplexing Element Container (C)
Basic unit for tributary signals of the PDH Synchronous to the STM-1 signal Adaptation of bitrates through positive stuffing in case of plesiochronous tributary signals Adaptation of synchronous tributaries through fixed stuffing bits Bit stuffing mechanism
10
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Virtual container VC12
#1 #2
1 Byte V5
BIP-2
BIP-2: REI:
REI
RFI
Signal Label
RDI
Bit Interleaved Parity 2 Remote Error Indication (Old name FEBE)
#35 #36 #37
RFI: Remote Failure Indication Signal Label: Specifies the content of the VC
J2
RDI:
Remote Defect Indication (Old name=FERF)
140 Bytes (500 ms)
Path Trace J2
#70 #71 #72 J2: Repetitively transmitted 16-Byte Frame containing a Path Access Point Identifier
N2
Network Operator Byte N2
N2: Used for Tandem Connection Monitoring
#105 #106 #107
K4 APS Channel Spare
K4: APS-Channel: Automatic Protection Switching Signaling #140 Spare: For Future use
Speed of VC-12: 140 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.240 Mbit/s
AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
STM-N
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
11
SDH Multiplexing Element Virtual Container (VC)
Creation through addition of the POH Is transported through the network as one unit If the VC contains several VCs, it will have a pointer area Multi container payload through concatenation
1 4 VC-12
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Tributary unit TU-12
Mapping VC-12 to TU-12 Pointer justification on TU-12 level
12
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N
Pointer
TU-12
36 Bytes
TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4
9 Rows
4 Columns
N N N N S S P P V1 (TU-Pointer #1) Cell #105 Cells #106 #138 Cell #139 V2 (TU-Pointer #2) Cell #0 V1+V2
P P P P P P P P
N: New Data Flag (NDF) - Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 - Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication - For TU-12 SS=10 P: 10-Bit Pointer Value - Range for TU-12 is 0.139 - Points to that Cell, Where the VC-12 starts (Location of V5)
144 Bytes (500 ms)
Cells #1 #33 Cell #34 V3 (TU-Pointer #3) Cell #35 Cells #36 #68 V3 Cell #69 V4 (TU-Pointer #4) Cell #70 Cells #71 #103 Cell #104
Used for justification - Incase of Negative Pointer Justification, this Byte is used as Auxiliary-Cell V4 Reserved (For future Use)
Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
13
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Tributary unit TU-12
Mapping VC-12 to TU-12
Important Facts: V1 The TU-12 must be locked to the HigherOrder VC (VC-3 or VC-4) The 10-Bit TU-Pointer points to that cell, where the V5-Byte Of the VC-12 is located (Start of VC-12) The VC-12 can float within the TU-12 since both may have Different Clock rates If the incoming VC-12 is too fast, the excess data is carried By V3. The V5-Byte moves 1 cell up in the TU-12 and the pointer value decrements by 1 -> Negative Pointer Justification If the incoming VC-12 is too slow, the byte immediately after V3 (Cell #35) is used as Stuff-Byte to stuff the excess transport capacity of the TU-12. The V5-byte moves 1 cell down in the TU-12 and the pointer value increments by 1. -> Positive Pointer Justification
35 Byte
V2
VC-12
35 Byte
V3
35 Byte
35 Byte
V4
14
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Tributary unit TU-12
Mapping VC-12 to TU-12 Pointer justification on TU-12 level
V1 Cell #105
V1 0 1 1 0 1 0 I D New Data Flag Size
V2 D I D I D I D
Cell #139 V2 Cell #0
Cell #34 V3 Cell #35
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data) Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification
Cell #69 V4 Cell #70
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease as soon as the phase different between the VC-12 and TU-12 exceeds 8 Bits (1Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I or the D Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5). If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting) the new Data Flag.
Cell #104
Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s
15
SDH Multiplexing Element Tributary Unit (TU)
Creation through addition of a pointer to the VC Slip free transmission of a VC also in case of plesiochronous behaviour of the network element The TU definition refers to the VC, the AU to STM-1 Identical to AU
1
Pointer TU-12
9
V5
VC-12 POH
2 Mbit/s --> C-12
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Tributary unit group TUG-2
Byte interleaved multiplexing of 3 x TU-12 into TUG-2 multiframe
16
TU-12
TU-12
TU-12
9 Rows
4 Columns Multiplexing
4 Columns
4 Columns
TUG-2
9 Rows
12 Columns
V1, 1 #105, 1
V1, 2 #105, 2
V1, 3 #105, 3
#139,1 V2, 1 #0, 1
#139,2 V2, 2 #0, 2
#139,3 V2, 3 #0, 3
Column
1
V1,1
2
V1,2
3
V1,3
10
11
12
#105,1 #105,2 #105,3
#139, 1 V3, 1 #35, 1
#139, 2 V3, 2 #35, 2
#139, 3 V3, 3 #35, 3
V2,1 V2,2 V2,3 #0,1 #0,2 #0,3
#139,1 #139,2 #139,3
#69, 1 V4, 1 #70, 1
#69, 2 V4, 2 #70, 2
#69, 3 V4, 3 #70, 3
TUG-2 multiframe
V3,1 V3,2 V3,3 #35,1 #35,2 #35,3
#34,1 #34,2 #34,3
#104, 1
#104, 2
#104, 3
#69,1 #69,2 #69,3 V4,1 V4,2 V4,3 #70,1 #70,2 #70,3
TU-12 #1
TU-12 #2
TU-12 #3
#104,1 #104,2 #104,3
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
125 ms
125 ms
125 ms
125 ms
17
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Tributary unit group 2 TUG-3
Byte interleaved multiplexing of 7 x TUG-2 into TUG-3
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N
7 TUG-2s
Stuffing Bytes
X 7 TUG-2
TUG-3(multiplexing)
TUG 3
84 Columns 86 Columns
18
TUG-2 #1
Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TUG-2 #2
10 11 12 Column 1 2 3 12 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TUG-2 #3
Column 1 2 3 12 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TUG-2 #7
Column 1 2 3 12
NPI
Bit Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 1--------------------------8 1 0 0 1 X X 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X
Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 76 23 77 24 78 79 80 81 82
83 84 85 86
NPI TUG-3 STUFF
STM-N
TUG-3 STUFF
TUG-3
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2Mbit/s
SDH Mapping for 2Mbps
Virtual Container 4 VC-4
Byte interleaved multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 into VC-4
19
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N
TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3
86 Columns
VC - 4
X 3 TUG3
HOPOH Stuffing Bytes
258 Columns 261 Columns
TUG-3 #1
Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 84 85 86 Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3
TUG-3 #2
4 5 6 84 85 86 Column 1 Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3
TUG-3 #3
4 5 6 84 85 86
NPI
NPI
NPI TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 4
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
NPI #2
NPI #1
NPI #3
TUG-3 # 1 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 3 STUFF
TUG-3 # 1 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 3 STUFF
VC-4 Path OH
VC-4 Stuff
VC-4 Stuff
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
VC-4
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
C-12
2Mbit/s
20
SDH Multiplexing Elements Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Multiplexing of several TUs into a VC Identical to AUG
Administration Unit (AU-4)
21
Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N
VC - 4 9 rows
Pay Load
261 Columns AU 4 (Adding Pointer)
AU Pointer 4 th Row
Pay Load
9 Columns
261 Columns
264
265
266
267
268
269
Column 1 2 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
H1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
#522 #609 #523 #610 #697 #1 #88 #175 #262 #349 #436 #524 #611 #698 #2 #89 #176 #263 #350 #437
#607 #694 #781 #85 #172 #259 #346 #433 #520
#608 #695 #782 #86 #173 #260 #347 #434 #521
AU-4 Pointer
Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3
#696 H3 #0 #87 #174 #261 #348 #435
AU-4 Payload
N N N N S S P P
H1+H2
P P P P P P P P
Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex) -Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex) -Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer justification, these bytes are used as Auxiliary-Cells
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted) S: Size Indication -Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care
1*-Bytes:
Bits) P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-12 is 0.728 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
H3-Bytes:
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
270
2Mbit/s
22
Administration Unit (AU-4)
Pointer justification of AU-4
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)
H1 Y
H2
1*
1* H3
H3
H3
Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
H1 0 1 1 0 1 0
New Data Flag Size
I D
H2 D I D I D
I D
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) Indicates Negative Justification Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease) as soon as The phase different between the VC-4 and AU-4 exceeds (3 Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value becomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting the new Data Flag
23
Administrative Unit Group AUG
267 268
Column 1 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
AU-Pointer(s) Payload
Capacity of AUG: 1 x AU-4 (European standard)
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3 TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
269
270
2Mbit/s
SDH Multiplexing Elements Administrative Unit Group - AUG
Multiplexing of several AUs into a STM-N
24
9 Byte
261 Bytes
9 Bytes
STM-1
SOH AU
ADMINISTRATIV E UNIT (AU) POINTERS
POH
HIGHER LEVEL VC
B a
C b c
TUG TU POINTER SOH = SECTION OVERHEAD VC = VRITUAL CONTAINER
a b c
STRUCTURE OF STM-1 FRAME
POH = PATH OVERHEAD TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP PATH OVERHEAD
TU
VC
STUFF AND JUSTIFICATION BITS
PLESIOCHRONOU S STREAM
STM-1 Mapping for 34Mbps
25
Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C-3
Note: Only 1 of 3 Subframes (3 Rows) are shown1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Block
R
Blks 21.40 Blks 41.60
15 16 R R R R R R R R R
17 18 19 R R R C C S
20
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
C C C
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R
4 Bytes
1 Byte 84 Bytes
Byte 1
R-Block
Byte 2
DDD...
Byte 3
24 x D
Byte 4 D: Data-Bits (of 34Mb/s Tributary-Signal
...DDD
RRRRRRRR
C-Block
R R R R R R C1C2
DDD...
24 x D
...DDD
R: Fixed Stuff Bits O: Overhead-Bits (For future use) C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits Cx = 0 -> Sx = Data-Bit Cx = 1 -> Sx = Stuff-Bit S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits Justification is indicated by C1, C2-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)
S-Block
RRRRRRRR
R R R R R R R S1
S2 D D D D D D D
DDDDDDDD
-Block
RRRRRRRR
Virtual Container (VC-3)
84
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C3
Speed of VC-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
VC-3 Path Overhead (Lower Order POH)
TU-3
VC-3
83
C-3
85
34M
26
Tributary Unit
82 83 84 85
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 H1 H2 H3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fixed Stuff
TU-3 Payload
TU-3 Pointer
N N N N S S P P H1+H2
P P P P P P P P
N: New Data Flag (NDF) -Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110 -Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)
H3-Bytes: Used for justification - Incase of Negative pointer S: Size Indication justification, these bytes -Not Specified on TU-3 Level (Dont care Bits) are used as Auxiliary-Cell. P: 10-Bit Pointer Value -Range for TU-3 is 0.764 -Points to that Cell, Where the VC-3 starts (Location of J1)
Pointer Justfication on TU-3 Level
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9 1 H1 H2 H3 2 3 4 5 6
Negative Justification Opportunity (Used to carry Data)
Fixed Stuff
Positive Justification Opportunity (Used as Stuff-Byte)
0 1
H1 1 0 1
New Data Flag
Size
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decreases soon as The phase different between the VC-3 and TU-3 exceeds 1Byte. This is Indicated by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random change of the pointer value Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease) becomes necessary, this is indicated by Indicates Negative Justification activating (inverting the new Data Flag Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase) Indicates Positive Justification
H2 D I D
STM-N
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
85
34M
86
86
27
Tributary Unit Group (TUG-3)
Column Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Row 9
Speed of TUG-3 85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-Pointer
Row 4
TUG-3 Payload
TU-3
VC-3
84
85
C-3
86
34M
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-3s) into VC-4
TUG-3 #1
Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2
TUG-3 #2
84 85 86 Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2 H3
TUG-3 #3
84 85 86 Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
H1 H2 H3
84 85 86
H3
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
Column Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
VC-4 Path OH
VC-4 Stuff
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
VC-4 Stuff
STM-N
TUG-3 # 1 STUFF
AUG
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 3 STUFF
VC-4
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
TUG-3 # 2 STUFF
C-3
34M
28
STM-1 Signal as Transport Pipe
STM-1 signal can transport
1 x 140 Mbps PDH Signal 3 x 34 Mbps PDH Signals 63 x 2 Mbps PDH Signals Combinations, eg. 21 x 2 Mbit/s and 2 x 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals ATM cells, FDDI, DQDB Protocols, etc.
29
